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Full text of "The Labour yearbook
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NOTICE.
Secretaries of Trade Unions, Trades Councils,
Co-operative Societies, Local Labour Parties,
and other organisations are particularly requested
to send, as they come out, duplicate copies of
Annual Reports, Journals, etc., and all their other
Publications and Documents to
THE LABOUR YEAR BOOK PUBLICATION
_ COMMITTEE,
I, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W.
All books, pamphlets, etc., mentioned in the
“Year Book’’ can be ordered from The Fabian
Book Shop, 25, Tothill Street, London, S. VV.
LAE
LABOUR YEAR
BOOK.
1916
ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF
THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE OF THE TRADES
UNION CONGRESS,
THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE LABOUR PARTY,
THE FABIAN RESEARCH DEPARTMENT.
PRICES:
Card covers, Is.; Cloth covers, 2s. 6d.; Postage, 4d. extra.
1, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W.
LONDON :
Co-OPERATIVE PRINTING Society LimitEeD, TuDOR STREET, NEW BRIDGE STREET,
E.C,; AND AT MANCHESTER AND NEWCASTLE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PREFACE
PART I.—
LABOUR AND THE WAR
PART II.—
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT
PART III.—
THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT ...
PART IV.—
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT ....
PART V.—
THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING-CLASS
MOVEMENT
PART VI.—
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
PART VII.—
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
PART VIII.—
SOCIAL INSURANCE
INDEX
PAGE
otk
93
393
383
ar uns
440
561
642
689
SPECIAL ARTICLES.
WHY A LABOR YEAR BOOK ?—G. BERNARD SHAW ...
LABOUR AFTER THE WAR.—ArtTHuR HENDERSON ...
THE TRADES UNION CONGRESS.—J. A. SEppDon
(President of the Bristol Congress, 1915) a
THE GENERAL FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS.
—W. A. AppLeton (General Secretary)
THE TRIPLE INDUSTRIAL ALLIANCE. — RosBert
SMILLIE (President of the Miners’ Federation of Great
Britain)
INDUSTRIAL VERSUS CRAFT UNIONISM.—ALBERT
BrELLAmy (President of the National Union of Railway-
men) and FRED BramMLey (Organiser of the National
Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association)
NATIONAL GUILDS.—G. D. H. Coe (Executive Member
of the National Guilds League) ‘
THE COST OF LIVING.—Joun A. Hozson, M.A.
THE FUTURE OF WOMEN IN INDUSTRY. — Miss
MARGARET BOoNDFIELD (Organising Secretary of the
National Federation of Women Workers) ...
THE FUTURE OF WOMEN IN POLITICS. — Miss
CATHERINE MARSHALL...
THE PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRATIC TAXATION.—
PHILIP SNOWDEN, M.P.
THE INTERNATIONAL.—M. EmILe VANDERVELDE (Bel-
gian Minister of State and President of the International
Socialist Bureau)
103
18k
187
204
253
376
380
402
PREFACE.
There have been ‘‘ Labour Annuals’’ and ‘‘ Socialist Year Books ’”
in past years, and their editors have earned the gratitude and
appreciation of many for the ungrudging work they so freely gave.
That gratitude, however, never materialised in sufficient circulation
to encourage constant and regular publication. We urge a kinder
fate for this, the first official Year Book that the Labour Movement
has possessed.
We are fully conscious of the inadequacy of our work; nevertheless,
we feel confident that the pages that follow will prove of interest and
usefulness to many readers who find in social service their contribution
to national well-being.
The first scheme of the Year Book was only conceived in the early
months of the present year, and it will be readily conceded that the
preparation of such a volume, even under ordinary circumstances,
might have been expected to require a longer period than has been
actually occupied.
The Editors have realised, as never before, how wide are the interests
with which Labour is concerned, how extensive is the field that its
Year Book should cover. They regret that limitations of space have
prevented a more detailed survey of Labour activity. However,
thanks to the devoted work of numerous voluntary contributors, here
our Year Book is at last. Its Editors crave an indulgent eye for its
shortcomings, and they echo most heartily the demand made by
Bernard Shaw in his article for criticism and helpful suggestions.
We believe that both the Labour Movement and the general public,
impressed now as never before with the importance of Labour, will
welcome the Year Book and encourage the Committees responsible
for its publication to continue the issue in future years.
Each day brings forth fresh events—new Budgets, new taxes,
administrative changes, novel legislation, the never-ending toll of
industry, the ever-changing fabric of our national life, and a stream
of new statistics—all these serve to make our Year Book, like others,
an ephemeral volume. Despite the fact, however, we bespeak for
our first number a place on the bookshelf of every worker in the
Labour Movement, and of everyone interested in the social and
industrial problems that face the nation.
THE PUBLICATION: COMMITTEE.
eee 9 16 23 30
CALENDAR FOR 1915.
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WHY A LABOR YEAR BOOK ?
By G. BERNARD SHAW
(Chairman, Fabian Research Department).
A Labor Year Book will not need any justification to those who
have thought the matter out in the light of some experience of the
difficulty of finding just the sort of facts they want. They all know
the story of the cabinet minister who asked one of his officials to
supply him with the statistics of a certain department. To which the
young gentleman replied ‘‘ What is it you want to prove? ”
In politics, all facts are selected facts. If you want a book of
unselected facts you must buy a Ready Reckoner or the Post Office
Directory. They deal with a class of fact that nobody wants to
suppress Or misrepresent, and that nobody can overlook. The compiler
of the Ready Reckoner does not tell you that twice two is four and then
forget to tell you that twice three is six. The compiler of the Directory
does not give you the name of his friend who lives at number nine and
scorn to mention his enemy who lives at number ten. But the moment
we come to books in which information is not only given but applied,
take care! An election register is very like a directory: it consists of
names and addresses only; but it is far from being so trustworthy a
document. There are people who ought to be there who are not there:
there are people who ought not to be there who are there. Statements
of the proportion of taxation borne by the working classes, or of the
distribution of income in the country, may be as sound in their simple
arithmetic as the ready reckoner; but Mr. Mallock will bring out a
very different result to Mr. Sidney Webb every time,
This does not mean that one writer is less truthful than another.
It means only that one writer notices things that another overlooks.
The human mind is like the human eye. The eye makes a double
image of everything except the object the owner of the eye is looking
at; but he never notices the double images of all the other objects in
sight: he notices only the single one to which he is directing his
attention. Hie never sees a double image in all his life if he is a
teetotaler, though he has dozens of them on his retina daily from
dawn to dark. It is the same with his mind: he thinks of nothing
except the things he focuses his mind on. The idle gentleman
understands that the burglar who comes after his spoons is a thief;
but he does not understand that he himself bought those spoons out of
money stolen from the poor. He sees all the faults of the Labor
Party, and none of the faults of the House of Lords. He thinks it
splendid and heroic of his son to take a commission and go into the
WHY A LABOR YEAR BOOK? II
trenches, but takes it quite as a matter of course that his gardener’s
son should go.
To put it another way, the very honestest man has an unfair mind,
and eyes that can see only one side of an object at a time. And that
is why Labor must have its own Year Book. There are others, of
course. The Statesman’s Year Book is as good in its way as the
Labor Year Book, and ten times as dear. Whitaker’s Almanack has
been the friend of man for many years. But the Statesman’s Year
Book sees life from the social angle of an Oxford College; and
Whitaker has to please everybody and offend nobody. A proper Labor
Year Book ought to set all the Oxford Colleges clamoring for its
prosecution on a charge of sedition, and to make half the purchasers
of Whitaker go blue in the face with indignation. It ought to give all
the information that our rich men and their caterers and retainers try
to hide from themselves and everybody else, and signpost all the new
political roads that democracy has opened to the public, and that
used to be closed by boards declaring that Trespassers Will be
Prosecuted.
Labor has still a good deal to learn as to facts and ways and means.
It does not know the facts. It does not know where to look for them.
It could not always get at them even if it did know where to look.
Many of its notions of democracy are too crude and general and old
fashioned for practical use; and it often drops the substance in
clutching at the shadow. In making Trade Unionism the most
jealously democratic institution in the world, it made it in some
tespects the most autocratic; for it is the simple truth that it used to
be easier to turn the whole country against the Prime Minister than to
turn a Trade Union against its officials; and the end of that has been
a reaction in which officials are hampered in making industrial treaties
‘because they cannot answer for their Unions with sufficient confidence.
The Labor world is stuffed with splendid principles; but principles
by themselves are very little use. A cockney may wish to take a walk
on Wimbledon Common on sound hygienic principles; but if he does
not know the way to Putney he will not get there, and may have to
take his constitutional in a slum. It is true that when there is a will
there is a way; but the way is through knowledge; and it is surprising
how often it lies just in the opposite direction to where we expected
to-find it. Fortunately it is also sometimes much shorter than we
imagined it to be. Very few people know how much has been done
already; and we find well meaning people spending no end of their
time and slender means in agitating for laws that already exist;
founding schools to teach what is already better taught in the
elementary school round the corner; and calling on Parliament to do
things that the County Council or City Corporation has had power to
do for the last fifty years.
12 , WHY A LABOR YEAR BOOK?
The reason people don’t know these things is that nobody tells
them. Our governing class mostly does not want them to know. They
teach a child the population of China (which they don’t know
themselves) but take good care to leave him in ignorance of the fact
that by sending a postcard to the Home Office or to the local sanitary
authority he can strike down tyrants, and dig up drains, and fence in
machines, and add years to the lives of women and pounds to the
weight of children.
The Labor Year Book is a move in the direction of dispelling this
ignorance, and shewing the workers the world from their own
point of view instead of from that of their present masters. It is not
yet so good as the editors wish and intend it to be. It is not possible to
think of everything, and still less possible to do everything that is
thought of. You have first to find the right man to do it, and pay him
fairly for the job. The war has upset the Year Book as it has upset
everything else. Without a good deal of valuable unpaid work it
could not have been done at all. No commercial publisher would have
ventured on sO magnanimous a table of contents. It is not what
it will be after a year or two: still, it is a beginning, and not so bad
a one, all things considered.
Its improvement will depend largely on those who use it. To them
I say, Do not waste time admiring what you find in it: spend a few
hours in the year complaining of what you miss in it. The man who
writes up to the office to say that it is the rottenest Year Book going
because he cannot find the name of his grandmother’s third husband
in it is the man who will really help us. If he thinks that his
grandmother’s third husband has nothing to do with the Labor
Movement, he may be making a great mistake. What he wants to
know, another man may want to know; and if we find by the letters we
get that there is a need in the Labor Movement for a table of the third
husbands of the grandmothers of the Labor Movement, we shall compile
such a table without stopping to ask the use of it, because men neither
want nor ask for things that are of no use. ‘‘ Ask and it shall be given
unto you ”’ is our editorial principle. We will guess all we can about
your wants; but our main standby must be the men who teil us of the
bits of information they needed in the Trade Union or Co-operative
office and in the Labor candidate’s committee room, and which they
could not find anywhere. The world is full of books telling us what.
we do not want to know: the ideal of the editors of the Labor Year
Book is a book that will tell its purchasers what they do want te
know, and what no other book will tell them.
LABOUR AFTER THE WAR.
By RicHt Hon. ARTHUR HENDERSON, M.P.
(President of the Board of Education).
From the commencement of the war the forces of industrial
democracy rallied in support of the cause of the Allies with
unprecedented unanimity and determination. To-day, generally
speaking, their one concern is to see the war through and not to
fritter away their opportunities in futile discussion as to its causes
or as to the conditions on which an insecure and artificial peace
might be obtained. They are convinced that the war was none of
our country’s seeking, and they are confident that if civilisation is
to be delivered from the tyranny of an oppressive brute force it must
only end one way.
This attitude is good, so far as it goes. But there is a danger that
all sections of the great Labour and Socialist movement may concern
themselves too much with the effects of this world struggle, as we now
see them, and fail to give sufficient thought to the position in which
the wage-earners may find themselves on the termination of hostilities.
Yet it needs little reflection to see that the wholesale destruction of
wealth which is going on before our eyes must profoundly affect the
position of Labour and the future of the workers. When the war is
over Europe will be faced with a gigantic task of reconstruction, and
it is the duty of the workers to ensure that in the carrying out of that
task their rights are safeguarded and their just demands satisfied.
This will not happen if, as the result of an unsatisfactory peace,
this country finds itself, with diminished resources and a vast
accumulation of debt, forced to maintain for its defence a larger Navy
and an Army on the Continental scale. It will not happen if
we are beaten. And it will not happen if, through impatience, or
shortsightedness, or sectional jealousy, organised Labour compromises
that unity which has been so nobly manifested under the stress of
war, but which will be even more required in the coming years of
peace. For, unless all experience is misleading, the first years of peace
will be a time of grave depression, affecting not one or two trades,
but the whole of our industrial system. Machinery has been diverted
from productive to unproductive uses; the savings of past years are
being absorbed in the cost of the war; the whole economic system,
under which Labour produces capital and capital in turn maintains
Labour, has been violently disturbed. The labour has gone into other
channels, and the capital is being consumed in indispensable but
anremunerative manufactures.
14 LABOUR AFTER THE WAR.
The utmost economy that can be practised in war may alleviate
but cannot wholly avert the distress that is bound to follow it. There
are indeed economies that may aggravate the evil. Every penny that
is wisely spent on the care and upbringing of children, and on the
health of the people, will shorten the period of depression by increasing
our capacity for productive industry when the war is over. And every
penny which, in response to ill-considered appeals for economy, is
unwisely saved will postpone the return of prosperity. In the interests
of the coming generation and their welfare organised Labour has a
duty to protest against misplaced parsimony by public authorities as
much as against untimely extravagance. m
Both politically and industrially, the next few years will be a time
of trial for organised Labour. For a national object the unions have
been willing to abandon many of the safeguards which have been
devised by the experience of generations for securing the rights of the
workers. The most definite pledges have been given and received;
the unions will have to see that on both sides they are scrupulously
observed.
During the past twelve months organised Labour has established
its right to be regarded as an integral element in the national life.
After the war it will have to retain the position it has achieved. A
period of depression imposes a great strain on the resources and
coherence of Labour. The return of peace will mean the renewal of
many old struggles. If Labour is to face them victoriously it must be
animated after the war by the spirit it has shown during the war, by
unfailing loyalty to its principles, and by a firm resolution to maintain
its unity unimpaired.
PART I.
LABOUR AND THE WAR.*
CONTENTS.
Page Page
The Outbreak of War :— The Organisation of Labour
(a) The Political View .. 15 and the Ministry of
(b) The Industrial Truce .. 22 Munitions .. -* “+ 59
Unemployment.. oe -» 23 | Labour and Recruiting wa PO
The Relief of Distress.. ee ‘29 Mining and the War .. Ps
bi acca, ecient Bie age oe Women and the War .. an ie)
ria fanin tal Diieae ei. et Child Labour and the Factory
Acts.. = es eet oo
The Committee on Produc-
tion :— National Labour Newspapers
(a) Wages .. son hae during the War .. os OF
(0) Organisation of Labour 53 | Protection in War Time va 1 OE
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR.
(2) THE POLITICAL VIEW.
It is not proposed in this section to discuss any of the general political
questions raised by the war. All that will be attempted is to show what
had previously been the recognised view of Labour about a European
War, what was the attitude taken up on the outbreak of war, and how
that attitude was subsequently modified.
The recognised view of Labour, both national and international, on
the question of a European War was expressed in the resolution passed
in 1907 at the International Socialist Congress, to which the Labour
Party, the British Socialist Party, the Independent Labour Party and
the Fabian Society are all affiliated. The resolution runs as follows :—
If war_threatens to break out it is the duty of the working class in the countries con-
cerned and of their Parliamentary representatives, with the help of the International
Socialist Bureau as a means ot co-ordinating their action, to use every effort to prevent
war by all the means which seem to them most appropriate, having regard to the sharp-
ness of the class war and to the general political situation.
Should war none the less break out, their duty is to intervene to bring it promptly to
an end, and with all their energies to use the political and economic crisis created by
os war to rouse the populace from its slumbers, and to hasten the fall of capitalist
omination.
* For most of the material of this part we are indebted to Mr. G. D. H. Cole.
whose book, ‘‘ Labour in War Time,” deals with the subject more ully and from a
less restricted standpoint.
16 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
In July, 1914, the two-fold policy thus prescribed to Labour was put to
the test, first by the threat of war and then by its actual outbreak. Austria
declared war against Servia on Saturday, the 25th of July. Immediately
the International Socialist Bureau met at Brussels. After deciding that
the International Socialist Congress, which was to have been held in
Vienna late in August, should be held in Paris on August 9th, the Bureau
issued the following declaration :—
In assembly of July 29th the International Socialist Bureau has heard declarations
from representatives of all nations threatened by a world war, describing the political
situation in their respective countries.
With unanimous vote, the Bureau considers it an obligation for the workers of all
concerned nations not only to continue but even to strengthen their demonstrations
against war in favour of peace, and of a settlement of the Austro-Servian conflict by
arbitration.
The German and French workers will bring to bear on their Governments the most
vigorous pressure in order that Germany may secure in Austria a moderating action, and
in order that France may obtain from Russia an undertaking that she will not engage in
the conflict. On their side the workers of Great Britain and Italy shall sustain these
efforts with all the power at their command.
The Congress urgently convoked in Paris will be the vigorous expression of the
peaceful will of the workers of the whole world.
Things moved rapidly, and this proved to be the last expression of
the united voice of the International. The Congress at Paris was not
held.
It now remained for the national sections individually to carry out
the first clause of the 1907 Resolution, which dealt with the prevention
of war.
With Germany’s declaration of war on France and Russia, and the
consequent developments, we cannot deal for reasons of space.
In Great Britain the Labour Members of Parliament unanimously
passed the following resolution on July 30th :—
That the Labour Party is gratified that Sir Edward Grey has taken steps to secure
mediation in the dispute between Austria and Servia, and regrets that his proposal has
not been accepted by the Powers concerned; it hopes, however, that on no account will
this country be dragged into the European conflict, in which, as the Prime Minister has
stated, we have no direct or indirect interest, and the Party calls upon all Labour
organisations in the country to watch events vigilantly so as to oppose, if need be, in the
most effective way, any action which may involve us in war.
On August the 1st the British Section of the International Socialist
Bureau issued its manifesto over the joint signatures of Keir Hardie and —
Arthur Henderson :—
MANIFESTO TO THE BRITISH PEOPLE.
The long-threatened European War is now upon us. For more than 100 years no
such danger has confronted civilisation. It is for you to take full account of the
desperate situation and to act promptly and vigorously in the interest of peace. You
have never been consulted about the war.
Whatever may be the rights and wrongs of the sudden crushing attack made by the
militarist Empire of Austria upon Servia, it is certain that the workers of all countries
likely to be drawn into the conflict must strain every nerve to prevent their Governments
from committing them to war.
Everywhere Socialists and the organised forces of Labour are taking this course.
Everywhere vehement protests are made against the greed and intrigues of militarists
and armament-mongers.
We call upon you to do the same here in Great Britain upon an even more
impressive scale. Hold vast demonstrations against war in every industrial centre.
Compel those of the governing class and their Press who are eager to commit you to
co-operate with Russian despotism to keep silence, and respect the decision of the
overwhelming majority of the people, who will have neither part nor lot in such infamy.
The success of Russia at the present day would be a curse to the world.
There is no time to lose. Already, by secret agreements and understandings, of
which the democracies of the civilised world know only by rumour, steps are being taken
which may fling us all into the fray.
LABOUR AND THE WAR. 17
Workers, stand together, therefore, for peace! Combine and conquer the militarist
enemy and the self-seeking Imperialists to-day, once and for all. ;
en and women of Britain, you have now an unexampled opportunity of rendering
a magnificent service to humanity, and to the world!
Proclaim that for you the days of plunder and butchery have gone by. Send
messages of peace and fraternity to your fellows who have less liberty than you. Down
with class rule! Down with the rule of brute force! Down with war! Up with the
peaceful rule of the people!
On Sunday, August the 2nd, a great demonstration representative
of all sections of the working-class was held in Trafalgar Square, under
the auspices of the British Section; the following resolution was carried :—
That this demonstration, representing the organised workers and citizens of London,
views with serious alarm the prospects of a European War, into which every European
Power will be dragged owing to secret alliances and understandings which in their origin
were never sanctioned by the nations, nor are even now communicated to them ; we stand
by the efforts of the international working-class movement to unite the workers of the
nations concerned in their efforts to prevent their Governments from entering upon war,
as expressed in the resolution passed by the International Socialist Bureau; we protest
against any step being taken by the Government of this country to support Russia, either
directly or in consequence of any understanding with France, as being not only offensive
to the political traditions of the country but disastrous to Europe,and declare that, as we
have no interest, direct or indirect, in the threatened quarrels which may result from the
action of Austria in Servia, the Government of Great Britain should rigidly decline to
pee in war, but should confine itself to efforts to bring about peace as speedily as
possible.
Thus all sections of the British Labour Movement were united in their
desire and their efforts for the prevention of war. In this they were
carrying out the first clause of the 1907 resolution. But the attempt
tailed. Two days later (August 4th) Britain declared war on Germany.
The declaration of war at once altered the situation and brought into
prominence the more disputable and less determinate part of the 1907
resolution. This declared that: ‘‘Should war none the less break out,
their duty is to intervene to bring it promptly to an end, and with all
their energies to use the economic and political crisis created by the war
to rouse the populace from its slumbers and to hasten the fall of capitalist
domination.”’
That this second part of the internationalist policy would have held
water is unlikely even if nothing further had occurred. But before this
policy had been adequately considered a new factor had entered. This
was the violation of the neutrality of Belgium. This violation was
a determining cause in the change of attitude which shortly manifested
itself. Almost equally important was the decision of the German Social
Democratic Party to vote for the war credits in the Reichstag. Still fora
few days matters hung in the balance. On August 7th the Executive
Committee of the Labour Party issued the following letter to its con-
stituent bodies :— .
We beg to inform you that a special meeting of the National Executive of the
Labour Party was held on August 5th and 6th to consider the European crisis, when it
was decided to forward to each of the affiliated organisations the following resolutions : —
“That the conflict between the nations of Europe in which this country is involved
is owing to Foreign Ministers pursuing diplomatic policies for the purpose of maintain-
ing a balance of power; that our own national policy of understandings with France and
Russia only was bound to increase the power of Russia both in Europe and Asia, and to
rendanger good relations with Germany.
“That Sir Edward Grey, as proved by the facts which he gave to the House of
Commons, committed, without the knowledge of our people, the honour of the country
to supporting France in the event of any war in which she was seriously involved, and
gave definite assurances of support before the House of Commons had any chance of
considering the matter.
‘That the Labour movement reiterates the fact that it has opposed the policy which
has produced the war, and that its duty is now to secure peace at the earliest possible
moment on such conditions as will provide the best opportunities for the re-establish-
ment of amicable feelings between the workers of Europe.
18 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
‘That without in any way receding from the position that the Labour Movement has
taken in opposition to our engaging ina European War, the Executive of the Party advises
that, while watching for the earliest opportunity for taking effective action in the interests
of peace and the re-establishment of good feeling between the workers of the European
nations, all Labour and Socialist is Dagens re should concentrate their energies mean-
time upon the task of carrying out the resolutions passed at the conference of Labour
organisations held at the House of Commons on August 5th, detailing measures to be
taken to nitigate the destitution which will inevitably overtake our working people
while the state of war lasts.’’
Your attention is specially called to Clause 3 of the attached resolutions, agreed
upon at the Labour and Socialist Emergency Conference. Citizen committees are
being formed in county and urban areas, and every effort should be made to secure a
fair and adequate representation of Labour, including woman, upon these committees.
We also urge the great importance of all Labour organisations giving every possible
assistance in the relief work organised by these citizen committees.
Yours very sincerely,
W. C. ANDERSON, Chairman.
ARTHUR HENDERSON, Secretary.
The Labour and Socialist Emergency Conference referred to in this
letter, called by Mr. Arthur Henderson, M.P., then Secretary of the
Labour Party, had met on August 6th and formed the War Emergency
Workers’ National Committee* This Committee was afterwards to play
no small part both in concentrating working class attention on social
and industrial issues arising from the war, and in holding together the
forces of Labour.
On the 7th of August, when the Labour Party decided to make no
pronouncement on the Vote of Credit, Mr. J. Ramsay MacDonald
resigned the chairmanship, and Mr. Arthur Henderson took his place.
By the end of the first week a division began to show itself between
those who thought that Labour should sink all differences before the
national danger and those who, while not opposing the war, still thought
' that Labour should maintain complete aloofness from the other parties.
Needless to say, this view of entire independence was supported by the
further section which was against the war itself. ‘This last section is best
represented in the manifesto published by the Independent Labour Party
on August 13th.
It begins with an indictment of British foreign policy, of the
armament race, and of secret diplomacy ; it dwells cn the horror of war,
and ends as follows :—
The war conflagration envelops Europe; up to the last moment we laboured to
prevent the blaze. The nation must now watch for the first opportunity for effective
intervention.
‘ As for the future, we must begin to prepare our minds for the difficult and dangerous
complications that will arise at the conclusion of the war. ‘
he people must everywhere resist such territorial aggression and national
abasement as will pave the way for fresh wars; and throughout Europe the workers
must press for frank and honest diplomatic policies, controlled by themselves, for the
suppression of militarism and the establishment of the united states of Europe, thereby
advancing towards the world’s peace. Unless these steps are taken Europe, after the
present calamity, will be still more subject to the domination of militarism, and
increasingly liable to be drenched with blood.
We are told that International Socialism is dead: that all our hopes and ideals are
wrecked by the fire and pestilence of European war. It is not true.
Out of the darkness and the depth we hail our working-class comrades of every land.
Across the roar of guns, we send sympathy and greeting to the German Socialists. They
have laboured unceasingly to promote good relations with Britain, as we with Germany.
They are no enemies of ours, but faithful friends.
In forcing this appalling crime upon the nations, it is the rulers, the diplomats, the
militarists who have sealed their doom. In tears of blood and bitterness the greater
democracy will be born. With steadfast faith we greet the future; our cause is holy
and imperishable, and the labour of our hands has not been in vain.
Long live Freedom and Fraternity! Long live International Socialism !
See page 37.
LABOUR AND THE WAR. Ig
Thus by the middle of August the lines of distinction had been drawn
on the political side of Labour. On August 29th the question of taking
part in a Parliamentary recruiting campaign came before the National
Executive of the Labour Party: the Parliamentary Labour Party had
already met and agreed to join in the campaign. It was decided :—
That, in view of the serious situation created by the European War, the Executive
Committee of the Labour Party agrees with the policy of the Parliamentary Party, in
joining the campaign to strengthen the British Army, and agrees to place the Central
Office organisation at the disposal of the campaign, and further recommends the affiliated
bodies to give all possible local support.
About the same time an agreement was reached between the political
parties, that in the case of a Parliamentary bye-election ihe seat should
be filled without a contest by the party in possession. This political
truce, since periodically renewed, still holds good. ‘The death of J.
Pointer, Attercliffe, and A. H. Gill, Bolton, left vacancies which were
filled by W. C. Anderson and Robert Tootill in accordance with this.
arrangement.
The pronouncements of the industrial side of Labour came in the
beginning of September. First came that of the General Federation of
Trade Unions, termed a ‘‘ Manifesto to its Members and to its Affiliations
in Europe and America.’ After dealing at some length with the origins
of the war, in which it declares that ‘‘ the responsibility for the war does
not rest upon the policy or conduct of Great Britain,’’ it proceeds to the
economic problems affecting the State. It describes the relief measures
of the Government as utterly inadequate. It presses for greater sums of
money to be expended in payment oi soldiers, sailors, and their dependents,
for reform and democratisation of the Army itself, and generally for State
control as opposed to unco-ordinated voluntary activities. Finally, it
demands increased subsidies for Trade Unions, whose magnificent efforts
to meet the distress consequent upon unemployment had been made from
funds raised on a peace basis to meet peace emergencies.
It is to be noted that by this time the policy of the Government was
wholeheartedly supported. This is also shown in the manifesto of the
Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress, which runs as
follows :—
MANIFESTO TO THE TRADE UNIONISTS OF THE COUNTRY.
Gentlemen,—The Trades. Union Congress Parliamentary Committee, at their
meeting held yesterday, had under consideration the serious position created by the
European War and the duty which Trade Unionists, in common with the community in
general, owe to themselves and the country of which they are citizens.
They were especially gratified at the manner in which the Labour Party in the
House of Commons had responded to the appeal made to all political parties to give their
co-operation in securing the enlistment of men to defend the interests of their country,
and heartily endorse the appointment upon the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee of
four Members of the party, and the placing of the services of the national agent at the
disposal of that Committee to assist in carrying through its secretarial work.
The Parliamentary Committee are convinced that one important factor in the present
European struggle has to be borne in mind, so far as our own country is concerned—
namely, that in the event of the voluntary system of military service pee the country
in this its time of need, the demand for a, national system of compulsory military
service will not only be made with redoubled vigour, but may prove to be so persistent
and strong as to become irresistible. The prospect of having to face conscription, with
its permanent and heavy burden upon the financial resources of the country, and its
equally burdensome effect upon nearly the whole of its industries, should in itself
stimulate the manhood of the nation to come forward in its defence, and thereby
demonstrate to the world that a free people can rise to the supreme heights of a great
sacrifice without the whip of conscription.
Another factor to be remembered in this crisis of our nation’s history, and most
important of all so far as Trade Unionists and Labour in general are concerned, is the
fact that upon the result of the struggle in which this country is now engaged rest the
preservation and maintenance of free and unfettered democratic government, which in
20 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
its international relationships has in the past been recognised, and must unquestionabl
in the future prove to be the best guarantee for the preservation of the peace of the world.
The mere contemplation of the overbearing and brutal methods to which people have
to submit under a government controlled by a military autocracy—living, as it were,
‘continuously under the threat and shadow of war—should be sufficient to arouse the
enthusiasm of the nation in resisting any attempt to impose similar conditions upon
countries at present free from military despotism.
But if men have a duty to perform in the common interest of the State, equally the
‘State owes a duty to those of its citizens who are prepared—and readily prepared—to
make sacrifices in its defence and for the maintenance of its honour. Citizens called
‘upon voluntarily to leave their employment and their homes for the purpose of under-
taking military duties have a right to receive at the hands of the State a reasonable and
assured recompense, not so much for themselves as for those who are dependent upon
them, and no single member of the community would do otherwise than uphold
a Government which in such an important and vital matter took a liberal and even
generous view of its responsibilities toward those citizens who come forward to assist
in the defence of their country.
We respectfully commend this suggestion to the favourable consideration of the
Government of the day.
Long life to the free institutions of all democratically governed countries!
Yours faithfully, the Parliamentary Committee,
J. A. SEDDON, W. MossEs.
Chairman. J. W. OapEn.
W. J. Davis, J. SEXTON.
Vice-Chairman. A. SMITH.
A. EVANS. H. Smiru.
H. GOSLING. J.B. Wiiviams.
J 4c J. E. WILuIaMs.
J. JENKINS. C. W. BOWERMAN,
W. MArkKIN. Secretary.
There are two other documents of importance. On October 15th the
following manifesto was issued, signed by most of the Labour Members
of Parliament, by the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union
Congress, by the Management Committee of the General Federation of
Trade Unions, and by other Labour Leaders.
The British Labour Movement has always stood for peace. During the last decade
it has made special efforts to promote friendly relations between the peoples of Great
Britain and Germany. Deputations of Labour representatives have taken messages of
goodwill across the North Sea despite the obstacles to international working-class
solidarity which existed. In turn, German Labour leaders on similar missions have
been eloonied in this country by the organised workers. A strong hope was beginning
to dawn that out of this intercourse would grow a permanent peaceful understanding
between the two nations.
But this hope has been destroyed, at least for a time, by the deliberate act of the
ruler of the military Empire of Germany. The refusal of Germany to the proposal
made by England that a conference of the European Powers should deal with the dispute
between Austria and Servia, the peremptory domineering ultimatum to Russia, and the
rapid preparations to invade France, all indicate that the German military caste were
determined on war if the rest of Europe could not be cowed into submission by other
means. The wanton violation of the neutrality of Belgium was proof that nothing, not
even national honour and good faith, was to stand between Germany and the realisation
of its ambitions to become the dominant military power of Europe, with the Kaiser the
dictator over all.
The Labour Party in the House of Commons, face to face with this situation,
recognised that Great Britain, having exhausted the resources of peaceful diplomacy,
was bound, in honour, as well as by treaty, to resist by arms the aggression of Germany.
“The Party realised that if England had not kept her pledges to Belgium, and had stood
aside, the victory of the German army would have been probable, and the victory of
‘Germany would mean the death of democracy in Europe.
Working-class aspirations for greater political and economic power would be checked,
thwarted, and crushed, as they have been in the German Empire. Democratic ideas
‘cannot thrive in a state where militarism is dominant; and the military state with a
subservient and powerless working class is the avowed political idea of the German
ruling caste.
The Labour Party, therefore, as representing the most democratic elements in the
British nation, has given its support in Parliament to the measures necessary to enable
this country to carry on the struggle effectively. It has joined in the task of raising an
army large enough to meet the national need by taking active part in the recruiting
LABOUR AND THE WAR. 21
campaign organised by the various Parliamentary parties. Members of the Party have
addressed numerous meetings throughout the country for this purpose, and the central
machinery of the Party has been placed at the service of the recruiting campaign. This
action has been heartily endorsed by the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union
Congress, which represents the overwhelming majority of the. Trade Unionists of the
country. The Committee in a manifesto on the war states :—
““The mere contemplation of the overbearing and brutal methods to which people
have to submit under a government controlled by a military autocracy—living, as it.
were, continuously under the threat and shadow of war—should be sufficient to arouse
the enthusiasm of the nation in resisting any attempt to impose similar conditions upon
countries at present free from military despotism.”
The policy of the British Labour Movement has been dictated by a fervent desire to
save Great Britain and Europe from the evils that would follow the triumph of military
despotism. Until the power which has pillaged and outraged Belgium and the Belgians,
and plunged nearly the whole of Europe into the awful misery, suffering, and horror of
war, is beaten, there can be no peace. While the conflict lasts England must be
sustained both without and within ; combatants and non-combatants must be supported
to the utmost. The Labour Movement has done and is doing its part in this paramount
national duty, confident that the brutal doctrine and methods of German militarism wilk
fail. When the time comes to discuss the terms of peace the Labour Party will stand, as
it has always stood, for an international agreement among all civilised nations that
disputes and misunderstandings in the future shall be settled not by machine guns but.
by arbitration.
Another important document is a series of resolutions passed at a.
conference of the Socialist and Labour parties of the Allied Nations
convened by the British Section of the International Socialist Bureau, and
held in London on February 14th, 1915. The Socialist organisations
of France, Belgium, Russia, and Great Britain affiliated to the I.S.B.
were represented.
(1) This conference cannot ignore the profound general causes of the European
conflict, itself a monstrous product of the antagonisms which tear asunder capitalist
society and of the policy of colonial dependencies and aggressive imperialism, against
which international Socialism has never ceased to fight, and in which every Government
has its share of responsibility.
The invasion of Belgium and France by the German armies threatens the very
existence of independent nationalities, and strikes a blow at all faith in treaties. In
these circumstances a victory for German imperialism would be the defeat and the
destruction of democracy and liberty in Europe. The Socialists of Great Britain,
Belgium, France, and Russia do not pursue the political and economic crushing ot
Germany; they are not at war with the peoples of Germany and Austria, but only
with the Governments of those countries by which they are oppressed. They demand
that Belgium shall be liberated and compensated. They desire that the question of
Poland shall be settled in accordance with the wishes of the Polish people, either in the
sense of autonomy in the midst of another State, or in that of complete independence.
They wish that throughout all Europe, from Alsace-Lorraine to the Balkans, those popula-
oer ae have been annexed by force shall receive the right freely to dispose of
themselves.
While inflexibly resolved to fight until victory is achieved to accomplish this task
of liberation, the Socialists are none the less resolved to resist any attempt to transform
this defensive war into a war of conquest, which would only prepare fresh conflicts,
create new grievances and subject various peoples more than ever to the double plague
of armaments and war.
Satisfied that they are remaining true to the principles of the International, the
members of the conference express the hope that the working classes of all the different
countries will before long find themselves united again in their struggle against militarism
and capitalist imperialism. The victory of the Allied Powers must be a victory for
popular liberty, for unity, independence, and autonomy of the nations in the peaceful
federation of the United: States of Europe and the world.
(2) On the conclusion of the war the working classes of all the industrial countries
must unite in the International in order to suppress secret diplomacy, put an end to the
interest of militarism and those of thearmament makers, and establish some international
authority to settle points of difference among the nations by compulsory conciliation and
arbitration, and to compel all nations to maintain peace.
(3) The conference protests against the arrest of the deputies of the Duma, against
the suppression of Russian Socialist papers and the condemnation of their editors, as
well as against the oppression of Finns, Jews, Russian and German Poles,
22 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
(2) THE INDUSTRIAL TRUCE.
It has been shown that one result of the national crisis was the agree-
ment for a political truce. A further result was a general desire for the
cessation of all industrial hostilities, and this cessation was also extended
to-many industrial activities, whose furtherance was felt to be incom-
patible with complete industrial harmony.
Thus on August 13th the Parliamentary Committee issued a notice
postponing the September meeting of the Trades Union Congress. Then
on August 24th a special conference called by the Joint Board of the
‘Trades Union Congress, the General Federation of Trade Unions, and the
Labour Party passed the following resolution :—
That an immediate effort be made to terminate all existing trade disputes, whether
strikes or lock-outs, and whenever new points of difficulty arise during the war period a
serious attempt should be made by all concerned to reach an amicable settlement before
resorting to a strike or lock-out.
From the moment war was declared there had been a general move
on the part of the Trade Union officials and Labour leaders towards
industrial peace. Strikes were terminated, demands submitted to arbitra-
tion, trade movements stopped. The number of new industrial disputes
fell from 99 in July, 1914, to 14 in August. The general effect of the
truce can be seen from the fact that during the first seven months of 1914
there were 836 disputes, involving 423,000 workers; whilst during
the last five months there were only 137, involving 23,000. By
December there were only 17 disputes as contrasted with 56 in
December, 1913.
Besides the cessation of disputes, there was also a general slackening
of industrial activities. The railwaymen’s Executive withheld their new
national programmee, the transport and general labour amalgamation
scheme lapsed, and the great triple alliance of the miners, railwaymen
and transport workers was left incomplete. It can never be said that
Labour was not prepared to make heavy sacrifices for the national cause.
By its acceptance of the industrial status quo it surrendered any attempt
to carry out the second part of the 1907 resolution, with its demand for
the undermining of the capitalist system. There never was any express
agreement, but there certainly was a tacit understanding that the main-
tenance of the truce depended on equal sacrifices on both sides. But,
with the piling up of profits and the rise in food prices, there came among
the workers a growing irritation, increasing in force until, with the
occurrence of specific grievances, the Industrial Truce came to an
end,
It had never been a stipulated agreement, and the fact that employers
‘showed little willingness to cease from ‘‘ profiteering as usual’’ made it a
one-sided bargain. It left the workers practically undefended against
the rapacity of private enterprise. Nor were they guarded by the action
of the State: to the failure of the Liberal Government must be attributed
the breakdown of that vague general harmony in the world of Labour
which was known as the Industrial Truce.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
* International Socialism and the War,’’ A. W. Humphrey (King,
2s. 6d.); ‘‘The Socialists and the War,’ W. English Walling
{Macmillan, 6s. 6d.); ‘‘Labour in War-Time,” G. D. H. Cole, 1915
{Bell, 2s. 6d). .
LABOUR AND THE WAR. 23
UNEMPLOYMENT.
At the outbreak of war everyone not preoccupied with military or
political questions was immediately concerned with the social and
industrial crisis through which they were convinced the country would
have to pass. Unemployment was perhaps the most dreaded of all the
contingencies. No one foresaw the enormous expansion of our military
system which, apart from removing millions of men from industry, was
to demand a corresponding expansion of production in certain staple
industries, and thus confine the problem of unemployment for the most
part to the lesser luxury trades. Certainly no one anticipated that, after
six months of war, this country would be faced with the problem of a
shortage of labour side by side with that of unemployment, especially
in women’s occupations.
In the first months of the war, however, the problem was one of
unemployment alone. The shock to our financial system had the most
adverse effect on industry. Local conditions made this particularly bad
in the case of the cotton trades. Then the closing of all enemy markets
brought many works to an immediate standstill. Iron and steel were
dislocated, and the effect of this dislocation was conveyed to coal. The
services transporting these goods were next affected, and, by the second
week in August, Liverpool had practically ceased to function as a seaport
and an industrial centre. The resort to a panic economy hit the luxury
trades especially hard, while all sorts of voluntary organisations, finding
their occupation gone, dismissed their employees. Women’s employment
was more adversely affected than any other. Much subsequent difficulty
was caused by the mad rush of employers to cut down their wages
bill. .
For purposes of statistics the month of August may be neglected as
being exceptional in every way. The figures which follow show the
state of affairs in September and October :—
EMPLOYMENT, ENLISTMENT, ETC., IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER, 1g14.
September. October.
i Males. | Females. Males. | Females.
Stb POM FAL TMS oi cos ces Riek codestouebes 4,214,000 1,203,750 || 4,676,000 1,392,750
RO VRE ae a ee eiw sass wasecudiedeces 252,000 47,250 || 364,000 132,750
COUNTS Tor a 5062 ee 1,820,000 810,c00 |} 1,211,000 585,000
Contraction of employment............... | 714,000 189,000 749,000 139,500
Known to have joined the Forces...... 616,c09 Me \| 742,000
NGtmisplacement \.c25..csctestsvewseacucds 98,000 Xs | 7,000
«
The displacement of women’s labour was enormous—almost half
the total number of women employed in industry had their wages
reduced by short time or were thrown into unemployment—and the
problems of relief of distress thus created were in no way mitigated, as
in the case of the men, by army enlistment.
24 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
The following gives the figures as percentages of the employment in
July :—
STATE OF EMPLOYMENT AT VARIOUS DATES SINCE THE OUTBREAK
OF WAR COMPARED WITH STATE OF EMPLOYMENT IN JULY, ro14.
| Males. | Females.
Sept.| Oct. | Dec. | Feb.*|| Sept. | Oct. | Dec. | Feb.*
1914. | 1914. | I9I4. | 1915. || 1914. | IQI4. | IQT4. | 1915.
Employed im July isis eiv.cze- too |100 | 100 |x00 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 100
SEM 9 fill Pie]: ooo. sed canes > duepemaane 60.2| 66.8] 65.8} 68.4]| 53.5} 61.9) 66.6! 75.0
COIVGWRETINAG eur at Sut cssits.s eee. 3.6 5.2)" T2680 |. eros Qt 5.9| 10.8] 10.9
Cy BhOFt GRIEG) Wetec crested 26.0} 17.3 | 10.5 6.0 || 36.0] 26.0! 19.4] 12°6
Contraction of numbers employed...| 10.2] 10.7| 10.9| 11.8 8.4.) G2 weg L.5
Known by employersto have joined} 8.8] 10.6] 13.3} 15.4|] .- bee Ba Hie
the Forces
Net displacement (-) or replace-| -1.4| -o.1 | +2.4] +3.6|| -8.4] -6.2) -3.2| -1.5
ment (+) |
* Provisional figures.
This influx of new male labour—3.6 per cent., or nearly 250,o00o—into
certain industries came partly from those who were unemployed in July,
1914, of whom these tables have taken no account, partly from those who
had left the industries concerned, and partly from those who were em-
ployed in other industries or occupations not included in the table.
The following table, taken from the returns published in the monthly
Board of Trade ‘‘ Labour Gazette,’’ shows how far there was a surplus of
labour in July, 1914, how that surplus increased during the autumn of
1915, and to what extent it was absorbed in the months that followed.
The figures relate only to the two and a-half million* workers in the
trades compulsorily insured against unemployment under Part II. of the
National Insurance Act. These do not include the trades that suffered
most through unemployment. On the other hand, with the exception of
building, they give the trades in which unemployment has been brought
down to the irreducible minimum.
* The following table for the month of July shows the actual numbers and distribution
of the workers insured under Part II. of the Act:— ~
}
Increase (+) or de-
Unemployed at end crease (-) in per-
of July. centage unemployed
Trade Number ona
; | Insured. ps
Number. ae ge nig Year ago.
Building and construction of} 956,890 36,599 3.8 ae -0.2
works
Engineering and ironfounding; 817,931 26,549 3.2 -O.1 +0.9
Shipbatlding in acaesy adestacsucot 264,217 12,491 4.7 +0.6 +1.3
Construction of vehicles ......... | 209,985 6,376 3.0 | +0.4 +0.4
SPAM TRULIA, ciccepeatvace co eeeecpaus dee 12,029 381 3.2 -0.4 +1.0
Other insured workpeople ...... 64,546 1,016 1.6 sa +0.7
All insured workpeople ......... | 2,325,598 83,412 | 3.6 +0.1 0.5
LABOUR AND THE WAR. 25
PERCENTAGE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INSURED TRADES.*
Trade. ‘Jaly/Aug Sept! Oct. ‘Nov Dee Jan.|Feb. sala May
Foe ed and construction of] 3.8 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.0| 4.5 | 3-5 £7) T.4
works
Engineering and ironfounding..! 3.2 | 6.6 | 4.9 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.5
SSRPPDUTIGINI (Fo liocathetectessees oc AG | 49. \ 4:4. (3.9, | 2:7 [C22 Eee \UP.T |. .0.91' 10.0) f.-027
Construction of vehicles ......... 310 114755). 5.6 1: 3%9, | 369 [2:9 12-8.) Teas hi T-0 Ff O.Balro.5
ao 0A EVs. Re Oe UB Bea Cate ws a YoY ac-4- al bey -1s gmlOg rca Ty yg OL I oy Fa isd i
Other insured workpeople ...... T4132. [O35 | 2.7) 1 Boge [ELLO! |, LQ) WO.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4
All insured workpeople,,.,......... 3.6 | 6.2 ‘ 5.4 a Ave In3iy 2.6 rq | Lr if 0.9
i
* The figures refer in every case to fee cad of ‘the month.
Over against these figures:we may set the tables of Trade Unionists
only, compiled by the Board of Trade from the figures supplied by such
unions as make returns of their unemployed benefit. Though they cover
the field of industry more widely they do not apply to nearly so many
workers as Part II. of the Insurance Act; but fragmentary though they
are, they are the only means of indicating ‘the state of employment among
Trade Unionists as distinct from the general body of workers.
This table shows the numbers in July, r914 :—
TRADE UNION PERCENTAGES OF UNEMPLOYED.
(BASED ON 3,138 RETURNS.)
Trade Unions with a net membership of 988,946 reported 28,013 (or 2.8 per cent.) of
their members as unemployed at the end of July, 1914, compared with 2.4 per cent. at the
end of June, 1914, and - Is 0. ae) cent. at the end of f Jus, nels
Increase (+) or
Membership| Unemployed atend | decrease (-) in per-
at end of of July, 1914. centage unemployed
Trade. ; - July, 1914, as compared with a
of unions 3 ea z
reporting. 5 er- Mont Year
| Number. centage. ago. | ago.
Rovamge ss, UO st | 72,559 2,291 3.2 40.3 | ~o.1
WaoplINMM eh 1s keeucccnancies: | 166,866 792 0.5 he +0.1
EORTC SKECL gc sicscs tcceeeises. | 37,662 2,078 5.5 van +2.5
EN PECTING coccisarspicpatedestareiadlin. 2O3; 907 o| 7,908 3-4 +0.4 $1.5
SHIP OUUGiNS \...<.,..ccscerecsnareea. | 74,305 4,896 6.6 +2.2 +3.8
Miscellaneous metal ............ 27,035 519 1.4 -O.1 -0.4
Textiles} :— |
Coots 6 2.4 oR ck | 88,567 3,455 3.9 +17 +2.3
Woollen and worsted ...... 8,641 370 4.3 | -0.8 —0-4
ROERIOE aes oe tee ceuonsqenet teens 62,700 1,205 1.9 +0.7 +0.6
Printing, bookbinding, and 67,274 | 1,688 2.5 -0.7 -0.8
paper |
Furnishing and woodworking 56,466 1,299 2:3 +030 | -O.1
MORO Masser ser shee. dive eiee dade: | 67,768 1,127 17 ae HOT
USE nS ser gr a ee ER 4,270 221 5.2 +0.5 +1.0
MAGS ae Puts het svn td shice weld Salsas wae 986 6 0.6 © +0.1 +0.2
OSPREY coghrspisonssal kw cereteeueueth: 7,503 55 0.7 -0.1 +0,
TOGERCOM MU anctesserecahtscastous set 2,299 103 4.5 +0.9 ~0.2
WON asics apa sna vee] 988,946 28 1013 | 2.8 +0.4 +0.9
*The Trade Union returns relate mainly to carpenters and plumbers.
+ In addition to the ordinary short time which occurs in all trades, it should be noted
that in the mining and textile industries a contraction in the demand for labour is more
generally met by a reduction in the time worked per week by a large number of work-
people an by the discharge of a smaller number.
26 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
The following table shows the percentage, month by month, fron:
July, 1914, onwards :—
l l l
Trade. | Julylacg) Sep.| Oct, Nov. Dee. Jan, Feb, Mar. Apr. May|June| JulyjAug.
t i | t t { !
Building ......... 3.21 7.4 |} 5.6 | 3.0/1.8] 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.4
Coal mining ...| 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.4] 0.9 | 0.9 | 0:3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | O.L | 0.1 | O.F
Iron and steel...) 5.5 | 7.6 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 2.2| 1.6 | 2.2 | 1.9] 1.4] 0.9 | 1-2
Engineering ...| 3.4 | 7.1 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6
Shipbuilding .. 6.6 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 6.5 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4
Other metal...... 2.4:|.9.0'| 4.0)12.2)| 2.5] 254.) 150 10.81}°0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3) Lg uous
Textiles:
Cotton. vsieves, 3.9 {17.7 114.5] 9.2:| 6.3 [15-2 | 9:0") 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.5.) Oy (Oa eee
Woollen and | |
worsted , 43 7.2 | 6.1 16.2] 5.1 | 3.71 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 2.8] x2} 0.91 1.8
4 6.1 | 8.2 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 5.21 3.9 | 2.2] 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 07 | 0.5 | 0.6
painting ae ss . while COnt Ose Ae 7 4:5 5.0 ae oe 3.4 3.6 | 2.4 ti
urnishing ...... 01.9.4 | 6.5 1-46 1 3:0 | 3.00) a0 ol
Wood-working. 2.3 | 9.8 | 8.3 | 6.2 45} 2:3 |-1,.9 Pr f 2.2 tho | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7
Clothing .......... 1.71 5.3} 2.64 15 [2.3 | 21] 0.7 4 OF | 0.5. 0.3 4 0:34 2H O.25) Oe
Tester, ccs 5,2 1.6.2 1 4.2 } 2.01221 24 | 2.8:).1.3 | 1.3, 0.7 | O.0. 4 0.4 po eee ue
Case ae 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.6! 7.7 | 2.0] 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 1.9 | @.9
POtteryen nes 0.7 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 1.3 |.1-4} 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2) 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2
Tobacco ......... Ae 14.0 |20.5 |12.8 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 2.8 2.8 | se pis [ae eee 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.1
| } | :
Pistal sit (28 7.1 5.6 4429 25 29 25) 19) 26/13 22) 10 |x0]09| 19 0.9 | 1.0
{ t { t \ Svs ae Seen ins Wes ew ES 9
The conclusion to be drawn from these figures is that, after a year of
the war, apart from certain women’s trades, there was no acute problem
of unemployment. On the other hand, there was the problem of scarcity
of skilled labour in the large body of munition trades. This boom is, of
course, artificial in its nature and, of necessity, temporary. The problem of
unemployment to be expected when the boom is over will be accentuated
by the return of the male wage-earners now serving with the forces.
It must not, of course, be assumed that the partial recovery of trade
from the depression of the first months of the war means that each
industry is now back to normal. In so far as the demand for labour
has been due to the war, the recovery is artificial. The adaptations
of war time may be thrown sadly out of gear by the coming of peace.
The following table shows the expansion or contraction of employment
by industries. It relates solely to males, and is divided into the following
three groups :—
1. Industries in which there is a marked shortage of male labour, and
in which it has been necessary to attract men from the outside ;
2. Industries which are ina fairly normal condition as regards male
labour: and
3. Industries in which the contraction of numbers employed is
considerably greater than the withdrawal of men for the forces.
LABOUR AND THE WAR. 27
EMPLOYMENT IN DECEMBER, 1914, AND FEBRUARY, 1915, COMPARED
WITH EMPLOYMENT BEFORE THE WAR.
December 1914. February 1915.
TS os.
Pha teeta pales ta
Approxi-| O89 | 23) G4 | PEG) 23} og
mate in-| 823) $8| 9=| S25! $8 | Bg
dustrial | G2 | 5% | ont Bue of | oat] On On
Trade groups. opu- | 2° SF “2)goe\n =e ie S2s | short |Over-
ation e8o See Qu 8) 866 Fo) 28 3 | time. | time.
cens,| Sze | 89 /258| £25 | 69) 358
IgIi. 828 MS ee Bas <3 | Coe.
Per, | Per |) Per Per Per |, Per Per. |. Per
Group Bi cent. |cent.| cent. cent. |cent.| cent. cent. | cent.
Shipbuilding ...... | 164,000} - 6.0 | 13.6} + 7.6} - 2.4 | 13.9 | +121.5 0.7 | 44.5
Leather and! 67,000; ~ 1.0} 14.2; +13.2) + 2.5 | 16.0 | +18.5 2.6 | 40.7
leather goods |
Chemicals (includ-| 122,000 | - 3.3 | 15.4 | +12.1 | + 1.2) 17.4 | +18.6 1.0 | 24.2
ing explosives) | i
Engineering......... 665,000 ly 8.7 | 14.6} + 5.9} - 9.1 | 16.1} + 7.0 3.6 | 29.8
Woollen and! 129,000} + 0.7 | 7-2 + 7.9! +.90.3 9.0) + 9.3 3.3 | 27.1
Worsted | | |
Boot and shoe...... 199,000} -— 3.3} 9.9| + 66] - 1.1 10.9 | + 9.8 1.3 | 36.1
Hosiery .icicackioss ss. 18,900 | -0.7! 7.5 | + 6.8] - 2.7 | 12.3] + 9.6 3.9 | 14.7
Iron and steel ...... 311,000 |} - 7.5 | 13.9] + 6.4.) -— 5.7 | 16.1 | +10.4 5.7 | 15.7
jo So 8 ppb be ba 315,000 | - 5.6 | 13.4] + 7.8 | - 8.6 | 16.1} + 7.5 2.5 | 16.0
Sawmnilling ......... 44,000 | —- 6.2 | 14.2 | + 8.0'} -12.0 | 16.1 | + 4.1 10.1 1-63
Coal and other|1,164,000 | -10.4 | 13.7} + 3.3 | -13.8 | 17.2} + 3.4 2.3 | 06
mines* |
Group 2. |
Clotisings sc. ..y 2) 235,000 |} -I4.1 |} 12.5 | - 1.6] -13.7 | 14.0 | + 0.3 EE, Stes E
Paper and printing; . 240,000 | -12.2 | 12.5 | + 0.3} -14.1 | 14.4 | + 0.3 | 9.9 | 8.5
Linen, jute, and! 42,000! - 8.2] 15.0! + 6.8} -12.1 | 17.1 | + 5.0 27.7 | 4.9
emp
Coon 22 es 259,000 | -13.3| 9.6 | — 3.7 | -II.t | 11.6 | + 0.5 11.2; 2.2
Cycle motor, car-| 202,000 | -17.5 | 14.3! - 3.2:| -17.8 | 16.9 | .- 0.9 6.4 23.7
riage and wagon |
building |
China, pottery and; 83,000 | ~11.2 | 13.3 | + 2.2 | -16.3/ 15.5 | - 0.8 16.6 | 2.7
glass |
i
Group 3. |
BOUIN / > eviccnsess. 11,023,000 | 21.5 | 12.2 | - 9.3 | -22.9 14.7} - 8.2 WL 1 iGO
Furniture and} 141,000 | -20.3 | 13.5 | - 68 | -23.5 | 15.3} -821 14.0) 4.1
upholstery i | |
Brick, cement,etc., 78,000 | -20.2 | 13.5: —- 6.7 =27.2 | 15.6). -11.6}° 34.6') 3:0
Tinplate. es. 23,000 | -IT.5 8.3) -3.2| -14.2/ 11.0] - 32] 29.6 | o8
! { | |
* In the case of coal trade the Miners’ Eight Hours Act prevents the working of over-
time in the ordinary sense, though it does not limit the number of shifts that may be
worked per week.
In practically every case—the only important exception being the
woollen industry—there is a contraction in the number employed since
last July; but this contraction varies very much in different cases, and a
comparison with the enlistment figures at once shows that in certain
industries a great deal of new labour has been called in. Thus, in ship-
building, nearly 14 per cent. have enlisted, yet the contraction in the
numbers employed only amounts to 2°4 per cent. Coal-mining, where
the enlistment is 17 per cent. and the contraction nearly 14 per cent.,
seems the only outstanding instance in which it has been impossible to
call in much new labour. Conversely, cotton operatives have not to any
great extent transferred themselves to other industries. Agriculture, of
course, is not included in the return, which relates solely to industry
proper.
28 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
Throughout the whole of the prolonged crisis, the safety valve has
been transference of labour from one industry to another. But it must
be remembered that, while the condition of affairs is now more settled,
there was at the beginning most acute distress among several sections of
the working-class. The Lancashire cotton trade suffered a paralysis
from which even yet it is only slowly recovering. Unemployment was
rife among women in the textile, clothing, and luxury trades, whilst
women clerks, dressmakers, domestic servants, and charwomen were
severely affected,
It is a comment on the lack of foresight displayed by the Government
that in the woollen industry, which later worked continuous overtime to
meet the demand for khaki, unemployment was allowed to get worse and
worse down to September, the General Union of Textile Workers alone
having 426 unemployed in August and 1,113 inSeptember. By November
no one was unemployed. To take another example, again from an
industry now suffering from scarcity of labour, the Boilermakers had 4,000
members unemployed right up to November. Nothing was done to give
them work, and many were driven into enlisting, whose services were
shortly to be most urgently required in industry. Examples of this kind
could be multiplied without end, and every example would add a further
proof of the truth of the indictment against Governmental supineness and
ineptitude.
UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG WEAVERS.
The following table, taken from the weekly returns of the
Amalgamated Weavers’ Association, shows the state of employment
amongst cotton weavers at selected periods onwards from October 17th.
It begins two and a-half months after the outbreak of war, with enormous
unemployment, and the weekly figures are given to the end of November,
1914. During December unemployment and short time diminished. The
figures then show at monthly intervals the state of the trade right up to
October, 1915. It will be noted that the recovery was very slow, and was
not Die Soh pee by the ines of = perion under review.
A peese bbene iiisboess Approximate number
of workpeople | of workpeople on
unemployed. | short time.
Igi4 ] b
MOVTOMET E7EL Ror Wn cecnche wh cetecte iraatuuteee thence 49.587 66.408
oe vet POM a ae rs ATK EN ST by Pa. aR | 53.811 68.208
TSti, Pe vcie i as dancin Siete MeO minha ane 51.549 | 79.949
N yaa her PUNO Rohe ca aot PU ee 46.333 389.905
ha 5 na: YU GR eRe ean IE PNR TL 0 ARE 2 Ry | 43.522 93-618
of USB eae Seascale da chek ny a gs sinew | 48.387 88.524
Ot Pak ck sateen eevee Maes Peake ee 44.249 ' 86.450
Docember woth)... selionscs iden. duccd.. Jad. vod 26.383 71.450
IQI5
wg gett ec nee ee Air iat Pie BM ee eo 12.370 67.250
Pepimdry e7int ban ts. UA ak bee ROLE 7.902 | 47.580
March fogth i) as ose ne waviands taplae sedans 7.053 21.429
OE ESOAUS lee ona eee GRE ke asp eccitaasicadaraa og 6.344 14.094
TAY ON Grn eee. areca wake eteeramre leet ore 7.606 11.642
SUMS SSOUT WS A rertie. | Patan erates scans 7.72% 8.034
uly S4thio ik he ae Ae ole eal eee 9.248 5.655
AIOE AEN T coe. tee enn ein ae 4.395 2.045
PSU PPEMBET OSU o o: cos cy detuanc Luckiest suet eapien cert | 16,586 4.944
COCTOD Er ONG iso cer SEE RAL Atels cesar ee en | 16,134 | 3,144
* * Local Miele tr in many textile Rictritas
LABOUR AND THE WAR. 29
The table just given demonstrates the custom of meeting unem-
ployment by short time. This ‘‘concealed unemployment ’’ shows how
much distress and suffering is never revealed in statistics which only
mention complete unemployment. It may be seen that this method,
common to the cotton and mining industries, of meeting a depression of
trade was extensively used in the first five months. of the war.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Board of Trade :—
‘‘ Labour Gazette ’’ (monthly, 1d.).
Report on the State of Employment in October, 1914 (Cd. 7703),
(49d.).
Report on the State of Employment in December, 1914 (Cd. 7755),
(13d.).
Report on the State of Employment in February, 1915 (Cd. 7850),
(23d.).
THE RELIEF OF DISTRESS.
On the outbreak of war the question of distress at once became
important. The first step taken forward was the appointment on August
4th of a Government Committee, under the chairmanship of the President
of the Local Government Board, to deal with the prevention and relief
of distress. To assist this Committee there were appointed Sub-Com-
mittees for London, Agricultural Districts, Urban Housing, together with
the Central Committee on Women’s Employment. On the 6th of August
Local Authorities throughout the country were invited to form Local
Representative Committees for the prevention and relief of distress due
to the war. At the same time provisions were made for expediting public
works under Local Authorities and several Government departments;
while, in response to an appeal by the Prince of Wales, a National
Relief Fund was formed, the responsibility for the distribution of which
was vested in an Executive Committee, the Government Committee
mentioned above being responsible for the conditions upon which civil
relief, as distinct from relief of distress caused by enlistment of bread-
winners, was administered.
FORMATION, POWERS, AND DUTIES OF LOCAL
REPRESENTATIVE COMMITTEES.
The following circulars indicate the policy of the Government
Committee :—
Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W.,
August 8th, 19rq.
Sir,—I am directed by the Local Government Board to refer to the Circular which
they addressed to you on the 6th instant with regard to the formation of a Local Repre-
sentative Committee for dealing with any distress which may arise in consequence of
the war, and to state that they will feel obliged if you will forward to them as soon as
possible particulars on the enclosed form of the constitution of the Committee.
The Cabinet Committee on the Prevention and Relief of Distress have had under
consideration questions relating to the organisation of the work and the procedure of
the Local Committee, and I am directed to acquaint you with their views in regard to
these matters.
30 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
The primary duty of the Committee will be to survey the existing conditions of
employment in the locality, and to consider what measures might be adopted with a view
to preventing distress through lack of employment and alleviating such distress should
it unhappily occur.
It is in the highest degree desirable that employers should do all in their power to
avert the sudden closing of works, and also that temporary appointments should be
made to fill all vacancies caused by the mobilisation of His Majesty’s forces.
The Committee, including as it will representatives of Local Authorities, public
bodies, and philanthropic agencies, will comprise amongst its members persons who are
intimately acquainted with local industrial conditions, as well as those who have
experience in matters such as those with which the Committee will be called upon to
deal. It will thus be well equipped for forming an accurate estimate of the situation
and for concerting measures for the prevention and mitigation of distress. If any of the
local industries show signs of failing, the Committee should at once inform the Local
Government Board, who will bring the matter before the Cabinet Committee.
In the event of distress becoming acute, the Committee will be responsible for the
co-ordination of all relief agencies in the locality, whether official or voluntary, as well
as for the distribution of grants made from the National Fund. For this purpose it will
be necessary that the Committee should have a register of assistance.
The Board are addressing a communication to the Guardians requesting them to
provide the Committee with a list of the persons in receipt of poor relief. If the
Distress Committee have opened a register, a copy of this should be made available,
The Committee itself should also keep a register of the persons who receive assistance
from the National Fund.
It is suggested that the register should be kept on a rough card index system,
possibly with reference to areas or streets.
The object of the register is to enable the Committee readily to discriminate between
applicants for assistance and to avoid overlapping.
It is not intended that the organisation of the Local Committee should be utilised by
persons who have been for a continuous period in receipt of relief, and such persons
‘should be referred back to the Guardians.
With regard to other applicants, it is highly desirable that any relief afforded should
take the form of work for wages when it is possible to provide work. In this connection
the Local Authority will, of course, continue fo push on all works already in progress,
and itis hoped that in many cases they will be able to expedite other schemes of public
work and thus absorb a considerable amount of labour. In other cases the Distress
Committee in co-operation with the Local Authority will probably be able to initiate
schemes of work by which provision could be made for the more deserving and
necessitous cases, Such schemes will be aided by grants made by the Board out of the
money provided by Parliament for the purposes of the Unemployed Workmen Act. In
areas where there are no Distress Committees similar schemes of work can, it is hoped,
L pe which can also be aided by the Local Government Board out of public
unds.
The Local Education Authority will have received from the Board of Education a
circular with respect to the exercise of the powers for the feeding of school children
-conferred by the Act which has just been passed by Parliament, and the Committee,
will, of course, take this into consideration.
The National Fund will be available for, and generally speaking should be restricted
to, those cases which for various reasons cannot be dealt with by any of the methods
of assistance above indicated. It may be mentioned that the work of the National Relief
Fund will be closely co-ordinated with that of the Cabinet Committee.
The Board have no doubt that the Clerk to the Local Authority would be willing to
give the Committee the benefit of his experience and advice, and, if so desired, to place
his staff at their disposal. They direct me to add that they understand that many offers
of help have been made by various persons and organisations, including women’s
associations, and the Committee will probably desire to avail themselves of such
assistance if necessary.
Iam, Sir, your obedient servant,
H. C, Munro, Secretary.
The Chairman of the County Council,
The Lord Mayor,
The Mayor,
or
The Chairman of the Urban District Council.
LABOUR AND THE WAR. 31
MEMORANDUM FOR THE GUIDANCE OF THE LOCAL
COMMITTEES FOR THE PREVENTION AND RELIEF OF
DISTRESS (AUGUST 26th, 1914).
1. The national organisation that has been set up for the purpose of dealing with
any distress which may arise in consequence of the war is not intended to deal with
cases of ordinary poverty. While it may not always be possible to discriminate
between ordinary distress and distress caused by the war, it is not intended that the
Local Committees which have been constituted should supersede the Poor Law
authorities.
2. The Committee is entrusted with the duty of co-ordinating all relief agencies in
the locality with a view both to preventing overlapping and to seeing that cases which
require assistance are not overlooked.
3. It is essential for these purposes that a register should be kept on the lines laid
down in the Board's circular letter of the 17th August (P.R.D. 4).
. Obviously the best way to provide for persons thrown out of their usual
dnnalerytent as a result of the war is to provide them with some other work for wages.
Wherever possible, such work should be work which is normally required to be taken in
hand either by public authorities or private employers. It is only when these fail that
‘recourse should be had to relief cat 5 Accordingly the Committee should co-operate
as closely as possible with any Board of Trade Labour Exchange or other agency in its
area to which any applicant for assistance for whom suitable work either in his own
locality or elsewhere may be available could bereferred. The Labour Exchanges have
been instructed to co-operate with the Committees in regard to this matter, and will be
prepared to take any steps desired to invite notification of vacancies from employers.
5. The Committee will have the advantage of including among its members persons
who are well acquainted with the conditions of industry in their area, and, as pointed out
in previous circulars, itis one of the first duties of the Committee to make themselves
acquainted with the conditions of local trade and industry.
6. For this purpose the Committee should, so far as possible, use the existing
agencies, such as the Labour Exchanges (in respect of the conditions of employment)
and the Poor Law authorities (in respect of pauperism), and should make further
inquiries of their own only in so far as it is found to be necessary to supplement this
information. The Labour Exchanges have been instructed to give such general
information as is in their possession as to the state of employment.
+. Where the demands of the normal labour market are inadequate the Committee
should consult the Local Authorities as to the possibility of expediting schemes of public
utility, which might otherwise not be put in hand at the present moment.
8. Whatever work is undertaken by Local Authorities, whether it be normal work or
expedited work, it should in all possible cases be performed in the ordinary way by men
specially suited to that particular class of work and selected as such in the ordinary
labour market, rather than by men selected from the register of applicants to the
‘Committee. The men engaged should be required to conform to the ordinary standards
of competence in that class of work, and should of course be paid wages in the ordinary
way.
9g. Under the Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905, Distress Committees are empowered
to provide or contribute to the provision of work for unemployed persons, and in areas
where such a Distress Committee has been set up, able-bodied men out of employment,
for whom no work can be found through a Labour Exchange, should be referred to that
‘Committee. Work so provided would, in suitable cases, be aided out of the
Parliamentary grant for the purposes of the Unemployed Workmen Act.
ro. Where relief works are provided, each man should only be employed a certain
number of days per week.
1x. So far as possible applicants for assistance should be offered work which they
can perform efficiently, and no assistance from the Relief Fund should be offered to any
person for whom suitable work is available.
_ 42. Single men who are physically fit and within the prescribed ages for enlistment
in the Army, Navy, or territorial forces should not ordinarily receive assistance from
the Local Committee until other applicants have been provided for.
13. Relief without work should only be given when no other means of assistance are
available, and so far as it may prove necessary in the last resort to provide relief without
work, it must be recognised that the demands upon the funds available will in all proba-
bility be such as to make it impossible to do more than to provide relief upon a
minimum scale.
32 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
14. In cases in which it is necessary to give relief it is essential that the principles
upon which such relief shall be given shall be definitely laid down by the Committee in
order that persons in similar circumstances may receive similar treatment.
15. For this branch of their work the Committee will doubtless find it desirable to
appoint a special sub-committee or sub-committees composed of members who are
specially experienced in the relief of distress.
16. In determining the allowance to be made the Committee should take into con-
sideration all the sources of income at present available for the household. As suggested
in the circular letter of the 17th August, they should take steps to ascertain whether the
applicant or any members of his family are in receipt of sickness, disablement, or
unemployment benefit, whether they are receiving half-pay or any assistance from their
employers or are on part-time employment, whether the children are receiving meals
provided by the education authority, and whether they are receiving aid from charitable
funds or any other sources.
17. So far as practicable, allowances should be made not in money, but by way of
food tickets on local shops or stores. These tickets should be given to the women rather
than to the men.
Such were the main lines of the Government policy. They were open
to criticism on many grounds. To begin with, the problem of relieving
distress should have been a charge on the nation, and should not have
been handed over to a voluntary fund. Secondly, the Local Represen-
tative Committees were practically delivered over to the tender mercies of
the ‘‘social worker,’’ soc that an atmosphere of ‘‘ pauperisation’’ resulted.
The War Emergency: Workers’ National Committee soon found that
the pressing necessity was not criticism of the Government proposals
so much as criticism of the actual administration. It is impossible even
to chronicle the multifarious activities of this Workers’ National
Committee. All that can be done here is to give their programme,
drawn up about the middle of October, and to indicate in notes why
some parts of that programme were necessary. The general work of the
Committee is summarised under-a separate section. (See page 37.)
PROGRAMME OF THE WAR EMERGENCY: WORKERS’
NATIONAL COMMITTEE.
‘‘The Workers’ National Committee, formed to protect working-class
interests during the war, feels that the time has come to formulate a
connected Labour programme and policy of such a character as will
more completely arrest existing distress, and prevent as far as possible
further distress and unemployment in the future.
‘‘The nation is only at the beginning of a crisis, which demands
thorough and drastic action by the State and the municipalities. Any
bold far-reaching change, which will probably be resisted by official
bureaucracy, can only be made possible by the strong pressure of well-
organised, well-directed popular agitation. Hence the Committee submits
in broad outline the programme it thinks essential in view of conditions
that have either already arisen or are certain to arise in the near future.
‘‘We call upon the entire Labour and Socialist Movement, through
all its national and local organisations, to force these demands upon the
Government by an immediate national campaign, expressing itself in
public meetings, the distribution of literature, the passing of resolutions
by affiliated branches of Labour and Socialist bodies, and in such other
ways as may be deemed effective.
‘‘ The programme should include the following demands :—
‘‘y, That all war relief be merged together and taken over by the
Government to be administered by the Government, and that there be a
general or uniform scale of relief, modifications or exceptions to be made
LABOUR AND THE WAR. a3
to suit exceptional districts, the national revenue to be made responsible
for raising the funds necessary .*
‘‘2, Labour representation (both men and women in proportion to
the workers in the area concerned) on all national and local committees
of a public character established in connection with the war.t
‘*3. Full provision out of public funds for soldiers and sailors and
their dependents, and the discontinuance of the present system of actual
necessities, such as blankets, shirts, socks, gloves, etc., being requested
and supplied through voluntary charitable agencies; the rates of pay for
men On service to be such as to obviate the need for newspapers and
other enterprises to exploit public sentiment in the supply of cigarettes,
tobacco, and other minor luxuries.
‘«4. Allowances of {1 per week should be made to the wives of
privates and 3s, 6d. per week for each child under working age, exclusive
of any deductions from pay.t
‘‘Provision for disabled soldiers and sailors and their dependents as
follows :—
‘«(a) If totally incapable of earning a livelihood a private should
receive a minimum of £1 per week so long as total incapacity
continues.
‘‘(b) If partially incapable of earning a livelihood a private should
have his earnings brought up to a minimum of /1 per week.
‘‘(c) Pensions for the wives and dependents of privates losing
their lives while with the colours should not be less than the total
separation allowances indicated above.
* The scale of relief for distress was a question hotly contested by the Workers’
Committee, It was not until October that the Government settled the model scale
to be paid by Local Representative Committees, supplemented where necessary from
the National Relief Fund. The Government proposal was considered totally inadequate
by the Workers’ Committee, who proposed another scale, which was rejected. Below
we print the two scales :—
THE ADOPTED SCALE. THE REJECTED SCALE.
Pas
Ontside || One adult 2.064. 12 6
London. London. || Two adults.................066 19 16
One adult and one child! 15 0o
arf s. qd. || Pwo adults and onechild| 20 o
Te RY OS en a i Ny 10 0 8 o || Pwo adults and two chil-| 22 6
MPT AIIL ES ak wi slaps gts oaki onde ak eacs'eve ce 14 0 T2410 dren
Bath addigional Adult ccccc-csrsesc0et 4 6 4 6
Two adults and one child ....,........ I5 6a| 13 6a
Two adults and two children ...... 17 0@!] 15 04]! as, 6d. for each additional child
Two adults and three children...... 18 6a| 16 6a and an additional 3s. 6d. for -
Two adults and four children ...... 20 od| 18 oa adoption in London
Maximum coming into household| 20 o 18 o boroughs.
a Less 6d. per week in respect of each child receiving meals at school.
+ This proposal was continually urged by the Workers’ Committee, who found that
both on national and local committees, even in matters primarily industrial in character,
the interests of the workers were frequently ignored and their claims for representation
unheeded.
t The question of Army pay, allowances and pensions was the subject of much con-
troversy. A vigorous agitation (‘‘The £1 a week campaign'’), initiated by the ‘‘ Herald,”’
fostered by Mr. G. N. Barnes, M.P., and sustained by the ‘‘ Daily Citizen’’ newspaper,
was conducted during the early months of the winter. The Government appointed a
Select Committee to take evidence and report, Mr. Barnes being included in its member-
ship. The result was that an improved scale of allowances, etc., was announced, though
it fell short of the demands made by the Labour Movement,
B
34 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
‘‘(d) That unmarried wives and their children should be given
the full status of dependents.
‘‘(e) That unmarried mothers should be given the full status of
dependents.
‘‘(f) That sailors and their dependents should receive equal
treatment to that given to soldiers in this scheme.
‘‘(g) That payments for disablement, incapacity, pensions, and
separation allowances be administered by State machinery, and that
the present system of utilising voluntary charitable organisations be
discontinued.
‘*6, The establishment of co-operative canteens in connection with
the Army, to ensure that food is supplied at reasonable prices to the
soldiers in camp or barracks.
‘7. (a) Provision of productive work, at standard rates of wages, for
the unemployed.*
‘«(b) Where the provision of work is impracticable, maintenance
to be granted on a standard sufficiently high to ensure the preservation
of the home and the supply of what is necessary for a healthy life,
and the immediate abandonment of all the inquisitorial methods now
too often used in order to restrict the amount of relief.+
* The policy of ‘‘employment, not relief ’’ had been adopted in the Local Government
Board circulars quoted above. But the Workers’ Committee found it one of their chief
tasks to keep the Government up to its promises. A speech made by Mr. Lloyd George
on the need for economy of expenditure, though softened down afterwards in his reply to
a Workers’ Committee deputation, did much to harden the hearts of local authorities
and tighten their purse-strings.
+ Throughout, the Government shrank from its duty of maintenance. Indeed, after
the first promise of August, 1914, the Government policy was one of parsimony and
restriction of relief. In addition, every effort was made to divert the National Relief
Fund from the alleviation of civil distress, and to use it for purpose of military and naval
allowances. Latterly, in June, 1915, the Government embodied its projects in a Naval
and Military War Pensions Bill, and on July 1st the Workers’ Committee passed the ©
following resolution :—
‘That the Workers’ National Committee hears with alarm and indignation that it
has been proposed by some members of the Cabinet that a sum of two or three millions
sterling should be taken from the National Relief Fund (which was subscribed for the
relief of distress) for the purpose of setting up the new Statutory Committee of the Royal
Patriotic Fund Corporation, in order to supplement army and naval pensions; that it is
the duty of the Government to pay out of funds to be provided by Parliament all Army
and Navy pensions that ought to be paid; and that the utmost possible opposition should
be made to a proposal which seems on the face of it to be a breach of trust and a
grievous wrong to those who are, or may be, in distress through the war.”
As a result of the opposition of the Relief Fund Executive, the Government dropped
the proposal to take money from the Relief Fund, and at the same time dropped the
representatives of the Relief Fund Executive and the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Families
Association from the Committee it proposed to set up to administer the pensions, etc.
As a consequence the House of Lords has amended the bill, allowing the latter represen-
tation, but substituting a Committee which will be responsible to Parliament for its
work, instead of the Statutory Committee of the Patriotic Fund Corporation originally
proposed, The Government Committee has repeatedly refused to consider the proposal
put forward by the Workers’ Committee to supplement Old Age Pensions from the
National Relief Fund, where pensioners were in distress owing to the rise in the cost
of living due to the war.
The administration of the National Relief Fund early aroused dissatisfaction. The
South Wales miners had been paying 6d. per member per week into the fund.
When they realised that their own members were little likely to get any good out of it
they made an arrangement by which the money paid in by them was earmarked for the
use of their own members. The National Union of Teachers, on the other hand, ceased
to contribute to the National Relief Fund, and started a fund of their own for the relief
of their members.
LABOUR AND THE WAR. 35
‘‘(c) Trade Unions to be subsidised out of national funds to such
an extent as will permit them (where provision of work is impossible)
to pay members unemployed benefit without bankrupting their
resources.
‘8. The encouragement and development of home-grown food supplies
by the national organisation of agriculture, accompanied by drastic
reductions of freight charges for all produce, in the interests of the whole
people.
‘‘g. Protection of the people against exorbitant prices, especially in
regard to food, by the enactment of maxima and the commandeering of
supplies by the nation wherever advisable.
‘‘ro. The inauguration of a comprehensive policy of municipal
housing.
‘‘t1. National care of motherhood, by the establishment of maternity
and infant centres; the provision of nourishment for expectant and
nursing mothers, of doctor or midwife at confinement, and of helps in the
house while the mother is laid aside.
‘12, The compulsory provision ot meals and clothing for school
children, three meals a day, seven days a week.
‘‘13. The continuance of national control over railways, docks, and
similar enterprises at the close of the war, with a view to the better
organisation of production and distribution.”’
Such was the programme of the War Emergency Workers’ National
Committee. Hardly any of its demands were granted, and of the more
_important none were fully conceded. But sucha statement does not fairly
represent its achievements. Much of its work was in detail, much was
preventive or critical. Faced by a hostile Government, and deprived of
power and weight by the existence of the political and industrial truces it
could do little to enforce its positive programme. What it could do was
to prevent abuses and ameliorate the hardships to which the workers
were subjected. It is true to say that it was chiefly due to this Emergency
Committee that at the outset the workers were not utterly crushed by the
burden and novel hardships of the European War.
NOTE ON GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES TO TRADE UNIONS.
On August 27th, 1914, a deputation from the Joint Board of the Trades Union
Congress, the General Federation of Trade Unions, and the Labour Party met the Prime
Minister and, in view of the heavy drain on the unemployment funds of the unions,
made certain requests for the more easy realisation of union stock, the maintenance of
unemployed members through arrangement with the Local Representation Committees,
and for the subsidising of Trade Union unemployment benefits.
Although the problem of unemployment was then at its most acute stage, the
Government gave no answer till Gctober, when it issued the following scheme. Under
Clause 106 of Part II. of the Insurance Act a union, on complying with stringent
conditions, may obtain a refund of one-sixth of its Unemployment Benefit. To this there
were now added emergency grants on the following conditions :—
**(1) That the association should be suffering from abnormal unemployment.
**(2) That the association should not pay Unemployment Benefit above a maximum
rate of 17s. per week (including any sum paid by way of State Unemployment Benefit).
**(3) That the association should agree while in receipt of the emergency grant to
impose levies over and above the ordinary contributions upon those members who
remain fully employed.
‘The amount of the emergency grant (in addition to the refund of one-sixth already
payable) will be either one-third or one-sixth of the expenditure of the association on
36 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
Unemployment Benefit (exclusive of Strike Benefit). The rate of the grant will be
determined by the amount of the levy in accordance with the following scale :—
Rate of weekly levy required to
Maximum rate of Unemployment Benefit obtain emergency grant of
paid by association. os :
One-sixth. | One-third.
Mat more than 27S. s: 0st. vesedabe te malvecetivenriaes 3a. 6d.
Not More Than wes Syovcivwsesesshececdescewsleaed eaveseeens 2d. 4d.
Nit amore stitam 3s ic33, Nes, ccsasacstae cease ee some ceneeenes 1d. ad.
‘(For example, an association paying Unemployment Benefit at the rate of 12s. a week
will, by imposing a levy of 2d. per week on the employed members, be qualified for an
emergency grant of one-third of its expenditure, i.e., a total refund of one-half, taking
into account the present refund of one-sixth.
‘The same association, if it prefers only to impose a levy of a 1d. per week, will be
qualified for an emergency grant of one-sixth; i.e., for a total refund of one-third.
‘¢ Associations paying higher rights of benefit would have to impose higher levies in
order to qualify for the same proportionate refunds,
‘‘ Applications will also be entertained for emergency grants, which will be subject
to special conditions, in respect of expenditure already incurred by associations on
Unemployment Benefit since the August 4th, 1914."
It can be seen that the Government drove a hard bargain with the Trade Unions.
The imposition of levies was considered unfair by many Trade Unionists, and the
conditions of the levies, by which the poorer the union the less it got, bore very heavily
on precisely those workers who were already suffering most severely from the war.
Thanks to their parsimony, the scheme has not cost the Government very much.
The following table shows the emergency grants made up to the end of March, 1915.
Applications granted.
Trade group, N Amounts paid,
umber of ;
associations. Membership.
£ Bic skh
BEUAING irc seedy seabsocse cacadgerchbasbanees a I 61 pa «ee
MVECTALE o> Scceciske pede parcaclenrecsen ste thee S 18 8,372 1,165 32 2
OEEONT inn ncsoneserserseons cnsnsnsecapicnenys seks 133 220,954 64,772 4.9
DENOT CERES ei lel sass nace ape vans 8 9 5,402 2,120 13 9
PRICES ioc ak ask ide deeb kveckased ss 6 23,260 4,948 13 8
MWVOOD WOEK 4 Ati seeai beck ee amen es crap 8 17,302 1,80 7 oO
THOT ELAC ES? be 5 ik ddeh ap hewwess eccaneweneleabe 9 8,427 1,943 8 8
PA COTTIAT: 2 ay ces oder oa Cteeeaae aan 182 283,778 £76,756 5 1
* Textile machinery and jewellery workers. +Including bleaching, dyeing, and finishing
in cotton. } Leather workers, basket makers, hatters, tobacco (cigar) workers, etc.
Thus, only £76,000 was laid out by the Government during a period of seven
months, and of this sum £64,000 went to cotton alone. This £64,000 was, however, not
nearly sufficient to indemnify the cotton unions against the drain on their funds due
almost entirely to the war.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Local Government Board :—
Memorandum on the Steps taken for the Relief of Distress
due to the War (Cd. 7603), (43d.).. Report on the Special
Work of the L.G.B. arising out of the War (Cd. 7763), (43d.).
National Relief Fund : Report on the Administration of the National
Relief Fund up to March 31st, 1915 (Cd. 7756), (23d.).
Fabian Society : ‘‘ The War and the Workers,’’ by S. Webb (1d.).
War Emergency: Workers’ National Committee: The War
Emergency (1d.); Proposals on Military Pensions, etc. (1d.).
LABOUR AND THE WAR. 37
WAR EMERGENCY :
WORKERS’ NATIONAL COMMITTEE.
A National Conference of representatives of Labour organisations
was called by the Secretary of the Labour Party at the House of
Commons on Wednesday, August sth, to consider the industrial
and social position of the working classes as affected by the war.
The Conference constituted itself a National Committee and appointed
an Executive Committee, which has been added to from time to time.
The Conference called for State and municipal action to purchase,
store, and distribute food and to fix maximum prices of trade
necessities. It also urged that the Government should take steps to
prevent unemployment by itself carrying out works of public utility
and by stimulating local authorities to adopt the same policy; that
the Board of Education should use its influence to get local education
authorities to put the Provision of Meals Act into force; and that the
Local Government Board should call upon Health Committees to
organise the milk supply for mothers, infants, and sick persons.
The Executive Committee, which is now known as the Workers’
National Committee, has carried through a very large amount of work
on the lines indicated by the decisions of the Conference.
The Committee is composed of the following representatives of
all the various sections of the beapoae and Socialist movement. The
members are :—
Chairman, Robert Smillie (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain) ;
Vice-Chairman, J. O’Grady, M.P.; Treasurer, W. A. Appleton
(Hamilton House, Bidborough Street, London, W.C.); J. A. Seddon,
H. Gosling, L.C.C.,.Fred Bramley, C. W. Bowerman, M.P.
(Trades Union Congress), J. Ramsay MacDonald, M.P., John
Hodge, M.P., W. C. Anderson, M.P., W. H. Hutchinson (The
Labour Party), Ben Cooper, Ben Tillett, W. A. Appleton
(General Federation of Trade Unions), David Gilmour (Scottish
Trades Union Congress), Robert Smillie, Herbert Smith, Jf.
Winstone (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain), J. Cross (United
Textile Factory Workers), Albert Bellamy (National Union of
Railwaymen), Robert Williams (National Federation of Transport
Workers), W. B. Steer (National Union of Teachers), F. W. Jowett,
M.P., H. Dubery (Independent Labour Party), Mrs. M. A. Gasson, B.
Williams (the Co-operative Union), H. J. May (Co-operative Congress
Parliamentary Committee), W. H. Brown (Stratford Co-operative
Society), Miss Mary Macarthur (Women’s Trade Union League), Miss
Margaret Bondfield (Women’s Co-operative Guild), Dr. Marion
Phillips (Women’s Labour League), Miss Susan Lawrence, L.C.C.,
Sidney Webb, W. Stephen Sanders (Fabian Society), H. M. Hyndman
(British Socialist Party), and John Stokes (London Trades Council) ;
Secretary, J. S. Middleton, 1, Victoria Street, London, 5.W.
When the Local Government Board issued a circular in August,
1914, urging the formation of Local Committees to deal with distress
arising through the war the Workers’ National Committee promptly
circularised Socialist, Co-operative, and Women’s organisations
throughout the country calling upon them to press for the establishment
38 LABOUR AND THE WAR.
of Local Committees and to do their utmost to secure adequate
representation thereon. The Workers’ National Committee also
continually pressed upon the Local Government Board, with
considerable success, the necessity of ensuring that the workers were
represented on these Committees.
The method of relief of distress arising from the war also engaged
the attention of the Workers’ National Committee. It carried on an
agitation for a proper scale of relief from the Prince of Wales’ Fund,
and had a vigorous discussion on the amount to be granted to persons
and families in need, by correspondence with the Committee of that
fund and the Cabinet Committee, which controlled the policy of
relieving distress. The Workers’ National Committee was not able
to get its own scale adopted, but it secured a considerable improvement
on that originally proposed by the Cabinet Committee.
One of the earliest successes of the Workers’ National Committee
was that it largely prevented the use of unpaid women’s labour in
connection with work rendered necessary by the war. It raised a
strong protest against the appeals then being made for women to work
for nothing, while hundreds of thousands of working women were out
of employment. As the result of this protest the Central Committee
for the Employment of Women was inaugurated by the Government.
The Central Committee carried out a large amount of excellent work,
including the establishment of work-rooms for women and the placing
of Government contracts in trades where ordinary work had ceased
or seriously declined.
The Workers’ National Committee attempted to secure that no
deductions from wages for National Insurance contributions should
be made, during the war, from casual or low-paid labour. A
deputation for this purpose waited upon the National Insurance
Commissioners, who, however, declined to adopt the proposal, but
promised amelioration of hardship by other means.
The Committee considered the subject of military and naval
pensions and allowances, which, as first announced by the Government,
were extremely low. The Committee organised a series of conferences
on the subject throughout the country, and by this means and a
vigorous Press campaign a large body of public opinion was created
in favour of an increased scale. The Government eventually appointed
a Committee to consider the matter, and its report, although not
satisfactory to the Workers’ National Committee, contained proposals
now carried into effect which are a considerable improvement upon the
old scale.
The Committee considered very thoroughly the question of food
and fuel prices, which rose rapidly after the outbreak of war. The
recommendations of the Conference, held on August 5th, were pressed
upon the Government by deputation and correspondence, but the
Government took no effective action. The Committee organised a
series of conferences throughout the country calling for State action
for the organisation of the food and fuel supply and the prevention
of the exorbitant prices charged by private traders. After a long
delay the Government has dealt, though in a most inadequate manner,
with the price of coal, but with regard to food, except in the matter
of sugar, the Government has taken no direct action.
The question of war contracts was taken into consideration by the
Workers’ National Committee, especially in relation to the erection
LABOUR AND THE WAR. 39
of huts for the Army. The Government had declined to follow the
usual practice of publishing the names of their contractors, thus
rendering it difficult to deal with the many complaints of sweating,
long hours, and bad material which came before the Committee.
However, after the Committee had exercised considerable pressure,
the Government gave way and the list of contractors was published,
as heretofore, in the ‘‘ Labour Gazette.’? The Workers’ National
Committee then appointed a special Sub-Committee to inquire into the
carrying out of contracts for the Army, and, after an exhaustive
examination of evidence, a report, dealing chiefly with the contracts
for huts, was issued and sent to the War Office. A discussion on the
report arose in the House of Commons, where the statements of the
Committee were met with the usual official denial. The Committee
then pressed for a deputation to the War Office, which was received ;
the matter was discussed at length, and arrangements were made for
all complaints from the Committee to be dealt with by the War
Office.
The important question of War Service for Women was dealt with
by the Committee. The Board of Trade issued in March, 1915, a
circular asking women to enter certain occupations in order to release
men for the Army. In order that proper safeguards should be insured
against sweating and conditions the Committee called a National
Conference in London on April 16th, 1915, at which resolutions were
passed declaring that women should be paid equal pay for equal work ;
that they should join the Trade Union of the occupation they entered ;
that a living wage should be fixed as a minimum; that after the war
preference in giving employment should be shown to men whose
places had been filled by women, etc. These resolutions were sent
to the Government, and the Conference was widely noticed in the
Press.
The above are only a few of the subjects dealt with by the Committee.
Others of importance are the Employment of Belgian Refugees, Child
Labour in Agriculture, Old Age Pensions and the Rise of Prices,
Outdoor Poor Relief, the Naval and Military War Pensions Bill,
Distressed Relatives of Prisoners of War, London County Council
Coal Contracts, Notification of Births (Extension) Bill, etc.
One of the latest successes of the Committee was its agitation to
prevent £2,000,000 being taken from the Prince of Wales’ Relief Fund
to supplement military and naval pensions. It also secured declarations
from the Home Secretary and the Minister of Education that no steps
would be taken to allow of further increase in the employment of
children of school age; nor would anything further be done to slacken
regulations under the Factory Acts with regard to child labour.
The Committee has issued numerous reports and memoranda on the
subjects it has considered, especially on food and fuel prices, war
contracts, etc. The most important of the Committee’s recent
publications is a pamphlet effectively stating the case against
conscription. It is in constant touch with many Government
departments on questions arising from the effects of the war, and is
the recognised channel by which the workers’ grievances and
complaints are brought to the notice of the departments. Its minutes
and most of its reports are circulated regularly to Trade Unions, Trade
Councils, Socialist organisations, and Co-operative Societies throughout
the country.
40 : LABOUR AND THE WAR.
THE RISE IN PRICES.
Coincident with the gradual disappearance of unemployment in the
main industries of the country came a startling and unchecked rise in food
prices. In the following table we show the percentage increase in prices
during the fourteen months of war, from July, 1914, to September, 1915.
The figures used are based on between 500 or 600 Board of Trade
returns, taken from all towns with over 50,000 inhabitants, and the
prices ruling in July, 1914, have been taken as a basis of comparison.
1914.
July. August 8th, | September. October. | November. December.
100 I16 Iit 113 | 113 117
1
1915.
Jan. Feb. March. | April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept.
TIQ 123 126 126 128 135 135 136 137
A clearer conception of what this rise meant to the working class home
can be obtained from the three following tables. They show respectively
the percentage rise for particular necessities, the actual effect on the
household’s income, and the actual rise in the retail prices of 17 staple
kinds of food.
A.
Percentage | Percentage
increase increase
from July, 1914, from July, rot4,
to Sept., 1915. to Sept., 1915.
Article. Article.
Small Small
Large | towns Large | towns
towns.| and towns.| and
villages villages
Beef, British— FirGad ©. caescesnenecd Caan 4o |,. 36
i SEA SA trai ge ae 40 38 OA 25. 7) och es Suenos al 29
A ity AANe sews noe coor da ls 53 44 Sugar (granulated) ......... 93 67
Beef, chilled or frozen— Mille. sii suse otto neneadsenemetel 13 Ir
POS orctehce es oust dacecarst ote 51 46 Butter—
Why HAD eee chides a1 62 PEGSh Nii dhiacrheadee 24 26
Mutton, British— SBlt verses: uk noes se tate 23 a7
GOES cdl ns wisn cs seseratat eye's was 30 30 Cheese ......... deusuypseheame 26 27
TREC AG Ue lane ceguetniwarenane bende 51 36 Ware ATINGY | sas. cs .Gauveas neon 5 4
Mutton, frozen— Hes (CEPESU) 1). 20 cadesean on 43 38
Hegel. Gis EAS ROS Be 47 40 Potatoes ...... rr ae a4 5*
Breast ccs ite ak eae ee 67 58 oe
Bacon nStreaky) i eiisceseoss 26 20 || All above articles
RSE) Sorte ee) waka eeu teat 85 55 (weighted net percent-
Flour (households)............ 4 47 age increase) ,.........-.00: 37 33
| i
* Decrease
LABOUR AND THE WAR. qr
B.
(illustrated from the changes in cost of the Board of Trade Standard Working-Class Budget*)
Cost of one week's | Percentage increase
food for family. above July, 1914.
| s. d,
ETA Wala RMA cox Slnainte ty adie seviea ta wh diio-om +8 Riaeetw ads 22.6
19t4—
UE gO a6 ale ee oa eS 25 0 Se
PEUPERIIG G OUAD Gs Liiarend sae sere U oka yo sav a de ovens hocce / 29 0 16 per cent.
Soh YS SEBS A ED SO ae ee 27.9 Il 1”
SEEING 9 Sy 3 da ee aN ee eae | 27210 I "
» BO MCCA, TEs 28 3 Ls wa
Re CEE SOE Gr Gest t ics hibsce Goventes cade sant 28 3 13 7
PP OGEMUIGE TSE Soe yes 65 le sdu lds vnccnessidebibenied 29 3 17 ”
1gI5— / /
ce, hy Set Ae a a ese 29 9 19
chs Thy gi oR le Sg Rh Sh 30 9 23 ”
IG Ta S10) 2 get ANY eS Mcgee a Utne ger Adie ar 6 26 He
April MRE e atc yale s neaeen case ceca a poaeey Sees | 351i 6 26 ”
NE eh a te ESTE SER ce UE TA Si Lastiy 32 0 Bere
DOROUBSE Kae en 2s He edt a 33 9 35 ”
PASE BOE Sinisa bites egrets ea Conn cyte ch at 33 9 35 ”
RUS CERES. act sesh ae Ny Fs Ae ed OS 34 0 slibee ey
SHORPETEROOE! SIEM Ohne ccf). sass ag Weoc seascir eae 34 3 37 ”
* In this table the 1904 Estimate of the Board of Trade which gave 22s. 6d. as the
standard weekly expenditure on food per working class family is taken as the basis of
comparison. The cost, 22s. 6d., was taken by the Board of Trade to be 61 per cent. of the
family income, which was reckoned at 36s. 1od. a week. Needless to say, this does not
represent the average wage of the worker. The average wage of even the adult male
worker threughout the United Kingdom is certainly not more than 25s. 9d. per week.
mC.
AVERAGE PRICES PAID BY THE WORKERS FOR CERTAIN ARTICLES
OF FOOD AT ist MARCH, 1914, ist MARCH, 1915, AND 1st JUNE, 10915.
The figures relate to the average of retail prices in 80 of the principal towns of the
United Kingdom.
Average price per lb. (except bread—4lb.)
Article. ; : RS
| rst March, r9r4.| 1st March, t915.| 1st June, r9t5.
LESS Hy Soe Rema tee Reet ae 53d. 72d 85d
Butter |
OR SINE ene eee Oa eRe ak bias ade ens Is. 32d. 1s, 44d 1s. 5d
; oem, SRR ake Ae Bet eee eg oe Is ont Is 4ad
UMN ae nuit see this aan ain Saddies odes sued eoiee ke 5d. 54d. 4
ES UTETACVSP RA) St eee pala er ae Aa Oe 83d. tosd 114d
. 2 FETOTO Li RS be oe eet ORDER Eta elt eae 11d. rs, 1s. td,
Beef, British:
PRE ed SI etn 7rd Sa Mars dua spat aeeu o#d. tid. 1s. 13d.
Rag 310) HA, 540 ams EeeeeOS
Printing, publishing, and alliedindustries 19,508 .. 12,283 .. 31,791
Road transport Service ....seeeeeees S60 REAL See 370 «« oBOlg
UC MNOUISIL Ys a 4 v9 0 vine 6 oe v6 Meet age «| '.12,278 ... 25,000, ames
Commerce ...... Sura wieces Wan aida ov ce). ) 18,589 ioe tip OCLle nme ne eae
Chemical and rubber. industries ..... coe 20,052 9, £6,440 0 emo gon
Paper and stationery manufacture...... 11,645 .. 12,531 .. 24,176
Linen industry .ssscseesessenecsucves 7,029 ee -16,543 «0 ©23:572
aL RE VICE ES WN: Sila eaieehie miei ale ais 17,950 «. 4,208 .. 22,238
Bleaching, dyeing, and allied industries. oo, 12,145.45) 3,720 wpe
MootmMAaking.aess ss adeevnes neice sessn'e i. 25,070 000 ) 4h ere
* Under this heading are included all seamen, British and foreign, on shore or on
board vesssls which were in the ports of England and Wales or Scotland on census
night, or which arrived on the following day.
THE REGISTRATION OF TRADE UNIONS.
Trade Unions may be registered with the Chief Registrar of
Friendly Societies. Briefly, the advantages of registration are that a
registered union has greater legal facilities in respect of property held
by it; it has a more expeditious legal remedy against persons making
wrongful use of its property; it is entitled to certain exemptions from
income tax. Among the disadvantages of registering are to be counted
the publicity involved as to membership, reserve funds, etc., and the
consequent information obtainable by employers as to enduring
capacity in a strike.
The registered union is bound to provide to the Registrar—
(z) A copy. of its rules (which must specify in full the objects
of the union and the general conditions of membership) ;
(4) an annual return showing the assets and liabilities of the
union at the date of making the return, together with details of
receipts and expenditure (the latter in respect of the several objects
of the union) during the preceding year.
Its rules in general must conform in all respects to the Trade
Union Acts.
The following fees are payable by a Trade Union to the
Registrar: On registry, £1; on alteration of rules, 1os.; on change
of name, 10s.; on amalgamation, tos.
For further details see Guide Book of the Friendly Societies
Registry Office, price 6d.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
¥x3
REGISTERED AND UNREGISTERED TRADE UNIONS* AT THE END OF IQI3.
Trades.+
Building trades......
Coal miaing ........|
Other mining and)
GROtT VID ve 6. <0 <]
Iron and steel manu-
teeter 24.0 es:
Engineering and iron-
FOUMCINE Hi... a's oss
Shipbuilding ......
Miscellaneous metal..
Total, metal, etc.,
THO ei eels bass
|
Critics iwaess ces
Woollen, worsted,
BERS EUUE ig pta.a ie brn
Other textiles ......
Textile printing, dye-
ing, packing, etc...
Total, textile trades..
Clothing trades ....
Railway service ....
Other transport
Total, transport trades
Printing, paper, etc...
Woodworking, etc...
Shop assistants, etc. .|
Oitien tfA065 vs kis. ss |
General labour...... |
Employees of public |
authorities ........
Grand total
eoee
Registered, Unregistered. Total.
No. of | No. of | No. of | No.of || No. of No. of
unions.| members. || unions.| members.|| unions.| members.
48 | 241,523)| 18 4,124 66 248,647
ae a ees Ree Sa ee
54 | 769,430) 27 /|116,404 |} 81 | 885,834
| |
9 | 25,700, I 4,200 |} I0 | 29,900
Re, i i i
12 | 78,151! 2 2,127 | 14 | 80,278
47 | 304,911! 28] 15,942) 75 | 320,853
7\|° 96,148) 6) 1,125) 13] 97,273
32 | 20,711 48 | 13,426] 80 | 40,137
98 | 505,921) 84 | 32,620] 182 538,541
| 23} 116,648) 124 | 244,541 | 147 | 361,189
TO | 22,304, 17 8,909 ! 27 31,213
31 | 22,574 34 | 30.479!) 95 53,053
It 33,594), 24 | 36,725 || 35 70,229
75 | 195,030, 199 | 320,654 | 274 | 515,684
23 81,330 17 | 24,599 | 40 105,929
5 | 320,192 i 4 Cae 5 | 326,192
43 | 353,704) 131] 19,996) 56) 373,760
aA (ik =e IS UNMET IM ck
_ 48 | 679,956) 13 | 19,996 || 61 | __699,952
24 46,069) «1 | 38,345)| 35 84,414
31 53304), 53 | 11,138], 84 64,442
4 98,231) I 46 | 5 98,277
96 130,059] 107 | 51,418) 203 181,477
I 389,918) 2 678, 15) 390,586
19 65,904| 60 | 77,518| 79 | 143,422
542 | 3,282,375) 593 | 704,740 || 1,135 | 3,987,115
* Exclusive of a few Trade Unions, generally unimportant, for which particulars are
not available, and of a certain number of federations, employers’ associations and trade
protection societies which are registered as Trade Unions.
+ It will be understood that a minority of the members of a union may be employed
in other trades than the one under which the union is classed. For example, many
carpenters and joiners are employed in shipbuilding, etc., but the entire membership of
the carpenters and joiners’ unions is entered under Building Trades and none under
Shipbuilding.
114 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
STRUCTURE.
A contrast is often drawn between the 50 Trade Unions of Germany
and the 1,123 separate unions of the United Kingdom. This contrast
is often used to the disadvantage of this country. Trade Unionists
are bidden to look to Germany and to observe how there the problem
of too many unions has been tackled. With their 2,548,763 members
in 47 organisations, the German order apparently compares favourably
with the British lack of method. It is not our purpose here to discuss
at length the reasons for this difference; suffice it to say that Germany
has reaped all the profit-of coming into the field later and of being
faced with capitalism’ in a much more advanced stage. Moreover,
the very contrast is misleading unless the nature of the 1,123 British
unions is further defined. Though much remains to be done to
lessen the number of organisations and to introduce more uniformity
into the methods, yet it is unfair to make a bald comparison between
the two countries by a mere juxtaposition of figures. Only recently
have British Trade Unionists begun to tackle the problem of
multiplicity of unions; only recently have they become keenly alive
to the questions which advancing capitalism has put before them.
It is, in fact, no exaggeration to say that British Trade Unionism is
at present passing through a transition period, and that when that
period is over, éven if the method adopted be a mere juxtaposition of
figures, Great Britain will compare not unfavourably with Germany.
Even as things stand now, certain considerations make the organisation
of British Trade Unionists much more healthy than appears at first sight.
Of the British unions the majority are local, though the greater part of
the members are in the comparatively small number of national unions.
The local union was the normal type of organisation down to 1850, when
the foundation of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers set up the
‘new model’? of Trade Union structure. Unions drawing their
members from a small area are slowly decreasing in number, as they
are absorbed by the national unions. This does not apply to big
district unions such as those of the Miners.
Local unions vary greatly in the area which they cover. Some are
confined to a single town; others are large county unions covering a
wide area and including a large membership. Thus there is little
resemblance between a small local union and the great Yorkshire
Miners’ Association, which in this classification would rank as a local
union. Where local unions are the rule, as in the cotton industry,
they are often linked up in national federations so strong as to be in
effect practically national unions. For instance, the Weavers’
Amalgamation, which is classed as a federation of local unions, differs
in no important respect from the Spinners’ Amalgamation, which is
registered as a Trade Union. But it should be noted that, at the
1915 meeting of the United Textile Factory Workers’ Association, a
resolution was passed instructing the Executive Committee to prepare
a scheme for the complete amalgamation of all the cotton associations.
Sometimes small local unions have high-sounding national names even
though their membership is drawn wholly from one centre. On the
other hand, when an industry is localised a union which caters for
all the workers in its own section of that industry is to be counted
as a national union.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Tr5
The national unions may be further divided into craft unions,
kindred craft unions, and industrial unions. The craft union, such
as the Stonemasons, Patternmakers, and the London Society of
Compositors, carries out the principle of organising in one union all
who are of one craft. The kindred craft union, such as Steam Engine
Makers or the Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association, is built
on the principle that all who are of the same occupation, all skilled
workers in kindred crafts, should be in the same union. The industrial
union, such as the National Union of Railwaymen or the National
Union of Scottish Mine Workers, attempts to include in one
organisation all who are of one industry, whether skilled, semi-skilled,
or unskilled. One of the problems at present facing the Trade Union
movement is the struggle that is now going on between the N.U.R.
and the Miners’ Federation on the one hand, and, on the other, various
craft and kindred craft organisations. Serious differences of opinion
naturally arise during any transition period, and what is needed is
some scheme that will present unity whilst fostering efficiency.
Again, Trade Unions may be divided into unions for unskilled
workers, called General Labour Unions, and unions for skilled
workers. This classification is valid in an industry where the craftsmen
are organised separately from the labourers; it ceases, however, to be
important in the case of an industrial union in which all grades are
catered for.
The multiplicity of unions inevitably has two results; there is
competition between unions of the same kind and there is overlapping—
with its consequent demarcation disputes—amongst unions of different
kinds. Sometimes there is complete confusion, and in one locality
there may be two local unions, two, or even three, national craft
unions, and an industrial union, each striving to enrol among its
members some particular group of workers.
The disruptive tendencies inevitably caused by conditions such as
these are counteracted to some extent by the existence of various
federations within Trade Unionism. These federations may be in
structure close-knit or loose; their purpose may be general or
particular; they may be the only cohesive force in one industry ;
in another they may have no particular reason for existing. Apart
from the Trades Union Congress (which is strictly what its name
implies, a Congress), the Labour Party, which is a mixed federation
composed of Trade Unions and Socialist bodies, united for a special
political purpose, and those local Labour parties and Trades Councils,
which, though federal in structure, have functions so special as to
entitle them to separate treatment, there are about 119 federations,
of which one-third are local. But besides these 119 federations, all
of which are fully constituted, there are numerous other Joint
Committees and working agreements serving to link up the sections
of the movement.
FEDERATIONS.
General Federation of Trade Unions.—(See special article on
page 96.)
The Miners’ Federation of Great Britain consists of the following
38 district associations, one of which is itself a federation. Each
116 ; THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
association is a separate organisation, and for local purposes possesses
complete autonomy. Their rules vary from district to district :—
Northumberland. Somersetshire.
Durham. South Derbyshire.
Cumberland. Kent.
Yorkshire. North Wales.
Lancashire and Cheshire. South Wales.
Derbyshire. Midland Federation.
Nottinghamshire. National Union of Scottish
Bristol. Mine Workers.
Leicestershire. Cleveland (ironstone miners).
Forest of Dean.
[The National Union of Scottish Mine Workers, now an industrial
union catering for all workers in or about mines in Scotland, was,
prior to October, 1914, the Scottish Miners’ Federation, composed
as follows :—
Fife and Kinross. Clackmannanshire.
Mid and East Lothian. Kirkintilloch and Twechar.
West Lothian. Lanarkshire.
Ayrshire. Stirlingshire.
The Midland Federation, which is one of the bodies composing
the M.F.G.B., is, itself composed of the following seven unions :—
South Staffordshire. Shropshire.
North Staffordshire. Cannock Chase.
Old Hill and District. Pelsall and District.]
Warwickshire.
The Miners’ Federation of Great Britain is organised so as
eventually to include all workers in or about a mine. It includes all
the coalmining unions recognised by it, and it does not accept in its
membership any one of the numerous craft unions catering for colliery
enginemen, colliery mechanics, deputies, and firemen. Some of these,
however, are affiliated locally to local federations, such as the
Northumberland Federation Board of Miners, Deputies, Mechanics,
Enginemen and Firemen, and the Durham County Mining Federation
Association.
A contribution of 1d. per member per month is paid by districts
to the M.F.G.B. for management expenses and 3d. per member per
quarter to the political fund, 1d. of which is returned to the districts
to be used for local expenses, Parliamentary, municipal, etc. The
federation may call for levies from districts at any time in support
of any district involved in a dispute approved of by the federation or for
any other cause that the Executive Committee or conference have
decided to support. Thus, during 1914 a levy of 3d. per member per
quarter was being paid in support of the ‘‘ Daily Citizen ’? newspaper.
There is no standing central dispute fund. The M.F.G.B. is the
really effective industrial unit of the miners. Recently its policy, as
defined by the ‘‘ Scarborough resolution,’? has been that all open
agreements in the mining industry should terminate at the same date.
It aims at a single national Conciliation Board. As a type of large
federation the M.F.G.B. stands by itself, being a federation of district
associations strongly centralised.
The National Federation of Blastfurnacemen, Ore Miners, and
Kindred Trades is composed of five district unions. It pays no
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 117
benefits and is similar in structure to the Miners’ Federation of Great
Britain, but has less centralised control. A proposal for closer unity;
including the centralisation of dispute funds, was recently defeated.
There have recently been proposals that this federation should itself
become a member of the Iron and Steel Trades Federation.
The Iron and Steel Trades Federation, formed in 1913, consists of
five unions. Amongst these are included the Associated Iron and
Steel Workers, the Amalgamated Steel and Iron Workers, and the
Tin and Sheet Millmen, but not the British Steel Smelters. It has a
central fund for dispute pay, to which the contribution is 3d. per
member per quarter. Strike pay is at the rate of 10s. per week.
The British Metal Trades Federation is simply the British Section
of the International Metal Workers’ Federation. As such it aims at
the institution of greater uniformity and co-operation, the interchange
of information, the fostering of international relations, etc. It
includes the Steel Smelters and the Ironfounders, but not the
Amalgamated Society of Engineers, Boilermakers, or Shipwrights. It
has no benefits and no industrial functions,
Federation of Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades.—At the end
of 1913 this federation had a membership of 598,343. In 1904 the
membership was 344,208, and in 1911 401,472. Some 27 unions belong
to the federation, amongst which are the A.S.E., the Scottish Associated
[ronmoulders, Boilermakers, Shipwrights, Patternmakers, Gasworkers,
and National Amalgamated Union of Labour, but not the Ironfounders
or the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners. This is a
federation, not of local societies, but of distinct and often overlapping
national unions. It pays no benefits and has no finances save the
sums needed for administrative expenses, and these are kept at a
minimum. It exists largely to provide facilities for the discussion of
common objects and grievances and for the settlement of demarcation
disputes between one union and another. The problem of closer unity
has engaged its attention at regular intervals. Ballots have been taken
on the question. (The Amalgamated Society of Engineers recorded a
negative vote on the ground that nothing less than amalgamation was
acceptable.) A new scheme of closer unity is at present being
considered.
It is thus a loose federation, and its industrial functions are at
present limited to the purely consultative.
Textile Federations.—In the cotton industry there are several large
federations of local associations. These federations have central
dispute funds and exercise a large amount of control over the
industrial activity of the affiliated local associations. The list of these
amalgamations is as follows :—
Amalgamated Association of Card and _ Blowing-Room
Operatives.
Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners (the
Piecers are separately organised by the local associations,
and are not represented in the amalgamation).
Amalgamated Weavers’ Association.
General Union of Associations of Loom Overlookers.
Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters, and Drawers.
General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warpdressers’ .
Associations.
Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers’ Protective Society.
118 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
These federations (or amalgamations of local associations) are
joined in two other bodies. The first is the Northern Counties Textile
Trades Federation, founded in 1905. This includes the Weavers, Over-
lookers, Beamers, Twisters and Drawers, and Clothlookers, but not the
Tape Siders or the Warpdressers. For the Spinners and the Card and
Blowing-Room Operatives it does not cater. It is to be noted that
if an amalgamation (such as the Amalgamated Weavers) belongs to tiie
Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation the affiliated associations
(such as the Padiham and District Weavers) must join the local
federation (such as the Padiham and District Textile Trades
Federation); and in some cases the local federations include tape
sizers and warpdressers. ‘This federation of amalgamations engaged
in the manufacture of cotton has no benefits. Its aim is organisation
and the achievement of closer unity. It takes an active participation
in all negotiations. Its membership in 1913 was 216,191.
The other is the United Textile Factory Workers’ Association,
which includes all these unions or amalgamations except the Card
and Blowing-Room Operatives. Its function is mainly legislative. Its
objects are the removal of any grievance from which its members may
be suffering for which Parliamentary or Governmental interference
is required. For example, it watches the operation of the Factory
Acts and suggests changes. It is the body that represents the cotton
workers on the War Emergency : Workers’ National Committee, and it
is the British Section of the International Textile Workers’ Federation.
National Transport Workers’ Federation.—This federation was
founded in 1910, and in rg11 it gained a sure footing in the Trade
Union world by its conduct of the great disputes of that year. It
consists of unions having members engaged in transport work, and
includes most of the big waterside workers’ unions. Notable
exceptions are the Irish Transport Workers and the Waterside
Societies on the North-East Coast. It also includes unions catering
for seamen (National Sailors and Firemen’s Union, Ship Cooks’, etc.,
Union), carters, and cabmen, together with some General Labour
Unions or part of their membership. The declared objects of the
federation include the furtherance of amalgamation amongst its
constituent unions, the establishment of an information bureau, and
of a ‘*‘ Transport Workers’ Journal,’? and the organisation of the
industry in general.
The contributions are at the rate of 3d. per member per annum;
no benefits are paid, the funds being used solely to cover management
expenses.
The federation works largely through local district committees,
which may be formed in any locality where two or more affiliated
unions exist, and which consist of delegates from the local affiliated
unions. The objects of the district committee are precisely those
already described, practically all detailed administrative work being
in its hands.
To the district committees are referred questions of overlapping and
competition among affiliated unions, and on them devolves the duty
of observing industrial developments and collecting the information
for the bureau at headquarters.
The federation is itself affiliated to the International Transport
Workers’ Federation,
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 119
General Labourers’ National Council.—This is a consultative
body, and includes amongst its affiliated unions all the big general
labour unions. It discusses and advocates amalgamation among
general labour unions. It has drawn up and secured the acceptance
of an agreement under which members of any of the affiliated unions
can transfer from one union to another or can take up work on a job
among members of any of the unions.
In 1914 there came into prominence a large scheme for the
amalgamation of all unions affiliated to the G.L.N.C. and the National
Transport Workers’ Federation. The proposals included (1) the
merging of all the members of all unions affiliated into one consolidated
union of Labour; (2) the creation of a:central fund for trade purposes
and a graduated scheme of contributions for friendly benefits designed
to meet the varying requirements of all classes of the members; (3) a>
Central Executive with full control over the Central Trade Fund; (4)
district and departmental sections, allowing full free play of initiative
and autonomy, consistent with the powers of financial control exercised
by the Central Executive. These departments to make adequate
provision for sectional and sub-sectional groupings, where called for
and necessary. This scheme is at present suspended owing to the
war.
The Printing and Kindred Trades Federation includes almost all
the important Trade Unions engaged in papermaking, letterpress
printing, lithographic printing, bookbinding, typefounding, and press
telegraphy. Its paying membership was 67,508 in 1913. The
contribution is 1s. per member per year, on go per cent. of the total
membership of each union. Strike pay is given at the rate of 1os.
per week for 20 weeks. The federation, on the vote of the members,
can, in emergency, impose a levy of not more than 3d. per member
per week. The federation called an amalgamation conference three
years ago and brought forward an amalagation scheme. The
federation runs a system of district sections to which each union in
the federation must be locally affiliated. This ensures unity of action
in each local centre.
The federation is the British Section of the tnieriatione)
Typographical Workers’ Federation.
The National Federation of Enginemen, Stokers, and Kindred
Trades is a non-benefit paying federation with amalgamation as its
object. It consists of—
(1) Colliery enginemen (who are separately federated) ;
(2) general enginemen; and
(3) the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and
Firemen,
This federation, as representing colliery and railway enginemen,
applied for admission to the initial conference of miners, railwaymen,
and transport workers, who were then forming their triple industrial
alliance.
The National Joint Committee of Postal and Telegraph
Associations.—This non-benefit paying federation is the medium
through which are made joint wages demands. It has recently
concerned itself with the question of the control of industry. It is
affiliated to the International Federation, and includes all the
important postal unions except the Engineering and Stores Associations.
120 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
_ FEDERATIONS OF TRADE UNIONS, 1904-1913.
General Metal
Year. ica Building. Mining. engineering,
Unions. ain
TOO) Se NS es --| 396,226 122,772 552,384 383,221
LOG R eicia Waid archers 477,891 67,263 548,203 314,393
SOOOE RS. careers oe ui's 623,449 506,410 573,952 403,308
TQO7] seswowres sees 601,195 58,151 741,234 477,448
TGC Wakes eects Sige, OM 705,630 52,880 | 881,466 460,476
EQOO ia celeise ve oss wide 698,950 | 43,729 906,240 474,621
EQIG ioicssie sees eels s 709,564 37,807 Q12,742 627,228
BEDE oA a ya's be alo o'6-w 861,482 67,0904 | 936,539 529,314
RGD Vibtials atelo Stwid ee 930,739 59,837. | 948,759 619,391
BES Tete s Ws ate hee occas 932,789 85,738 | 1,037,663 753,030
- | aa - =a
General
Fears | Tenne, | TaneeGorenaen | tech aaa
employees.
TQ04 20481 9287,005 4 ( 123,137 57,988 71,918 1,894,791
1905 ++++| 395,774 4,161 34,001 71,783 || 1,914,469
1906.++. 437,265 | 4,327 37:455 | 71,566 | 2,207,732
1907 «+. 577:599 | 4,293 151,247 199,312 | 2,840,479
1908. ss 616,792 12,518 138,348 268,841 3,137,051
T1900 .«.+| 633,849 12,360 136,201 266,575 || 3,172,525
1910..)....|;' 629,176 14,297 172,997 271,040 3,374,831
TOIT ...-| 733,548. | 217,736 264,530 209,471 || 3,819,714
TOG se eu) BAS,078 ol: (FOL; 373 338,148 | 205,509 4,132,729
IQ13 ».../ 868,717. | 169,385 358,615 | 157,590 || 4,363,533
VERSO WIM REL OO Ae Ate, ILE MS 1 ¢.
FINANCE,
BENEFITS.
Trade Union benefits may be divided into :—
A. “‘ Trade”’ benefits, including strike, lock-out, victimisation, and
legal defence.
B, Unemployment.
Cate riendly ” benefits, including sick, accident, superannuation,
funeral, emigration, and others.
Trade benefits as a rule take the form of a weekly rate of pay,
the amount of which is specified in the rules. Legal aid consists of
the payment of expenses incurred in any legal action taken by 3a
member with the sanction of the union.
Unemployment benefit and sick benefit each consist of a weekly
rate of pay. The rate diminishes as time goes on, and is sometimes
limited to a definite number of weeks; in other cases pay continues
until employment is resumed. Funeral and accident benefits are
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 121
given in a lump sum. In the case of funéral benefit the common
practice is for a portion of the benefit to be paid on the death of a
member’s wife, such portion being deducted from the sum payable
on the death of the member himself. (See also Social Insurance.)
Trade benefits being essentially bound up with the maintenance
of Trade Union principles are compulsory in all cases, and are usually
paid at an equal or flat rate. Unemployment and friendly benefits are
optional in some unions, compulsory in others. In the majority of
unions payment of contributions for trade benefits brings with it
all the rights of membership. In some instances, however, especially
in some of the old-established unions of skilled workers, full
membership rights are given only to those who pay the contribution
for all three classes of benefits.
CONTRIBUTIONS.
These vary from industry to industry and from union to union and
according to the number and amount of benefits given. Generally
in unskilled unions there is a low rate of contribution and only trade
benefits; in skilled unions a high rate of contributions, with trade,
unemployment, and friendly benefits. But it should be noted that (1)
in some skilled unions (as in mining, where there are usually only
trade benefits) the rate of contribution is low; (2) when a union caters
for different grades of worker a graduated scale (or different scales)
may come into operation and benefits vary accordingly; (3) in some
cases women are specialised and graded on a lower scale.
LEVIES.
Trade Unions are’ supported by interest from property, by
contributions, and by levies. In effect levies play a great part. The
fact that nowhere are benefits on an actuarial basis compels frequent
recourse to levies, and in many cases it is laid down in the rules that
the general funds shall be kept up to a certain minimum per member,
if necessary, by means of levies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.
Seventeenth Report on Trade Unions, 1908-1910. Published 1912
(Cd. 6109). 1s.
Reports of the Chief Registrar of Friendly Societies for 1913 :—
Part A. General Report (H.C. 121 of 1914). 2s.
Part C. Trade Unions (H.C. 121 III. of 1914-15). 15. 2d.
Seventeenth Abstract of Labour Statistics, 1915 (Cd. 7733). 1s. 6d.
Industrial Directory, 1914 (Cd. 7483). 1s. 3d.
Eleventh Report of Proceedings under the Conciliation Act (1896)
for 1913 (H.C. 89 of 1914). 84d.
Industrial Council’s Inquiry into Industrial Agreements :—
Report. Published 1913 (Cd. 6952). 23d.
Minutes of Evidence. Published 1913 (C. 6953). 5s. 4d.
Report on the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of Canada.
Published 1913 (Cd. 6603). 33d.
Report on Collective Agreements, 1910 (Cd. 5366). 2s. ad.
Second Report on Rules of Voluntary Conciliation and Arbitration
Boards and Joint Committees, 1910 (Cd. 5346). 1s. 6d.
‘* Board of Trade Labour Gazette’ (monthly). 1d.
122 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT,
GENERAL.
‘“ History of Trade Unionism,” by S. and B. Webb, 1894-1911
(Longmans). 7s. 6d. ‘
‘‘Industrial Democracy,’’ by S. and B. Webb, 1897-1911 ~
(Longmans). os. S
‘*The World of Labour,’’ by G. D. H. Cole, 1915 (G. Bell and
Sons). as.
“Trade Unionism,’’ by C. M. Lloyd, 1915 (A. and C. Black). 2s. 6d.
beeen
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132 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
DIRECTORY OF TRADE UNIONS,
FEDERATIONS, ETC.
CONTENTS.
Page Page
Agriculture and Fishing .. 132 | Metal Trades.. Tr be pe
Building Trades .* *» 133 | Mining and Quarrying os 144
Chemical, Glass, Pottery, etc., Printing, Paper, and Kindred
Trades s a eel 38 radlan ve 147
Clothing Trades Ss 135
Engineering and Shipbuil ding eee Authorities, Employees a
Trades es oe es 136 :
Enginemen .. eet: Textile Trades Ss ee. 150
Fibre, Cane, etc., Trades .. 1 39 | Transport Trades .. +s 159
Food and Tobacco Trades es 139 | Woodworking and ees
General Labour % APs 0) Trades Ln she te
Leather Trades a .. 140 | Miscellaneous Trades se O3
The following abbreviations have been used throughout: Amal. (Amalgamated
or Amalgamation); Assd. (Associated); Assn. (Association); Dis. (District); Gen.
(General); G.B. (Great Britain); G.B. & I. (Great Britain and Sat Lab.
(Labour or Labourers); Nat. (National); Op. (Operative); Soc. (Society); U. (Union);
Utd. (United).
Affiliations to national organisations are indicated thus: (T.), Trades Union
Congress; (L), Labour Party; (F.), General Federation of Trade Unions; (S.),
Scottish Trades Union Congress; (I.), Irish Trades Union Congress.
GENERAL FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS.
W. A. Appleton, Hamilton House, Bidborough St., London, N.
AGRICULTURE AND FISHING.
Agricultural Labourers.
UNIONS.
Agricultural Lab. & Rural Workers’ U., Nat. (T.): R. B. Walker, Wensum House,
Hempton, Fakenham.
Farm Servants’ U., Scottish: The Secretary, 35a, Union St., Aberdeen.
Lab. League (Hempton), Amal.: J. Dennis, Golf House, Hempton, Fakenham.
Fishermen.
UNIONS.
Buckie Hired Men’s U.: A. Reid, 1, Great Western Rd., Buckie.
Granton & Dis. Trawl Fishermen’s Protective U.: T. Flucker, 5, Ann St., Newhaven,
eith.
Grimsby Steam Fishing Vessels Enginemen & Firemen’s U. (T.L.): J. Collins, 8,
Riby Square, Seb oa
Highland Fishermen’s U. : Morison, Portland Villas, pene
Humber Amal. Steam Sth so Engineers & Firemen’s U.: A. A. Pollard, 65 & 67,
West Dock Av., Hessle Rd., Hull.
aes ip Fishermen’s Friendly Protective Soc.: J. J. Whyte, 1, Pelham St.,
rimsby.
Port of Hull Trawl Fishermen’s Protective Soc.: G. W. Holmes, St. Andrew’s Hall,
West Dock St., Hull.
Scottish Steam Fishing Vessels Enginemen & Firemen’s U. (L.): J. F. Duncan,
12, Regent Quay, Aberdeen.
Weekly Hands Branch of the Port of Hull Trawl Fishermen’s Protective Soc.: G. W.
Holmes, St. Andrew’s Hall, West Dock St., Hull.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. — 133
BUILDING TRADES.
FEDERATIONS.
Federated Builders’ Labourers of G. B. & |. (F.): W. Mabbott, 61, Port Arthur Rd.,
Nottingham.
LOCAL BUILDING TRADES FEDERATIONS.
Barrow Building Trades Fed.: F. J. Simpson, 72, South Row, Roose, Barrow-in-F.
Blackburn & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: R. Allen, 15, Walnut St., Blackburn.
Blackwood & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: F. W. Lewis, 26, Bloomfield Av.,
Newport (Mon.).
Bolton & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: J. Seddon, 164, Deane Rd., Bolton.
Darlington & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: W. Lee, 18, Dodd’s St., Darlington.
Hull Building Trades Fed. : W. Turner, 43, Terry St., Hull.
Liverpool Building Trades Committee : T. McConville, 29, Standale Rd., Waver-
tree, Liverpool.
London Building Industries Fed.: G@. Dew, J.P., L.C.C., 42, Lowden Rd.,
Herne Hill, 8.E.
London Labourers’ Council: 8. J. Wright, 15, Gt. Percy St., King’s Cross Rd., W.C.
Manchester & Salford Dis. Building Trades Fed.: E. Donohoe, 37, Ramsey St.,
Moston, Manchester.
North Staffordshire Building Trades Fed.: F. Faulkner, 31, Charles St., Cobridge,
Burslem, Staffs.
Preston Building Trades Council: B. Hackett, 9, St. David’s Rd., Preston.
Rugby & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: C. W. Browning, 59, Windsor 8t., Rugby.
Sheffield & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: J. H. Blincow, 72, Burns Rd., Sheffield.
Tamworth & Dis. Building Trades Fed. : W. E. Simpson, 3, Heath St., Tamworth.
Wigan & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: T. Hodson, 204, Gidlow Lane, Wigan.
UNIONS.
Brick & Stone Layers (1.): R. O’Carroll, 49, Cuffe St., Dublin.
Brick & Stone Layers Limerick Guild of: J. Flavin, 21, Carey’s Rd., Limerick.
Bricklayers, Utd. Op. (Manchester Unity): J. Gregory, 102, Grenville St., Stockport.
Bricklayers’ Soc., Op. (T.): J. Batchelor, 58, Southwark Bridge Rd., S.E.
Bricklayers’ Labourers’ U., Leigh & Bedford Dis.: C. Castle, 93, Twist Lane, Lancs.
Builders & Gen. Lab., Catshill Soc. of : W. Juggins, Golden Cross Lane, Bromsgrove.
Builders’ Labourers’ U., Utd. (T.): D. Haggerty, 195, Blackfriars Rd., S.E.
Builders’ Lab. & G.W. of Dublin T.U., Utd.: T. McCullagh, 116, L. Clanbrassil St.
Builders’ Labourers’ U., Cork: Secretary, B.L.U., 96, North Main St., Cork.
Bap ese Labourers’ U., Accident & Burial Soc., Wigan: J. Gaskell, 8, Turner St,
igan.
Builders’ Labourers’ Protective, Accident, & Burial Soc., Coventry & Dis.: A. Turrall,
508, Stoney Stanton Rd.
Builders’ Labourers’ Trade Scoc., Nottingham: W. Mabbott, 61, Port Arthur Rd.,
Sneinton Dale.
Builders’ Labourers’ Protective, Accident, & Burial Soc., Wolverhampton & Dis. :
T. Duffy, 7, Herbert St.
Builders’ Labourers’ T.U., Blackburn & Dis. : M. O’Malley, 23, Wensley St., Blackburn.
Builders’ Labourers, National Assn. of (L.): P. Flanagan, 62, Hopwood St., Hull.
Building Workers’ Industrial U.: J. V. Wills, 10, Layard Rd., Rotherhithe, S.H.
aioe a Joiners, Gen. U. of Op. (T.L.): W. Matkin, 65, Kennington
val, S.E.
Carpenters & Joiners, Amal. Soc. (T.L.I.): F. Chandler, J.P., 95, Brunswick St.,
Manchester.
Decorative Glass Workers of the U.K.: A. Jenkinson, 99, Oxford Rd., Manchester.
Fret Lead Glaziers & Cutters’ U.: A. W. Thomson,17, Randolph St., Camden T., N.W.
Gas Fitters’ T. Assn. (Birmingham): H. J. Sabin, Eachelhurst Rd., Walmley.
Glass Painters’ U. (London): H. W. Ball, 22, Arthur Rd., Holloway, N.
Glaziers’ T. & F.S., Glasgow Op. : D. McDonald, 326, Crown St., Glasgow.
Glaziers’ Soc., Edinburgh Op.: G. Gibson, 27, Riego St., Edinburgh.
Glaziers’ Soc., Dundee Op.: J. Nisbet, 49, Gellatly St., Dundee.
Labourers’ Amal. U., General: T. Coffey, 45, Aybrook St., Manchester NE W.
Labourers of London, U.0.G.: J. Davenport, 64, Westminster Bridge Rd., S.W.
Masons & Bricklayers’ Soc., Cork Op.: M. Hurley, 8, Patrick’s Terr., Greenm’t, Cork.
Masons’ Assn. of Scotland, Utd. Op.: H. McPherson, 65, West Regent St., Glasgow.
Masons & Granite Cutters’ U., Utd. Op.: A. C. Davidson, 47, Belmont St., Aberdeen.
Masons & Plasterers’ Soc. (Tipperary), Utd. : W. O’Connor, 11, Meeting St.
Masons’ Soc., Elgin Op.: P. Wood, 13, Blackfriars Rd., Elgin.
134 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Mosaic & Tile Fixers, London & Dis, : A. W. Ure, 88,Grange Pk. Rd., Thornton Heath.
Mosaic & Encaustic Tilelayers’ Assn., Glasgow: C. Hislop, 155, Firpark St., Glasgow.
Navvies, Builders’ Lab., & G.L.U. (T.F.): J. Ward, M.P., East Hill, Wandsworth, 8.W.
Ornamental! Decorators, Composition T. (F.): A. Young, 17, Rona Rd., Gospel Oak, N.W.
Painters’ Trade U., Dublin (I.), Met. House: E. McCabe, Roymount House,
Kimmage Rd.
oscegaal ea Soc., Liverpool & Vicinity Op. House: J. E. Hepburn, 65, Shaw St.,
Liverpool.
Painters, Limerick Guild of Op. House: J. Buckner, 32, Roxboro’ Rd., Limerick.
Painters & Decorators, Belfast Op. H. & S.: W. McKenzie, 5, Willowbank Terr.,
_ Falls Rd., Belfast.
Painters’ Assn., Southport & Birkdale: W. Black, 40, Lancaster Rd., Ainsdale, S’port.
Painters & Decorators, N.A.S. Op. H. & S. (F.1.): J. Parsonage, 4, Camp St.,
Manchester.
Painters’ Soc., Barnsley Op. House: G. Hunt, 16, Freeman St., Barnsley.
Painters’ Soc., Birkenhead Op. H.: A. W. Tunstall, 185, Church Rd., Tranmere, B’head.
caer Soc., Scot. (T.L.), (F., Aberdeen & Dundee): A. Gardner, 102, Holm St.,
tlasgow.
Painters & Decorators, London, ‘‘Cave’’ H.: F. Hillier, 52, Hamilton Rd., Wimbledon.
Plumbers, London Soc. of (L.): J. Groves, 75, Elgin Av., London, W.
Plumbers & Domestic Engineers (T.): J. Edmiston, 82, Osborne Rd., Newcastle-on-T.
Plumbers’ Assn. of Scotland, Utd. Op. : W. Kennedy, 156, Buccleuch St., Glasgow.
Plasterers’ T. Soc., Dublin Op. : T. Irwin, 19e, Buildings, Old Bride St., Dublin.
Plasterers’ T. & F.S., Belfast Op.: M. Cardey, 1, Kingscourt St., Belfast.
Plasterers, Nat. Assn. of Op. (L.F.): T. Otley, 37, Albert St., Mornington Cres., N.W.
Plasterers’ Fed. U., Scottish Nat. Op.: D. Baird, 3, Silverfir St., Glasgow.
Plasterers & Slaters’ Soc., Kilkenny : Coun. J. Magennis, 5, Wolfe Tone St., Kilkenny.
Plasterers’ Labourers, National Assn. of (F.): J. Madden, 67, John St., Bolton.
Plasterers’ Lab., Manchester & Salford: S. O’Brien, 51, U. Cleminson St., Chapel St.
Regular Glass Cutters, Glaziers, & Lead Sash Makers (Dublin): J. Monahan, 3,
Grenville Cot., Gardiner’s Place.
Slaters’ Soc. of Scotland, Amal. (S.): W. Cross, 19, Thomson St., Partick, Glasgow.
Slaters & Tilers’ Proy. Soc., Amal. (T.F.): R. Wilson, 19, Oswald Terr., Gateshead.
Stonemasons’ Soc. of England & Wales (T.): W. Williams, 6, Dover St., Manchester.
Stonecutters of Ireland T.U., Op.: T. Farren, 3, Brown St., Dublin.
Stonecutters’ T.U., City of Dublin: J.J.O’Looney, 1, Meades Cott., Wentworth Place.
Tile, Mosaic, & Faience Fixers (Manchester): J. Kirkbright, 16, Hadyn Av., Moss Side.
Tile, Mosaic, & Faience Fixers, Dublin: W. Verso, 2, tS er Elmwood Av., Ranelagh.
Whiteners’ T.U., Dublin: T. Burke, 2, Bachelor’s Walk, Dublin.
CHEMICAL, GLASS, POTTERY, ETC., TRADES.
FEDERATIONS.
Glass Bottle Hands, Nat. Fed. of the: A. Greenwood, 2, Wesley St., Castleford.
Giassworkers & Kindred Trades Unions, Nat. Fed. of: G. Lister, 11, Belvedere Mount,
Dewsbury Rd., Hunslet, Leeds.
Salt Workers, Alkali Workers, Mechanics, & Gen. Labourers, Fed. of (T.): T. Wilkinson,
3, Regent St., Moulten, Northwich.
UNIONS.
Barometer, Thermometer, & Tube Blowers’ Trade & Benefit Soc.: H. A. Bullock,
130, Robinson Rd., Tooting Junction, S.W.
Brickmakers’ Soc., Cinder Hill: J. W. Wall, 42, Waterford St., Basford, Nottingham.
Brickmakers’ Soc. for Nottingham & Dis., Op.: F. Leaper, 36, Worth St., Carlton,
Nottingham.
Brick Workers’ U., Fire: R. Noble, 62, Havelock Place, Backworth, Newcastle-on-T.
Flint Glass Cutters’ Mutual Assistance & Protective Soc., Utd.: J. Hewitt, 17,
Cavendish Rd., Birmingham.
Flint Glass Makers’ Sick & Friendly Soc. of G.B. & I., Nat. (F.): J. H. Husselbee,
66, Talbot St., Brierley Hill, Staffs.
Glass Bevellers’ Soc., Birmingham Utd.: R. Wacey, 273 Moseley Rd., Highgate,
Birmingham.
Glass Blowers’ Trade Soc., London (T.F.): J. Stokes, 5, Banner St., E.C.
Glass Bottle Makers’ Soc. of G.B. & I., Nat. (T.F.): F. Swann, Trades Hall, 4, Upper
Fountain St., Leeds.
Glass Bottle Makers of Yorkshire Utd. Trade Protection Soc. (L.): A. Greenwood,
2, Wesley St., Castleford.
Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Protection Soc., Glasgow & Dis. (L.8.): P. McLuskey,
1, Queen’s Av., Shettleston, Glasgow.
Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Protection Assn., Lancashire Dis. (T.): T. Rigby,
30, Chapel St., St. Helens.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 135
Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Protection Soc., Irish (I.): J. Longmore, 25, Pembroke
St., Irishtown, Dublin.
ox tog Makers’ Trade & Benefit Soc. of Bristol: J. E. Foxon, 17, Ninetree Hill,
ristol.
Glass Bottle Makers’ Soc., North of England: J. A. Levy, 29, Picton St., Sunderland.
Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Soc. (Seaham Harbour), Londonderry: T. Leighton,
24, Stewart St., Seaham Harbour, co. Durham. :
Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Protection Soc., Alloa: W. Hatt, 42, Castle St., Alloa.
Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Protection Assn., Portobello: N. Halliday, 5, Pipe St.,
Portobello, Edinburgh.
Glass Bottle Makers’ Soc., Birmingham & Dis.: G. Parkinson, 53, St. Thomas Rd.,
Erdington, Birmingham. ;
Glass Mould Makers & Smiths, Amal. Soc. of : J. Cooper, 82, Sheffield Rd., Barnsley.
pee Glass Bottle Makers, Amal. Soc. of (S.): J. Heenan, 36, Kirkpatrick St.,
asgow.
Medical Glass Bottle Makers’ Soc., Lancashire: J. H. Johnson, 9, Muslinet St.,
Salford, Manchester.
Oilworkers & Lab. Assn., Scottish (S.): R. McDougall, Kirkhili Park, Broxbourn,
West Lothian.
Ovenmen’s Society, Utd. (T.F.): W. Callear, 35, King St., Tunstall. j
bldg ane Kilnmen, & Saggarmakers’ U., Utd.: W. Elkin, 117, Lord St., Etruria,
anley.
Pipe Makers’ Assn. of Scotland & Ireland, Utd. Clay Tobacco: D. Taylor, 194, Gallow-
gate, Glasgow. :
Pipe Finishers’ Assn. of Manchester, Clay : Miss A. Wright, 50, Lewis St., Varley St.,
Oldham Rd., Manchester.
Pipe Makers & Finishers’ Assn, of England & Ireland, Clay Tobacco (F.): W.
Fianagan, 81, Attleboro’ Rd., Moston, Manchester.
Pottery Workers, Nat. Amal, Soc. of Male & Female (T.L.F.); J. Lovatt, Pottery
Workers’ Offices, Hill St., Hanley, Staffs.
Potters’ Packers’ Lab. Protection Assn., Utd.: W. Martin, 191, Old Hall Terr, High
St., Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent.
Pressed Glass Makers’ Soc. of G.B. (F.): T. Melville, 98, Hyde Park St., Gateshead.
Salt Makers’ Assn., Winsford: T. Goulding, 394, High St., Winsford, Cheshire.
Salt Makers, Mechanics, & Gen. Lab. Assn., Droitwich: J. Harris, 19, Hanbury Terr.,
Droitwich.
Salt Makers’ Assn., South Durham & North Yorkshire: W. Woodall, 2, Victoria St.,
Haverton Hill, Middlesbrough.
Salt Makers, Mechanics, & Gen. Lab. Assn., Stoke Prior: J. Greaves, The Old Club
House, Stoke Works, Bromsgrove.
Salt Workers, Rock Salt Miners, Alkali Workers, Mechanics, & Gen. Lab., North-
wich & Dis. Amal. Soc. of (T.): W. Yarwood, 8, Chapel St., Wincham, Northwich.
Sheet Glass Flatteners’ Trade Protection Soc., St. Helens: W. A. McGlue, 149,
Greenfield Rd., St. Helens,
CLOTHING TRADES.
FEDERATIONS.
Clothing & Allied Trades Fed., London: T. W. Shine, 16, Heddon St., Regent St., W.
Hand Sewn Bootmakers’ Societies, International Fed. of: J. W. Dickson, 130, Great
Titchfield St., W.
UNIONS.
Boot & Shoe Makers’ Trade & Funeral Soc., City of Glasgow Op. : M. McCormack,
104, Renfrew St., Glasgow.
Boot & Shoe Makers’ Soc., Cork: D. Barry, Boot & Shoe Makers’ Soc., Mechanics’
Hall, Grattan St., Cork.
Boot & Shoe Makers, Amal. Soc. of (L.): K. McCrae, 7, Cartwright Gardens, W.C.
Boot & Shoe Makers’ U., Aberdeen Hand-sewn : W. Watson, 63, Rose St., Aberdeen.
Boot _& Shoe Makers, London & Provincial U. of Hand-sewn (L.): J. W. Dickson,
130, Great Titchfield St., W.
Boot & Shoe Operatives, Nat. U. of (T.L.F.S.): E. L. Poulton, Trade Hall, St. James’
St., Leicester.
Boot, Shoe, & Slipper Operatives, Rossendale U. of (F.): A. Taylor, 4, St. James’
St., Waterfoot, Manchester.
Boot & Shoe Women Workers, Independent Nat. U. of: Miss E. Wilson, 72, Rutland
St., Leicester.
Cloggers, Amal, Soc. of Journeymen (T.L.): D. Stott, 2, Worsley St., Glodwick, ~
am
Clog Makers’ Soc., Manchester, Salford, & Dis. Op.: E. Bannan, 34, Royal St.,
Ardwick, Manchester.
Cordwainers’ Trade Protection & Friendly Soc., Edinburgh Op. : C. Brown, 20, Orwell
Place, Dalry Road, Edinburgh.
1430 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
*Clothiers’ Cutters’ Trade U., London & Provincial (T.F.): A. Brine, 50, Shernall St.,
Walthamstow, E.
*Clothiers’ Operatives, Amal. U. of (T.L.F.): J. Young, Hepworth’s Chambers, 148,
Briggate, Leeds.
Clothworkers’ Trade U.: A. Allery, 28. Allen’s Buildings, Leonard St., Finsbury, E.C.
Cork Head Dress Trade U., Military: J. J. Wallace, 414, Albany Rd., Camberwell, S.E.
Cutters, Belfast Amal. Soc. of : J. Mallon, 7, Kirk St., Belfast.
Dressmakers & Tailoresses’ Assn., Liverpool & Dis. : Miss L. Hodge, 20, Fairfield St.,
Fairfield, Liverpool.
Felt Hatters, Amal. Soc. of Journeymen (T.L.F.): TT. Mallalieu, 43, Peel St.,
Denton, Manchester.
Felt Hat Trimmers & Wool Formers’ Assn., Amal. (T.F.): T. Mallalieu, 43, Pee! St.,
Denton, Manchester.
Fur Skin Dressers’ U., London, E.: T. Street, 19, Second Ay., Manor Park, E.
Furriers of G.B., Gen. U. of Journeymen: E. Fitzpatrick, 19, St. Dunstan’s Rd.,
East Dulwich, S.E.
lovers se ageeas Aid Soc. (Yeovil), Utd. (F.): W. H. Taverner, 12, Wyndham St.,
eovil.
Glovers (Stoke-under-Ham), Amal. Soc. of (F.): A. E. Morgan, High Way, Stoke-
under-Ham, Somerset.
Home Workers’ Assn., Manchester: Mrs. O. M. Aldridge, 9, Albert Sq., Manchester.
Shirt & Jacket Workers’ Soc., Amal. (L.): A. Headon, 105, Manchester Rd., Droylsden,
Manchester.
Silk Hatters’ Fair Trade U. of G.B. & I., Journeymen (L.F.): J. J. Hall, 99, Drayton
Gardens, South Kensington, S.W.
Silk Hat Trimmers & Stitchers’ U., Denton (F.): J. Cheetham, 8, Pitt St., Hooley Hill,
Manchester.
Sewing Machinists & Corset Makers (Manchester), Amal. Soc. of: Miss F. Guffick,
39, Brunswick St., Gorton, Manchester.
Tailors, Machinists, & Pressers’ Trade U. (Leeds), Amal. Jewish (T.F.): M. Sclare
Jewish Tailors’ Trade U., Trade U. Institute, Cross Stamford St., Leeds.
Tailors, Machinists, & Pressers’ Trade U., Birmingham International: I. Lester,
15, Hinckley St., Birmingham.
Tailors, Machinists, & Pressers’ Trade U., London Ladies’ : I. Lush, 10, Great Garden
St., Whitechapel, E.
Tailors, Machiners, & Pressers’ Trade U., Dublin International: P. Sheridan, 27, John
Dillon St., Dublin.
Tailoresses, Dressmakers, & Kindred Trades, Nat. Soc. of : W. P. Chapman, 30,
Devonport Rd., Shepherd’s Bush, W.
*Tailors & Tailoresses, Amal. Soc. of (T.L.F.S.1.): T. A. Flynn, 415, Oxford Rd.,
Manchester. }
pate & Tailoresses’ Assn., Scottish Op. (L.8.): Charles Ross, 180, West Regent St.,
asgow.
*Tailors & Tailoresses, London Soc. of : J. Macdonald, 16, Heddon St., Regent, St., W.
*Tailors & Tailoresses’ Trade U. of G.B. & I., Jewish: A. Hillman, Tailors’ U.,
Labour Hall, 19a, Pell St., Cable St., E.
Trousers Makers’ U., East London : — Ploschansky, 146, Stepney Green, E.
Tie Cutters, London Soc. of: W. O. Devereux, 4, Thorpe Rd., Stamford Hill, N.
*Waterproof Garment Makers & Machinists’ Trade U., Manchester: The Secretary,
ees eae Garment Makers & Machinists’ Trade U., 97, Cheetham Hill Rd.,
anchester.
ENGINEERING AND SHIPBUILDING.
FEDERATIONS.
Engineering & Shipbuilding Trades of the U.K., Fed. of: W. Mosses, 5, Vanbrugh
Park Rd. East, Blackheath, S.E.
Engineers & Allied Trades Societies’ Fed., Birmingham: J. S. Hill, J.P., 14, Blackford
Rd., Sparkhill, Birmingham.
Enginemen & Firemen’s Fed., Northern Counties: J. Bain,3, Compton St., Stalybridge.
Enginemen, Stokers, & Kindred Trade Societies, Nat. Fed. of (T.): H. Parker, 2, Hill
St., Sneyd Green, Hanley, Staffs.
Workers’ Fed., Falkirk & Dis.: W. N. Allan, 196, Beechbrae Terr., Thornhill Rd.,
Falkirk.
UNIONS.
Barge Builders’ Trade U., River Thames (T.F.): T. H. Challis, 1, Ormiston Rd.,
Greenwich, S8.E.
Block, Roller, & Stamp Cutters, Amal. Soc. of (F.): S. Silverwood, Moss Bank,
Woodhouse Lane, Ashton-on-Mersey.
*These unions have now amalgamated to form the United Garment Workers’ Union.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 137
Bobbin, Carriage, Comb, and Dropper Makers, Amal. Soc. of: J. Fish, $2, Gregory
Boulevard, Nottingham.
Boiler Makers & Iron & Steel Ship Builders, Utd. Soc. of (T.F.): J. Hill, Lifton
House, Eslington Rd., Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Carriage Straighteners’ Soc., Nottingham: J. J. Cree, 68, Ortzen St., Nottingham.
Electrical Station Engineers, Assn. of : W. J. Ebben, 41, Warren Rd., Leyton, N.E.
Electrical Trades U. (T.L.F.S.) (1., Dublin & Belfast Branches): J. Rowan, 137, Great
Clowes St., Broughton, Manchester.
on od pad Soc. of G.B. (London): H. K. Barnes, 21, Chipley St., New
ross, S.E.
Engineers, Amal. Soc. of (L.): R. Young, 110, Peckham Rd., S.E.
seers 4 Makers’ Soc., Scottish: W. Sheldon, 22, Old Dalmarnock Rd., Bridgeton,
asgow.
Hackle & Gill Makers’ Benevolent & Trade U., Belfast & Dis.: J. F. Gordon,
Glencairn, Westland Rd., Belfast.
Heald Varnishers’ Association, Bacup: J. S. Lomas, 7, Grove St., Bacup.
Heating & Domestic Engineers, Whitesmiths, & Gen. Ironworkers, Nat. Us of Op.(F.):
R. Sewell, St. Stel Chambers, 246, Corporation St., Birmingham.
Hydraulic & Boatyard Assn. : A. MacGregor, 26, Stanley Rd., Ellesmere Port, Chester.
Iron Fitters’ Assn., Gen. (S.): J. Fraser, 30, New Market St., Falkirk.
Iron Safe Engineers, Soc. of (F.): A. H. Argent, 8, Rectory Rd., High St.,
Hornsey, N.
Jacquard Gaiters, Card Cutters, & Machine Fitters’ Assn., Bolton & Dis.: D.
orrocks, 21, Hampden St., Bolton.
Machine & Gen Lab., Amal. U. of (T.): W. Hough, 77, St. George’s Rd., Bolton.
aTSCIUS & iia Lab., Heywood & Dis. Amal. (F.): E. Howarth, 29, Manchester Rd.,
ey wood.
Machine, Engine, & Iron Grinders & Glaziers’ Soc. of G.B. & I., Amal. (L.F.):
J. Asquith, 14, Nelson St., Rochdale.
Machine, Engine, & Iron Grinders’ Soc. of Scotland (Glasgow) (F.): G. Doyle,
7, Morgan St., Govanhill, Glasgow.
erp Hapa (Lincoln), Amal. Soc. of (F.): H. Whitworth, 54, Peel St. Terr.,
incoln.
Machine Workers’ Assn., Utd. (7.L.F.): R. H. Coates, 48, Plymouth Grove,
Manchester.
Mast & Block Makers’ Soc., London: E. JT. Barlow, 608, Commercial Rd., Stepney, E.
Mathematical, Optical, & Philosophical Instrument Makers’ Soc. (L.): H. T. Pasmore,
2, Ancona Rd., Highbury, N.
Mechanical Engineers, Whitesmiths. Iron Workers & Pipe Fitters, Locksmiths, Bell
Hangers, etc., Dublin Op. Soc. of : L. Kennedy, Trades Hall, Capel St., Dublin.
a e ae Spindle Makers’ Soc., Op. (F.): J. Bennett, 105, Crescent Rd.,
ukin field.
Pattern Makers’ Assn., Utd (T.), (S8., Clyde Dis.): W. Mosses, 5, Vanbrugh Park Rd.
East, Blackheath, S.E.
Platers, Helpers, & Drillers’ Soc.: W. J. Lovell, 57, Topaz St., Roath, Cardiff.
Reedmakers’ Soc., Blackburn Assd.: J. Mitchell, 138, Moorgate St., Livesey,
Blackburn.
Rivet Warmers’ Soc., Cardiff: W. Duncan, 54, Splott Rd., Cardiff.
Riggers’ Assn., Loyal London Utd.: R. Fowler, 168, Brunswick Rd., Poplar, E.
Roller Coverers’ Soc., Blackburn & East Lancashire: T. B. Hume, 23, Nab Lane,
Blackburn.
Safe Workers’ U., Bolton: T. Kenyon, 20, Bank St., Bolton.
ota ge ry G.B. & I., Fed. of: W. W. Hicks, 24, Andrew Marvel Terr., Wyke
Paull.
Scale Beam & Weighing Machine Makers, Amal. Soc. of : J. Cope, 212, Lower
Broughton Rd., Salford, Manchester.
iti Instrument Makers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): J. W. Clark, 41, Cowcross
St., E.C.
Sheet Iron Workers & Light Platers’ Soc. (S.): A. Richmond, 41, Robertson St.,
Glasgow.
Ship Constructors & Shipwrights’ Assn. (T.L.F.): A. Wilkie, J.P., M.P., 8, Eldon
Square, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Ship & House Painters’ Benefit Assn., Liverpool & Birkenhead Op.: J. M. Ford,
27, Upper Stanhope St., Liverpool.
Ship Caulkers’ Soc., Utd. River Thames: J. W. Westbrook, 71, Central Park Rd.,
East Ham, Essex.
Shipsmiths’ Soc., Liverpool: G. Davies, 3, Bouverie St., Liverpool.
pyrite. a Trade & Friendly Assn., Liverpool: R. H. Davies, 44, Mann Island,
iverpool. ‘
Shuttle Makers, Amal. Soc. of (F.): D. Isherwood, 33, Bromley St., Blackburn.
Spring fe yoeing Plate Makers & Grinders, Amal. Soc. of (F.): J. Lynch, 3, Heath
-; Rochdale.
EI
138 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Spindle & Flyer Makers’ Trade & Friendly Soc., Utd. Op. (T.L.F.): C. H. Whitehead,
85, Elland Rd., Holbeck, Leeds.
Spring ah de & Vicemen, Utd. Soc. of : J. Austin; 109, Princess St., Attercliffe Rd.,
Sheffield
Sporting & Military Gun Workers, Nat. Soc. of: H. Dalby, 1, Fowler St., Nechells,
Birmingham. Pah
Steam Engine Makers’ Soc. (T.L.): W. F. Dawtry, Market Buildings, 17, Thomas
St., Shudehill, Manchester.
Stove Grate & Fender Grinders’ Provident & Protection Soc., Rotherham: J. W.
Goode, 41, Arthur St., Thornhill, Rotherham.
Tank Makers, Utd. Soc. of (F.): A. Meager, 423, Hanover Bdgs., Tooley St.,
London, S.E.
Toolmakers, Engineers, & Machinists, Amal. Soc. of (T.L.F.): W. F. Beston, 38, John
Bright St., Birmingham. ‘
Whitesmiths & Heating Engineers’ Soc., Newcastle & Dis. Op.: J. McMurdo, 48,
Loadman St., Elswick, Newcastle*on-Tyne.
Wire Card Setting Machine Tenters’ Soc. (L.F.): T. Forrest, 227, Two Trees Lane,
Denton, Manchester. :
atone act & Gill Makers, Amal. Soc. of: E. Hird, 90, Sunbridge Rd.,
radford.
Smiths, Hammermen, Etc.
UNIONS.
Blacksmiths & Ironworkers’ Soc., Assd. (T.): J. Thomson, 74, Bath St., Glasgow.
Hammermen’s Soc., Liverpool & Dis.: J. Annesley, 76, Egerton St., Liverpool.
Smiths & Strikers, Utd. Kingdom Soc. of (F.): G. Ashcroft, 71, Clarendon Rd.,
Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.
aco Ue ta oe ety al Soc. (South Wales) (L.): W. Rawlings, 34, Zine St., Roath,
ardiff.
Smiths’ Trade U. of Ireland, Utd. (Dublin): R. Moore, 78, Innsfallen Parade, Dublin.
Spring pe i! & Strikers’ Trade U. (Sheffield): J. Taylor, 48, Ditchingham Rd.,
effield.
ENGINEMEN.
(SEE ALSO UNDER MINING.)
UNIONS.
Engine Drivers, Crane Drivers, Hydraulic, & Boiler Attendants, Amal. Protective
U. of (T.): G. Grisley, 203, Barking Rd., Canning Town, E.
ao ge eat Assn., Northern Utd. (T.): T. Samuel, 4, St. Nicholas Bdgs., Newcastle-
on Tyne.
Enginemen, Firemen, Mechanics, & Electrical Workers, Nat. Amal. U. of (T.): G.
Parker, 228, Wellgate, Rotherham.
Blackburn & Dis. Enginemen & Firemen’s Soc. : A. Haworth, 3, Bent Gap, Blackburn.
Bolton Enginemen & Firemen’s U. (L.): M. Coolaghan, 36, Keston St., Bolton.
Burnley & Dis. Engineers’ Soc.: G. Hindle, 44, Colbran St., Burnley.
ay & Dis. Engine Attendants & Boiler Firemen’s Soc. (T.): J. }. Hopkinson, 20,
very St., Fernhill, Bury.
Coatdyke Engine Keepers’ Soc.: T. Shanks, 3, Hunter St., Airdrie.
Enginemen, Motormen, & Firemen’s Assn. (F.): J. T. Griffiths, 36, Mill Green,
Staveley Town, Chesterfield.
Farnworth Enginemen, Boilermen, & Firemen’s Provident Soc. (T.): J. Treppas,
10, Gower St., Farnworth, Bolton.
Hadfield Enginemen & Firemen’s Assn. : J. Hutchinson, 35, Woolley Bridge, Holling-
worth, Manchester. ;
Irish Stationary Engine Drivers, Cranemen, Firemen, & Motormen’s U., Dublin (I.) :
J. Coffey, 26, Gulistan Cottages, Rathmines, Dublin.
Leeds & Yorkshire Engineers & Firemen’s Assn.: J. Sykes, St. Ann’s Cottage,
Kirkstall, Leeds.
Nottingham & Dis. Stationary Engine Drivers’ Soc.: J. Bradshaw, 24, Crocus St.,
Meadows, Nottingham.
Nottingham Practical Engine Drivers’ Soc.: H. Smith, 143, Birkin Ay., Hyson Green,
Nottingham.
Radcliffe & Dis. Enginemen, Boilermen, & Firemen’s Provident Soc. (T.): A. Hall,
2, off Butterworth St., Radcliffe, Manchester.
Rossendale Enginemen & Firemen’s Assn.: J. Bullas, 20, Wesley Terr., Weir, Bacup.
St. Helens Enginemen & Boilermen’s Provident Soc. (T.): R. Roby, 13, Roby Bt,
Toll Bar, St. Helens.
saree San Independent Enginemen’s Trade U.: F. Pidcock, 140, Clarence Si.,
effield.
Stalybridge, Gorton, & Dis. Enginemen & Firemen’s Assn.: J. Bain, 3, Compton St.,
Stalybridge.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 139
Stockport & Dis. Enginemen & Firemen’s Trade U.: J. Street, 56, Stockpors Rd.,
Cheadle Heath, Stockport.
Yorkshire Assn. of Engineers & Firemen : J. Brooksbank, 2, Springfield Place, Dudley
Hill, Bradford.
FIBRE, CANE, ETC., TRADES.
FEDERATIONS.
Brushmaking Industry, Fed. of Societies in the: E. Latchford, 17, Napier Rd.,
Kensal Rise, N.W.
Basket, Skip, & Hamper Makers’ Fed. of the U.K. (F.): G. Lemon, 43, Church Rd.,
Tottenham, N.
UNIONS.
Basket Makers, London U. of Journeymen (F.): G. Lemon, 43, Church Rd.,
Tottenham, N.
ok ane British Amal. U. of Journeymen (F.): W. Hudson, 2a, West Av.,
erby.
Basket Makers, Scottish U. of (F.): J. Watt, 30, Couper St., Glasgow.
Blind of G.B. & I. (Brush Makers & Basket Makers), National League of (T.L.):
J. E, Gregory, Club Union Buildings, Clerkenwell Rd., E.C.
Brush Makers, Utd. Soc. of (T.): 8. G. Porter, 61, Rectory Rd., Stoke Newington, N.
Brush Makers’ Provident Soc. (London), Painting: C. Goodspeed, 42, Annis Rd.,
South Hackney, N.H.
Brushmakers, Amal. Soc. of: E. Latchford, 17, Napier Rd., Kensal Rise, N.W.
Brune dapat UE ie Protection Soc. (London), Bone: A. Masters, 8, Horton Rd.,
ackney, E.
Cane, Wicker, & Perambulator Operatives, Amal. Soc. of: J. H. Burton, 40, Browns
Croft, Basford, Nottingham.
Cocoanut Fibre Mat & Matting Weavers’ Trade Soc. (Diss, Norfolk), Utd.: G.
Copsey, Brewers Green, Royden, Diss, Norfolk.
Cocoanut Fibre Mat & Matting Weavers’ Trade Soc., Suffolk Utd.: G. Goodman,
67, Angel St., Hadleigh, Suffolk.
Mill Mat & Matting Trade U., Chilton: C. Witt, 13, Upper East St., Sudbury, Suffolk.
eens Sea Makers, Lancashire & Cheshire U. of (F.): F. Simpson, 83, Tudor St.,
am.
Skip, Basket, & Hamper Makers’ Soc., Yorkshire Utd. (F.): A. Staincliffe, 5, The
Lanes, Lowtown, Pudsey, Leeds.
FOOD AND TOBACCO TRADES.
FEDERATION.
Tobacco Workers, Nat. Fed. of: B. Cooper, 54, Clinton Rd., Mile End, E.
UNIONS.
Bakers’ Nat. Amal. U., Irish: R. Wilson, 26, Clooney Terr., Londonderry.
Bakers’ U., London Jewish (T.L.F.): I. Sharp, 20, Oxford St., H.
Bakers’ Trade U., Cork Op.: J. O’Connor, 47, Grattan St., Cork.
Bakers & Confectioners of G.B. & I., Amal. U. of Op. (T., four branches) (L.):
W. Banfield, Union House, 57, Sydney St., Chelsea, London, 8.W.
Bakers’ Soc., Limerick: J. Lynch, Mechanics’ Hall, Limerick.
yee of Scotland Nat. Federal U., Op. (L.8.).: W. G. Hunter, 58, West Regent St.,
asgow.
Bakers’ U., Kilkenny Op.: R. Ring, Vicar St., Kilkenny.
Bakers’ Soc., Belfast Op. (I.): T. M’Connell, 5, Lower Garfield St., Belfast.
Baking Trade Workers, Nat. U. of : C. Mann, 12, Little Newport St., W.C.
Biscuit Bakers, Pastrycooks, & Confectioners’ Soc. (London, W.), Utd.: J. Griffin,
28, Cambridge Gardens, North Kensington, W.
aie daha Abed Lab. U. & Benefit Soc., Dublin: J. Hannon, 23g, Nicholas St.,
ublin.,
Bread Van Men’s Soc., Limerick: W. Mulcahy, 17, Pennywell, Limerick.
Bread Servers’ Trade U., Belfast: J. Cummings, 60, Dee St., Belfast.
Breweries Employés’ Trade U., Kilkenny: H. Murphy, 2, Jenkins’ Ring, Kilkenny.
Se ade! Trade U. (Dublin), Op.: P. J. Hickey, 9, Armstrong St., Harold’s Cross,
ublin.
Butchers’ Soc., Limerick Pork: M. Barry, 1, Garryowen Av., Limerick.
Butchers & Fleshers’ U., Irish Op.: A. Doran, 12, Merkland St., Belfast.
Butchers’ Fed. of G.B., Journeymen: J. Couldwell, 141, Broad Oaks, Staniforth Rd.,
Attercliffe, Sheffield.
Cigar Box Makers & Paperers’ Trade U., London: C. J. Greenslade, 25, York St.,
Hackney Rd., N.E.
Cigarette Machine Operators’ Soc.: W. Bragg, 2, Drapper’s Rd., Bermondsey, 8.E,
140 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Cigar Makers’ Mutual Assn. (T.L.F.): B. Cooper, 64, Clinton Rd., Mile End, E.
Oigar Makers’ Protective U., Female (T.) : Miss K. Atkin, 8, Vicarage St., Nottingham.
Cigar Sorters & Bundlers’ Mutual Assn., London: G. Jacobs, 67, Colvestone Crescent,
Dalston, N.E.
Confectioners & Sugar Boilers’ Soc., Dublin Op.: J. P. Byron, 8, Wilson’s Cottages,
North Frederick St., Dublin.
Confectioners’ Trade U. (Manchester), Women: Miss M. Radford, 96, Church Lane,
Gorton, Manchester.
Dairy Employés, Nat. U. of: F. Peck, 99, St. Ann’s Rd., South Tottenham, N.
Millers, Nat. U. of: J. Harris, 23, Abercrombie St., Battersea, S.W.
Mineral Water Operatives’ Soc., Dublin: J. Keogh, 82, Amiens St., Dublin.
etal tra Assistants’ Assn., Dublin: J. W. Kenny, 32, Dartmouth Rd., Ranelagh,
ublin.
EAs nikal Soc., United Kingdom Op.: A. G. Rose, 2b, Russian Drive, Stoneycroft,
iverpool.
Tobacco Strippers’ Mutual Assn., London (F.): L. Deckers, 3, Chatteris Rd., New
Kent Rd., S.E.
GENERAL LABOUR.
FEDERATION.
Labourers’ Nat. Council, Gen.: J. N. Bell, 4, Higham Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
UNIONS.
Bristol, West of England, & South Wales Operatives’ Trade & Provident Soc.: J. C.
Fox, Dorset House, North St., Bedminster, Bristol.
Gasfitters’ Trade Assn., The: H. J. Sabin, Walmley, near Birmingham.
Gas orkers: Assn., Bolton & Dis.: A. Potts, 4, Corporation Chambers, Corporation
St., Bolton.
Gas Workers & Gen. Lab. of G.B. & I., Nat. U. of (T.L.) (8., Scottish Branches) :
W. Thorne, M.P., 266, Pentonville Rd., King’s Cross, N.
Gas Workers, Brick Makers, & Gen. Lab., Amal. Soc. of (T.L.): Councillor H.
Simpson, 16 & 17, County Bdgs., Corporation St., Birmingham.
Gen. & Warehouse Workers’ U., Amal.: J. Cleary, 8, Spekeland Bdgs., Canning
Place, Liverpool.
Labour Amalgamation, British (T.L.): T. Fox, 242, Plymouth Grove, Manchester.
Labour U. of G.B., Constitutional: J. J. Merry, 15, Violet St., Ashton-in-Makerfield,
Newton-le-Willows.
a. U. of G.B. & I., Nat. Amal. (T.): J. Twomey, 1, St. David’s Place, Rutland S&t.,
wansea.
Labour, Nat. Amal. U. of (T.L.F.): (S., Clyde Dis.) (I.): J. N. Bell, J.P., 4, Higham
Place, Newcastle-on-T.
Machine, Electric, & other Women Workers. Manchester & Salford Assn of: Mrs. S.
Dickenson, 5, John Dalton St., Manchester.
Undeb Gweithwyr Mon.: EK. Pritchard,Pwm Hog, Gwalchmai, Anglesey.
Workers’ U. (L.): C. Duncan, M.P., 16, Agincourt Rd., Hampstead, N.W.
Ce lg U., Rathmines & Dis.: C. Smith, 42, Gulistan Cottages, Rathmines
ublin.
Women Workers, Nat. Fed. of (T.F.) (S., Scottish members): Miss M. R. Macarthur,
34, Mecklenburgh Sq., W.C.
LEATHER TRADES.
FEDERATION.
Leather Trades Fed., Midland (T.F.): G. Power, 4, Countess St., Walsall.
UNIONS.
Bridle Cutters, Fancy Leather Workers, Harness Makers, Saddle Tree Makers, &
Rivetters, Amal. Soc. of: G. Power, 4, Countess St., Walsall.
ie ened Trade Protection Soc., Walsall New: G. Power, 4, Countess St.,
alsall.
Cricket Ball Makers, Amal. Soc. of (F.): F. Boorman, 135, St. Mary’s Rd., Tonbridge.
Curriers of G.B. & I., Utd. Soc. of Journeymen (T.): W. Lilley, 93, Wiesbaden Rd.,
Stoke Newington, N.
Curriers, Nat. Soc. of Journeymen: J. Briggs, 39, St. Michael’s Rd., Byker,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Curriers & Strapmakers’ U., Spen Valley & Dis. (F.): A. E. Dowel, Smithey Hill,
Scholes, Cleckheaton.
Fancy & Morocco Leather Finishers, London Utd. Soc. of: R. De Bell, 18, Hastlands
Rd., Perry Hill, Catford, S.E.
Fancy Leather Workers, Women’s Trade Soc. of: Miss BE. Stapleton, 162, Halliwell
Lane, Cheetham Hill, Manchester, :
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 141
Fancy Leather Workers’ Trade Soc. (F.): C. H. Clark, 77, Mann St., Walworth, S.E.
Gig Saddlers’ U., Walsall & Dis.: A. Beech, 44, Pargeter St., Walsall.
Grounders & Skinners’ Soc., Amal. : T. Salmon, 3, Grosvenor View, Camp Rd., Leeds.
Grounders’ Soc., Utd.: A. G. Beere, 79, Abbeyfield Rd., Rotherhithe, 8.E.
Horse Collar Makers’ Trade U., Birmingham: W. R. Crook, 85, Clifton Rd., Spark-
brook, Birmingham.
Horse Collar Makers’ Trade U., Walsall: W. Purchase, 30, North St., Walsall.
Horse Collar Makers’ Trade U., Manchester: F. H. Herbert, 38, Buxton St., Seedley,
Pendleton, Manchester.
Jewel Case Makers’ Trade Protection Soc., London: H. A. Benbow, 42, Palatine Rd.,
Stoke Newington, N.
Leather Dressers, Lenton Amal. Soc. of: A. Willis, 189, Castle Boulevard, Nottingham.
Leather Workers, Amal. Soc. of (T.): R. Siddle, 93, Blackburn Lane, Leeds.
Portmanteau & Trunk Makers’ Soc., Manchester: E. Knapman, 126, Greenheys Lane,
Greenheys, Manchester.
Portmanteau & Trunk Makers’ Trade Soc., London: OC. Hyde, 33, Gascony Av., West
Hampstead, N.W.
Saddlers & Gen. Leather Workers, U. of (T.): J. Hadden, 26, Alpha St. West, Seedley
Park Rd., Seedley, Manchester.
Saddle & Harness Makers’ Trade Protection Soc., London (T.): J. T. Morrison, 47,
Ailfarthing Lane, Wandsworth Common, S.W.
roe ee ig Harness Makers’ Trade Soc., Dublin (I.): J. Christian, 37, Percy Place,
ublin.
Skinners’ Alesha Soc., Birmingham Division: W. J. Benson, 19, Lucy Rd.,
Bermondsey, S8.E.
Skinners’ Soc., Leeds: H. Fullalove, 28, Matlock Terr., Chapeltown Rd., Leeds.
Skinners’ Trade Soc., London Div. : W. H. Whiteley, 86, Alscot Rd., Bermondsey, S.E.
Spanish & Morocco Leather Finishers, Provincial Friendly Soc. of: W. H. Stancer,
Ivy Villa, Greenfield St., Nottingham.
Tanners’ U., Liverpool & Dis.: E. Ormsby, 20, Juvenal St., Scotland Rd., Liverpool.
METAL TRADES.
iron, Steel, Tin, Brass, and Copper.
FEDERATIONS.
Brass Founders, Turners, Fitters, Finishers, & Coppersmiths’ Assn. of G.B. & 1.,
Utd. Journeymen: T. Jeffers, J.P., Bank Chambers, 2, Moss St., Liverpool.
Brass Workers, London Federal Council of: T. Caldwell, 78, Manor Rd., Brockley,S.&.
Blastfurnacemen, Ore Miners, & Kindred Trades, Nat. Fed. of (T.L.): Alderman
P. Walls, J.P., 45, Oxford St., Workington.
Cutiery Council, Sheffield Utd.: R. Holmshaw, J.P., 18, Leamington St., Sheffield.
Iron & Steel Trades Fed. (T.): J. Cox, J.P., 5, Mount Pleasant, Darlington.
jron Trades Fed., Leicester: A. Morris, 21, Lansdowne Rd., Leicester.
mena counties Trades Fed. (T.F.): J. Taylor, J.P., Federation Offices, Hellier St.,
udley.
Metal Trades Fed., British (T.): C. Hobson, 3, Alpine Rd., Sheffield.
Razor Trade Fed. (T.): A. Waddington, 15, Camping Lane, Woodseats, Sheffield,
sige idl Workers & Braziers, Nat. Amal. (T.L.): J. ©. Gordon, 41, Clapham
9 o .
UNIONS.
Blastfurnacemen, South Wales & Monmouthshire Dis. of the Nat. Fed. of (T.L.):
L. Carter, 44, Alexandra St., Ebbw Vale, Mon.
Blastiurnacemen & Cokemen’s Assn., Cleveland & Durham (T.L.): T. McKenna,
87, Borough Rd. West, Middlesbrough.
Blastfurnacemen, Eastern Midland Dis. of the Nat. Fed. of (T.L.): H. Nixon, 9, Frod-
ingham Rd., Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire.
Blastfurnacemen, Cokemen, & Bye-Product Workers, Midland Assn. of (T.L.): J.
Hall, 31, Newport Rd., Stafford.
Blastfurnacemen, Cumberland & Lancs. Dis. of the Nat. Fed. of (T.L.): Alderman
P, Walls, J.P., York Place, Workington.
Brass & General Metal Founders’ Soc., London Utd. (F.): J. 8. Lucy, 20,
St. Margaret’s Rd., Paul’s Rd., Barking.
Brass Founders, Turners, Fitters, & Finishers’ Soc., London Utd.: T. Caldwell,
78, Manor Rd., Brockley, S.E.
Brass Cock Finishers’ Trade, Sick, & Dividend Soc., Birmingham Op.: J. Russell,
24, Alfred Rd., Sparkhill, Birmingham.
Brass Workers & Metal Mechanics, Nat. Soc. of Amal, (T.L.): W. J. Davis, J.P.,
70, Lionel St., Parade, Birmingham.
162 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
ae una & Finishers’ Trade Soc., Bristol: F. Bird, 74, Victoria Rd., Whitehall,
Tisto
Brass Founders & Finishers’ Trade, Sick, & Funeral Assn., Doncaster Op.: T. Emery,
38, Gladstone Rd., Hexthorpe, Doncaster.
Brass Founders, Finishers, & Gasfitters’ Soc., Dublin Utd. : T. Boniface, 9, David Rd.,
Glasnevin, Dublin.
Brass Founders’ Soc., East of Ay ean A. Wilson, 30, St. Leonard’s St., Edinburgh.
Brass Moulders’ U., Scottish (L.8.): J. Kerr, 17, Oswald St. (City), Glasgow.
Brass Turners, Fitters, Finishers & Instrument Makers’ Soc. .» West of Scotland
(T.8.): J. Whitehead, 36, Main St., Gorbals, Glasgow.
Brass Founders, Turners, Fitters, Finishers, & Coppersmiths’ Soc., Hull Journeymen :
C. Lamb, 87, Lee St., Holderness Rd., Hull.
Brassfounders, ‘Turners, Fitters, Finishers, & Coppersmiths’ Soe., Assd. (T.):
T. Jeffers, J.P., Bank Chambers, 2, Moss Street, Liverpool.
Brassworkers, London Soc. of Amal. : i. H. Hinkins, 63, Larcom St., Walworth, S8.E.
Brass, Aluminium, Bronze, & Kindred Alloys Moulders’ Trade & Friendly Soc., North
of England: G. Johnson, 3, Dunholme St., Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Brass Turners, Fitters, & Finishers’ Soc., North of England: * Wile, 47, Union Si.,
Shieldfield, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Braziers & Sheet Metal Workers, Gen. U. of (T.1.): A. T. Kidd, 41, Bellamy Rd.,
Walton, Liverpool.
Braziers & Sheet Metal Workers’ Soc., London: T. A. Whiting, 69, Erlanger Rd.,
New Cross Gate, S.E.
Braziers & Sheet Metal Workers, Ashton-under-Lyne & Dis. (T.L.): J. Torkington,
40, Field Street, Droylsden, Manchester.
Coppersmiths, Braziers, & Metal Workers, Nat. Soc. of (T.): H. Stansfield, 90,
Chesterton Rd., Balaam St., Plaistow, London, E.
Hollow-ware Sheet Metal Workers & Braziers’ Assn., Galvanised (T.L.F.): 8S. Webb,
Podmore Rd., Lye, near Stourbridge, nati
Iron & Steel Workers of G.B., Associated (T.): J. Cox, 5, Mount Pleasant, Darlington.
Tron & Steel Workers & Mechanics of South Wales & Monmouthshire, Amal. Assn. of:
W. Williams, 26, Williams Place, Penydarren, Merthyr Tydvil.
Puddlers & Forgemen of G.B., aaah of : B. Norton, 75, Chapel St., Netherton, Dudley.
Roll Turners’ Trade Soc. (F.): W, H. Park, 2, West Mount, Barrow-in- Furness,
Roll Turners’ Soc., Sheffield & ‘Dis. Organised : s. Simpson, 58, Wadsley Lane,
Hillsbro’, Sheffield.
ay ey teem Workers’ Soc., Aberdeen & Dis. (T.L.): W. Oraig, 475, George St.,
erdeen.
Sheet Metal Workers & Gasfitters’ Trade U., Belfast (T.L.): T. Heaney, 98,
McClure St., Belfast.
Sheet Metal Workers & Braziers’ Soc., Bristol (T.L.): C. J. Lea, 52, Friezewood Rd.,
Ashton Gate, Bristol.
Sheet Metal Workers’ Soc. (Coventry), Progressive (F.): A. E. Ross, 37, Sir Thomas
White’s Rd., Coventry.
Sheet Metal earkars: Gasfitters, & Braziers’ Protecting & Friendly Soc., Dundee & Dis.
(T.L.): W. Pullar, 33, Hilltown, Dundee.
Sheet Metal Pe a & Gas Meter Makers of Edinburgh & Leith Protecting & Friendly
Soc. (T.L.): C. M. Robertson, 12, Montague St., Edinburgh.
Sheet Metal Workers’ ‘Soc., Bradford & Dis. (T.L.)° J. W. Whettlock, 10, Varley St.,
Stanningley, Leeds.
Sheet Metal Workers, Leeds & Dis. Trade & Friendly Soc. of (T.L.): H. Akroyd,
8, Colenso Place, Holbeck, Leeds.
Sheet Metal Workers, Braziers, & Gas Meter Makers, London Soc. of (T.L.): J. Payn,
Union Buildings, 53, Fetter Lane, E.C.
Lokal genta alma & Braziers, Nat. Amal. (T.L.): J. C. Gordon, 41, Clapham
iS
Steel Workers’ Assn., Engineering & Labour League, Nat. (T.F.): G. Beadle, Horwell
Jfouse, Harrowgate, ae ee
Steel & Iron Workers of G.B., Amal. Soc. of (T.S.): J. Gavin, J.P., Gordon Chambers
90, Mitchell St., Glasgow.
Steel Smelters, Mill, Iron, Tinplate, & Kindred Trades Assn., British (T.L.S.):
J. Hodge, M.P., 76- 78, Swinton St., Gray’s Inn Rd., Holborn, W.C.
Tin Plate, Sheet Metal Workers & Braziers’ Soc., Birmingham Op, (Bs) 32 Fs
Stevens, J.P., 110, John Bright St., Birmingham
Tinsmiths & Sheet Metal Workers’ Soc., City of Dublin (T.L.1.)* J. Farren, 45, Sitric
Rd., Arbour Hill, Dublin.
Tin & Tron Plate Workers & Gas Meter Makers’ Soc., Exeter & Dis. (T.L.): H. Darch,
3, Wellington Rd., St. Thomas, Exeter.
Tin Plate Braziers & Sheet Metal Workers’ Friendly Protective Soce., Scottish (T.L.S.) °
T. Sanders, 77, rede fr. St., Glasgow.
Tin Plate Workers’ Trade Oldham oi L.): J. S. Turner, 35, Harley St., Oldham.
Tin & Sheet Millmen’s Assn. (T.L:E.); . Gwynne, 16, Bryn Rd., ansea,
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 143
Tin Plate Workers’ Soc., Wolverhampton Op. (T.L.): C. Smith, Black & White
Buildings, 28, Darlington St., Wolverhampton.
Welsh Artisans’ Utd. Assn. (T.): J. H. John, Fronmor, Queen’s Rd., Sketty, Glam.
Zinc & Copper Roofers & General Sheet Metal Workers’ Soc.: H. Warren, 95, Sixth
Avenue, Queen’s Park, W.
ironfounding.
UNIONS.
Coremakers of G.B. & I., Amal. Soc. of (L.F.): E. Clegg, 550, Liverpool St., Weaste,
Manchester.
Irish Foundry Workers’ U. (I.): R. Corish, Charlotte St., Wexford.
Ironfounders of E.I. & W., Friendly Soc. of (L.F.): A. Todd, 164, Chorlton Rd.,
Brooks Bar, Manchester. .
Iron Moulders of Scotland, Assd. (T.F.): J. Brown, 221, W. George St., Glasgow.
Tron Moulders’ Assn., Central (T.L.F.S.): H. Murdoch, 11, Graham’s Rd., Falkirk.
Iron, Steel, & Brass Dressers of Scotland, Assd. (F.): R. R. McFadyen, 25, Candle-
riggs, Glasgow.
Iron, Steel, & Metal Dressers’ Trade Soc. (F.): C. W. Davidson, 137, Tamworth St.,
Stretford Rd., Manchester.
Moulders, Associated Soc. of (F.): T. Charles, 89, Marble Hall Rd., Llanelly.
Moulders’ U., Amal. (T.F.): J. Ryan, 732, Middleton Rd., Chadderton, Oldham.
Stove Grate, Fender, & General Light Metal Workers, Nat. U. of (T.L.F.): A.
Hutchison, Stove Grate Workers’ Union, Effingham St., Rotherham.
Metal: Miscellaneous.
UNIONS.
Anchorsmiths & Shackle Makers, Amal. Soc. of (F.): C. H. Sitch, Workers’ Institute,
Cradley Heath, Staffs.
ee & a ae Makers, Amal. Soc. of (T.): J. Taylor, J.P., Federation Offices, Hellier
., Dudley.
Bedstead Workmen’s Assn. (T.): W. Palmer, 17, Stafford St., Birmingham.
Block Chain Makers’ Assn., Cradley Heath: T. Sitch, Unity Villa, Sydney Rd.,
Cradley Heath, Staffs.
Casters’ Soc., Oakengates: F. W. Blocksidge, near the Church, Dawley, Salop.
bain na & Strikers’ Assn. (T.F.): T. Sitch, Unity Villa, Sydney Rd., Cradley
eath.
Goffed Blade Forgers, U., Sheffield: W. F. Wardley, 327, Crookesmoor Rd., Sheffield.
Diamond Workers’ Trade U., London: B. Pou, 41, Newcastle St., Aldgate, E.
Edge Tool Grinders’ Soc., Sheffield: H. Colley, 25, Warwick St., Commonside, Sheffield.
Edge Tool Trade Protection & Death Soc. of Birmingham, Wolverhampton,
Wednesbury & Dis., Amal.: L. HE. Thomas, 9, Chattaway St., Nechells,
Birmingham.
Farriers, Amal. Soc. of (T.): W. H. Briggs, 70, St. James Rd., Higher Broughton,
Manchester.
Farriers’ Soc., City of Dublin Op. (I.): J. Gorman, 15, Moore St., Dublin.
Farriers’ Soc., Cork Regular Op.: M. Scully, 3, Windmill Rd., Cork. :
Farriers’ Trade Soc., Old West End: R. A. Watkins, Old West End Farriers’ Trade
Soc., ‘‘ Berkeley Arms,’’ John St., Mayfair, W.
Eee Racers: Soc., Sheffield & Dis. (by hand): J. S. Longden, 2, Harold St., Walkley,
effield.
File Cutters’ Soc., Manchester & Dis. Hand: T. H. Wyke, 20, Robson St., Oldham.
File Cutters’ U., Sheffield Machine: A. 8. Mappin, 56, Fir St., Walkley, Sheffield.
File Forgers’ Soc., Sheffield Machine: J. Beaumont, 32, Roundell St., Sheffield
in aad Mutual Aid Soc., Sheffield: W. H. Andrews, 42, Netherthorpe St.,
effield.
File Grinders’ U., Sheffield: W. Gale, 46, S re House Rd., Sheffield.
File Hardeners’ Assn., Sheffield: F. Leggett, , Spring Vale Rd., Sheffield.
Fire Iron Makers’ Assn., Birmingham, Amal.: J. Taylor, J.P., Federation Offices,
Hellier St., Dudley.
+old Beaters’ Trade Soc.: C. Gates, 160, High St., Camden Town, N.W.
eee ee & Kindred Trades, Amal. Soc. of (T.): W. Kean, 36a, Trippet Lane,
effield.
ere Bo Jewellers, London Soc. of: 8S. Lowen, Club Union Bdgs, Clerkenwell
Harness & Saddlery Furniture Trades Assn. (T.): C. J. Wright, 1, High St., Walsall.
Horn, Halft, & Scale Pressers & Sway Knife Cutters’ U., Sheffield: J. Barratt,
1, Evelyn Rd., Crookes, Sheffield.
Horse Shoers’ Soc., Edinburgh & Leith Journeymen: A. Donald, 16, Lower View,
Craig Row, Edinburgh.
,
144 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Lock, Latch, & Keysmiths’ Trade Soc., Nat. Amal. (T.): G. Bellamy, 46, Temple Rd.,
Willenhall, Staffs. \
Locksmiths, Walsall (T.): W. Smith, 203, Bentley Lane, Walsall.
Locksmiths, Wolverhampton (T.): J. Roberts, 17, Gt. Brickkiln St., Wolverhampton.
Metal, Wire, & Tube Workers, Nat. Soc. of Amal. (T.): W. J. Davis, J.P., 70, Lionel
St., Parade, Birmingham.
Military Musical Instrument Makers’ Trade Soc. (T.): W. Bourne, ‘‘ Exmouth
Arms,” Exmouth St., N.W.
Nut & Bolt Makers, Nat. Amal. Soc. of (T.): J. Taylor, J.P., Federation Offices,
Hellier St., Dudley.
Pen & Pocket Blade Forgers & Smithers’ Protection Soc., Sheffield (L.): G. H.
Shaw, 46, Sydney Rd., Crookesmoor, Sheffield.
Planemakers’ Trade Soc., Utd. Op.: C. G. Coulson, 130, Ladypool Rd., Sparkbrook,
Birmingham.
Razor Blade Forgers’ Protection Soc., Sheffield: G.H. Reaney, 105, Eldon St., Sheffield.
Razor Grinders’ Protection Soc., Sheffield: L. Waddington, 15, Camping Lane,
Woodseats, Sheffield.
Razor Hafters’ Trade Protection Soc., Sheffield: W. P. Smith, 258, Derbyshire Lane,
Norton, Woodseats, Sheffield.
Saw Grinders’ Trade Protection Soc., Sheffield: J. Varley, 238, Staniforth Rd.,
Attercliffe, Sheffield.
Saw Handle Trade Protection Soc., Sheffield: S. A. Bennett, 42, Hill St., Sheffield.
Bey er. Trade Protection Soc.: G. F. Hallatt, 26, Ladysmith Av., Sharrow,
effield.
Scissor Forgers’ Trade U., Sheffield: G. F. Allott, 17 Ct., 1, Dorset St., Sheffield.
Scissors Grinders’ Trade Soc., Sheffield (T.): R. Holmshaw, J.P., 82, Crimicar Lane,
Fulwood, Sheffield.
Scissor Workboard Hands’ Soc.: A. Cadman, 13, Coombe Rd., Crookes, Sheffield.
Scythe Grinders’ U., Sheffield: B. Needham, Greenhill, Sheffield.
Sheep Shear Makers, Grinders, Finishers, & Benders’ U. (F.): W. Nunnington,
e?, Loxley New Rd., Hillsbro’, Sheffield.
Silversmiths & Electro-plate Operatives’ Mutual Aid & Protection Soc., Birming-
ham & London: T. Hands, 97, Newall St., Birmingham.
Silver Spoon & Fork Finishers’ Trade Soc., London: E. Jones, 24a, Orchard Rd.,
Shepherd’s Bush, W.
Silver Spoon & Fork Makers’ Soc., London: H. Cooper, 115, Culford Rd., Balls
Pond Rd., N.
Shoe Rivet & Wire Nail Makers, Birmingham Soc. of: T. Sanders, 16, Crocketts Rd.,
Handsworth, Birmingham.
Spring Knife Cutlers’ U., Sheffield Op.: W. Cooke, 122, Rock St., Pitsmoor, Sheffield.
eat pte Grinders & Finishers’ U., Sheffield: W. Cooke, 122, Rock St., Pitsmoor,
heffield.
sees Trap Makers’ Soc., Wednesfield: J. Tomlinson, 1, Cross St., Wednesfield,
olverhampton.
Table & Butcher Blade Grinders’ Assn., Sheffield: W. H. Swallow, 19, Cromwell St.,
Walkley, Sheffield.
Table & Butcher Knife Hafters’ Trade & Provident Soc., Sheffield: T. Fisher,
27, Richards Rd., Heeley, Sheffield.
Table Blade Forgers & Strikers’ Trade Soc., Sheffield: W. F. Wardley, 327, Crookes-
moor Rd., Sheffield.
fFube Trade Soc., Amal. (T.): The Secretary, Amal. Tube Trade Soc., 52, Pound
Terr., Bridge Rd., Toll End, Tipton.
Wire Drawers’ Soc. of G.B., Amal. (T.): A. Birtles, 13, Stirling Chambers, Campo
Lane, Sheffield.
Wire Weavers of the U.K., Fed. U. of: S. Ogden, 45, Merton St., Conran St.,
Harpurhey, Manchester.
Wire Workers’ Friendly Soc. (F.): E. W. Hayes, 8, Winifred Rd., Newton Heath,
Manchester.
Wireworkers of G.B. & I., Fed. U. of (F., London): D. Thorpe, 1, Gironde Rd.,
Walham Green, S8.W.
Wool Shear Makers, Grinders, Finishers, & Benders’ Soc., Sheffield (T.F.): H.
Brammer, 28, Hunter Rd., Hillsbro’, Sheffield.
MINING AND QUARRYING.
FEDERATIONS.
Colliery Enginemen & Bollermen, Nat. Fed. of (T.): C. Hearse, Radstock, Bath.
Colliery Mechanics’ Assns., Nat. Fed. of: W. J. Hartshorne, East View, Boldon
Colliery, co. Durham.
Colliery Surface Workers, Nat. Fed. of: A. J. Balley, J.P., 55, Burngreave Rd.,
Sheffield.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 145
Cumberland & North Lancashire Fed.: A. Sharp, J.P., 77, Senhouse St., Maryport.
Deputies, Examiners, & Firemen’s Assns. of G.B., Gen. Fed. of: W. Frowen, |8,
Ashfield Rd., Brynteg, Abertililery (Mon.).
Durham County Mining Fed. Assn.: T. H. Cann, Miners’ Hall, Red Hill, Durham.
Enginemen & Boilermen’s Fed., Lancashire, Cheshire, & North Wales (T.L.):
T. Watson, 67, Heath St., Golborne, Newton-le-Willows.
Lancashire & Cheshire Miners’ Fed. (T.L.): T. Ashton, J.P., 1461, Ashton Old Rd.,
Manchester.
Midiand Miners’ Fed. (T.L.): A. Stanley, M.P., ‘‘ West Hill,’’ Hednesford, Staffs.
Miners’ Fed. of G.B. (T.L.): T. Ashton, J.P., 1461, Ashton Old Rd., Manchester.
Nat. U. of Scottish Mine Workers (T.L.S.): R. Brown, Miners’ Office, Daikeith.
Northumberland Fed. Board of Miners, Deputies, Mechanics, Enginemen & Firemen:
J. Cairns, Burt Hall, Northumberland Rd., Newcastle-on-Tyne.
South Wales Miners’ Fed. (7.L.): T. Richards, M.P., 22, St. Andrew’s Cres., Cardiff.
UNIONS.
CUMBERLAND :—
Cumberland County Colliery Enginemen & Boiler Firemen’s Assn.: M. Mossop,
Dearham House, Dearham. ; ‘
Cumberland Colliery Officials’ Assn. : W. Graham, 22, Henry St., Bransty, Whitehaven.
Cumberland Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): T. Cape, 12, Oxford St., Workington.
DURHAM :—
Durham Cokemen & Bye-Product Workers’ Assn. (T.): J. Ogg, Crossgate Chambers,
Durham.
Durham Colliery Mechanics’ Assn. (T.): J. W. Taylor, M.P., Cen. Office, 5, Tenter
Terr., Durham.
Durham County Colliery Enginemen, Boiler Minders, & Firemen’s Mutual Aid Assn.
(T.): W. Charlton, 70, Crossgate Chambers, Durham.
Durham Deputy Overmen’s Mutual Aid Assn. (T.): J. Clark, 3, Laburnum Av.,
Durham.
Durham Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): T. H. Cann, Miners’ Hall, Red Hill, Durham.
KENT :—
Kent Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): A. Hartley, 9, The Terrace, Shepherd’s Well, Dover.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE :—
Accrington & Dis. Colliery Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn.: W. Rothwell, 5, Hey-
wood St., Blackburn.
Ashton Engine-Winders’ Assn.: W. Roscoe, 286, Stockport Rd., Denton, Manchester.
Burnley Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn.: G. Hirst, 10, Tunstill St., Burnley.
Chowbent Colliery Enginemen’s Assn.: J. Eddleston, 211, Wigan Rd., Manchester.
fa ok ai Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn. : W. Howcroft, 72, Hall Lane, Moses Gate,
ton.
Lancashire & Cheshire Colliery Firemen’s Assn. (T.): P. Derbyshire, 284, Billinge
Rd., Pemberton.
Leigh & Dis. Enginemen, Boilermen, & Stokers’ Trade U.: R. Morris, 13, West St.,
Hindsford, Atherton, Manchester.
Pendlebury Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn.: C. R. Davies, 434, Bolton Rd., Clifton,
Manchester. ;
Radcliffe, Ringley, & Little Lever Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn.: N. Mills,
66, Spring Lane, Radcliffe.
Skelmersdale & Dis. Enginemen & Boilermen’s Soc.: H. Hesketh, 30, Crawford
Village, Upholland, Wigan.
St. Helens Assn. of Colliery Enginemen: J. W. Croston, 15, Leslie Rd., Thatto Heath.
Walkden Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn.: J. Hardman, 260, Newearth Rd., Booths-
town, Manchester.
Wigan, Bolton, & Dis. Colliery Enginemen’s Mutual Protection Assn.: R. Ashurst,
16, St. James’ Terr., Poolstock.
Wigan & Dis. Enginemer & Boilermen’s Provident Soc.: W. Green, 154, Walthew
Lane, Platt Bridge, Wigan.
MIDLAND COUNTIES :—
Ashton Boilermen’s U.: S. Gréenough. 86, Oxford St., Ashton-under-Lyne.
Bristol Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): W. Whitefield, Miners’ Agent, St. George’s, Bristol.
Cannock Chase Miners, Enginemen, & Surfacemen’s Asen. (T.L.): J. ker, Miners’
Office, W. Hill, Hednesford, Staffs.
Derbyshire Amal. Miners’ Asen., South (T.L.): W. Buckley, Woodville, Burton-on-T
146 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire Enginemen, Motormen, & Firemen’s Trade U.:
S. W. Rowarth, Clipstone Av., Mansfield.
Derbyshire Deputies’ Mutual Improvement Soc., East : J. Ogden, 3, Main St., Mansfield.
Derbyshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): F. Hall, Miners’ Offices, Saltergate, Chesterfield.
Derbyshire Under-Managers & Deputies : J. Austin, Rose Cott., Grassmoor, Chesterfield.
Forest of Dean Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): G. H. Rowlinson, Town Hall Chambers,
Cinderford, Gloucester.
Highley & Dis. Miners’ Assn.: J. Findlay, Club House, Se Soe Bridgnorth.
Ilkeston Conservative Miners’ Assn.: EK. Trueman, 147, Bath St., Ilkeston.
Ilkeston & Erewash Valley United Engineers, Smiths, & Oarpenters’ Assn. :
W. Wimant, Sir John Warren Hotel, Ilkeston.
Leicestershire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): T. Gowdridge, Hall’s Lane, Hugglescote.
Midland Mining Officials’ Assn.: T. Petcher, Wilmot Rd., Swadlincote.
Nat. Assn. of Colliery Deputies (Chesterfield) (T.): H. Gill, Bridge View, Ashgate Rd.
North Stafford Miners’ Fed. (T.L.): S. Finney, Miners’ Offices, Burslem, Staffs.
North Staffordshire Soci, ie Poe Colliery Firemen, Shoplighters, & Overmen’s
Assn. : C. J. Ellerton, 71, Samuel St., Tunstall.
North Warwickshire Miners’ Assn.: G. H. Jones, 8a, Lady Bank, Tamworth, Staffs.
Nottinghamshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.) :J.G. Hancock, M.P., Miners’ Offices, New Basford.
Notts Under-Managers & Deputies’ Assn. : T. Hewitt, 58, Derbyshire Lane, Huck. Tor.
eo ze eats Miners’ Protection Soc. (T.L.): 8. Edwards, 65b, High St., Old
ill, Staffs.
Syepese Miners, Enginemen, & Surfacemen’s Fed. (T.L.): W. Latham, 10, Ivy
ouses, Trench Rd., Wellington, Salop.
Somerset Enginemen & Firemen’s U. (T.): H. J. Moore, Foxcote, Radstock, Bath.
Somersetshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): 8S. H. Whitehouse, Glen View, Radstock, Bath.
8. Staffordshire & E. Worcestershire Miners (T.L.): F. Richards, Miners’ Hall,
Great Bridge.
Walsall Dis. Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): F. J. Dean, Lloyd’s Chambers, Park St., Walsall.
Warwickshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): W. Johnson, M.P., Miners’ Offices, Nuneaton.
NORTHUMBERLAND :—
Northumberland Colliery Enginemen and Firemen’s Mutual Protection Assn. (T.):
T. Weighell, Bridge Cot., Bedlington.
Northumberland Colliery Mechanics’ Mutual Protection Assn. (T.): J. Batey, 34,
Falconer St., Newcastle-on-Tyne. :
Northumberland Deputies’ Mutual Aid Assn. (T.): 8S. Coulthard, 164, Portland Rd.,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Northumberland Miners’ Mutual Confident Assn. (T.L.): W. Straker, Burt Hall,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
YORKSHIRE :—
Nat. Cokemen & Surface Workers’ Assn.: J. Allpress, Compton Chambers, Rotherham.
Yorkshire Deputies’ Assn.: F. Keen-Smith, 31, Bond St., Wombwell, Barnsley.
Yorkshire Enginemen & Firemen’s Mutual Protection Assn., West (T.): J. Carter,
6, Long Acre, Castleford.
Yorkshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Wadsworth, M.P., 2, Huddersfield Rd., Barnsley.
Yorkshire Winding & Gen. Enginemen’s & Assd. Trade U. (T.): T. W. Casey, 13,
Burngreave Rd., Sheffield.
SCOTLAND :—
Ayrshire Miners’ Federal U. (T.L.8.): J. Brown, 56, Annabank, i
Clackmannanshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.S.): J. Cook, Parkhead Rd., Sauchie, Alloa.
Dumbartonshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.S.): J. Donaldson, 11, Cowgate, Kirkintilloch.
Engine & Boilermen’s Assn., Scot. Coll. (T.): R. Shirkie, 131, W. Regent St., Glasgow.
Fife & Kinross Lab. Protection, Sick, & Funeral Soc., Assd. Free Engine Keepers of :
J. Cormie, Firbank, Berehaven.
Fife & Kinross Miners’ Assn. (T.L.S.): W. Adamson, M.P., Victoria St., Dunfermline.
Firemen & Shot Firers’ Assn., Scottish Colliery: D. Wright, U. Oakfield, Kelty, Fife.
Lanarkshire Miners’ County U. (T.L.S.): D. Gilmour, Miners’ Offices, Hamilton.
Mid & East Lothian Miners’ Assn. (T.L.S.): R. Brown, Miners’ Offices, Dalkeith.
Stirlingshire Miners’ County U. (T.L.8.): W. Webb, J.P., Crichton Park, Falkirk.
sid gar Poiee Miners & Manual Workers (T.L.S.): J. Doonan, Helenshe Cottage,
athgate.
WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE :—
Monmouthshire & 8. Wales Colliery Enginemen, Stokers, & Craftsmen’s Assn, ;
W. Hopkins, 17, Gwendoline St., Merthyr Tydvil.
North Wales Boilermen’s Assn.: J. Witter, Diamond Cott., Gresford, Wrexham.
North Wales Enginemen’s Pro. Assn. : W. H. Gittins, 7, Chapel St., Ponkey, Ruabon.
North Wales Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): BE. Hughes, Miners’ Offices, Wrexham.
Cala pred Officials’ Assn. (T.): J. Davies, Bryn Awll, Oakland Rd.,
thiek, Ruabon.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 147
North Wales Surfacemen’s U.: T. H. Bayley, 3, Cefn Rd., Lodge Brymbo, Wrexham.
South Wales & Mon. Colliery Examiners’ Assn.: D. G. Price, Tylorstown, Glam. _.
South Wales & Mon. Colliery Winding Enginemen’s Assn. & Provident Trade U.:
. Jones, 16, Lewis St., Treforest.
South Wales Wage Rate Men’s Assn.: EH. Evans, 34, North View Terr., Aberaman.
OTHER MINING AND QUARRYING :—
Gateshead & Newcastle Dis. Meg tt laine T.A. (F.) : R. Moffitt, 3, Blue Row, Ovingham.
Iron Miners & Quarrymen’s U., Furness (T.F.): W. Lewney, 105, Chapel St., Dalton.
sere Miners’ Assn. (Cleator Moor), Nat.: J. Flynn, 21, Crossfield Rd., Cleator
oor.
Iron Ore Miners & Kindred T.A. (L.): T. Gavan Duffy, Miners’ Hall, Cleator Moor.
Limestone Quarrymen’s Assn., Cumberland (T.F.): W. Cowen, 45, Irish St.,
Whitehaven.
Miners’ & Quarrymen’s Assn., Cleveland (T.L.): G. Hobbs, 17, Ruby St., Saltburn.
Quarrymen’s U., North Wales (T.F.): R. T. Jones, 17, Bridge St., Carnarvon.
Quarry Workers & Settimakers, Amal. (F.): J. Slevin, 1, Union St., Leicester.
Shale Miners’ Assn., Scottish (T.): J. Kilday, Fergus Place, Broxburn, West Lothian.
PRINTING, PAPER, AND KINDRED TRADES.
FEDERATION.
Printing & Kindred Trades Fed. of the U.K.: A. E. Holmes, 17, Ravenswood Rd.,
Walthamstow, E.
UNIONS.
Bookbinders & Machine Rulers, Nat. U. of (T.L.), (1., Dublin Branch): J. Kelly,
Campfield Chambers, 312, Deansgate, Manchester. eS
Bookbinding & Printing Trades, Manchester and Salford Soc. of, Women employed
in the: Miss I. Forsyth, 5, John Dalton St., Manchester.
Book Edge Gilders’ Trade Soc., London: E. J. Hubbard, 106, Ruskin Ay., Manor
Park, Essex.
Correctors of the Press, Assn. of : 8. F. Crampin, 83-85, Farringdon St., H.C.
Compositors, London Soc. of (T.F.): T. EH. Naylor, 7 & 9, St. Bride St., E.C.
Electrotypers & Stereotypers’ Assistants & Autoplate & Electro, & Stereo. Machine
Operators, Nat. Soc. of: T. Stephens, 77, Highbury Quadrant, Highbury, N.
Electrotypers & Stereotypers of G.B. & I., Federated Soc. of (T.): W. C. Warren, 46,
Wood Vale, Lordship Lane, Forest Hill, 8.2.
Lithographic Artists, Designers, Engravers, & Process Workers, Amal. Soc. of (T.I.)
(Dublin): R. Barnes, J.P., 20, Cooper St., City, Manchester.
Litho. Music Printers, London Soc. of: Councillor J. Hopkins, 21, Ascham St.,
Kentish Town, N.W. ,
Lithographic Printers of G.B. & I., Amal. Soc. of (T.L.S.): T. Sproat, Campfield
Chambers, 312, Deansgate, Manchester.
Libhograpiio Printers, London Soc. of (L.): G. Douglas, 22, Bride Lane, Fleet St.,
ondon, E.C.
Lithographic Stone & Plate Preparers’ Amal. Soc.: A. Wheeler, 28, Granville Square,
King’s Cross Rd., W.C.
Machine Rulers, London Soc. of: H. Morter, 29, Camden Rd., Markhouse Rd.,
Walthamstow, E.
Male Relief Stampers’ Trade Soc. (L.): W. G. Cannon, 76, Central Park Rd.,
Kast Ham, E.
‘eace ee London Soc. of: A. E. Styles, 10, Clifton Gardens, Stamford Hill,
ndon, N.
Papermakers, Amal. Soc. of (T.L.): W. Dyson, 7, Station Rd., Woodley, Stockport.
Papermakers, Original Soc. of: J. Bourne, 21, Knightrider St., Maidstone.
Paper Stainers’ Trade U. & Benevolent Soc., London: G. H. Landeg, 7, Warrender
Rd., Tufnell Park, N.
Paper Stainers’ U. of Gen. Workers (L.F.): W. Honour, 6, Sunnyhurst, Darwen.
Paper Stainers & Colour Mixers of G.B., Amal. Soc. of Machine: J. J. Whiteside,
4, Clement St., Darwen.
Paper Workers, Nat. U. of (T.): A. Evans, 220, Blackfriars Rd., S.H.
Plate Printers, London Utd. Soc. of: T. Sutliff, 104, Corbyn St., Finsbury Park, N,
Platen core Machine Minders’ Soc., London: W. C. Niblett, 179, Blackfriars
Rd,., S.E.
Mice oe Meigs Amal, Assn. of (T.): H. J. Morriss, Union Bdgs., 53, Fetter
ane, E.C.
Press Sice a 6i Nat. U. of (L.): F. Werner, 67, Crystal Palace Rd., Hast
Dulwich, §.E.
Printing Machine Managers’ Trade Soc. (T.): H. W. Howes, Printers’ Hall, 45,
Blackfriars Rd., S.E.
Printers & Assistants, Nat. Soc. of Op. (T.F.S.): G. A. Isaacs, Caxton House,
26, Blackfriars Rd., S.E.
148 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Printers’ Revisers & Readers’ Assistants’ Soc.: E. Buckton, 22, Bride Lane, E.C.
Typographical Assn. (T.L.) (1., E.C. & Belfast): H. Skinner, Caxton Hall, Chapel
St., Salford, Manchester.
Typographical Assn. ., Scottish (T.S.): eH 50, Wellington St., Glasgow.
pees ee Provident Soc., Dublin ar: P. Flanagan, 35, Lower Gardiner St.,
upiln
Typefounders’ Trade Protection & Benefit Soc., Edinburgh: H. Sandilands, 36,
Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh.
Typefounders’ Trade Soc. (London), Amal.: G. Tomkins, 56, Storks Rd., Ber-
mondsey, 8.E.
Typefounders’ Trade Soc., Sheffield: J. H. Hall, 122, Fox Rd., Sheffield.
Vellum & Parchment Makers’ Soc. of G.B., Utd.: H. H. Wainford, 2, St. Andrew’s
Rd., Carshalton, Surrey.
EMPLOYEES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES.
FEDERATIONS.
Government Employees, Federated Council of: A. F. Gilliard,6, Batchelor St., Chatham.
mevernnent Workers’ Council, Irish: P. Murphy, 8, Nottingham St., North Strand Rd.,
ublin.
Government Workers’ Fed., Utd.: Councillor J. G. King, 300, Evelyn St., Deptford, S.E.
Postal & Telegraph Assns., Nat. Joint Committee of: C. E. Mulholland, 8, Coldcotes
Av., Leeds.
Prison Officers’ Fed., U.K.: F. Ludlow & E. R. Ramsay, 4, Colston St., Bristol.
Admiralty Employees.
UNIONS.
Admiralty & Outports Clerical Federation: G. E. Wilson, 57, Liss Rd., Southsea,
Portsmouth.
Chatham Dockyard Amal. Soc. of Hammermen: W. Smith, 140, Thorold Rd., Chatham.
Chatham Dockyard Engine Drivers & Stokers’ Soc. : H. Stokes, 55, Bush St., Chatham.
pee Dockyard Hand Drillers’ Assn.: H. R. Shave, 75, Barnsole Rd., Gillingham,
ent.
ang pn Dockyard Ship Painters’ Assn.: W. Brown, 97, Windsor Rd., Gillingham,
ent.
Chatham Government Labourers’ U. (L.): A. F. Gilliard, 6, Batchelor St., Chatham.
Chatham Royal Dockyard Ship Joiners’ Assn.: A. E, Simpson, 97, Balmoral Rd.,
Gillingham, Kent.
Chatham Royal Dockyard Smiths’ Assn. (L.): A. E. Drury, 41, Glencoe Rd., Chatham.
Chatham Sailmakers’ Soc.: W. Wyver, 13a, High St., Chatham.
Deptford Victualling Yard & West India Docks Naval Store Workers’ Protection
League : Councillor J. G. King, 300, Evelyn St., Deptford, 8.E.
Devonport Dockyard Engine Drivers, Crane Drivers, & Stokers’ Assn.: J. H.
Gregory, 27, Wake St., Plymouth.
Devonport & Dis. Government Lab. U.: G. B. Rogers, 35, Chapel St., Devonport.
acid cele postyard Hammermen’s Assn. : J. T. Bowden, 66, Goschen St., Keyham,
evonpor
Devonport Dockyard Sailmakers’ Assn.: 8. E. Coomber, 16, Glenmore Ay., Stoke,
Devonport.
eats popkyers Ship Riggers’ Assn.: B. J. F. Yalland, 72, Hamilton St.,
evonport.
Devonport Royal Dockyard Ship Joiners’ Assn.: J. 8. M. Wood, 51, Gloucester St.,
Morice Town, Devonport.
Nat. Government Lab. U.: A. G. Gourd, 297, Fratton Rd., Portsmouth.
Pembroke Dockyard Ship Joiners’ Assn.: W. J. Phelps, 7, Sycamore St., Bufferland,
Pembroke Dock. j
Portland Government Lab. U.: A. E. Rendle, 16, West Bay Terr., Chiswell, Portland.
Portsmouth Dockyard Ship Riggers’ Assn.: W. E. Jolliffe, 149, Manners Rd.,
Southsea, Portsmouth.
Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Ship Joiners’ Assn.: OC. Young, 17, Emsworth Rd.,
Buckland, Portsmouth.
Priddy’s Hard Naval (E eres Ordnance Employees’ Fed.: F. J. Smith, 20,
Pitcroft Rd., North End, Portsmouth
Queenstown & Dis. Government Lab. U.: J. Roche, 12, Bishops St., Queenstown.
soyal pone. Iron & Steel Shipbuilders’ Soc. : C. H. Griffin, 44, lendower Rd.,
ymou
ers id ana fae pretense Assistants’ Assn.: W. G. McGregor, 58, Staunton St.,
eptford, 8.E.
Royal Victoria Yard Storehousemen’s Assn.: W. S. L. Whitaker, 26, Banyard Rd.,
Bermondsey, 8
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 149
Sheergress Government Lab. U.: H. T. Race, 91, Granville Rd., Sheerness.
Sac tares Royal Dockyard Ship Joiners’ Assn. F. C. Lofft, 118, Alexandra Rd.,
eerness.
Sheerness Ship Riggers’ Assn.: A. E. Gladwin, 11, Queen’s Terr., Mile Town,
Sheerness.
Post Office Employees.
UNIONS.
Assistant Inspectors of Boy Messengers (London Postal Service), Assn. of Second
Class: F. J. Passingham, 57, Pirbright Rd., Southfields, S.W.
Auxiliar ry Postmen, Nat. U. of: A. H. Wakefield, 3, Long Lane, East Finchley.
Bagmen’s Assn., London Postal: J. Nixon, 200, East St., Walworth, S.E.
Engineering Clerks’ Assn., Post Office: G. Taylor, 66, Wilton 8t., Sir
Engineering & Stores Assn., Postal Telegraphs & Telephones (L.): C. H. Smith, 226,
Maryvale Rd., Bournville, Birmingham.
Fawcett Assn. (T.): W. B. Cheesman, 55, ee St.,
Head Porters’ Assn. (Post Office) : W. C. Wornell 12, a Lo Rd., N. Kensington, W.
one Pouce Assn., London Assistant: H. Rowbotham, 16, Saunders Rd., Notting
ill, W.
Messengers’ Assn., G.P.O., London. : C. J. Broomfield, Central Telegraph Office, E.C.
Post Office Clerks, Assn. of Irish : W. Nally, 16, Henry St., Dublin.
Postal & Telegraph Clerks’ Assn. (T.L.): J. G. Newlove, Cathedral House,
Paternoster Row, E.C.
Postmen’s Assn., Central London: J. Frampton, 18, Conewood St., Broadway,
Highbury, N.
Postmen’s Fed. (T.L.S.I.): T. Robinson, 17, St. Lawrence Rd., Ladbroke Grove,
Notting Hill, W. aig ee asclank Secretary : G. H. Stuart, Parliament Mansions,
Victoria St., London, S.W.
Postal Porters’ ’Assn.., London: W. H. Manning, 5, Forest Rd., Walthamstow, N.E.
Postal Superintending Officers’ Assn., London: G. Ww. Gains, 99, Highbury Q’drant, N.
Returned Letter Section Assistants & Returners’ Assn.: The Secretary, Returned
Letter Section Assistants’ Assn., G.P.O., Mount Pleasant, London, E.C.
Sorters’ Assn., Women : Miss R. Smith- Rose, 64, Woodstock Rd., Bedford Park, W.
Sorter-Tracers’ Assn. : A. E. Oxley. 258, Old Ford Rd., Bow, London,
bay to ag: Employees, Amal Soc. of (T.): J. C. Stark, 15, Great James St., Bedford
Tracers’ Assn. (G.P.0.) : F. Webb, 48, Bayston Rd., Stoke Newington, N.
tah Bias Assn.: J. W. Goodman, Central Hall, Central Telegraph Office, London,
Other National Employees.
UNIONS.
ates aed Department Employees’ U., Royal: J. G. Butler, 19, Claverton St.,
imlico Ww.
Army Ordnance Department Employees’ U., Weedon (L.): H. Ganderton, Bridge St.,
Weedon, Northants.
Army Ordnance Department Employees’ U. of Ireland: P. Murphy, 8, Nottingham
St., North Strand Rd., Dublin.
Civil rae Typists’ Assn.: Miss B. A. Charlesworth, 12, Buckingham St., Strand,
WwW
Customs Watchers’ Assn. : T. O’Connor, 22, Belmont Av., Bury St., Lr. Edmonton, N.
Government Buildings Employees’ Assn.: H. Franklin, 14, Christchurch Rd.,
Chelsea, S.W.
Government Parks Workers’ U., Ireland: P. Murphy, 8, Nottingham St., North
Strand Rd., Dublin.
Government Stores Clerical Assn., Woolwich (L.): C. J. Garneys, 32, Liffler Rd.,
Plumstead, S.E.
Government Workers’ U. of Ireland: The Secretary, Government Workers’ U., 85,
Queen St., Dublin.
Houses of Parliament Employees’ U.: Councillor J. G. King, 300, Evelyn St.,
Deptford, S.E.
Irish Survey Fieldmen’s Trade U.: P. Murphy, 8, Nottingham St., North Strand Rd.,
ublin.
Mle Mk ee nev ble at Assn., H.M, Customs, London: M. J. Horan, 104, Minard
, Catford, S.E.
Outport Watchers, H.M. Customs, Amal. Soc. of: P. Campbell, 98, Stanley St.,
Kinning Park, Glasgow.
Preventive Men’s Assn. (Customs, Excise) (L.): A. E. Howell, 13, Richardson St.,
Smithdown Rd., Liverpool.
Royal Gardens, Kew, Employees’ U. (L.): J. Pither, 34. Cambridge Cottages, Kew
Green, Richmond, Surrey.
ie
156 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Royal Gunpowder Factory Employees’ U., Waltham Abbey: W. Barker, §, Woollard
St., Waltham Abbey, Essex.
Royal Parks Employees’ Assn.: F. J. Jones, 137, Gloucester Rd., Regent's Park, N.W.
Smail Arms Employees’ U., Enfield: J. MoGrath, 56, Uckfield Rd., Enfield Lock,
Middlesex.
Employees of Looal Authorities.
UNIONS.
Corporation Employees’ Soc., Limerick: J. Roche, 2, Francis St., Limerick.
9 ara Servants, Amal. Soc. of Bolton: J. H. Hampson, 26, Colwyn Grove,
olton.
Corporation Waterworks’ Employees’ Assn., Dublin: W. J. Doyle, 214, K Block,
Iveagh Trust Bdgs., New Bride St., Dublin.
Cor SFE iG Workmen of Dublin Trade U., Utd.: D. Mager, 24, Winetavern St.,
ublin.
Corporation Workers, Nat. U. of: A. Taylor, 138, First Av., Manor Park, E.
Fire Brigade Men’s U., Dublin (I.): J. Power, Central Fire Stn., Tara St., Dublin.
London County Council Schoolkeepers’ Assn.: O. Meades, L.C.C. School House,
Suffolk St., Rotherhithe New Rd., 8.E.
Municipal Employees’ Assn, (S.): P. J. Tevenan, 70, Red Lion St., Holborn, W.C.
Municipal Employees’ U., Borough of St. Marylebone: J. Hare, 25, Queen St. Bdgs.,
Edgware Rd., W.
Municipal Employees’ Benefit & Protection Soc., Birmingham & Dis.: J. W. Clifton,
71, Upper Cox St., Balsall Heath, Birmingham.
School Board Janitors’ Fed., Scottish: A. MacDonald, Ancrum Rd. School, Lochee,
Dundee.
TEXTILE TRADES.
FEDERATIONS.
Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers, Amal. Assn. of (7.L.): W. C. Robinson, Briar House,
Bury Old Rd., Heywood.
Bleachers, Dyers, Scourers, Trimmers, & Auxiliaries, Midland Counties Fed. of
(T.F.): G@. A. Kenney, 72, Westbourne St., Leicester.
Bleachers, Dyers, & Kindred Trades, Nat. Fed. of (f.): J. W. Shepherd, 16a,
Crescent, Saiford, Manchesier.
Card & Blowing Room Operatives, Amal. Assn. of (T.L.F.): W. Mullin, J.P., 2a,
Hodson’s Chambers, Hodson’s Court, Corporation St., Manchester.
Elastic Web Weavers, Braid Hands, & Small-Ware Fabric Makers, Amal. Assn. of:
J. Hordern, 29, Queen St., Leicester.
Export Shipping Industry of Manchester, Kindred Trades Fed. in the: D. Price,
331, Stockport Rd., Longsight, Manchester.
Leeds & Huddersfield Federated Cloth Pressers’ Soc.: J. Wagstaff, 14, Cowslip St.,
Paddock, Huddersfield.
Leek & Dis. Textile Fed. (F.): W. Bromfield, Co-operative Bdgs., Field St., Leek.
Loom Overlookers, Gen. U. of Assns. of (¥.L.F.): Joint Secretaries: J. E. Tattersall,
J.P., Oak Bank Avenue, Moston, Manchester; and E. Duxbury, Spring’s Terr.,
41, South Heywood Si., Bury.
Protection Societies, Lancashire Fed. of: W. A. Duckworth, 1 & 3, Princes St.,
Blackburn.
Scottish Fed. of Power Loom Tenters: J. Burt, 2, Grantsbank St., Dunfermline.
Scottish Nat. Textile Workers’ Fed. (S.): J. Young, 156, George St., City, Glasgow.
Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc., Lancashire Amal.: J. W. Ainsworth, Harts Chambers,
2, Victoria St., Blackburn.
Textile Factory Workers’ Assn., Utd. (L.): J. Cross, Ewbank Chambers, 17, St. James
Si., Accrington.
Textile Trades Fed., Northern Counties: T. Shaw, J.P., 243, Keighley Rd., Colne.
patel a en A Assns., Gen. U. of Lancashire & Yorkshire: J. White, 2a, New Brown
., Nelson,
Weavers, N. Counties Amal. Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Cross, Ewbank Chambers, 17, St.
James St., Accrington.
Yorkshire Textile Workers’ Fed.: Councillor B. Turner, 73, Talbot St., Batley.
Cotton Trades.
LOcAL Cotton TRADES FEDERATIONS.
Ashton-under-Lyne, Stalybridge, Droylsden, Gorton, & Swinton Textile Trades
Fed.: W. Emmett, 100, Trafalgar St., Ashton-under-Lyne.
Bacup Textile Trades Fed.: J. H. Bentley, 31, Industrial St., Bacup.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 151
Blackburn & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: W. H. Panton, 333, Audley Range,
Blackburn,
sea ate Dis. Textile Manufacturing Trades Fed.: C. Speak, 77, St. George’s Rd,
on,
Burnley & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: R. B. Watson, 57, March St., Burnley.
ge Textile Trades Fed.: Oouncillor W. Nabb, Textile Hall, Manchester Rd.,
ury.
Chorley & Dis. Textile Trades Fed. : T. West, 1, Clifford St., Chorley.
Church & Oswaldtwistle Textile Trades Fed.: J. T. Wolstenholme, Weavers’
Institute, Lock St., Oswaldtwistle, Accrington.
Clayton-le-Moors Textile Trades Fed.: J. C. Parker, 1, Albert St., Clayton-le-
Moors, Accrington.
Darwen Textile Manufacturing Trades Fed.: J. Parkington, 23, Victoria St.,
Darwen. :
Great Harwood & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: W. Sefton, 37, Croft St., Great
Harwood, Blackburn.
Haslingden & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: G. Whittam, Weavers’ Office, Union St.,
Haslingden.
Hyde, Hadfield, & Dis. Textile Fed.: W. Pope, 27, George St., Hyde.
Nelson, Colne, Brierfield, & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: C. Tate, Weavers’
Institute, Pendleton St., Nelson.
Oldham & Dis. Textile Manufacturing Trades Fed.: R. Mellor, Trades Hall,
Bow St., Oldham.
Padiham & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: J. Wilson, 9, Canning St., Padiham, Burnley.
pe Be Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: T. Sumner, Weavers’ Institute, Walker St.,
reston.
Radclifie & Dis. Textile Manufacturing Trades Fed.: E. Crook, 300, Bolton Rd.,
Radcliffe, Manchester.
Ramsbottom & Dis. -Textile Trades Fed.: T. Y. Sutcliffe, 5, Buchanan St.,
Ramsbottom, Manchester.
Rochdale & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: E. Lees, 91, Yorkshire St., Rochdale.
Skipton & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: G. Fowler, 18, Union Terr., Skipton.
Todmorden & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: W. J. Tout, 17, York Place, Todmorden. .
Whitworth Vale Textile Trades Fed.: A. Hill, 45, Summit Cottages, Shawforth,
Rochdale.
UNIONS.
CARD, BLOWING, AND RING ROOM OPERATIVES :—
Accrington Dis. Card & Blowing Room Operatives & Ring Spinners’ Assn. (T.L.F.):
R. Kay, 24, Avenue Parade, Accrington.
Bacup & Dis. Card & Blowing Room & Ring Spinners’ Assn.: S. Gammon, 23,
Burnley Rd., Bacup.
Blackburn Dis. Card & Blowing Room Operatives & Ring Spinners’ Assn. (T.L.F.):
M. Brothers, 56a, Victoria St., Blackburn.
Bolton & Dis. Card & Ring Room Operatives’ Provincial Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Hdge,
J.P., 77, St. George’s Rd., Bolton.
Bury & Dis. Card, Blowing, & Ring Frame Operatives’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Duckworth,
J.P., Textile Hall, Manchester Rd., Bury.
Heywood Card & Blowing Room & Ring Frame Operatives’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W.
Schofield, Trades Hall, West St., Heywood.
Hyde & Dis. Card, Blowing, & Ring Frame Operatives’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Gee,
144, George St., Hyde.
Macclesfield Dis. Card & Blowing Room & Ring Spinners’ Assn. (T.L.F.) : A. Bamford,
42, Bank §&t., Macclesfield.
Manchester & Salford Ring Spinners’ Assn.: Miss N. Fysh, 5, John Dalton St.,
Manchester.
Mossley Card & Blowing Room Operatives’ Assn. (T.L.F.): M. B. Farr, J.P., 110,
Breeze Hill, Mossley, Manchester.
Oldham Provincial Card & Blowing Room & Ring Frame Operatives’ Assn. (T.L.F.):
M. Connolly, 108, Union St., Oldham.
Preston Card & Blowing Room & Ring Spinners’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Billington,
ater & Blowing Room Operatives’ Assn., United Trades Hall, Corporation St.,
reston.
Rochdale Card & Blowing Room Operatives & Ring Spinners’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. J.
Kingsley, 5, Baillie St., Rochdale.
South-East Lancashire Provincial Card & Blowing Room Operatives’ Assn, (T.L,F.):
W. H. Carr, Old St., Ashton-under-Lyne.
y
152 THE INDUSTRIAL LAROUR MOVEMENT.
Stockport Asen. of Card & Blowing Room, Ring, & Throstle Spinners (T.L.F.) ;
F, Parker, Card Room Operatives’ Assn., Textile Hall, Chestergate, Stockport.
Wigan & Dis. Card Room Operatives, Ring Spinners, & Twist Makers-up Assn,
(T.L.F.); M. Carmody, 26, Caroline St., Wigan.
SPINNERS AND PIECERS :—
Piecers’ Assn., Utd. : P. Eagan, 66, Lower Market St., Farnworth, Lancs.
Spinners, Self-Actor Minders & Twiners of Lancashire & adjoining Counties, Amal.
Shee, Op. Cotton (T.L.F.): W. Marsland, 3, Blossom St., Gt. Ancoats St.,
anchester.
OVERLOOKERS :—
Accrington & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): F. H. Shepherd, 72,
Grange St., Accrington.
Ashton-under-Lyne & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Waddicor,
7, Russell St., Ashton-under-Lyne.
Bacup & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Johnson, 52, Barlow §t.,
Blackwood, Stacksteads, Bacup.
Bamber Bridge Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): L. Pearson, 49, Brownedge,
Lane, Bamber Bridge, Preston.
Blackburn & Dis. Amal. Power Loom Overlookers’ Provident Assn. (T.L.F.): A. Fish,
Overlookers’ Club, High St., Blackburn.
Bolton & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Trade, Sick, & Burial Assn. (T.L.F.): J.
Bromiley, 258, Willows Lane, Bolton.
pa eoal . Dis. Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Hargreaves, 17a, Market St.,
urnley.
Chorley & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Blackburn, 26, Stump,
Lane, Chorley.
Church & Oswaldtwistle Power Loom Overlookers’ Friendly Soc. (T.L.F.): J.
Haworth, 46, Roegreave Rd., Oswaldtwistle, Accrington.
shee eb Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Hartley, 39, Alkincoates
., Colne.
Darwen & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Provident Assn.: W. Thomson, 108,
Avondale Rd., Darwen.
seers bres & West of Scotland Power Loom Tenters’ Soc.: R. Day, 27, Kirkland St.,
asgow.
Hadfield, Glossop, « Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. P. Sidebottom,
43, Market St., Holiingworth, Manchester.
Haslingden & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): E. Horlock, 112, Man-
chester Rd., Haslingden, Manchester.
Heywood & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. T. Ashworth, 10, Spring-
field St., Heywood.
Hyde & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F:): T. Hadfield, 160, Lower
Bennett St., Hyde, Cheshire.
Leigh Power Loom Overlookers' Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Butterworth, 12, Chester St.,
Leigh, Lancs.
Longridge & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Carter, 6, Chatburn
Rd., Longridge, Preston.
Nat. Assn. of Power Loom Overlookers (T.L.F.): J. Williamson, 183, Albert Rd.,
Farnworth, Bolton.
Nelson & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): A. Smith, M.P., Overlookers’
Assn., Jude St., Nelson.
Sree! Assn. of Power Loom Overlookers (T.L.F.): R. Mellor, Trades Hall, Bow St.,
ham.
Preston & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Eastham, Overlookers’
Institute, Trades Hall, Preston.
Radcliffe & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): J. W. Kenyon, 266, Bolton
Rd., Radcliffe, Manchester.
Utd. Assn. of Power Loom Overlookers: T. Walmsley, 8, Pullman St., Rochdale.
Skipton & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): G. E. Aldridge,
14, Ward St., Skipton.
Stalybridge & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Taylor, 13, Peel St.,
Stalybridge.
WARP DRESSERS AND WARPERS :—
Amal. Soc. of Mill Warpers: J. Holt, 69, Coomassie St., Heywood.
Chorley & Dis. Warp Dressers’ Assn.: J. Hesketh, 27, Cunliffe St., Chorley.
Manchester & Dis. Warp Dressers’ Assn.: T. Platt, 3, Wallis St., Newton Heath,
Manchester. -
Nelson & Dis. Assn. of Warp Dressers (T.L.): J. White, 2a, New Brown St., Nelson.
Rochdale & Dis. Warp Dressers’ Assn.: B. Hoyle, 10, Height’s Lane, Rochdale.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 153
TAPE SIZERS :—
Accrington & Church Tape Sizers’ Friendly Protective Soc.: J. Smith, 58, Owen St.,
Accrington.
Amal. Tape Sizers’ Friendly Protection Soc. : G. Rhodes, 16, Albermarle St., Ashton-
under-Lyne.
Blackburn Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: J. W. Ainsworth, Tape Sizers’ Soc., Harts
Chambers, 2, Victoria St., Blackburn.
rey a Dis. Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: T. E. Marsden, 16, Halstead St., Haulgh,
olton.
Burnley Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: J. Spencer, 5, Palace St., Burnley.
Bury & Dis. Tape Sizers’ Friendly Protective Soc.: A. Dickson, 19, Connaught St.,
Bolton Rd., Bury.
Darwen & Dis. Tape Sizers’ Amal. Protective Soc. : J. Roberts, 65, Sandon St., Darwen.
me oP & West of Scotland Tape Dressers’ Soc.: J. Baxter, 266, Main St., Bridgeton,
asgow.
Great Harwood Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: T. Smalley, 70, Windsor Rd., Gt.
Harwood, Blackburn.
Haslingden & Rossendale Dis. Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: W. Wallwork, 20, Rudd
St., Haslingden, Manchester.
hci ae Colne, & Dis. Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: W. H. Smith, 39, Bentley St.,
elson.
Preston Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: W. A. Lingard, 209, Emmanuel St., Preston.
BEAMERS, TWISTERS, AND DRAWERS :—
Accrington Twisters & Drawers’ Soc. (T.L.): H. Haworth, 70, Garbett St., Accrington.
Ashton-under-Lyne & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Crowther, 1, Small-
shaw Lane, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.
ae Me ies Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): A. Greenoff, 15, Harper
.» Bacup.
Bamber - Bridge Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): T. Dowbakin, 11,
Maunsly Rd., Bamber Bridge, Preston.
Blackburn Dis. Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Holt, J.P., 52, Park
Rd., Blackburn.
ete ie Mee are g gi Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): T. Whitehead, 238, Settle
., Bolton.
pees - Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): R. B. Watson, 57, March, St.,
urniey.
Bury Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Yates, 42, Central Av., Warth
Fold, Bury.
Church & Oswaldtwistle Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): T. W. Haworth,
29, Exchange St., Accrington.
Chorley & Dis. Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): A. Kirk, 1, Victoria
Terr., Chorley.
Clayton-le-Moors Amal. Soc. of Twisters & Drawers (T.L.): E. E. Grimshaw, 19,
Barnes St., Clayton-le-Moors, Accrington.
Clitheroe & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): D. Brooks, 58, West View,
Clitheroe.
Colne & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): T. Moore, 26, Varley St., Colne.
ee Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): P. Duckworth, J.P., 22, Alexandra Terr.,
arwen.
wa & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): B. Hopkinson, 16, Green End Rd., Earby,
olne.
Glasgow & Vicinity, Twisters & Drawers’ Soc. of: T. Hart, 70, Ruby St., Glasgow.
Glas Power Loom Beamers’ Trade Soc. : A. Cameron, 6, Newhall Terr., Bridgeton,
asgow.
Great Harwood Dis. Soc. of Twisters & Drawers (T.L.): R. H. Clough, 5, St. Lawrence
St., Great, Harwood, Blackburn.
Hadfield & Glossop Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Murphy, 77, Broscroft,
Hadfield, Manchester. -
Haslingden Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Tomlinson, 64, Hud Hey Rd.,
Haslingden, Manchester.
Heywood Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): A. Summersali, 123, Bury
New Rd., Heywood.
Hyde & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Proctor, 35, Newton St., Hyde.
Leigh & Bedford Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): F. Woolley, 2, Irvine
8., Leigh, Lancs.
Littleborough Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. T. Stott, 98, New Rd.,
Dearnley, Rochdale.
Longridge & Dis. Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Gray, 64, Mersey
St., Longridge, Preston.
Macclesfield Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): G. Buckley, 3, Bamford
St., Hurdsfield, Macclesfield.
154 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Manchester Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Farrell, 34, White St.,
Every St., Ancoats, Manchester.
Nelson & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): F. Wilkinson, 13, Gisburn Rd.,
Barrowford, Nelson.
Nelson, Colne, & Dis. Chain Beamers’ Assn.: E. Barker, 239, Brunswick St., Nelson.
Oldham & Dis. Beamers, Twisters, Drawers, Dressers, & Machine Workers’ Assn. :
(T.L.): J. Critchley, 11, Roundthorn Rd., Oldham.
Padiham Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): R. E. Holmes, 31, Herbert St.,
Padiham, Burnley.
ieee peceieht: Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): R. Swarbrick, 172, St. Paul’s Rd.,
reston.
Radcliffe Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): Joseph Eastwood, 7, Pendle-
bury St., Radcliffe, Manchester.
Ramsbottom Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Broadley, 146, Bolton
Rd. West, Ramsbottom, Manchester.
Rawtenstall & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. H. Heys, 9, Hill End Lane,
Cloughfold, Manchester.
Rishton Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): R. Bradshaw, 5, Talbot St., Rishton,
Blackburn.
prea e Beawmers. Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. J. Taylor, 34, Oswald St.,
ochdale.
Skipton Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): 0. J. Higson, 9, Ruskin Av., Skipton.
Stockport Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Mace, 2, Heaton Mersey
View, Lark Hill Rd., Stockport.
Todmorden Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): A. Dawson, 3, Shoebroad,
Todmorden.
Whitworth & Facit Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): W. Beard, 31,
Delph Cottages, Shawforth, Rochdale.
Wigan & Dis. Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): W. Fairhurst, 94, Worsley
Mesnes, Wigan.
WEAVERS :—
Accrington & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Friendly Assn. (T.L.F.): Councillor
' J. R. Emmett, Weavers’ Institute, Wellington St., Accrington.
Ashton-under-Lyne & Dis. Weavers & Winders’ Assn. (T.L.F.): 8S. T. Goggins,
Weavers’ Institute, Old St., Ashton-under-Lyne.
dogs jae Weavers, Winders, & Beamers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): R. Green, 91, Market
., Bacup.
Bamber Bridge & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): R. Evans,
187, Station Rd., Bamber Bridge, Preston.
Barnoldswick & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Beamers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): S. Lovell, 5,
Butts Top, Barnoldswick, Colne.
Blackburn Power Loom Weavers’ Protection Soc.: W. 4. Duckworth, 1 & 3, Princes
St., Blackburn.
Blackburn & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): L. Bates, Weavers’
Office, 1, Clayton St., Blackburn.
ah EN Dis. Weavers & Winders’ Assn. (T.L.F.): OC. Speak, 77, St. George’s Rd.,
olton.
Burnley & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Beamers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Hindle, Weavers’
Institute, Charlotte St., Burnley.
Bury, Radcliffe, & Dis. Weavers & Winders’ Assn. (T.L.F.): Councillor W. Nabb,
Textile Hall, Manchester Rd., Bury.
sagan é Dis. Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): T. West, Weavers’ Institute, 1, Clifford St.,
orley.
Church & Oswaldtwistle Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. T.
Wolstenholme, Weavers’ Institute, Lock St.. Oswaldtwistle, Accrington.
Clayton-le-Moors Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. C. Parker, 1, Albert St., Olayton-le-
Moors, Accrington.
Clitheroe Weavers, Warpers, & Winders’ Protection Soc.: T. Hitchen, Oddfellows’
Hall, King St., Clitheroe.
Clitheroe Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): A. H. Cottam, Weavers’
Institute, Clitheroe .-
Colne & Dis. Weavers’ Winders, & Beamers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): T. Shaw, J.P., Weavers’
Office, Tower Buildings, Colne
Marne Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Parkington, 21, Victoria St.,
arwen.
ig Aa Female Textile Workers’ U.: Miss N. Wilson, 207, Firhill Rd., Maryhill,
asgow.
Glossop Dis. Power Loom Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): E. Water-
house, J.P., 45, Norfolk St., Glossop.
Great Harwood Power Loom Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Hesmondhalgh, Weavers’
Institute, 8, Police St., Great Harwood, Blackburn.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 155
Sosa ae “bth ah Assn. (T.L.F.): G. Whittam, Weavers’ Office, 55a, Blackburn Rd.,
aslingden.
Heywood, Castleton, Norden, & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Reelers’ Assn. (T.L.F.):
J. W. Ogden, Longford St., Heywood.
Hyde, Hadfield, Compstall, Broadbottom, & Marple Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’
Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Pope, 27, George St., Hyde.
Longridge Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. R. Waring, 61, Preston
Rd., Longridge, Preston.
Macclesfield Cotton Weavers, Winders, and Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Wallworth,
59, Garden St., Hurdsfield, Macclesfield.
Manchester & Salford Assn. of Patent Cop Winders, Bobbin, & Hank Winders,
Gassers, Doublers, Reelers, Sorters, & Braid Tenters: Mrs. V. Grundy, 483, Edge
Lane, Droylsden, Manchester.
Manchester, Salford, & Dis. Assn. of Power Loom Weavers: Miss N. Keenan,
25, Lord Byron St., Weaste, Manchester.
Manchester, Salford, & Pendleton Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): S. J. Bardsley, 26,
Lancaster Av., Fennell St., Manchester.
Nelson & Dis. Power Loom Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Ward, J.P., Weavers’
Institute, Pendle St., Nelson.
Nelson & Dis. Weavers’ Protection Soc.: W. Rigby, 16, Farrar St., Nelson.
Oldham & Dis. Weavers, Winders, Reelers, Beam, & Sectional Warpers’ Assn.
(T.L.F.): J. Bell, Weavers’ Institute, Bartlam Place, Oldham.
Padiham & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): D. Russell, Weavers’
Assn., Sowerby St., Padiham, Burnley. ’
Preston & Dis. Power Loom Weavers’ Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): L. Park,
Weavers’ Institute, Walker St., Lancaster Rd., Preston.
Preston Power Loom Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Protection Soc.: A. H.
Maudsley, 200, Lancaster Rd., Preston.
Ramsbottom & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): T. Y. Sutcliffe,
5, Buchanan St., Ramsbottom, Manchester.
Rishton Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): F. Clough, 6, Cliff St.,
Rishton, Blackburn.
Rochdale & Dis. Weavers, Winders, Reelers, Beamers, & Hosiery Workers’ Assn.
(T.L.F.): J. H. Holden, 5, Cloth Hall St., Rochdale.
Rossendale Weavers, Winders, & Beamers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Farron, J.P., 245, Bacup:
Rd., Cloughfold, Manchester.
Sabden Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): R. Townend, 13, Straits Lane, Read, Blackburn.
Skipton & Dis. Weavers & Winders’ Assn. (T.L.F.): S. Snell, Newmarket St., Skipton.
Stockport & Dis. Weavers, Winders, Warpers, & Reelers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. P. Riding,
Weavers’ Assn., Textile Hall, Chestergate, Stockport.
Todmorden & Dis. Weavers & Winders’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. J. Tout, 17, York Place,
Dale St., Todmorden. —
Whitworth Vale Power Loom Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): A. Hill, 45, Summit Cottages,
Leavengreaves, Shawforth, Rochdale. 7"
Wigan & Dis. Weavers, Winders, Warpers, & Reelers” Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Brindle,
57, Darlington St., Wigan.
OTHER WORKPEOPLE IN COTTON FACTORIES :—
open at Engine Tenters & Firemen’s Trade U. (L.): M. Coolaghan, 36, Kestor
.» Bolton. i
Nat. Engineers’ Assn. : W. Breakell, 4, Braddon St., New Hall Lane, Preston.
Carpet Manufacture.
UNIONS.
Carpet Power Loom Tuners’ Assn., Halifax & Dis.: G. Culpan, 87, Bank Top, Lee
Mount, Halifax.
Carpet Trades Assn., Northern Counties: G. H. Levitt, 37, Lee Mount Rd., Halifax.
Carpet Trades Protective & Provident Assn., Scotch Power Loom (F.): J. Rowan,
59, Glenpark St., Glasgow (pro tem.).
Carpet Weavers’ Mutual Defence & Provident Assn., Kidderminster, Power Loom
(T.L.): G.-H. Rawkins, 105, Mill St., Kidderminster.
Elastic Web, etc., Manufacture.
UNIONS.
Elastic Braids, Cords, & Small Fabric Makers’ Trade & Sick Benefit Soc., Leciester :
J. Clarke, 50, Muriel Rd., Leicester.
Elastic Web & Smallware Fabric Makers’ Soc., Leicester & Dis. (L.F.): J. Hordern,
29, Queen St., Leicester.
Surgical Elastic Bandage Makers’ Sos., Derby & Nottingham Utd.: W. Green,
6, Chandos St., Nottingham.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Hosiery Manufacture.
UNIONS.
Basford & Dis. Hosiery Trimmers & Finishers’ Assn. : G. H. Perrons, 18, Mandalay St.,
Basford, Nottingham.
Beeston Framework Knitters’ U.: W. Radford, 4, Park Rd., Chilwell, Nottingham.
Hand Framework Knitters of G.B. & I., Amal U. of : F. W. Murden, Nottingham Rd.,
Keyworth, Nottingham.
eet Dis. Hosiery Trimmers’ U.: W. Norton, The Narrows, The Lawns,
inckley.
Hinckley Federated Hosiery U. (F.): J. Bailey, 17, Orchard St., Hinckley.
Hucknall Torkard & Dis., Utd. Wool Shawl, Fall, & Antimacassar Trade U. of:
W. M. Burton, 10, Albert St., Hucknall Torkard, Nottingham.
Ilkeston & Dis. Hosiery U. (T.L.F.): H. Bassford, 15, Midland Rd., Heanor,
Derbyshire.
Leicester & Leicestershire Amal. Hosiery U. (T.F.S.): Alderman J. Chaplin, J.P.,
92, Rutland St., Leicester.
Leicester & Leicestershire Trimmers’ Assn.: W. Gabbitas, 106, Bassett St., Leicester.
Loughborough Federated Hosiery U. (F.): W. H. Smith, 75, Paget St., Loughborough.
Nottingham Female Hosiery Workers’ U.: W. Hartshorn, People’s Hall, Heathcote
St., Nottingham.
Nottingham Hand Ribbed Hosiery Soc.: R. Kelham, Rock Side, 15, Sneinton,
Hermitage, Nottingham.
Nottingham Utd. Rotary Power Framework Knitters’ Soc. (T.F.): W. Hartshorn,
People’s Hall, Heathcote St., Nottingham.
Lace Manufacture.
UNIONS.
Lacemakers, Amal. Soc. of (T.L.): C. Wardle, 16, Pembridge Place, Mount St.,
Nottingham.
Lacemakers, Long Haton & Dis. Assn. of Op.: F. Truman, 25, Walton St., Long Eaton,
Nottingham, bis
Lace Pattern Readers, Correctors, Press, & Piano Punchers, Nottingham, Amal.
Soc. of (T.F.): E. A. Barnett, 489, Bernard St., Carrington.
Lace Workers, Nottingham, Auxiliary Soc. of (F.): G. Simpson, 75, Brameote St.,
Radford, Nottingham.
Lace Workers’ Soc., Nottingham, Female: Miss M. Brookes, 15, Oliver Terr, Oliver
St., Nottingham.
Levers Jacquard Card Punchers’ Soc., Nottingham: D. Tate, 9, Harold Rd., Radford,
Nottingham.
Warp Lace Trade Soc., Nottingham: W. Holwell, 17, Beaconsfield Terr., Harlaxton
St., Nottingham.
Warpers’ Assn., Nottingham: A. Walker, 61, Palin St., Hyson Green, Nottingham.
Textile Workers’ U. & Friendly Benefit Soc., Newmilns & Dis. (F.): M. Torrance,
Burnford House, Newmilns, Ayrshire.
Linen and Jute Manufacture.
UNIONS.
Beetling Enginemen’s Trade U., Belfast: J. Shields, 215, Ainsworth Av., Belfast.
Flax Dressers & Linen Workers’ Trade U., Ireland (L.): W. Rooney, Flax Dressers’
Trade U., Engineers’ Hall, 17, College St., Belfast.
Flax Re & Yarn Spinners’ Trade U., Ireland: D. Gordon, 17, College St.,
Belfast.
Linen Lappers’ Trade U., Belfast (1.): J. Bloomer, 39, Dunvegan St., Belfast.
Lurgan Hemmers, Veiners, & Gen. Women Workers’ Trade U.: Miss M. Rodgers,
9, North St., Lurgan.
pe miei Tenters’ Trade U. of Ireland, Belfast: W. J. McDowell, 11, Dover St.,
elfast.
Power Loom Yarn Dressers’ Trade Soc.: F. Dawson, 11, Rockmore Rd., Belfast.
Textile Operatives’ Soc. of Ireland (J.): Miss M. Galway, Avenue Hall, 4, Lower
Garfield St., Belfast.
Thee ae & Factory Workers’ U. (F.): C. M. Phimister, 12, Cross Mill Wynd,
rbroath.
Brechin Mill & Factory Operatives’ U. (F.S.): G. Napier, 15a, Union St., Brechin.
ect Ly Dis. Mill & Factory Operatives’ U.: Miss M. Smeaton, 2, Ireland’s Lane,
undee.
Dundee & Dis. Power Loom Tenters’ Soc.: J. Reid, 1, Balgay St., Lochee, Dundee.
Dundee & Dis. U. of Jute & Flax Workers (F.): J. F. Sime, 37, ae St., Dundee.
eB & Dis. Power Loom Tenters’ Assn.: D. Young, 30, Maitland St.,
unfermline.
\
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 157
Dunfermline & Dis. Textile Workers’ U.: Miss J. M’Callum, 72, Brucefield Av.,
Dunfermline. ,
Dunfermline Yarn Dressers’ Assn. : J. Cook, 67, St. Leonard’s Place, Dunfermline.
Dysart Textile Workers’ U.: R. McCaig, Louie Bank, Dysart, Fife.
Forfar Factory Workers’ U.: A. Farquharson, 90, Castle St., Forfar.
Kirkcaldy Mill & Factory Workers’ U. (S.): J. Nairn, 9, Rosabelle St., Kirkcaldy.
Leven Textile Workers’ U.: W. Robertson, 44, North St., Leven.
Perth & Dis. Power Loom Tenters’ Assn.: J. Mason, 32, Glover St., Perth.
Portadown Textile Operatives’ Soc. (F.): L. Dell, 24, Carleton St., Portadown.
Ulster Weavers & Winders’ Trade U. (F.): W. O’Neill, 123, Victoria St., Lurgan.
Packers, Warehousemen, etc.
UNIONS.
Cloth Pressers’ Soc., Leeds: G. Gomersall, Calverley Lane, Horsforth, Leeds.
Cloth Pressers’ Trade, Benevolent, & Burial Soc., Huddersfield & Dis. : J. Wagstafie,
14, Cowslip St., Paddock, Huddersfield.
Cop Packers’ Assn., Oldham & Dis.: T. Ashworth, 85, Union St., Oldham.
Female Workers in the Shipping Industry, Home & Export, Soc. of: EH. Fildes, 48,
Boardman St., Eccles, Manchester,
Hosiery Warehouse Assn., Hinckley & Dis.: J. W. Pickering, 10, Alma Rd., Hinckley.
Hydraulic Packers’ Soc., Manchester: F. Wardle. Sorton St., Charles St., Chorlton-
on-Medlock, Manchester.
Makers-up Soc., No. 2: J. A. Waddicor, 59, Richmond St., Manchester.
Makers-up Trade, Sick, & Burial Soc. (Manchester), No. 1: J. A. Reynolds, 47, Major
St., Manchester.
ate ere Provident Soc., Bradford: C. Sewell, 38, Abingdon St., Toller’s Lane,
radford.
Stuff Pressers’ Trades U. Soc., Leeds, Halifax, & Bradford: J. Spetch, 6, St. Peter’s
Mount, Bramley, Leeds.
Stuff & Woollen Warehousemen, Amal. Soc. of: S. Morton, Amal. Soc. of Stuff
& Woollen Warehousemen, St. George’s Chambers, 3, Westgate, Bradford.
Textile Warehousemen, Amal. (L.): E. Strong, 428, Audley Range, Blackburn.
Warehousemen, Print, & Greycloth Lookers’ Soc. (Manchester), No. 1 Gen.: A.
Stanley, 21, Sackville St., Manchester.
Warehousemen’s Provident Soc., Huddersfield: J. E. Lord, 15, Diamond St.,
Moldgreen, Huddersfield.
Warehousemen’s Soc., No. 2 Gen.: A. Stanley, 21. Sackville St., Manchester.
Wool, Top, & Noil Warehousemen’s U., Bradford & Dis. (L.F.): W. Mackinder,
20 & 22, Barry St., Bradford.
Printing, Bleaching, Dyeing, and Finishing.
UNIONS.
Bleachers’ Assn., Basford & Dis.: A. Pidgeon, 66, Gauntley St., Hyson Green,
Nottingham.
Bleachers, Dyers, & Finishers’ Assn., Bolton Amal., Op. (T.L.): G. W. Jones,
19, Wood St., Bolton.
Bleaching, paring: & Finishing Auxiliary Workers’ Assn., Basford & Dis.: F.
Pendleton, 153, Vernon Rd., Old Basford, Nottingham.
Bleaching, Dyeing, Scouring, & Trimming Auxiliary Branch (Women), Leicester :
Mrs. Curtis, 43, Heanor St., Leicester.
Pine he ald Trade U., Belfast, North of Ireland: J. McBurney, 58, Agnes St.,-
elfast.
Block Printers’ Mutual Protection Assn., Scottish (F.): R. Orr, 33, Church St.,
Lochwinnoch, Renfrewshire.
Block Printers’ Trade & Benefit Soc., South of England (F.): F. Randall, 8, Lenham
Terr., Crayford, Kent.
Calender, Linoleum, & Dye Workers’ U., Dundee & Dis. (F.S.): J. Cunningham,
44, High St., Dundee.
Calendermen, Embossers, & Schreiners’ Soc., Manchester, Op.: G. Naylor, 36, Royal
St., Ashton Old Rd., Ardwick, Manchester.
Calico Block Printers, Amal. U. of (F.): R. Fulton, 10, Cummersdale Mills, Carlisle.
Cloth Lappers & Finishers’ Assn., Fifeshire (F.): T. Chapman, St. Leonard’s Place,
Dunfermline.
Cotton Skein Dyers, Bleachers, & Sizers’ Assn., Radcliffe & Dis. (T.F.): E. Kelly,
30, James St., Radcliffe, Manchester.
Dyers’ Assn., Nottingham : A. Duke, 28, The Chase, Nottingham.
Dyers, Bleachers, & Kindred Trades, Amal. Soc. of (T.): Alderman J. Hayhurst.
J.P., Bradford Trades Hall, 90, Sunbridge Road, Bradford.
158 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Dyers & Finishers, Nat. Soc. of (T.F.): A. Shaw, 10, Worthington St., City Rd.,
Bradford. :
Dyers & Kindred Occupations Benefit Soc., Leicester (T.): E. Harriman, 39, Great
Holmes St., Leicester. t
Machine Calico Printers, Trade Soc. of: J. Holt, 14, Hope St., Clayton Bridge,
Manchester. : ;
Machine Printers, Scottish Section, Amicable & Brotherly Soc. of: R. J. Smellie,
Hazelbank, Barrhead, Glasgow.
Silk & Cotton Dyers, Leek, Amal. Soc. of (T.): W. Bromfield, Co-operative Buildings,
Field St., Leek.
Scourers & Kindred Trades (F.): A. Lock, 42, Buckingham St., Leicester.
Woollen Block Printers’ Trade Soc., Rossendale & Yorkshire Amal.: J. C. Carr,
Coppen Hall, Mirfield, Yorks.
Silk Manufacture.
UNIONS.
Braid Workers & Kindred Trades, Leek, Amal. Soc. of : W. Bromfield, Co-operative
Buildings, Field St., Leek.
had pig Silk Weavers’ U., Braintree, Amal.: C. Smith, 93, Rayne Rd., Braintree,
SSex.
Hand Loom Silk Weavers’ Assn., Macclesfield (F.): A. Rowley, 106, Great King
St., Macclesfield.
Plush, Silk, & Textile Workers’ U., Bradford: J. Wootten, 32, St. Michaels Rd.,
Manningham, Bradford.
Silk & Poplin Weavers’ Trade Soc., Dublin: J. O’Rourke, 15, Poole St., Dublin.
Silk Pickers, Leek, Amal. Soc. of : W. Stubbs, 84, Southbank St., Leek.
Silk Power Loom Tacklers’ Assn. (F.): J. Hitchiner, 111, Park Lane, Macclesfield.
Silk Twisters, Leek, Amal. Soc. of: W. Stubbs, 84, Southbank St., Leek.
Silk Workers’ Assn., Nat. (F.): J. Hadfield, 134, Chester Rd., Macclesfield.
. Spinners, Throwsters, & Reelers, Amal. Soc. of : W. Bromfield, Co-operative Buildings,
Field St., Leek.
Trimming Weavers’ Soc., Leek, Assd. (l.): W. Bromfield, Co-operative Buildings,
Field St., Leek. :
i sige te any Leek, Amal. Soc. of : W. Bromfield, Co-operative Buildings, Field
.» Leek.
Woollen and Worsted Trades.
UNIONS.
Blanket Raisers’ Assn., Yorkshire: J. T. Blackburn, Flash Lane, Mirfield, Yorks. -
Card Dressers’ Soc., Cleckheaton (F.): J. Wrightson, 35, Carr St., Oleckheaton.
Cee re aoe toe & Jobbers’ Assn., Bradford & Dis.: J. Harrison, 45, Marshall St.,
radford.
Fey a RTneey U., Yeadon, Guiseley, & Dis.: H. Lockwood, 32, Ivegate, Yeadon,
eeds.
7 sore een & Horizontal Warpers’ Soc., Glasgow & Dis. : G. Houstoun, 127, Sword St.,
asgow.
Healders & Twisters’ Trade & Friendly Soc., Huddersfield & Dis. (L.): J. Bolton,
57, Barcroft Rd., Newsome, Huddersfield. ;
Managers & Overlookers’ Soc., Yorkshire: W. J. Riley, 5, Barry St., Bradford.
Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc., Bradford & Dis.: J. H. Graham, 19, Hampden Place,
Holme Top Lane, Bradford.
Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc., Halifax: A. Moorhouse, 46, Clifby, Pellon, Halifax.
Power Loom Tuners’ Mutual Improvement Soc., Huddersfield & Dewsbury (L.):
R. Gledhill, 6, Barton Rd., Crosland Moor, Huddersfield.
Power Loom Overlookers’ Mutual Improvement Soc., Leeds: A. Walker, 28, Far Fold,
Armley, Leeds. ;
Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc., Keighley & Dis.: J. W. Shackleton, 67, Devonshire
St. West, Keighley. '
Spinners & Auxiliary Workers’ U., Leicester: F. Warren, 7, Loughborough Cottages,
Loughborough Rd., Leicester.
Textile Workers, Gen. U. of (T.L.F.): A. Gee, J.P., Oakes Rd., Lindley, Huddersfield.
Textile Workers’ U., Alva: Miss J. Syme, 34, Beauclere St., Alva, Clackmannanshire.
‘Twisters & Drawers-in Trade & Friendly Soc., Yorkshire (L.): T. Murgatroyd, l5da,
Westgate, Bradford.
Warp Dressers’ Assn., Bradford & Dis.: F. Barker. 15a, Westgate, Bradford.
Warp Dressers’ Assn., Skipton & Dis.: W. Breakell, Holmleigh, Embsay, Skipton.
Warp Dressers, Halifax & Dis. Assn. of: L. Hartley, 6, Wade St., Northgate, Halifax.
Warp Dressers & Twisters’ Assn., Leeds & Dis.: J. Harrison, 3, Silver Royd Place,
Wortley, Leeds.
Warpers’ Association, Huddersfield & Dis. : A. Brook, 47, Brockholes Lane, Brockholes,
Huddersfield.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 159
Wettmen, Piece Takers-in, & Textile Day Men, U. of: H. Robinson, 86, Rugby Place, .
Legrams Lane, Bradford.
Willeyers & Fettlers’ U., Leeds & Dis. (L.): A. G. Sixsmith, 15, Beechwood Terr.,
Burley, Leeds.
$6 ae abel Nat. Soc. of Machine (T.L.): H. Moran, 1, Wilton St., Horton Lane,
radford.
Woolsorters, Nat. U. of (T.L.): T. Grundy, 40, Little Horton Lane, Bradford.
bab sl Adal Soc., Bradford: J. E. Murgatroyd, St. George’s Chambers, 3, Westgate,
radford.
Woollen Textile Workers’ Assn., Saddleworth Weavers &: J. E. Gartside, Spring
View, Delph, Oldham.
TRANSPORT TRADES.
FEDERATIONS.
Transport Workers’ Fed., Nat.: R. Williams, 220, Blackfriars Rd., S.E.
Transport & Shipping Trade, North-East Coast Federated Societies connected with
the: 1. Danskin, 15, Baltic Bdgs., Broad Chare, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Railway Servants.
UNIONS.
Locomotive Engine Drivers & Firemen’s Trade U., Belfast & Dublin (1.): W. Reid,
79, Ravenhill Rd., Belfast.
iy ee Engineers & Firemen, Assd. Soc. of (T.L.S.1.): J. Bromley, 8, Park Sq.,
eeds.
Railway Clerks’ Assn. of G.B. & I. (T.L.8.1.): A. G. Walkden, 25, Huston Rd., N.W.
Railwaymen, Nat. U. of (T.L.8.1.): J. E. Williams, Unity House, Huston Rd., N.W.
Railway Workers’ Trade U., Irish: J. S. Kelly, 43, Lombard St. West, Dublin.
Tramway Servants, Busmen, Cabmen, Carters, etc.
UNIONS.
Carmen & Storemen’s Soc., Limerick Utd.: C. Moore, Exchange St., Limerick.
Carters, Draymen & Horsemen’s Assn., Halifax & Dis.: J. Shaw, The Glen, Birks
Wood, Halifax.
Carters & Motormen’s Assn. of England, Utd. (T.): A. Hilton, 109, Upper Brook St.,
Manchester.
Carters & Motormen’s U., Provincial: D. Davies, 5, St. John Sq., Cardiff.
spe ee baba & Motormen’s U., Amal. (T.L.): J. Parr, J.P., 77, St. George’s
¢d., Bolton.
Carters & Lurrymen’s U., Wigan & Dis.: J. Ellison, 108, Poolstock, Wigan.
Carter, Paterson & Co., Ltd., Employees, Amal. Soc. of: H. J. Roseaman, 112,
Goswell Rd., E.C.
Coal Porters’ U. of Inland & Seaborne Coal Workers, Nat. Amal.: J. Hopkin, Coal
Porters’ U., Club & Institute Buildings, Clerkenwell Rd., E.C.
Horse & Motormen’s Assn., Scottish (S.): H. Lyon, 17, Oswald St. (City), Glasgow.
re » mecha dhe Assn., North of Scotland (F.): P. Gillespie, 26, Commercial
-» Dundee.
Horsemen’s U. (Greenock), Assd.: R. Lemmon, 19, Brymner St., Greenock.
Licensed Vehicle Workers, London & Provincial U. of (T.L.F.¥: H. A. Bywater,
39, Gerrard St., Soho, W.
Quay & Railway Carters’ U., Mersey: T. Ditchfield, 398, Scotland Rd., Liverpool.
Tramway & Vehicle Workers, Amal. Assn. of (T.I.): G. T. Jackson, 5, Leaf Sq.,
Pendleton, Manchester.
Tramway Workers’ U., Blackburn & Dis: J. Sefton, 247, Accrington Rd., Blackburn.
Vehicle Workers, Nat. U. of (T.): S. March, 31, Great Prescott St., E.
Seamen.
UNIONS.
ph in ee Soc. of British Cargo Steamers: T. Hlias, 1, Stuart St., Docks,
ardiff.
- Hull Seamen & Marine Firemen’s Amal. Assn. : G. W. McKee, 1, Railway St., Hull.
Marine Engineers’ Assn. Ltd.: W. L. Marshall, 15, East India Dock Rd., E.
Masters & Mates, Nat. U. of: J. Deavin.
Monkwearmouth Steam Tug Provident Soc.: J. G. Bevan, 6, Greta Terr., Sunderland.
Sailors & Firemen’s U. of G.B. & I., Nat. (T.S.1.): EH. Cathery, Maritime Hall, West
India Dock Rd., Poplar, HE.
Seafarers’ U., British: A. Cannon, 8, Terminus Terr., Southampton,
160 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Ships’ Clerks, Grain Weighers, & Coal Meters, Nat. U. of: A. C. Hoch, 253,
Manchester Rd., Poplar, E.
Ships’ Stewards, Cooks, Butchers, & Bakers, Nat. U. of (T.L.8.): J. E. Olark,
14-16, Central Bdgs., North John St., Liverpool.
South Shields Steam-Tug Boatmen’s Provident Soc.: J. Lincoln, 57, Trajan Av.,
South Shields.
Tyne Foy-boatmen’s Provident Soc.: W. Steele, 13, York Terr., North Shields.
Tyne Steam Packet Provident Soc., Newcastle: H. A. Lowdon, 56, Stephen St.,
Byker, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Tyne Steam Packet Provident Soc. (N. Shields): W. W. Dunn, 56, Stanley St. West,
North Shields.
Wear Steam Packet Trade Protecting & Friendly Soc.: R. S. Hurdman, 44, Noble
St., Hendon, Sunderland.
Canal, Dock, and Waterside.
UNIONS.
Coal Trimmers & Tippers’ U., Cardiff, Penarth, & Barry (T.L.): S. Fisher, 39,
Mount Stuart Sq., Cardiff.
Coal Workers’ Protective Soc., Gt. Grimsby : G. Melton, 54, Harold St., Gt. Grimsby.
Dock Lab. in G.B. & I., Nat. U. of (T.L.8.) (1., Derry & Drogheda Branches) :
J. Sexton, J.P., 17, Norton St., Liverpool.
Die a>. C08 Limerick: The Secretary, Limerick Dock Lab. Soc., 2, Bank Place,
imerick.
Dock Lab., Scottish U. of (T.S.): J. Houghton, 74, York St., Glasgow.
Dockers’ U., Greenock & Dis.: N. Haughey, 2, Watt Place, Greenock.
Dockers & Workers’ U., Irish: The Secretary, Irish Dockers & Workers’ U., 18,
Wellington Quay, Dublin.
Dock, Wharf, Riverside, & Gen. Workers’ U. of G.B. & I. (T.L.F.): B. Tillett, 425,
Mile End Rd., E.
Dock Workers’ Assn., Port Talbot: D. Treharne, 12, Bevan St., Aberavon, P. Talbot.
Gen. Workers’ Friendly & Protective Soc., Grimsby: J. Smith, 4, King St., Grimsby.
Harbour Employés’ Soc., Limerick: T. Hanrahan, Harbour Works Department, The
Docks, Limerick.
Lab. Protection League (T.) (L., No. 14 Branch): A. Harris, 96 & 98, Neptune St.,
Rotherhithe, S.E.
Lightermen of the River Thames, Amal. Soc. of Foremen: R. W. Troubridge, 70,
Monson Rd., New Cross, S.E
Pilots’ Assn., Manchester Ship Canal: C. F. Young, 30, Canterbury Rd., Rockferry,
Birkenhead.
Porters’ Lab. Benefit Soc., Greenock Gen.: W. Quinn, 13, Crawford St., Greenock.
Rafters’ Trade U., Greenock & Port Glasgow: W. Mearns, 23, Balfour St., P. Glasgow.
Shore Lab. U., Montrose: J. Slicer, 3, Dock Buildings, Montrose.
Stevedores’ Lab. Protection League, Amal. (T.L.F.): J. Anderson, Maritime Hall,
West India Dock Rd., Poplar, E.
Stevedores’ U., London: C. W. Wood, 40, Baxter Rd., Custom House, E.
Transport & Gen. Workers’ Trade U., Irish (I., six branches): J. Larkin, 10, Beres-
ford Place, Dublin.
Trimmers & Teemers’ Assn., North of England (T.): J. W. Meggison, Guildhall
Chambers, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Watermen’s Assn., Mersey River & Canals: J. Smith, 20, Dingle Rd., Birkenhead.
Watermen’s Assn., Tyne: I. Danskin, 15, Baltic Bdgs., Broad Chare, Newcastle-on-T.
Watermen’s Assn., Weaver (T.): A. Barrows, 70, Wharton Rd., Winsford, Cheshire.
Watermen, Lightermen, & Bargemen, Amal. Soc. of (T.L.F.): H. Gosling, 31, Great
Prescott St., E.
Watermen & Porters’ Assn., Upper Mersey (T.F.): E. Gatley, Union Buildings, 87,
High St., Runcorn.
WOODWORKING AND FURNISHING TRADES.
FEDERATIONS.
Coachmakers & Wheelwrights’ Alliance, London: J. Hanwell, 4, Medley Rd., West
Hampstead, N.W.
Coachmakers & Wheelwrights’ Fed., Op.: W. Awcock, 296, Essex Rd., Canonbury, N.
French Polishers’ Trade Unions, Fed. of London: W. W. Wood, 104, Stanhope St., N.W.
Journeymen Coopers of G.B. & I., Mutual Assn. of (T.L.F.): R. W. Mann, 37,
Outwoods St., Burton-on-Trent.
Wood Packing Case Makers, U.K. Fed. of: E. Hammond, 49, Victoria Rd., Peckham, S.E.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 161
UNIONS.
Cabinet Makers’ Soc., Old London West End: A. Underwood, 24, Fontarabia Rd.,
Lavender Hill, Battersea, S.W.
Cabinet Makers, Amal. U. of (T.L.I.): F. Smith, Bank Chambers, 2, Moss St.,
Liverpool.
Cabinet Makers (London), Progressive U. of: D. Gurton, 278, Old St., E.C.
Cabinet Makers’ Assn. (London), Perseverance (F.): M. Hendrick, 50, Protheroe
Rd., Fulham, 8.W.
Cabinet Makers’ Assn., Scottish: J. McIntosh, 28, Overnewton St., Glasgow.
Carpet Planners of the City of Dublin: M. Mulvey, 24, Lower Kevin St., Dublin.
Cart, Van, & Wagon Builders’ Soc. of the City of Dublin, Regular: T. Doyle, 1,
Northumberland Square, Lower Abbey St., Dublin.
Carvers, Gilders. Frame Workers & Fitters’ Soc., Liverpool (F.): J. C. Mulligan,
39, St. Paul’s Rd., Seacombe, Birkenhead.
Chairmakers’ Soc. (London), Utd. : H. Charters, 14, Drake St., Lancaster Rd., Enfield.
Coach Makers’ Trade U., London & Provincial (T.): W. J. Clouter, 24, Farrant St.,
Queen’s Park, Paddington, W.
Coach Makers, United Kingdom Soc. of (T.L.F.) (S., Glasgow Branch) (I.): C
Kinggate, 41, Withington Rd., Brook’s Bar, Manchester.
Coachmakers & Wheelwrights’ Federal Lab. U. (London), Op.: B. C. Lawrence,
80, Ashburnham Rd., Kensal Rise, N.W.
Coachsmiths & Vicemen’s Trade Soc., London: J. A. Stephens, 16, Stannary St.,
Kennington Rd., S.E.
French Polishers (London), Progressive Soc. of (F.): S. E. Smith, 162, Brecknock
Rd., Tufnell Park, N.W.
French ” Polishers’ London Soc., Utd. (T.L.): E. J. Rudd, 37, Gray’s Inn Rd., W.OC.,
Furnishing Trades U., Utd. : J. N. Cohen, 136, Brick Lane, E.
Furnishing Trades Assn. 33 Nat. Amal. (T.L.F. S. I.): A. Gossip, Bedford Row House,
58, Theobalds Rd., W.C.
Furniture aceembaagie Trade U., London: L. OC. Lyons, 45, Morpeth Rd., Broadway,
South Hackney, N
Gilders’ Soc. pee “Amal. (L.): W. A. Stratton, Gilders’ Soc., The Crown, 64,
Cleveland St., W.
Gilders’ Soc., ‘ New Century ”: F. G. Legg, ‘‘ New Century ”’ Gilders’ Soc., Sutton
Arms, Great Sutton St., Clerkenwell, E.C.
pointe Soc., Glasgow (F.): A. Campbell, 482, Paisley Rd. West, Ibrox, Govan,
lasgow.
Lath Renders’ Soc., Manchester & Dis. Op: H. Pimblett, 20, Bath St., Hulme,
Manchester.
Mill Sawyers & Wood Cutting Machinists’ Soc., Liverpool Utd.: C. Hudson, 45,
Lightwood St., Earl Rd., Liverpool.
Mill Sawyers & Wood Working Machinists’ Trade Soc., London: N. B. Cave, 12,
Woodstock Rd., Finsbury Park, N.
Organ Builders’ Trade Soc.: C. R. Collier, 5, High Lever Rd., North Kensington,
London, W
Picture Frame Makers’ Trade U., Nottingham: H. Webb, 6, Wittier Rd., Trent Lane,
Nottingham.
octal Vehicle Builders, Wheelwrights, Carpenters, & Mechanics, Amal. Soc. of
(T.): J. Lancaster, Clarence Chambers, Wallgate, Wigan.
Railway Wagon & Carriage Builders & Lifters, Nat. Amal. Soc. of: A. C. James,
172, Arabella St., Roath, Cardiff.
Turners, Machinists, & Athletic Wood Workers’ Trade U., Utd. (L.): J. T. Norris,
153, Grove Rd., Victoria Park, E.
Upholsterers, Amal. U. of (L.F.): L. Leckie, 26, Lewisham Rd., Highgate Rd., N.
Upholsterers’ U., Edinburgh: A. A. Brown, 1, Orwell Terr., Edinburgh.
Upholstresses’ Ge Liverpool & Dis.: Miss M. Gorton, Liverpool Upholstresses
Union, Cocoa Rooms, St. Luke’s Place, Bold St., Liverpool.
Upholstresses’ Assn., Manchester: Miss M. A. Francis, 52, West Clowes St., Eccles
New Rad., Salford, Manchester.
Upholsterers’ Trimming Makers’ U., London (L.): J. H. Morgan, 11, Hillery Rd.,
Walworth, S.E.
art "Trade Soc., London West End: S. W. Passmore, 8, Luna Rd., Thornton
eat
Wheelwrights & Coachmakers’ Operatives’ U., London: G. E. Ball, 18, Torrens
Square, The Green, Stratford, E.
Wheelwrights, Smiths, & Motor-Body Makers, Amal. Soc. of (L.): J. Lamb, 72,
Tiverton St., Ardwick, Manchester, S.E.
Wood Cutting Machinists of G.B. & I., Amal. Soc. of (T.) (S., Glasgow Dis.) (I., Cork
Branch): W. J. Wentworth, 383, Stockport Rd., Manchest er.
Wood Turners, Sawyees, Makers- Ready etc., Amal. (L.F.): R. Greenwood, 16,
Daisy Bank St., Cornholme, Todmorden.
Wood, Wire, & Metal Lathers’ U., Glasgow & Dis. : J. Scott, 47, Pine St., Glasgow 8.8.
F
162 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Coopers.
UNIONS.
nega sa General Coopers’ Protective Soc. (T.L.F.): J. Wilson, 12, Raeburn Place,
Aberdeen.
Alloa Journeymen Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): R. Preston, 28, Whins Rd., Alloa.
Belfast Coopers’ Trade U. (T.L.F.): T. J. Kelly, 86, Templemore Av., Belfast.
Birmingham, Wolverhampton, & Dis. (Good Intent Branch) Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.):
sa AlODB, 104, Rayleigh Rd., Birmingham.
Blackburn & Dis. Soc. of Coopers (T.L.F.): W. Wright, 20, Audley Range, Blackburn.
nage oP ade Friendly Soc. of Coopers (T.L.F.): J. White, 152, Sandford Rd.,
radford.
Bristol, Friends of Humanity Soc. of Coopers (T.L.F.): F. Mullings, 106, Devon Rd.,
Easton, Bristol.
Burton-on-Trent & Vicinity Philanthropic Soc. of Journeymen Coopers of (T.L.F.):
G. Dyche, Coopers’ Soc., White Hart Hotel, High St., Burton-on-Trent.
Coopers, Nat. Amal. Soc. of: F. Waister, 5, Tweed St., Hedgeley Rd., Hebburn-on-T.
Cork Coopers’ Soc. : W. Egar, 4, Seminary Villas, Farrenferis, Cork.
saagsiat egular Op. Coopers’ Soc. of: J. P. Higgins, 47, Mount Shannon Rd.,
n
Dublin.
oneee - Dis. Journeymen Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): P. McCallum, 21, Cotton Rd.,
undee.
ly a Journeymen Coopers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): J. N. Davie, 21, Jamieson &t.,
ovanhill, Glasgow.
Greenock Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): W. Steel, 41, Ann St., Greenock.
Hull Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): H. Dean, 11, Cavendish Square, Margaret 8t., Hull.
Jarrow Hand-in-Hand Friendly Protecting Soc. of Journeymen Coopers (T.L.F.):
F. W. Holt, 31. Croft Terr., Jarrow-on-lyne.
cane as pet Soc, of Coopers (T.L.F.): J. A. Wildridge, 15, Servia St., Cambridge
., Leeds.
Leith, Edinburgh, & Dis. Journeymen Coopers’ Protective & Friendly Soc. (T.L.F.):
J. S. Neill, 17, Beechwood Terr., Leith, Edinburgh.
Limerick Guild of Coopers: D. Griffin, 53, Denmark St., Limerick.
Liverpool Coopers’ Friendly Trade & Burial Soc. (T.L.F.): J. Carroll, 12, Shaw &t.,
Liverpool.
een OY, & i Coopers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. L. Boyd, 109, Goodison Rd.,
alton, Liverpool.
Livingston 8oc. of Op. Coopers (T.L.F.): W. Chambers, Barjovah, Union Rd.,
Broxburn, Linlithgowshire.
London Coopers’ Assn. deta G. Harrison, 91, Great Prescott St., Whitechapel, E.
London, Hand-in-Hand Soc. o ves ta (T.L.F.): E. C. Hall, Stepney Central Hall,
35, Bromley St., Commercial Rd., E.
Manchester, Salford, & Dis., Loyal Utd. Soc. of Brewers & Gen. Coopers of (T.L.F.) :
H. Jones, 39, Stamford Rd., Longsight, Manchester.
Newcastle-on-Tyne & Dis., Good Intent Soc. of Coopers of (T.L.F.): W. T. Nealings,
34, Rosewood Crescent, Walkerville, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Northwich & Dis. Coopers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): J. Beech, 19, Broadway, Barnton,
Northwich.
Nottingham & Dis. Soc. of Journeymen Coopers (T.L.F.): A. Pointon, 160, Mansfield
St.. Sherwood, Nottingham.
Runcorn Coopers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): W. Riley, 15, Lightburn St., Runcorn.
Sheffield Philanthropic Soc. of Journeymen Coopers (T.L.F.): G. W. Wright,
40, Cross Bedford St., Sheffield.
St. Helens Coopers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): D. Howard, 22, Sherdley Rd., Pleasley
Cross, St. Helens.
Swansea, Friends of Humanity Soc. of Coopers (T.L.F.): P. Jenkins, 35, Hewson St.,
Mount Pleasant, Swansea.
Tyneside Coopers, Dis., Amal. (T.L.F.): J. Shields, 14, Coquet St., Hebburn-on-T.
Warrington Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): J. Chrimes, 18, Greenall St., Warrington.
Waterford Op. Coopers’ Trade U.: E. Cleary, Glen Terrace, Waterford.
Widnes Coopers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): J. Donoghue, 73, Lacey St., Widnes.
Packing Case Makers.
UNIONS.
Belfast Packing Case Makers’ Trade U.: J. St. John, 37, Little May 8t., Belfast.
Bradford Rolling Board & Packing Case Makers’ Soc.: E. Shackleton, 17, Lappage
Terr., Bradford.
@ity of Bristol Box & Packing Case Makers’ Trade U.: W. F. Adama, 16, Battersea
Rd., Easton, Bristol.
en & Tin Packing Case Makers’ Trade U.: T. J. Doheny, 2, Bachelor’s Walk,
in.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 163
Dundee & Dis. Packing Case Makers’ Trade Soc. : 8S. Prain, 65, Milnbank Rd., Dundee.
Liverpool & Dis. Packing Case & Box Makers’ Soc. : H. Wilbraham, 22, Wentworth
St., Everton, Liverpool.
London Wood & Tin Packing Case Makers’ Trade Soc.: C. Hargrave, 19, Vale Rd.,
Forest Gate, E.
Manchester, Salford, & Bolton Wood Packing Case Makers’ Soc.: J.. Oliver, 97,
Higher Cambridge St., Chorlton-on-Medlock, eater as
Northampton win Sae Case Makers’ Soc. (Wood & Tin): W. A. Andrews, 2, St. Peter’s
Terr., Northampto
Nottingham Packing ‘Case Makers’ Trade Soc.: A. Walker, 2, Palisades Yard,
Harrington St., Nottingham.
cece Ae Dis. Packing Case Makers’ Soc.: J. Brooks, 50, Radnor St., Werneth,
am.
Trunk & Packing Case Makers of Scotland Trade Soc., Glasgow (F.): J. Findlay.
24, Garscadden St., Glasgow.
MISCELLANEOUS TRADES.
FEDERATION,
Floor Cloth & Linoleum Printers’ Fed. of England & Scotland: A. Smith, 2, Hazel
St., Audenshaw, Manchester.
UNIONS.
cf Workers’ Union, Nat.: G. Gibson, 27, Corporation S8t., Manchester.
Bill Posters of G.B. & I., Amal. Soc. of : W. R. H Hussey, 25, New Rd., Battersea, 8.W.
sy Fall U., Nat.: Miss J. M. Findlay, 44, Garmoyle Rd., Smithdown Rd.,
verpoo
Guster, Nat. Fed. of: E. J. Curtis, 50, Waterloo Rd., Burnley.
Chimney Sweepers, Bradford & Dis. Amal. Soc. of: BF. Naylor, 29, Sticker Lane,
Laisterdyke, Bradford.
Clerks, Nat. U. of (T.L.S.): H. H. Elvin, 13, Brunswick Sq., London, W.C.
Clerks of the United Kingdom, Assn. of Tax: M. Torpey, Assn. of Tax Clerks,
St. Bride’s Institute. Bride Lane, E.C.
Olerks’ U., Royal Liver: T. Mackereth, Royal Liver Bdg., Pierhead, Liverpool.
Clerks & Secretaries, Assn. of Women: "Miss Irene Cox, 12, Buckingham 8t., Strand,
Concrete & Asphalt Workers (Manchester), Nat. Soc. of: J. Doyle, 74, Henry St.,
Cotton Lane, Withington, Manchester.
Co- gat Branch Managers’ U.: E. Turton, Co-operative Stores, Mapplewell,
rnsle
Co-o aes Em loyés, Amal. U. of (8.1.): A. Hewitt, A.U.C.E., ‘‘ Co-operative
ews’ Building, Long Millgate, Manchester.
Cork Cutters, International U. of : T. Gandy, 60, Rede St., Battlefield, Newcastle-on-T.
Domestic Workers’ U. of G.B. (T.): Miss Grace Neal, 66, Queen’ : Ra., ay ieelbchan 3
Drapers’ Assistants’ Benefit & Protective Agsn., Irish (1.): ie Q’Lehane, 76,
Grafton St., Dublin.
Engravers to Calico Printers & Paper Stainers, Amal. U. of (T.L.): C. Kean, 72,
Market St., Manchester.
Flaggers & Slaters’ Soc., Blackburn Op.: J. T. Worrall, 29, Suffolk St., Blackburn.
Fla, " The Present Law of Trade Disputes and Trade Unions,”’ by
W. M. Geldart (Frowde, 6d.), 1914.
7. For legal cases see the ‘‘ Board of -Trade Labour Gazette.” -
PRINCIPAL STATUTES.
Trade Union Act, 1871, 34 and 35 Vict., c. 32.
Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, 1875, 38 and 39
Vict., c. 86.
Trade Union (Amendment) Act, 1876, 39 and 4o Vict., C. 22.
Trade Union Provident Funds ‘Act, 1893, 56 and 57 Vict.,
Trade Disputes Act, 1906, 6 Edw. VII., c. 47.
Trade Union Act, 1913, 2 and 3 Geo. V., c. 30.
Munitions of War Act, 1915.
INDUSTRIAL VERSUS CRAFT UNIONS.
By A. BELLAamMy, J.P. (PRESIDENT, N.U.R.).
One of the objects of the National Union of Railwaymen is “to
secure the complete organisation of all workers employed on or in
connection with any railway in the United Kingdom ’”’ (Rule 4), and
in consequence of that object it is provided that ‘‘ any worker on or in
connection with any railway in the United Kingdom shall be eligible
for membership ”’ (Rule s).
The railway transport industry is a distinct unit of industry in all
its manifold ramifications necessitating the application of scores of
crafts and trades, the specific object of the labour of those employed
by railway companies being the maintenance of the railway system of
transport and its continuation as an indispensable complete national
unit.
The ramifications of the industry are so great and its variety of
classes of industry are so many that the line of demarcation between
the callings, crafts, or trades is indefinable, and, following a line from
the latest boy recruit to the general manager, it is found that railway
labour in its practical application is interchangeable, and the railway
industry thereby lends itself to a subtle form of involved replacement
in ordinary working or in exigencies that no effort and no organisation
can resist, even if it were considered wise to offer any resistance. The
industry is kept moving by the continual but barely noticeable
interchangability of the units of labour from end to end of the system,
and this is one of the reasons why the National Union of Railwaymen
has declared itself an industrial union, and opened its doors to all
persons of any capacity employed on or about a railway. The
organisation of railwaymen by craft or grade has proved unsuccessful,
and experience has shown that the development of the railway
transport industry necessitates the organisation of those employed
in its manipulations in one Trade Union in order to bargain
collectively with the one association of employers. Whatever may
be the specific craft or trade a worker may follow his labour is being
applied to the running of the transport machine; the objective of his
work is to that one end. In whatever direction he may apply his
craft skill he is bound up with and carrying on the work of the railway
transport industry, and while so employed is distinctly and definitely
@ railway worker irrespective of his craft classification or denomination.
In many respects his craft skill is peculiar to the railway system.
The principle of elementary craft unionism in the railway industry,
if ever such were possible, has become obsolete. The tendency to
co-ordination between railways, as in other industries, has rendered
craft industrialism ineffective. The logical application of craft
unionism to the railway system, with its thousand and one arts and
crafts ever undergoing the natural process of advancement or
interchange, has only to be examined to be reduced immediately to
an absurdity. A perpetual struggle between railway workers who may
follow three or four classes of employment in one week, working
interlinked with others who are changing also their ‘forms of
employment according to the exigencies of the industry, or according
to the changed form of technical and mechanical operation, can be
182 INDUSTRIAL VERSUS CRAFT UNIONS.
thought of to show merely its impossibility in practice when dealing
with the railway owners through a managerial unit.
The desire on the part of the workers for the ‘‘ right to control”
their industry, their pursuit of the ‘‘ achievement of power,’’ is broken
in the practice of a narrow craft unionism. A craft union protects
only its own craft, a craft that mechanical development may make
obsolete in a decade. An industrial union protects the complete labour
of a complete industry. Whatever mechanical changes may take place
in the operations of the railway system, it is the railway system all
the time, and its operators are railway workers who, always organised
in a national union of railway workers, are ever ready to protect their
skill in transport and to negotiate any phase of their adaptable
industrial conditions.
It is not possible to write the whole of the history which attaches
to this development, but it may be stated that so far as the N.U.R.
is concerned it took its rise after the resolution which was adopted
by the Trades Union Congress in 1910 at Sheffield. That resolution
read :—
‘‘ That, in the opinion of this Congress, the present system of
sectional Trade Unionism is unable to successfully combat the
encroachments of modern capitalism, and, while recognising the
usefulness of sectional unionism in the past and present, the
Congress realises that much greater achievements are possible,
and the redemption of the working class would be hastened if
all the existing unions were amalgamated by industries, with one
central executive elected by the combined unions, and with power
to act unitedly whenever there is a strike or lock-out in any
industry, thus making the grievance of one the concern of all.
The Congress, therefore, instructs its Parliamentary Committee
to put itself in communication with all the unions in Great Britain
and ascertain their views on the above question, also to promote
a general scheme of amalgamation, and make a recommendation
on the matter to the next Congress.”’
It may be remarked in passing that this resolution was reaffirmed
in the following terms in 1911 at Newcastle :—
‘That this Congress, recognising the increased power of the
capitalists in closing up their ranks, and their adoption of
improved methods, deplores the lack of similar consolidation
among the workers. It urges, therefore, that the Parliamentary
Committee take steps to call conferences of the different industries,
with a view to amalgamating the several Trade Unions connected
with each industry.”’
The co-operation of four of the railway unions in the successful
strike of 1911 gave.a great impetus to this movement, and in the
spring of 19f3 three out of the four unions came together and formed
the nucleus of the new body, which was called the National Union of
Railwaymen. Whether as a recruiting agency or as a fighting
organisation the new policy has achieved remarkable success. It is
its very success which has led to its being attacked. For some time
before the Trades Union Congress of 1915 the matter had been before
the Joint Board, and that body had tried its utmost to prevent a
collision and to produce a settlement. But the craft unions insisted
on a total reversal of the policy before they would enter into any
INDUSTRIAL VERSUS CRAFT UNIONS. 183
negotiations. The last proposal of the Joint Board, which was
eminently reasonable, but which was refused by the craft unions,
read as follows :—
“That a joint committee of all the craft unions involved
and the N.U.R. be set up, consisting of 14 members, seven to be
appointed by .either side, with an independent chairman, to
prepare and report upon a scheme whereby the difference between
the craft unions and the N.U.R. can be adjusted, and the methods
of future organisation determined.”
As all the world now knows, the Trades Union Congress, by a
marrow majority, upheld the contention of the craft unions, but the
battle is only just beginning. The new policy will not be relinquished,
although the N.U.R. is quite ready to meet the legitimate complaints
of the craft unions and to enter into arrangements with a view to a
reasonable settlement.
CRAFT VERSUS INDUSTRIAL UNIONS.
By FRED BRAMLEY
(National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association).
Having been called upon to state the case for the craft unions
during a period of crisis in the Trade Union movement brought about
by the cleavage in our ranks due to a difference of opinion on methods
of organisation, I do so in the hope that this statement of the position
and difficulties of the craft unions may go some way to bring about
an intelligent understanding of the issue and a satisfactory settlement
of the impending disputes between the conflicting elements of our
organisations.
Arising out of past experience, and as a consequence of numerous
examples of men employed in one section of industry being used
during trade disputes to assist the employers to defeat their fellow
Trade Unionists in another, we naturally witness a growing desire
to put an end to any method of industrial organisation which makes
it possible for the enemies of Labour to use one group of men to assist
them in their attacks on another and the principles which it is the
duty of all, irrespective of craft or trade, to defend.
The attempts made to end this danger have taken the form of
passing resolutions at the Trades Union Congress calling upon the
Parliamentary Committee to promote amalgamation wherever possible
of all unions representing workers employed in the same industry.
The interpretation placed upon these resolutions by the craft unions
differs very considerably from the interpretation used in justification
by such unions as the National Union of Railwayment of a policy
which by being applied has brought them into conflict with 25 of the
principal craft unions, and a conflict which because of its dimensions
is likely to prove an event of historic importance to the Trade Union
movement.
The policy referred to as applied by and contained in the rules of
the N.U.R. is that any worker employed on or in connection with
any railway is eligible for membership in their organisation. The
importance of this policy from the craft union point of view is not
determined by the effect on craft unions due to its application by one
union, however large, but is due to a serious consideration of its effect
if applied and extended to other organisations which have as much
right to claim all craftsmen employed in their respective industries
as the N.U.R. The miners, the textile workers, the printing, clothing,
and the shipping trades may make the same claim. A certain section
of the building trades are already making the attempt, and find
themselves in a state of wat with every established union in the
industry.
To understand the antagonism of the craft unions to this tendency
it is necessary to realise its consequences. Take, for instance, the
position of a joiner or a blacksmith. These men are employed in
about 20 of the principal industries of the country. The universal
adoption of the policy laid down by the N.U.R. would mean that the
joiner or the blacksmith migrating from one industry to another
would be expected during the period of his working career to become
CRAFT VERSUS INDUSTRIAL UNIONS. 185
a member of many unions, and for such short periods that the effective
mair.tenance of craft conditions would be impossible, and the complete
extermination of craft unions inevitable.
Closer union of forces in the Trade Union movement is desirable.
Competition for the same class of membership should cease. More
effective control during trade disputes of workers employed in the
same industry must be established, but there is a vast difference
between establishing one union for the metal trades, one union for
the clothing trades, one union for the printing trades, one union for
the woodworking trades, with the advantages such organisation would
bring, and the policy which would lead to the skilled trades being
broken up into small groups and attached to the industries alleged
to be applying the principles of Industrial Unionism. It is perfectly
true that craftsmen employed by a railway company or a colliery
company may be used during a trade dispute against railway workers
Or miners. But it is also true that craftsmen may be employed during
a trade dispute by any combination of employers, including railway
companies, at the expense of a craft union engaged in an attempt to
improve conditions. The necessity of control increases as the
possibility of blacklegging extends, and there is far more danger of a
joiner employed by a railway company being used to blackleg a fellow
craftsman in dispute outside the railway industry than there is of a
joiner employed by a railway company being used to blackleg an
engine driver or a railway guard. The necessity of control is
determined far more by the kind of work you do than the firm you
work for. The contention of the craft unions is that an engineer, a
joiner, or a blacksmith, whether he work for a railway company, a
municipality, a colliery company, or a private contractor, should be
employed at the same rates of wages and enjoy the same conditions
ot enployment, and should also pay his fair share of cash and service
to maintain those conditions. He can join the N.U.R. (he may be
able to join other organisations later on) and be called upon to pay
a contribution representing less than one-third the demand made
by his craft union. He may also escape the necessity of obtaining the
proper rate of wages, for the purpose of establishing which many years
of sacrifice have been made by his fellow workmen. Or he may obtain
the full rates and conditions as established by the craft union for the
district. In the first case he would undercut his fellows, and in the
second case he would profit at their expense, reap where he does not
sow, and generally justify his position by a process of reasoning usually
adopted by the non-unionist.
Space will not allow for the inclusion of Trades Congress
resoiutions dealing with this issue. The resolutions passed at different
times have been freely quoted by both sides as a justification of
opposing policies. Fortunately, Joint Board findings, as representing
the carefully considered judgment of impartial experts on inquiries
with reference to the Municipal Employees and the Small Arms
Employees’ Union, have been clearly on the side of the craft union
policy. In the case of the Municipal Employees’ dispute with the
labourers’ unions, the decision given after careful consideration at
many conferences is as follows :—
** All unions which sovght to separate workmen from the
Trade Union organised for the phase of industry ‘to which they
belonged sbould be refused recognition by the Trades Union
186 CRAFT VERSUS INDUSTRIAL UNIONS.
Congress, the General Federation of rade Unions, and the
Labour Party.’’—Joint Board report to Sheffield Congress, 1gio.
At the forthcoming Congress at Bristol another decision will be
sought by a resolution aimed directly at the N.U.R. policy. The
craft unions to a much greater extent than ever before are fully alive
to the issue. It is probable that the problem raised will require all
the statesmanship and judgment of Trade Union leaders to find a
solution necessary to avoid an unfortunate split in the ranks of Trade
Unionism. Those of us who view with some concern the application
of any policy which is not only dangerous to craft conditions
of employment, but also which, in our opinion, would be against the
best interests of working-class movements generally, are prepared to
concede any point short of accepting a policy leading to the
extermination of the unions we represent.
NATIONAL GUILDS.
By G. D. H. Coie
(Executive Member of the National Guilds League).
The Labour movement to-day, both in the political and in the
industrial sphere, exists and claims allegiance as a protest against the
economic system. The class struggle which it incarnates is justified
as a criticism of the unequal division of freedom, responsibility, and
wealth between the capitalist and the wage-earning classes. It must
seek to abolish the wage system, or it is nothing. Under the wage
system, labour is bought and sold as an article of commerce; the
worker, without economic resource other than his Trade Union to
aid him in the bargaining, must sell himself to the highest bidder or
else starve. He is treated not as a human being, but as a commodity,
and his wages depend upon the higgling of a market in which all the
scales are weighted against him.
This system all Socialists and all true Labour men seek to abolish ;
but there are wide differences both in the methods they propose and
in the ends they have in view. For many years the workers, through
their political and industrial organisations alike, have sought a remedy
in the nationalisation of industry and the capture of the Parliamentary
machine. They have supposed that, given a democratic State and
State ownership of industry, the wage system will be abolished and the
freedom of the workers secured. They have thought this because they
have fixed their minds too exclusively on the distribution of wealth.
The horrors of poverty, the wrongs of the worker as a consumer, they
have fully realised; but they have failed to see the other aspect of
the problem—the tyranny in the workshop, the despotic administration
from above, to which the worker is subject as a producer. They have
been mindful of poverty, but they have forgotten industrial slavery,
or, if they have remembered it, they have not seen the solution of the
problem to which it points.
Trade Unionism has always been recognised as a means not only
of raising wages, but also of mitigating tyranny in the factory. It
has been used for this purpose both against the private capitalist and
where the State or the municipality controls a service. The postal
associations and the tramway workers have found no less cause for
protest against the tyranny of their employers than the engineers
or the railwaymen: the co-operative employees, who live under a
‘‘democratic’’ system, would have had no freedom but for the efforts
of their unions.
Under every system of management Trade Unions are thwarted
in their efforts after freedom, because the actual control is in the hands
of others, of outsiders. They can only criticise the conduct of
industry; they cannot themselves control it. National Guildsmen
believe that the actual management of industry should be in the
hands of the workers themselves; that in every industry the whole
personnel engaged, including both brain-workers and manual workers,
should organise and direct production. If democracy is good in the
State and in local government, it is good, they hold, in industry also.
Indeed, only en industrial democracy can a truly democratic society
188 NATIONAL GUILDS.
be built. They declare, then, for the control of production by the
producers,
At the same time, they recognise that the consumers, those who
buy and use commodities and services, have rights and functions in
industry. The State, as the representative of the organised consumers,
cannot surrender the whole control of industry to the producers. It
must safeguard the community against exploitation; it must keep
a control over prices. Leaving the normal conduct of industry to the
producers, it must keep the right to interfere. There must be, between
producers and consumers, a balance of power.
This system is called the system of National Guilds. Under it,
the management of each industry would be in the hands of a National
Guild, including all workers in the industry. All the Guilds would
be linked up in a Guild Congress representing the whole body of
producers. Each Guild would administer its own internal affairs
and matters of common interest would be discussed and settled by the
Guild Congress. Where the consumers were concerned there would
be discussion between the Guild concerned and the State, or, in
matters of common concern and in cases of disagreement, between the
Guild Congress and the State. In these discussions each party would
have its economic power behind it; the Guilds would be in possession
of the management of industry, the State would be the owner of the
means of production. Guildsmen advocate State ownership and Guild
management of industry, and they urge that the national revenue
should be raised mainly by a tax on the Guilds. This tax would be
the consumer’s chief weapon against exploitation.
If this ideal is accepted, it remains to suggest how it can be
reached. The answer is that the Guilds must come, through Industrial
Unionism, out of the Trade Unions.of to-day. The Guild system can
only be realised if the unions make it their first object to secure the
control of industry. The change must be gradual, but the first steps
can be taken, and are being taken, in the Trade Union world to-day.
Capitalistic industry is breaking down, and if the Trade Unions use
their chance they may secure, here and now, a first instalment of that
control which alone can bring them industrial freedom.
[The objects set forth above are the objects of the National Guilds
League, a propagandist body which aims at ‘‘the abolition of the
wage system and the establishment of Self-Government in Industry
through a system of National Guilds working in conjunction with the
State.”? Further information can be obtained from the Secretary, 16,
Grosvenor Road, London, S.W., or through the publications of the
League, ‘‘ National Guilds” (the Victoria House Printing and
Publishing Company), (1d.), etc.]
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 189
STRIKES AND LOCK-OUTS.
The year 1914 falls into two parts. The period of seven months
up to the outbreak of war belongs properly to that series of years
from 1911 onwards which is marked by a prevalence of strikes and
lock-outs frequently called Industrial Unrest. The five months after
the war are marked by that ready settlement of differences which has
been called the Industrial Truce. During the first seven months of
1914 there were 836 disputes affecting 423,000 workers; in the last
five months there were only 137 disputes, affecting 23,000 workers.
Even with this declension in the latter months of 1914 the number of
strikes—g973—has only once been exceeded in the past 21 years. From .
January to August, 1915, there were 468 disputes affecting 370,867
workers, with an aggregate duration of 2,438,400 days (of which nearly
1,500,000 were in the coalmining industry).
The following table summarises by industries the figures for 1913
and 1914 respectively :—
—————=—— == ;
1913. 1914.
| SRS SS Ee Ae
Aggregate Aggregate
Groups trades. pe of] Number | duration in | N°: - Number | duration in
is- , dis :
of work- | working days of work- | working days
pee people of all tae people of all
ay! involved. | disputes in | j,i involved. | disputes in
| 8. | progress, 8. progress.
——- —— { . a ne eee
BuUdnyy 1.44.0 t 198 | 40,002 | * 823,829| 176] 37,838] 3,210,200
Coal mining ....| 1631 203,245} 1,297,814| 151 | 271,683 3,737,500
Other mining and
quarrying...... 29} 10,833 357,770 19 1,374 62,500
Engineering ....| 173} 52,666} 1,095,264 85 | 19,225; 923,100
Shipbuilding ....| 122| 27,247 149,895 | 87] 16,958 123,200
Peer metal... 0° 97: 67217704 .¥,742;536 53 | 14,040 291,500
Textile ..........| 243| 93,510| 2,028,200 95 21,853 725,100
SORE eres ees} 75 | 15,227 173,910| 46] 3,980 58,900
Transport ......; 123| 86,225] 1,245,092 55| 13,642} 94,500
Other trades and |
employés of pub-
lic authorities ..; 273 67,194| 1,016,422] 204| 45,612 678,200
General dispute’. . I.| .20,000 | 1,700,000 |, 2 200,000
Total......'1,497 | 688,925 | 11,630,732
973 | 446,205 | 10,104,700
\
* This relates to the dispute at Dublin which began in August, 1913, and ended in
February, 1914, affecting a large number of different trades.
The steady increase for the last ten years of the number of disputes,
of the numbers of workers involved, and of the aggregate duration of
disputes, is shown by the following table. It is to be noted the large
figures for 1912 are chiefly caused by the great coal strike of that year,
which alone accounted for 1,000,000 workers and 30,000,000 working
days.
1go0 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Number of dis- | Number of workpeople | Aggregate duration in
Year, putes beginning | involved in disputes | working days in each
- in each year. beginning in each year. year.
1904 | 355 87,208 | 1,484,220
1905 | 358 | 93,503 | 2,470,189
1906 ) 486 a17;773 3,028,816
1907 601 | 147,498 | 2,162,151
1908 / 399 | 295,507 10,834,189
1909 | 436 | 300,819 2,773,986
be) Ce) 531 515,165 | 9,894,831
IQIL | 903 | 961,980 | 10,319,591
1912 | 857 | 1,463,281 | 40,914,675
1913 1,497 - | 688,925 11,630,732
1914 | 973 / 446,205 _-- 10,104,700
}
CAUSES OF DISPUTE.
The causes of disputes are, in the main, of two kinds: those which
arise from questions of Trade Union principles, together with disputes
about the employment of particular classes or persons or about
working arrangements, rules, and discipline, and those which arise
from wages and hours. The table on the opposite page -gives the
figures for causes of disputes for the last ten years,
RESULTS OF DISPUTES.
The following table shows for a period of ten years the proportion
of workers directly involved in disputes which were successful,
unsuccessful, and partially successful :—
NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF WORKPEOPLE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN
oats eae THE anaes OF WHICH WERE :—
In favour of In favour of Compromise o or Indefinite or
workpeople. employers. partially successful. unsettled.
Year. hE ISITE
| Per Per Per Per
Number. ; cent. | Number. | cent. | Number.| cent. |Number| cent.
| ok .anssidesess can
‘ |
1904. 15,413 | 27-3 | 23,500 | 41.7 | 17,441 | 309 26 0.1
1905. 16,702 | 243 | 23029 | 34.0 | 27,894} 41.2 28 0.1
1906. 67.159 | 425 | 38,067 | 245] 52,018} 330 28 0.0
1907. 32,883} 32.7 | 27,483 | 27.3 | 40,362 | 40.0 — —-
1908. 19.475 | 8.7} 57,600 | 25.7 | 146,888 | 65.6 — —
1g09. he Yn ge Gy ide th ied 37,994 | 22.3 | 113,141 | 66.5 — _
Igo. 62,640 ; 16.3 | 53.375 | 13 8 | 268.307! 69.7 763 O°
IQTI..| 54,705 | 6.6; 76,916 | 93 | 699,483} 84.1 ne os
1912..| 918 171 | 74.5 | 177,281 | 14.4 | 137564 | 11.1 —_ _
IQ13..| 162,012 | 31.4 | 108,547 | 21.0 | 245,478 | 47.6 —_ —
191
THE INDWSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
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192 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
It is to be noted that there is a general tendency for disputes to be
settled by compromise, and this irrespective of whether the years were
of good or*of bad employment. In years of good employment, like
1906, 1907, and 1913, the proportion of successful disputes is high;
in years of bad employment, like 1904, 1908, and 1909, the proportion
is low. The year 1g12 is quite exceptional owing to the large number
of people involved in the national coal strike.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Twenty-Sixth Annual Report on Strikes and Lock-Outs in 1913.
Published 1915 (Cd. 7658). 1s. 3d.
Memoranda relating to Strikes and Lock-Outs. Published 1912
(Cd. 6081). 1s. sd.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT, 193
CHANGES IN RATES OF WAGES AND
HOURS OF LABOUR.
CHANGES IN RATES OF WAGES.
It is necessary to state by way of introduction that the following
figures do not profess to indicate the definite monetary value of the
difference between the amounts actually paid in wages in any two
years. It is not possible to do more than to tabulate those cases
where specific changes were reported to the Board of Trade in the
rate of wages paid for any particular occupation. The reader,
therefore, will do well to bear the following points in mind :—
There is a real distinction between rates of wages—which alone are
dealt with here—and earnings. In a year of bad employment, for
instance, the total of actual earnings is considerably below the total
of a year of good or average employment, yet the rates of wages for
the two years are not necessarily different. In the same way earnings
vary very greatly in the so-called ‘‘ seasonal’’ trades (such as the
building trades, with their different working hours in summer and
winter), but unless the usual rate of wages is altered and there is
some specific change in the recognised terms of employment these
variations are not recorded below. On the same principle, changes in
wages due to promotions or progressive increments under a fixed scale
are not included.
It follows, therefore, that the chief value of the following tables
is as a guide to the general tendency of wages as compared with the
cost of living
CHANGES IN RATES OF WAGES IN 1913 AND 1014.
The following figures do not include agricultural labourers, seamen,
or railway servants, the figures for whose trades are given separately.
In the figures for 1914 police and Government employees are not
included.
During the greater part of 1913 the upward movement in wages,
which began in 1910, continued at an increased rate, and, though
there was a falling-off in the last few months, the total net increase for
the year has only twice been exceeded in the last two decades, viz.,
in 1900 and in 1907. For the first seven months of 1914 the upward
tendency of wages continued, though there was a downward movement
in the mining, pig-iron, and iron and steel industries, in which last
wages vary under a sliding scale in accordance with the fluctuations
in the selling price of the product. The outbreak of war, however,
checked both the upward and the downward movements, and the net
change in weekly wages for the year was one of the smallest ever
recorded. At the end of July two months had shown a decrease, and
five an increase; from August to the end of the year there were four
months of increase and one of decrease.
The total number of workpeople reported to the Board of Trade
as affected by changes in the rate of wages was 1,906,878 in 1913 and
834,240 in 1914.. The number affected in 1913 was greater than in any
previous year, amounting to 19.1 per cent. of the industrial population ;
the great decrease in the numbers affected in 1914 is due partly to the
fact that no general changes occurred in the wages of miners in some
G
194 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
of the more important coalfields, and partly to the falling off in the
number of changes reported after the outbreak of the war.
In 1913 1,868,086 workers received net increases amounting to
£180,462 per week, and 35,727 sustained net decreases amounting to
41,751 per week; the net weekly advance of £178,711 is equivalent
to. an increase in wages to each of the workers affected of 1s. 1o4d.
per week. In 1914 407,230 workers gained a net weekly increase of
£40,210, while 404,960 suffered a net decrease of £35,148 per week,
22,050 workpeople (as compared with 3,065 in 1913) sustained upward
and downward changes which eventually left their wages unaltered,
and the 834,240 whose wages were affected in this year secured a net
weekly increase of £5,062, less than 13d. each.
Net amount of increase
Number of workpeople* (+) or decrease (—)
h tes of wag in th kl
Groups of trades. were reported as || of those affected, as
changed in compared with the
preceding year.*
1913. IQT4. 1913. 1014.
£
Coal mining .<.6.. sles s se ce 978,724 | 349,383 || +102,175 |—26,785,
Iron, etc., mining .......... 21,717 | 20,591 || + 2,004 j— 2,135
Quarrying .. see eee ee eees 15,717 | 11,944 ||-+ 1,184 |-+_1,040f
Pig iron manufacture...... - 18,001 18,047 || + 81, |— 1,438
Iron and steel manufacture .. 56,621 | 48,834 | + 1,854 |— 3,475
Total for trades in which |
wages declined in 1914 ../ 1,090,780 | 448,799 || +107,298 | —32,793
Building ......-- pene eeee 189,871 | 128,595 || + 23,165 | +12,921
Engineering and shipbuilding.| 224,832 | 106,668 || + 13,521 | + 9,594
Other metal trades .......... 38,197 | 23,885 || + 3,755 | + 1,472
Textile trades ........eees0. 143,351 | 21,223 || + 9,640 | + 1,288
Clothing PONIES «rosin, 0 mA dean 19,810 5,591 || + 2,709 | + 614
Transport trades ............ 49,236 | 23,886 || + 5,320] + 4,843
Printing, etc., trades ........ 12,782 | 17,651 || + 1,009 | + 1,417
Glass, etc:, trades ..).6. 068 25,007 | 13,653 || + 2,012 | + 1,046
Other trades.....++. sseees 40,927 | 26,158 |}+ 4,439 | + 3,097
Employees of local authorities 33,198 18,131 || + 2,603 | + 1,564
Total for trades in which
wages rose in I9QI4 ...... 777,211 | 385,441 || + 68,182 | +37,855
Grand total yce0we00s eaves 1,867,991 | 834,240 || +175,480 | + 5,062
* Exclusive of seamen, railway servants, agricultural labourers, police, and Govern-
ment employees. ‘
+ The net increase in 1914 was due to one large change in Cornwall affecting clay
workers. The wages of limestone quarrymen declined in the principal districts,
In the beginning of 1915 the increase in prices had caused a
sensible change in the purchasing power of every worker’s income.
A movement for higher wages began under unusual conditions. Only
labourers could add strength to the national arms, and there was a
shortage of labour in the workshop and battlefield. The rise in the
cost of living had been officially chronicled and the Government’s
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 195.
impotence announced. On the other hand, the existence of exceptional
profits due to the state of war admitted. The simple justice of the
claim for some compensation for the higher prices would have gone
unrecognised in normal times. But public opinion had now perforce
to put a new valuation on labour power, and in the bargaining between
employer and employed the worker had the best of the pull.
Unprecedented increases in wages were obtained literally ‘‘at the
point of the bayonet.”? Whether these gains can be regarded as steps
in permanent working-class progress depends on the ability of the
worker to retain them in periods of falling prices. The effort to
withdraw them in a labour market flooded with discharged soldiers
will be the beginning of the social unrest which all anticipate and
few plan to prevent.
Se eee eee =
Estimated Estimated
number of weekly
Groups of trades. | workpeople increase in
affected. rates of wages.
Trades in which the estimated numbers
affected are reported to the Board of |
Trade— £
PPA EGALIOS as nia ig nie die om nie he AG is einen 110,000 II,000
PSUS Sv spills wt Sok cep kprobiaw a> ae | 870,000 223,000
Other mining and quarrying .............. 32,000 6,700
Pig iron and iron and steel manufacture ....{ 123,000 23,000
Engineering and shipbuilding.............. 624,000 108,400
SWerrertimeral TAGS 9. See eco Oke de oie o's 79,000 II,300
PE TATE na cies Sle de ph 8 ky eee ee aps sid « 414,000 33,000
CT AO ao biel cele Cdn bse 4 hae 4 gI,000 8,300
UR MSEME TIRES ss sic Se sia Sa pidge ec hae see | 142,000 28,400
Peer ena Paper trades hi. wee ca ease ee ee 22,000 2,100
Glass, brick, chemical, pottery, etc., trades.. 102,000 9,700
Employees of Local Authorities......... sts 96,000 9,600
OU TOR s, Doia'a ys cies ws ans Ee P dies lie 141,000 19,300
moraro! ADOVE 2). 2. 2s hpi om Ae 2,846,000 493,800
Trades in which the numbers affected are
estimated—
Railway servants, seamen, agricultural
labourers, police, and Government
Ref aieeg win Gis Gs ss sa se Se not 1,600,000 270,000
So WC te ta Ag a Gs ea AS cmpieg aie 4,446,000 . 763,800
Out of the total of 1,906,878 workpeople affected in 1913, 63,986
(3-4 per cent.) had wages changed under sliding scales, 1,070,577 (56.1
per cent.) by conciliation, arbitration, or mediation, and 772,315 (40.5
per cent.) by direct negotiation.
The changes under sliding scales were almost confined to
workpeople engaged in the manufacture of pig-iron, iron, and steel.
Of those whose wages were changed by conciliation, arbitration, or
mediation over 900,000 were in the coal-mining industry.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
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198 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
TWENTY YEARS’ COMPARISON.
In the following table the number of workpeople affected by
changes in the rates of wages is given for each year since 1894,
together with the net amount of the weekly change in each year.
The wages of agricultural labourers, seamen, and railway servants
are not included, nor, in the figures for 1914, are those of police and
Government employees. It will be noticed that periods of rising wages
correspond fairly closely with years of good employment, also that
in 21 years the net weekly advance in the occupations covered by
this table (industries in which, roughly, 10,000,000 workpeople are
employed) has been one of less than £650,000 :—
Net increase or decrease in rates of wages
per week. Mean percentage of Trade
ere oS eee ee Union members
Year, | Years of falling wages.| Years of rising wages. unemployed,
= Amount of Amount of} Years of bad /Years of good
Number decrease Number increase | or declining | or improving
affected. per week. affected.
per week. | employment. | employment.
. A
1894*..| 670,386 | 45,092 — — 6.9 —
1895*..| 436,718 | 28,125 — 5 5.8 —-
1896 .. a — 607,654 | 26,519 — 3.3
1897 .. a es 597:444 | 31,508 aa 3-3
1898 .., —- — | 1,055,169,.| 80,713 — 2.8
1399... — — 1,175,570 | 90,313 _- 2.0
TOOG 1.1 ao — | 1,135,786 | 208,588 — 2.5
IQOI ..} 932,126 | 76,588 os -—— 3.3 —
1902 ..| 887.206 | 72,595 — — 4.0 ——
1903 ..| 896,598 | 38,327 ae re 4.7 oe
1904 ..| 800,658 | 39,230 — -~ 6.0 —
1905 ..| 688,889 | 2,169 — — 5.0 —
1906 .. — — | 1,115,160! 57,897 — 3.6
TOO? — — 1,246,464 | 200,912 a 3-7
1908 ..)| 963,333 | 59,171 meh Wi sae 78 ie
1909 ..! 1,154,796 | 68,922 ~— — ‘ee —
roto"; aa a 548,938 | 14.534 oe 4.7
S052 '5,'s —_ — 916,366 | 34,578 — 3.0
TOS Fi i's — — | 1,818,240 | 139,404+ —~ 3.2}
ors \.% —_— — | 1,906,878 | 178,711 — ae
1914...) — — | 834,240] 5,062 — 3-3
Seg ee eh a oe
a
Net weekly advance £638,520.
* In these years the fall in wages was almost confined to the coal mining industry.
} Exclusive of any changes in wages resulting from the Awards under the Coal Mines
(Minimum Wage) Act, and from the Minimum Wage Regulations under the Trade
Boards Act.
t Omitting March, which was seriously affected by the coal strike, the percentage
was 2.5.
-
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 199
AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS.
The figures given below are exclusive of piecework earnings, extra
payments for hay and corn harvests, overtime, etc., and all allowances
in kind.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
After being practically stationary for many years the wages of
agricultural labourers began to increase in 1912, largely owing to
greater activity on the part of the agricultural Trade Unions. A net
weekly increase of £5,291 in 1912 was followed by one of £9,964 in
1913 and one of £19,337 in 1914. It is worthy of mention that the
total of the increases of the ten previous years was less than the
increase of 1914.
In 1914—for the first time since 1900—no decreases in wages were
reported to the Board of Trade, while the wages of 242,047 persons
were raised. The numbers of those who obtained increases in 1912
and 1913 were 102,602 and 182,040 respectively, while 1,846 and 641
suffered decreases in these years.
Most counties shared in the general upward movement of wages.
In Cumberland, Westmorland, the East and West Ridings of Yorkshire,
Leicestershire, Derbyshire, Gloucestershire, Shropshire, Northampton-
shire, Huntingdonshire, Norfolk, Berkshire, Denbighshire, and
Montgomeryshire over 75 per cent. of the total number of labourers
were affected by advances in cash wages in 1914.
Until 1914 the usual amount of change in wages was between 6d.
and 1s. per week; in 1913 over 65 per cent. of the increases recorded
were of this nature. In 1914 the advances were slightly larger; even
in this year, however, over 46 per cent. of the workers affected received
increases of rs. or less per week.
The outbreak of the war did not check the upward movement in
wages. Increases continue to be reported from most counties; in
some cases the advances amount to 4s. per week. The scarcity of
agricultural labour has been intensified by enlistment, and, in spite
of attempts to keep down wages by the increased employment of
women and of children of school age, the rise in wages should
continue until at least the end of the war.
That there is ample necessity for increased wages may be gathered
from the following average county rates obtaining in August, 1914,
which were supplied by the officials of the Agricultural Labourers’
Union. The figures relate only to certain English and Welsh counties
in which this union has members :—
Sere: Ce sud:
Buckinghamshire 16 0 Gloucestershire ..14 7 Norfolk ........15 0
Bedfordshire.... 15 0 Hampshire...... 15.0. Oxfordshire ...< 12°6
Brecknockshire.. 18 8 Huntingdonshire. 15 o Staffordshire.... 16 6
Berkshire ...... BRC HOR ac aa et gas 18 o: ) Suffolk)... gee aan
Cheshire, .35.0 18 2 Lincolnshire ....16 6. Somersetshire .. 14 6
Cambridgeshire..14 6 Lancashire...... 22 3 Shropshire ....15 9
MOteesnee «. 53 13.7, Middlesex .. 0... I9 0 Worcestershire .. 15 8
BASES at ss os es-. 15.0, Nottinghamshire 216 7., Wiltshire oo... . 14 0
Flintshire .......18 0 Northamptonshire 15 9 Yorkshire .......20 0
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
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THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 201
SCOTLAND.
Farm servants in Scotland are still to a large extent engaged at
the hiring fairs, which are held every six—or, in some cases, twelve—
months. Wages are consequently fixed in the spring and autumn of
each year.
Wages began to rise in the spring of 1913, and, with a few exceptions
at the autumn hirings of that year, the tendency towards higher wages
continued in 1913 and 1914. The rise is generally attributed to a
scarcity of labour caused by emigration and accentuated in the
autumn of 1914 by army recruiting. The scarcity of female labour
continued, and women’s wages rose in many counties.
The increases were smaller in the south than in the north. In
1913 they ranged from £1 to £3 a year (43d. to 1s. 14d. per week) ; in
1914 increases of from £1 to £3 for the half-year were obtained at
the spring and autumn hirings.
In May, 1915, as compared with a year ago, wages rose considerably.
In the north increases were made ranging from £1 to £6 per half-year.
In the south wages rose by 2s. to 3s. per week.
IRELAND.
The upward movement in wages, which has been noticeable in
Ireland for some years, continued in 1913 and 1914 as a result of the
increasing scarcity of labour and the rise in the cost of living. The
advances in both years were fairly evenly distributed among the
various counties, though there were comparatively fewer changes in
Leinster than in the other provinces. The increases usually ranged
from about 1s. to 2s. per week in the case of men paid by the week ;
in the case of men paid by the year the amounts varied from £1 to £2
per annum in 1913 and from /1 to £3 in 1914, though in the latter
year a few increases of £4 and £5 were obtained.
In the case of Scotland and Ireland material is lacking for a table
similar to that given for England and Wales.
SEAMEN.
STEAMSHIPS.
Early in 1913 a general advance of 10s. per month was granted to
seamen, firemen, and trimmers at the principal ports of the United
Kingdom. This, together with the levelling up of rates at certain ports
to the new predominant rates, accounts for the increase in average
monthly rates of 11s. 1d. for able seamen and of 1os. 3d. for firemen
and trimmers.
During the last three years wages have risen by nearly 30 per cent.
SAILING VESSELS.
In 1913 the average monthly rates of wages were higher than in
1910 by 24s. 4d.—a rise of 40 per cent,
Qt
202 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
RAILWAY SERVANTS.
As a rule the remuneration of railway servants is regulated by
graduated scales of pay. At the same time continual alterations take
place in the nature and amount of work to be done by individuals,
and thus it is difficult to state the number of persons whose rates of
pay for the same work were changed during 1913.
Therefore, the figures of changes in the wages of railwaymen given
below take into account actual earnings rather than rates of wages,
and do not show the number of workpeople affected by changes during
the year.
NUMBER OF RAILWAY SERVANTS* EMPLOYED BY 27 OF THE PRINCIPAL
Raitway CoMPANIES, TOGETHER WITH THE AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS
PER HEAD IN THE First WEEK IN DECEMBER IN EACH YEAR.
Ee Pima RCM Chri: Tic
England and Wales. Scotland. Ireland. United Kingdom.
Pere aM Me
| |
Year. Average | Average | Average | Average
Number | weekly | Number | weekly | Number | weekly | Number | weekly
employed.| earnings |}employed.| earnings |employed.| earnings | employed.' earnings
per head. per head. per head. per head.
Siti. 6: yi: er | Br nkke
1904] 380,610 | 25 7 | 45,836 | 23 08] 19,751 | 19 1%| 446,197 | 25 of
1905} 384,321 | 25 10g) 46,071 | 23 23) 19,531 | 19 2%) 449,923| 25 34
1906] 391,661 | 25 II] 47,044 | 23 3 | 19,874 | 19 94) 458,579| 25 5
1907| 412,804 | 26 43%) 47,040 | 23 4 | 19,470 | 19 84) 479,314) 25 OF
1908] 395.271 | 25 62/ 45,442 | 22 6%) 19,040 | 19 84) 459,753 | 25 ©
1909} 394,928 | 25 10] 45,671 | 23 24] 19,369 | 19 11 | 459,968| 25 44
IQIO} 397,715 | 26 34) 46,606 | 23 14] 19,199 | 20 7 | 463,520] 25 9Q
IQII| 405,651 | 27 44) 47,125 | 23 58| 20,392 | 20 9§) 473,108| 26 8}
1912| 415,197 | 28 © | 47,499 | 24 4 | 20,209 | 20 9 | 482,905) 27 44
1913| 421,925 | 28 64) 47,741 | 25 14} 20,406 | 22 0 | 490,072 | 27 Ir4
| | | |
* Exclusive of clerical staft, salaried officers, and persons casually employed for less
than three days during the week.
“
It will be noticed that the increase for 1913 amounted to 64d. in
England and Wales, g$d. in Scotland, and 1s. 3d. in Ireland.
Under an agreement arrived at in October, 1915, the war bonus
paid by the railway companies under then existing agreements was
increased as shown below :—
Present Revised
War Bonus. War Bonus —
AER + s., d.
Employees 18 years of age or upwards, whose
standard rate of wage is 30s. per week or more .. 2 0 5 0
Employees 18 years of age or upwards, whose
standard rate of wage is under 30s, per week .. 3 0 5 2
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. — 203
Present Revised
War Bonus, War Bonus,
Employees under 18 years of age, except boys 3 4. 3. .d,
engaged since January Ist, 1915, at rates of
pay which exceed by 2s. 6d. or more the rates
usually paid to boys in positions similar to those
in which such newly engaged boys are working Tri a0
The first payment of the revised bonus to be in respect of the week
ending October 23rd, 1915, and the agreement to remain in force until
notice shall have been received from the Government determining the
present control agreement, and thereafter shall be subject to
determination in one month’s notice on either side.
CHANGES IN HOURS OF LABOUR IN 1913 AND 1914.
A slight decrease in the hours of labour has been in progress for
over 20 years, affecting, in the main, only the well organised
trades. In 1913, Of 154,618 workpeople affected by changes of
this nature, 7,665 had their aggregate working time increased and
146,953 had it reduced; there was a net reduction of 377,673 hours in
their weekly working time. In 1914 79,135 workpeople were affected ;
of these 78,689 had their working hours reduced. The net amount of
the aggregate weekly reduction was 262,153 hours, or an average
reduction of about three hours and 20 minutes per week for each of
the workers affected.
In 1913 the changes were effected in 31,096 cases (20 per cent.) by
arbitration, conciliation, or mediation; the remainder were arranged
by direct negotiation. The changes were preceded in the case of
33,625 workpeople by stoppages of work. ;
CHANGES IN THE Hours oF LaBourR, 1904-1914.
|
| Simber | Total number of workpeople affected by Net amount
Year. of : io hours of
| ShAnges. | Increases. | Decreases. | All changes. | penne
1904.5. |. 72 | 774 16,018 16,792 | 24,599
1905 +. 75 =| ~— 5,806 90,179 95,985 65,265
1906 .. 86. | 1,985 52,969 54,954 98,892
1907 «. 87 | 841 35,306 36,207 | 78,975
1908 -. | 75 3,349 23,192 20,541 38,423
yo a Se be Gare 559,079 562,891 2,302,342
IQIO .. Bg te S006 19,360 27,366 | 47,575
TOIT... | 119 | 4,351 151,056 155.407 | 715,459
pire) 2 a 15 Ca ea aA ge 104,304 105,317 210,556
TOT3 s\5. } 416 7,665 146,953 154,618 | 378,009
IGIA ye | 446 78,689 79,135 | 262,153
ce el) Birareg not yet available, °°.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Twenty-First Annual Report on Changes in Rates of Wages and
Hours of Labour in 1913. Published 1915 (Cd. 7635). 11d.
Standard Time Rates of Wages at October rst, 1913. Published
1913 (Cd. 7194). 64d. | |
THE COST OF LIVING.
By JoHN A. Hopson.
From 1873 to 1895 a considerable and fairly continuous fall of
wholesale and of retail prices took place in this country. From 1896
up to the outbreak of the war a considerable though less regular rise
of prices had been taking place. The causes of the rise of prices,
affecting in particular raw materials and foods, are somewhat obscure.
The immediate cause of a rise of prices is a decline in the rate of
output and supply of goods as compared with the rate of effective
demand or purchasing power. During the period in question the
supply of money, or purchasing power, was evidently growing faster
than the supply of goods. This increased rate of the production of
money is partly attributable to the growth in the output of the world
supply of gold to which the development of the South African mines
formed a chief contributor. But most buying and selling is no longer
due to gold. The development of the banking system and of the sorts
of money which banks manufacture under the name of credit is a
much more important factor. Though gold is needed to support this
great fabric of credit, it is the growth of this latter, and the rapid
increase of joint stock companies with stocks and shares which become
instruments of credit, that are chiefly accountable for the enlarged
supply of money.
The output of foods, raw materials, and goods in general had, of
course, been increasing during this same period, but not so rapidly
as the supply of money. This failure of goods to grow as fast as
money is partly due to the immense amount of capital and productive
energy which, during these years, has flowed into the work of railroad-
making and other developments of new countries in South America,
Canada, and elsewhere. This development will eventually cause an
immense expansion of the supplies of foods and materials for the
world markets. But these fruits are not yet fully realisable, and the
interim effect is to depress the rate of increase of consumable goods.
Add to this the large destruction of consumable wealth and of capital
during the South African, the Russo-Japanese, and the Balkan wars,
and the diversion of a large and growing percentage of the increase
of almost every great industrial country into expenditure in armaments,
and the retarded growth of the world supplies of foods and materials
seems intelligible. But whatever be the explanation, about the facts
there is no question. In considering the bearing of these facts upon the
cost of living of the working classes, we are concerned, of course,
chiefly with the retail prices of foods, coal, and other articles which
they consume. From 1896 onwards most of the principal articles of
working-class diet, the prime necessaries of life, have advanced
considerably in price, especially since 1905. A table published by the
Board of Trade in 1913 showed that in London the three groups of
foods (1) bread, flour, cereals, and potatoes, (2) meat, (3) dairy produce,
had all advanced over 35 per cent. The only group showing a slower
rise, i.e., 10 per cent., was that including tea, coffee, and cocoa.
When the figures are ‘‘ weighted,’’ in accordance with the importance
they bear in the expenditure of working-class families of various
fH Cost OF LIVING. 20§
incomes and in various districts, the advance in price of retail food
works out as follows :—
1896. 1898. 1900. 1902. 1904. 1906. 1908 Ig10; I912. 1913: 1914,
91.7 99.5 I00 I0I.0 102.4 102 107.5 109.4 114.5 114.8 116.8
There is a rise amounting to about 27 per cent. between 1896 and
1914. During the same period the price of coal in London moved
upwards nearly as fast, rising from an average figure of 68.2 in
1896 for various qualities of coal up to go.7 in 1914. The statistics of
other towns conform tolerably closely to the London movement. The
average price of a quartern loaf at the co-operative stores in various
districts of England, Wales, and Scotland shows pretty regular advance
during the first twelve years of this century from 4.g9d. in 1900 to
6.06 in 1914.
Working-class rents have not shown a similar advance. Between
1g0s5 and 1912 the rise of rents in London and the large cities works
out at less than } per cent., and though in the group of towns with
between 100,000 and 250,000 inhabitants there are instances of a large
increase, as, for instance, in Coventry and Preston, the group, as a
whole, gives a rise of 3.7 per cent., while the smaller towns show a
lower rate of rise.
A very interesting table in this return presents the combined result
of rents and retail prices for food and coal, comparing the various
districts of the country :—
| Rae
Means of index numbers for towns
| in group.
G hical group | | iy gest
eographic : | ms
gtap! | included. WE Retail | Boe iets p84
4 PatCere combined,
London area—Middle zone . ) 100 100 100
Inner zone....| I | 116 99 | 102
Outer zone....! 87 100 97
Northern counties and Cleve- |
SE as ea Havre 2 ois date ols | 9 66.0 98.0 91.6
Yorkshire (except Cleveland). Bova ts 58.5 96.0 88.5
Lancashire and Cheshire .... 17 56.9 95.152) 87.5
ALi eamale 5,4. ale 0.006 lysF 4 BAG Ges i O42 85.8
Eastern and East Midland
METATEIGS Top .0ld'd wia.wiet o < a-n.0 Sal 7 53.4 97-7 88.8
Southern counties .......... as 0 63.7 99.5 92.3
Wales and Monmouth ...... | ae 64.8 98.5 91.8
BMRTEIAEMCE Wiel dish ea'« shais sik ee ket TLO G2.0 + ais TORO) 94.5
BPRS cdg 9's 0's bela misiiess 6 She 99.8 | go.2
It must always be borne in mind that the prices of food, coal, and
housing form a larger part of the expenditure of the poorer than of
the better-to-do classes, and that this applies within the various
working-class grades of income. The poorest suffer most from any
rise of food prices, not merely because they live at the narrowest
Z06 THE COST OF LIVING.
margin above starvation, but because a larger share of every sovereigh
they spend goes in buying the articles whose price has risen most.
The figures I have given are pre-war figures. The damage done by
the war prices, following the earlier increases, is measured thus by
figures worked out by the Board of Trade for 1895-1912, with additions
for 1914 and 1915 (March) made by the Fabian tract, ‘‘ Facts for
Socialists.”’
A sovereign was worth—
Sid. s. d.
EDS teehee dee ert iRs 20 0 TQOS '202..s sh aoe 17 11
MOEA T wstt ts ode heeee eves 20 0 1900. 4/5... Sawaya 5 Bo
RCT AY SY 1g 8 TOOP) cee. lero a
EOE RN GE SAAR BLED RB TS 18 6 1908 0... SC ae 7 *a
ROO te el hag La pvlcwie wie 19 yer Cho wermenpeeere rr: EN! ‘7-4
ROOD ere Ure ae tag 1 5 TOIO” fi wc 16 11
ROOT) a aN PES ek: Sake 18 4 wir th oA ee 17" .@
HOR ere cies Rly 18 3 1972 7... ee 16 3
Po a Rona eet SOR MRSA SORA 17 11 1914. ol Gin eee 14 7
ROAST. cst ASG tact 18 0 LOU hic de Ir 10
Since the calculation for March, 1915, was made, prices have risen
a good deal more, amounting in July, 1915, to 35 per cent. rise for food
in large towns and 30 per cent. in the small towns, and there is every
likelihood that a still higher level will prevail if the war drags on.
For the increasing removal of workers from work of production to
work of destruction diminishes supplies of food and other wealth,
while the policy of inflating the currency, to which every Government
is driven, increases the supply of money. The immense extra drain
upon the supplies of food and coal and many other articles in this
country for the consumption of the fighting forces, while the production
of these goods within this country and their importation from abroad
are curtailed, must continue to make the cost of living higher for
our people.
The further increase of recruiting to enlarge the fighting forces and
to make good the ‘‘ wastage’’ increases the consumption while it
diminishes the productive power of the nation available for supplying
the needs of the civil population. Thus every further combination of
the war must come home to the workers in further rises of the cost of
living. Money wages may tend to rise so as to meet this extra cost,
but they cannot actually rise as fast as prices for the workers as a
whole. For with three millions of the able-bodied workers in the
prime of life taken out of production and endowed with increased
powers of consumption, while at least another million is taken from
ordinary work to make munitions, the actual production must be
considerably reduced, in spite of speeding-up and overtime and
increased employment of women. Though certain favoured sections
of the workers have to some extent gained from war expenditure,
this gain has been at the expense of the majority of their fellow
workers. For there is no way in which the destruction and waste
of war can be made economically advantageous to the people as a
whole. The people must suffer, and the chief direct way in which
this suffering is inflicted is by a continuous rise in the cost of the
necessaries of life.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 207
WAGES AND PRICES AND THE COST
* - OF LIVING. ;
Information in regard to changes in rates of wages is incomplete as a
measure of working-class progress, unless interpreted in the light of
contemporaneous movements in the cost of food, coal, house-room and
clothing, otherwise in the cost of living. It is possible to record the
joint movement by the device of index numbers, which are so frequently
used in statistical comparisons of this kind that we give an explana-
tion of their construction. |
We are informed by the Board of Trade (Cd. 7,635 of 1914) that the
rates of weekly cash wages most generally paid to ordinary agricultural
labourers in Leigh, Lancashire, had increased between January, 1913,
and January, 1914, from 20s. to 21s., or 5 per cent. Another method of
stating this fact is that the index number for the wages of this group of
labourers, which was Ioo in 1913, had risen to 105in 1914. If the wages
at corresponding dates in other years were similarly written down as a
percentage of the wages paid in 1913, the base year, we should obtain a
series. of index numbers describing the movement of the wages of ordinary
agricultural labourers in the district of Leigh, Lancashire. For the
purpose of estimating the course of the wages of this class of labour
throughout England and Wales, the Board of Agriculture take the
average rate paid on about 156 farms scattered throughout the country.
When miners state that hewers’ wages in the Scottish district were 75
per cent. above the standard of 1888, they are using the method of index
numbers, expressing the wages of each year as a percentage of the wages
paid in the base year.
In the calculation of an index number for the average wage of work-
men of different grades or occupations, the wage-rate of each group is
allowed to influence the average in proportion to the numbers employed
at that rate. This process is described as weighting. An index number
for retail prices must be weighted, if we are to have a true index of
changes in the cost of living. A ro percent. rise in the price of bread is
of more importance than a 1oo per cent. rise in the cost of coffee. This
is recognised in the official index number for 23 articles of food by giving
to bread the weight 50 and coffee the weight 2, this being the estimated
relative importance of bread and coffee in working-class expenditure.
Money wagesand prices are the two factors in the making of real wages.
The wages of a workman reckoned in coin of the realm, his money wages,
have a different intrinsic value when expressed in terms of food, clothing,
house-room, etc., according as prices have risen, fallen, or remained
Stationary since the date from which the comparison is made. The
process of division of the index number for money wages by the index
number for prices, starting the same base year throughout, gives the
index number for real wages, the money wages corrected for changes in
purchasing power. We may illustrate the process of conversion from the
experience of the average skilled building operative in the period 1905 to
1914. In 1905 his wages were represented by 100 and prices by 100. At
the end of seven years wages had risen 5 per cent. to 105; the cost of
living had increased ro per cent. to 110; and, therefore, real wages had
fallen 44 per cent., from 100 tog5.5. If we assume that not more than
four-fifths of this worker’s income had changed in purchasing power and
allow for the fact, we may say that in terms of commodities purchased,
208 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
his income had shrunk about 24 per cent., despite the increase in his money
wages of 5 per cent.
The course of wages, prices, rents and real wages in the second half
of the nineteenth century has been estimated by Mr. G. H. Wood. The
substance of his conclusions is reproduced here from the ‘ Statistical
Journal,’’ of March, 1909, where readers will find an explanation of his
method.
For prices the method adopted by Mr. Wood was simply to take
the unweighted mean of a series of index numbers for all commodities
of . ordinary consumption for which records were obtainable. He
assumed a progressive increase in expenditure on rent, and that
one-half was due to an increase in rent as a price for a certain
standard of accommodation, the other half being payment for a higher
standard.
The cause of wages was estimated for the following trades:
building, engineering, shipbuilding, printing (compositors), agriculture,
coal, puddling, cotton, wool and worsted (Huddersfield), worsted
(Bradford), gas, furniture.
I. WAGES, PRICES AND RENTS, REAL WAGES, 1850-1902.
Real wages
Prices and (allowing for |
pareoct, | pei. | anaaplon
Per cent.
1850-54 tO 1873-77 ceseeeeeeees | +41 +11 | +32
1873-77 to 1880-84 ..c...cceees | - 4 -7 + 3
1880-84 to IgO0-02...... bees | +21 - 8 +32
ROG3~77 tO IG00-02 seseledeecs si | +17 ora +36
1850-54 tO IQO0-O02 .......c eens | ree 79. lo ot 3) 5 | +80
The shifting of workers from low paid to higher paid occupations was
the cause of a 30 per cent. increase in the standard of comfort in the’
second half of the last century. Higher wages and reductions in the
cost of living account for the other 50 per cent. This evidence of a very
considerable improvement in the standard of comfort is confirmed by a
table prepared by Mr. Wood, showing a corresponding increase in the
average consumption of articles of food in the same period, and by the
results of an independent inquiry, communicated by Professor Bowley in
the article ‘‘ Wages,’’ in the Appendix to the ‘' Dictionary of Political
Economy.” With a reasonably fair distribution of the increased products
of industry and invention, a more appreciable improvement would have
had to be recorded. In 1914 the whole manual labour class of the
United Kingdom received only four-elevenths of the national income.
There is no official index number for the average wages of all
occupations. The movement of the average rates of wages of skilled
workers in the building, coal mining, engineering and textile trades
since 1880 is calculated by the Board of Trade, and published annually
in the ‘‘ Abstract of Labour Statistics.” Changes in agricultural
wages are also shown, including, in the case of Scotland, the value
of allowances in kind. A composite figure for these groups, which
ignores the numbers employed in the several industries, is added.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 265
il, INDEX NUMBERS OF AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES.
WAGES IN 1I900=I100,
| | | : i Y
fe, ce be GD te | Agriculture. ey.
2108 aie ae to fT os = | Oe : ile oO
ea * iS Ac Sad ieee se : se
Brew years | Boy esr ge 5) Zorg ae rd oS
ie OR Ee) emo 8 PES ®o |aua| § q gee
AR ES ae eee eae 20 Bt Ray eb or Bo ee aa
Se Beas gq See Oo Ss
| | Ore ea Bree | K pa | 6a
| |
FI pei azn - none | 99 | 85.6 | 61.5 | 880 | 89.8 | 92.6 | 89.7 | 85.8 | 83x
SEMI Rehag ceive» ss LPT TI! 5 ORO: 63.2 89.4 94.2 | 92.5 | 89.2 85.8 84.6
FORA a eee| FO) |. 85.6 67.9 89.9 | 94.2 |. 92.8 gI.0 87.5 85.8
RD Ria iene ccesnaces | 9 | 84.4 | 69.2 | 90.1 93:3 93:0 | 91.4 88.3 85.7
“aha St eRe eee | 79 | 84.4 65.7 go.0 | 93.6 92.5 89.9 | 89.2 85.0
UBS Geass sasaadoenens | 78 84.4 63.1 go.o 90.2 gI.2 90.3 89.4 83.7
BEAGS vn csmaisges 97 84.4 61.5 89.6 89.3 90.4 90.3 90.3 83.0
2h Boe Se ee aa b~ 98 84.4 60.8 90.3 90.2 80.5 89.5 gl. 83.1
BONG; eevee ateeae lags |} 80 | 84.4 | 64.8 | 91.3 93.8 89.4 90.6 gl. 84.9
TBOQ eA ectibbe a ced 85 85.6 Zo OE be OL.7,) pe Q4e7, g0.I | 90.2 91.9 87.7
FRI secpiccb ewiacues 1} 117.0 | 109.0 ° || 108.5. | 11718 Wi FOo.s
The first column indicates the trend of the average wages paid in all
the industries for which calculations have been made, including those for
which the Board of Trade results are shown. These index numbers have
been computed by Professor Bowley, and, compared with the Board of
Trade unweighted average, suggest that during the last 25 years the
re-grading movement within industries and changing distribution of the
numbers employed in different occupations, has not materially affected
the average rate of wages. We may, therefore, conclude, in the absence
of a general figure for the average wages of all trades, that the Board of
Trade unweighted average conforms fairly closely to the movement of the
general average.
Comparison with any of the standard tables of index numbers of food,
coal, and food and raw materials, shows that within the lifetime of the
present generation of young men, there has been an almost continuous
fall in the power of the working-class income to command the necessaries
of life.
210 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Ill. INDEX NUMBERS OF PRICES,
PRICES IN I900=100,
Food. Coal.
__.______ |Food and
. H raw
Retail prices in | | Wholesale. ‘materials.
Year. London. | prices. Retail |
| prices
in
Board of | Board of Board of
Trade (9 |Trade (23 etatie of Fabs aimee Trade (47
articles). | articles). apace Oey | articles).
| | |
Re Tes eicat seh Lee sSvaebes spaee A. Bowe | 144.1 142 135.6
Tio ieeeas ate sang race cat's soap sates da nare ts sh 147.3 147 145.2
OA Ae each aba ey nbelanteccautees:oten oo | 153-4 155 151.9
TOA eh rece en Mase tascans sUeveeees Br 152.5 151 146.9
MOPS tis dads ed cpel Salas dentea sepess dane | ar 148.9 145 140.4
Dat ee wince ks eevee tank sacae cea i | 148.0 143 137.1
FOG ete i ccinn Meine Gah iceth eines 150.7 154.8 146 140.4
1 fs} es AR ah ERE Ga mes Mer t FATAS 144.1 139 . 331.7
POE Sal Arcee Gabe Seal geass habee | 134.8 1389 130 125.0
Ore, Gls eS Becton tc: giv aekee 142.3 I40.9 136 129.0
MONEE Grten ce Ace vehcoaat ob cena det 140.2 138.6 132 126.6,
“ths ba Doe Sepa RCRA tesa ie © A | 140.1 141.0 129 127.7
“if STE ae ae RA ee Ses We | 139.9 139.7 129 125.9
POA re tiva atenersecevcivicissezeiteks 127.9 | 123.9 Ir4 114.1
BaD eee koe Mab ase ass seek | 116.2 I15.4 107 107.0
ROS ees Shy oes eb ccaudn take ee | 110.3 109.9 104 IOI.0
Lat biG Neate SY Al a Ge ER Ra 104.9 | 106.5 IOI 3 98.8
EOS ee ee MeL een cathe eae 104.6 TIO.5 104 re 101.8
145} 210)s 8 AR ER GE a ee | 108.3 II0.4 109 ‘ 103.4
PROG es del as coors yanks uaaaca Gisers aoe | 106.3 108.5 106 : 103.3
PESTO: Saco htecas Nas unamner sbenensaal gs LOGS ile 116.3 112 ans 106.9
Ma es MEME eas else aam ss Dendeioat | 108.9 103.9 109.9 106 94.4 101.1
Sn, ORE SURES NSE ERAN me | 103.3 99.3 | 1086 104 83.4 99.4
BOAR ge esses lal odes Seren eet cae ve |. 100.0 94.9 101.9 96 70.5 93-5
BRM asi aesc eae Mat dpa xe seeog as Paisiopee | 95.0 g2.t | 98.9 93 68.8 90.7
RGAE seis sis voce Acc Poe Seis Noakes wade ee | gI.o 91.7 03.3 89 68.2 88.2
wd PER rte on hing als aac | 97.6 95.5 97.4 94 90,2 90.1
BORE Naess one psbccaeoceabases | 103.9 99.5 102.2 99 92.0 93.2
MOR ce ere eda cai s guides daw acher oe | QOF.4 95.4 98.0 | 94 79.3 92.2
NOME i Sect use ka ackcins Roses veaweneas | 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
MQOE oeieovtscs. Bee dels, Suaceuan eats «tales + Lose 100.4 100.1 97 89.0 96.7
BR a ea ae ic oa Ads ons evans Uae taaian _ 102.6 101.0 IO. 97 84.6 96.4
RAG a etea eblag erie ae Vet coinn deeiraae nod ecs | 104.3 102.8 100.6 96 80.9 96.9
BOO Minas eatet test iifcae ae cek ot waaniie dys | mee 102.4 101.2 99 79.4 98.2
REO eee ease shires aia Uae in netenese eee 102.8 101.2 100 78.4 97.6
BM ee eck Sun eres trainee A 102.0 IOI.0 100 79.5 100.8
niiy yg ciara ey RAY Sea ant ghee 105.0 105.5 104 88.9 106.0
PES iu es GAs ebetiaal do sees nor Ipdenpie) 107. 107.0 106 85.6 103.0
TORO Have daaes ubods duis cmcssenierascas | ne 107. | 108.7 106 84.1 104.1
So RON EDS LAE STAD Ces Se ROE a ae | obit 109.4 | 109.2 107 83.8 108.8
MIE De Meat Sith ee alvava\iec adetes ieee 109.4 | 111.6 109 85.1 109.4
NOES eer oinabcachectinn pavesineetesieu ie | 114.5 119.9 117 87.0 114.9
BD ep RP DEN a? rt) Sel ag le el | a3 114.8 | R177. 112 90.7 116.5
ETA SOA Wats Ue Wnoniaaledcda cap aselsaiza (ate ea 116.8 | 121.0 | 120 ae 117.2
In the building, engineering, and textile trades wages increased
respectively 12, 84, and 174 per cent. between the years 1896 and 1913;
the mean of the rates of wages in all trades probably did not increase by
more than 18 percent. These gains were more than offset by a rise in
Bean of 27 per cent. Miners were more fortunate, but for them many
ad years intervened.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 2ti
The Board of Trade index number for 23 articles of food in Table III.
measures, in fact, the changes in the cost of the average family budget
detailed in the last column of the following table :—
CONSUMPTION AND COST OF FOOD IN WORKMEN’S FAMILIES IN
URBAN DISTRICTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
Based on 1,944 family budgets collected by means of an Inquiry by the Board of Trade
in the summer of 1904.
258. and| 308. and 135s. and
We ep hee | Under | 40s. and) All
Limits ot weekly income. | under | under | under |
| 308. | 355. 40s. above. Np aoees
PIUIIER OF FETUENS | 6c. sisisccnasonenccerrss | 261 289 | 416 382 596 ! 1,044
} 1}
| s. d. [ s. d. do (side simi We seid.
Average weekly family income.........) 21 44 | 26 11% | 31 113 | 36 64 | 52 of || 36 10
A ) r oe past j
] ; ‘ ; ,
eae erat & of children iving | | 31 3°3 | 3°2 | 3°4 | 4°4 | 3°6
|cosT
SP hae bi Suid b Seed. (Sar G., bi Sen Geiss aac
Bread and flour .. ae Ses Se tS 7 | 3 tt 4°39 3.7
Meat (bought by weight). WRase sea ed, pace 2.58 3 4%; 4 3 4 5 5 10% 4 5
Other meat* (including fish) ............ 0 7} o 8%} O10 L20 SEE Agee OM Ts
na Week OS cries tected bo tigenttealoabadt o °o 9 | o roy | Om] xr 32 /| oF
1 Fo an Gai eee ek ete a om oe A iO ke Olea l Ort | FO 1142 or lo
Freak 104191 Gee San we ae Rae AEE O) Bis Oars foe! BR be ee ae OR oe ers
GHG e eee oct a ad. cladhe Rapa ae pone vac o 42| 0 5 o 6 o 6 06 8h ee
DEST ly RONG hte ae ees SMR OR sg Ay, I 10 20 3 SAF
PISESORS On een a Pde eciahAcas cise onan g Pat a) oF Oo 9%] © 10 fe) rt Ey O11
Vegetables and fruit POM ae nay 0 10 oO II rims oO rr
Currants and raisins Gere fh Ot o 24] o 3 On'3 o 2%
Rice, tapioca and oatmeal ............... oO 4%); 0-5 o 6 0 3 OF i) GEG
EISEN gO oe nae ey oe ee Oo 9 oO II I ie: jee I 5 Bet
Coffee and COCOA ssssseestereeeeseeeeteens 0 2 | o 3t!1.0 341 0 4¢| 0 5%]} 0 3
Ba fe cerases ede ton jevess rary oanseencsquevieees o 8 o1Io0 | oO I10g| oOo ES COuEy
Jam, iaaeaiaiie. treacle, and syrup. © 44| o 54) 0 6 o 6 o Bi] o 6
Pickles and condiments ...........0000+8 QnV2 (2 BE i Sita ore (0 Fare Oo 47 |} .0 3
CC SLE Sy oaks a acs Seaoang ia, sores teenee b.04 | -X 3 Tia £3 2 O21) 2 89
Total expenditure on food ......... 14 4% | 17 10} | 20° oF | 22 34 | 29 8 22 6
Dae or | eras econ:
Expenditure on all food, as Sot
percentage of income } &7 te 65 os 57 e
PSEC AOCHOUL cisevcesvebsdceinyeescepssctes
Meat (bought by weight).............00.
ROD EG ates eck cS thetocn ar acs cheass ars
Lees lakont Tg Saeco ears oan Aaa te
RB ENO woth bck dose thaidess Qurcus ton zich eceass
PSEUUHORN Woes acy cat Teneo cnc Sas Ce eng eee Retee
Ucn ee MCR 2 Se Nive bebcsesisaipas
Currants and raisins 2.3 4..2)...h..b.asceexes
Rice, tapioca, and oatmeal............
OUR MIRT Maier ire. voiuetsseadepsthnds tests aes ed
Caos and Cocoa. sd ceadhilevcwevesste:
UG ARES My renuds ocarcinncomasavarvisauepudtiss-
Se ee >
* O20 Sheeps’ heads, tripe, heart, liver, pigs’ fry, tinned meats, rabbits.
2ia fHz INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
This ‘standard working-class budget,’’ which cost 22s. 6d. in thé
summer of 1904, as shown in the above table, would have cost in
Year. gtd. it Year. | 8... 1G. Year. Sc.
1892 aie 22 10 | 1900 Seth eet | IQOS ...2-.| 23 7
RRS Youn ea ws Po 2IFTO I SOO vee er waly 22 enE || IQOQ .++++-| 23 7
THOQ4 se see ss) 20. 9D “| “IQO2 we evee| 22. 27 |) 3OTO teens eee
TOO5 Sys ZO 4 Mn EOOR Me day ia te 22 £OLL) bau sana
POO Mo Sage a0 20 5,2 Whi ORQOAR «tiF top 1.222 76 IQI2. V's ¢-yiey] eee
PROT atiedel 20250. HOR QgR tee Fo. eh SO ay TOIZ 5 a's epee
EeOe ie ve keee| OL LO} PUEOOG |. psa s apeneeens IQI4 .ass6ai) eee
EO CO) ie ile 9) | 1907 «+---.) 23 2 |
An expenditure of something more than 33s. would have been needed
for the same purchases at war prices on Ist July, 1915. A. housewife
would not have paid much more for them 4o years ago.
Of all inquiries into concurrent changes in wages and cost of living,
the most comprehensive was that made by the Board of Trade for the
period 1905 to 1912 (see ‘“‘ Report on the Cost of Living,’’ Cd. 6955 of
1913). Particulars of wages were obtained in certain occupations in the
building, engineering and printing trades, these having been selected as
industries which are found in most industrial towns, and in which the
time rates of wages were highly standardised. The following table shows
for each geographical group of towns the mean percentage changes
between October, 1905, and October, 1912, in rents, retail prices of food
and coal, and rents and prices combined, together with the percentage~
changes in rates of wages in the three industries.
f
a Mean percentage changes in
Russias,
| 23 Rents and retail prices. | Rates of wages.
Geographical ov | umammremenntenar EGET ci
group. Pe | gents Building. | Engineering. ee
aS, Retail : ‘en BIEN ee
a" Rents. prices. Pe) L- Lab- | Skilled| Lab- | Com.
5 com- | ed ;
: = bined. | men CUrers; men | ourers |positors
London— | ‘ :
Middle zone vo) “4 | +12 +9 \) ; te
hat ZONG) «0... f I -6 +12 oe | +1; Nil. | +3 9 | Nil.
uter zone...... -2 +10 + | H
eeey ly sie gies 9} +07 | +13.2 | +10.7 | 40.1 | +17 | +5.9 / i 2 + 2.3
an eveland ...
Leak 1AM aba Io} +1.3.| $14.0] 4112.5 | +2.0 | $2.2 | +5.1% och toe eG
eve eA |
ie oa bite and) 17; +34) +15.8 | +13.3 | +2.6 | +2.6 | +4.8* | +5.0% | + 2.9
C@GWITE vo... cs : |
Midlands. /............. 14] +04) +14.4 | +11.6 | +2:2 | +3.6] 45.9% | 431.9% | + 4.8
5.9 3 4
Eastern and East} 7 | +3,1 | +12.4 | +10.5 | +03 | +141 net sont alt Hiraaeg
Midland Counties
Southern Counties! 10 +1.2! + 9.8} + 81 | +09] +1.6 eat wt | + 3.9
Wales eis Mon-| 4 | +43) 415.0 | +129 | +5.8 | +6.8 eon | + | +10.5
STLOUIU esac senrr ont |
scotland ..............) 10} +21.9) +131 [ +109 +3.0 | +11 soet fine dasa OR
freland’...0.\.5.05c4. | 6| +1.2] +15.0 | +12.2 | +0.5 | +5.3 wt | while +38
UnitEep Kinepom..| 88 | +4+1.8 | +13.7 | +11.3 | +5.5 | +2.6 | +5.5* / 3.9% | + 4.1
*The number of towns used in calculating this percentage is less than the total
number included in the geographical group.
{The number for which comparable information is available for October, 1905, and
October, 1912, is insufficient to justify the calculation of a mean percentage for the group
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 213
The Report states that there has been a rise in the cost of clothing,
probably not much less in proportion than that of food, coal and rent
combined, the rise taking the form either of an increase in price for the
same article or a lower quality for the same price.
The trend of wages, prices, and real wages in the years 1790-1904
has been concisely described by Professor Bowley, A description of the
movement in later years has been added to complete the table.
Periods. Nominal wages. | Prices. Real wages.
1790-1810..; Rising fast........ | Rising very fast....| Falling slowly
Perot eatin Alling oss ae oom | Falling fast........ | Rising slowly
1830-1852..| Nearly stationary..; Falling slowly..... Rising slowly
1852-1870..| Rising fast........ ke RSI OY widen howd wa | Rising considerably
1870-1873..| Rising very fast....| Rising fast........ Rising fast
1873-1879..; Falling fast ...... | Falling fast........ | Nearly stationary
1879-1887..| Nearly stationary..| Falling............ | Rising
1987-2892 «i) Rising .ise.s ces ecs | Rising and falling. .| Rising
1892-1897. 7 Nearly stationary..| Falling...... Avenel | Rising
1897-1900..| Rising fast........ V PRISIN iy svieiaiels 4 cx | Rising
tgc0-1904..| Fallinga little ....| Falling and rising...) Stationary
1904-1907: «| Rising ............«| Rising a little..... | Falling slowly
1907-1910..| Falling slowly ....) Falling ........... | Nearly stationary
TQIO-1913.. Rising si) ee is fess PaPEAGUERES (0.5 ce Sule ye» Stationary
|
NE ER AES SS Af +) OS bist
A discussion of ‘‘ The Cost of Living’? by Mr. John A. Hobson
precedes this article.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Report on the Cost of Living of the Working Classes in 1912.
Published 1913 (Cd. 6955). 4s. 11d.
Earnings and Hours (1906 and 1907) Inquiry. Published 1909-13.
Textile (Cd. 4545). 2s. 7d.
Clothing (Cd. 4844). 2s. 5d.
Building and Woodworking (Cd. 5086). 1s. 1od.
Public Utility Services (Cd. 5196). 1s. od.
Agriculture (Cd. 5460). 84d.
Metal, Engineering, and Shipbuilding (Cd. 5814). 2s.
Railway Service (Cd. 6053). 2s. 3d.
Paper, Printing, etc. (Cd. 6556). 2s. 8d.
TRADE BOARDS.
Prior to 1909 wages were left, in the breezy phrase of the professors,
to the play of economic forces. At whose expense these forces played
was shown in the ‘‘ Daily News’’ Sweated Industries Exhibition of
1906, to which we owe the National Anti-Sweating League and its
progeny the Trade Boards Act. In this exhibition 44 homeworkers,
representative of almost as many trades, took part, the average of
whose earnings appeared on investigation only slightly to exceed 14,
per hour.
214 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
_Economic forces played with more than homeworkers. In the year
already mentioned, viz., 1906, the Board of Trade in their memorable
Census of Earnings and Hours of Employment, collected decisive
evidence of the industrial degradation of the nation, a sorry record in
which the woman worker cut an especially unhappy figure. Included
in the census were 32 textile and clothing trades carried on mainly
by female operatives; in all of these, save five, a division of the
aggregate wages paid to women of 18 years and over by the number
of such women in employment showed a resultant figure of less than
15s. per head. The Lancashire textile workers apart, one-fifth of all
the women whose trades are covered by the inquiry, amounting in
number to hundreds of thousands, were shown to receive less than
Ios. per week.
Here, surely, was a case for intervention, and after the National
Anti-Sweating League had stumped the country in favour of a legal
minimum wage; after a Select Committee of the House of Commons
had endorsed this proposal as regards women homeworkers; and Mr.
Ernest Aves, now the Chairman of the various Trade Boards, had
reported upon the Australasian experiments in wage regulation without,
it must be admitted, coming to any definite conclusion thereon, the
Government intervened. Their measure, based upon the Wages Boards
Bill of Sir Charles Dilke, which in turn was derived from the
legislation of the Colony of Victoria, was blessed by everyone, and
became an Act without any vote on principle having been registered
against it.
It proved a better Act than one would expect from the suspicious
cordiality of its reception, and has worked so smoothly that its future
is already beyond doubt. The salient provisions of the Act may be
grouped as follows :— .
_ 1. The establishment of Trade Boards in certain specified trades,
viz. :—
Ready-made and wholesale bespoke tailoring. (The scope
of this Board has now been widened to include other
parts of the retail bespoke trade.)
Paper box making.
Lace finishing.
Certain kinds of chainmaking.
2. Power given to the Board of Trade to move for the establishment
of additional Boards.
3. The constitution and powers of the Boards.
4. The enforcement of minimum rates.
THE FIRST TRADE BOARDS.
1. The trades first scheduled in the Trade Boards Act were intended
to furnish a sufficient basis for experiment. They had, therefore, in
common only a tendency to pay low wages. Two of them—lace
finishing and chainmaking—are confined to a single area, the other
two are widely dispersed. The part played by homeworkers and
the seriousness of foreign competition are different in each. In
chainmaking wages are a determining element in the cost of
production : in tailoring they are subsidiary to other factors. In short,
so dissimilar were the trades that to make minimum wages ‘* work”?
in them would argue their workability in any other trade whatsoever.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 4215
POWER TO EXTEND.
2. Provided that the Act did work within the limits assigned to
it at the outset, Parliament agreed that the limits should be widened.
The procedure of extension is as follows :—If the Board of Trade are
satisfied that rates of wages in certain trades or in parts of them are
“exceptionally low,” it may promote a Provisional Order to apply
the Act thereto. A Provisional Order requires confirmation by a bill,
which must go through the usual Parliamentary stages, and if a
petition be presented against it must be reported on by a Select
Committee in each House, or by a Joint Committee of both Houses.
In 1913 the following trades were added to the Act by a Provisional
Order :—
Sugar confectionery and food preserving.
Shirt-making.
Metal hollowware. (This designation covers the distinct
trades of (a) metal hollowware; (4) tin boxes; for which
separate Boards have now been established.)
Linen and cotton embroidery.
An attempt to apply the Act also to the calendering and machine
ironing branches of the laundry trade was successfully resisted in 1913
and the following year, in the first case because of a technical defect
in the Order, and, in the second case, because a Select Committee
were not satisfied as to the practicability of applying the Act merely
to the branches of the trade named in the Order.
. CONSTITUTION AND POWERS.
3. Each Trade Board consists of two classes of members :—
(z) Neutral persons, numbering in practice from three to five,
appointed by the Board of Trade.
(4) Equal numbers of representatives of employers and of
workers whom these may elect to represent them, or who
alternatively may be nominated by the Board of Trade on their
behalf. (It is important to note that the persons so elected or
nominated need not themselves be either employers or workers,
and that thus the door is left open, on the one hand, for the legal
adviser of the Employers’ Association, and, on the other hand,
for the Trade Union secretary or other such adherent of the
workers.)
The powers of the Boards are concerned with the determination of
the minimum rates, which may be time rates only, or time rates and
piece rates, and may be fixed so as to apply universally throughout
the trade or only to particular areas or particular classes of workers.
Where necessary the Boards may appoint District Committees, and
these Committees, if appointed, are given certain definite duties under
the Act. Final authority, however, remains with the Board, and the
réle of the District Committees has been so far of minor importance.
ENFORCEMENT OF MINIMUM RATES.
4. A minimum rate comes tediously into operation. For three
months after the Board has come to a decision the rate is in the
*‘ proposal’’ stage, and may be objected to either by or on behalf of
the employers qr workers, At the end of three months, objections
216 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
to the rate proposed are considered by the Board, which may then
give effect to them and issue a new proposal, which would likewise
run for three months, or may overrule them and “fix” the rate. For
six months after the rate is fixed, it is in ‘‘ partial operation,” that is
to say, it is obligatory only on employers undertaking contracts from
Government or municipal departments. All other employers may
continue to pay less than the minimum rate provided that they secure
the consent of their employees in writing thereto.
At the end of six months the Board of Trade must either issue an
Order making the rate generally obligatory, or an Order of a contrary
character. (Thus, although not entitled to modify the minimum rate,
the Board of Trade, by refusing to make it compulsory, is in a position
to exercise serious pressure on the Trade Board.)
Where the rate is obligatory the non-observance of it may involve
a fine in respect of each offence not exceeding £20, and a fine not
exceeding £5 for each day on which the offence is continued after
conviction therefor.
In addition to these fines the employer may be adjudged to refund
to the worker any sum by which the wage received by the latter falls
short of the minimum rate to which he is entitled.
SUCCESS IN THE CHAIN TRADE.
As to the operations of the several Boards it is possible here to
speak only in brief. The reader may be referred for fuller information
to the series of monographs on the minimum wage edited by Mr. R. H.
Tawney for the Ratan Tata Foundation, the first of which describes
the complete success attained by the Board in the chainmaking
industry.
The success is many sided. In a comparison of the earnings of
male chainmakers, before and after the Trade Boards Act, Mr. Tawney
discovers the ‘‘ mode’”’ (i.e., the point at which the largest group is
found) in the first case between 13s. and 14s., and in the latter case
between 20s. and 21s. The increase in the wages of women is more
striking, and inquiry into the earnings of 86 women employed in the
manufacture of the commonest short-link chain, indicates an average
increase of earnings of 67 per cent., which percentage has since been
considerably increased by further advances of piece rates made by the
Board. Increases in piece rates imply a greater increase in net
earnings, as an actual instance may show :—
‘Miss X, prior to the issue of the Trade Board determination,
was paid 3s. 6d. per cwt., and made 2cwt. of chain per week, thus
getting 7s., out of which she paid 2s. per week for breeze, so that her
net wage was 5s. . . . . The piece rates were advanced by 100
per cent., so that she earned a gross wage of 14s., or when 2s.
per week was paid for fuel, 12s. A rise of 100 per cent., therefore, in
the piece rates made in this case a rise of 140 per cent. in weekly
earnings.”
Perhaps the most interesting testimony adduced by Mr. Tawney
is as to the reaction of the Trade Board on the social life of the
chainmakers. In his book shopkeepers testify to the improvement in
the purchasing power of the workers ; teachers to the better feeding and
clothing of the children; clergymen and other residents to the
alteration, clearly discernible in the rising standard of manners and
comfort in the locality.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 217
The happiest outcome of all is in the heightened spirit of the
district, which has found expression in an encouraging growth of
Trade Unionism among men and women not only in the chainmaking
trade, but in other trades adjacent to it, of which the hollowware and
brick trades are the chief.
HIGHER WAGES IN TAILORING.
The tailoring trade, by reason of its larger scale, is less easy to
review, but here, too, Mr. Tawney’s investigation reveals encouraging
results and tendencies. As to wages: the Tailoring Trade Board
fixed a minimum rate of 33d. per hour for women, and 6d. per hour
for men, and the women’s rate has since been increased to 34d., which
in a week of 51 hours realises 14s. 103d. This amount, it must be
remembered, is a minimum. Compare the earnings shown for women
in this trade in the census of 1906 :—
Receiving under 8s. a week .............seceeseeees ” per cent.
ne Sy sadn en eee atest hominis be Site
és 10S. jf Oe. Eaeicmacathp es 60 5. BAtlas
~ PEGE oy kh Aes cM cus eaten a BA cigs
x 1 ERP SERPS” “yk, GASPAR ICC Ose vee
The minimum rate for men of 6d. an hour was not designed for
the expert workers, chiefly pressers and cutters, who were left by
tacit agreement to the protection of their various unions, but for men
of lower grade. Even so, the rate has been of considerable value in
certain backward districts. An article in a recent number of the
“Economic Journal’’ gives an interesting illustration of this :—
““Of the male workers employed at Hebden Bridge 111 are known
by the union to have obtained advances necessary to bring their
wages (formerly 20s, to 23s. per week) up to the minimum rate.
Twenty-three others, whose wages were above the minimum, have
obtained advances, given because they were recognised to be worth
more than the lower-paid men—a notable refutation of the fallacy
that the minimum wage tends to become a maximum. The advances
varied from 1s. to 8s., and averaged 3s.”
In this large trade the improvements in habits and modes of life due
to better wages are less easy to apprehend than in the smaller
trade. On the other hand, the impetus given to organisation is more
noticeable. For instance, the male operatives at Hebden Bridge
already referred to were induced by their increase of wages to join
the local branch of the Clothiers’ Operatives Union, which in
consequence increased in membership from 29 to over 300, and is now
in a position to ‘‘ oblige the employers for the first time to make a
collective bargain with their workpeople.’’
The membership of this union has risen strikingly also in other
districts since the establishment of the Trade Board, nor is it the only
organisation in the trade to benefit in this way. Mr. Tawney attributes
this spread of Trade Unionism to the ‘“‘ psychological influence of the
Trade Board system,’’ which he regards as ‘‘the most important of
its results.”
It remains to note certain bye-products of the Trade Board
determinations. As minimum rates are to be paid ‘‘clear of all
deductions,’’ various fines and other such customary nibblings at
218 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
workers’ earnings became illegal. As, further, the workers under the
Act are entitled to be paid wages for all time spent in the workshop,
it is no longer profitable to allow them to ‘‘ wait for work.’’ Better
industrial organisation, which Trade Boards have everywhere induced,
has secured greater continuity of employment. On the occasions when
work is still not available, the women are free to leave the factory or
workshop and spend their leisure as they please.
The Boards have been efficacious also in some degree in safe-
guarding young workers. For these they have prescribed rates of
wages less than the minimum, but it is a condition of the payment of
lower rates that reasonable facilities for the due learning of the trade
are afforded.
It is not possible within the confines of a short article to descant
upon the other Boards which in many respects repeat the experience
of the two already mentioned, but their value will appear from the
subjoined statement, in which are given all the minimum rates so
far affixed :—
Average weekly
Trade. Minimum Rate Fixed. wages earned in 1906.
Readymade and Male persons of 22 years of age 31s. I1d.
wholesale _ be- and over, 6d. per hour (per
spoke tailoring, week, 25s. 6d.)
and certain Ditto under 22 years of age, from
branches of the 4s. 2d. to 21s. r1d , according to
retail bespoke age
trade Female persons of 18 years of age 12s. rid.
and over, 34d. per hour (per
week, 148. 104d.)
Ditto under 18 years of age, from 6s. 6d.
3s. to 12s. 6d. per week, accord-
ing to age and experience.
Ditto (Ireland) .. Male persons of 24 years of age 29s. 6d.
and over, 6d. per hour (per
week, 25s. 6d.)
Ditto under 24 years of age, from
4s. 6d. to 24s., according to age
Female persons of 18 years of age Ios, 1d.
and over, 3d. per hour (now to
be increased to 3}d. per hour)
(per week, 13s.)
Ditto under 18 years of age, from
4s.to1is.6d.
Paper box making Male persons 21 years of age and 28s. rod.
over, 6d. per hour (per week,
26s.)
Ditto under 21 years of age, 4s. to
21s. per week, according to age
and experience
Female persons ot 18 years of age 12s. 3d.
and over, 3d. per hour (per week,
13s.); now being increased to
34d. per hour. (per week, 14s.1d )
Ditto under 18 years of age, from 6s. 6d.
4s. to Ios. 6d. per week
Trade.
Paper box making
(Ireland)
Lace finishing ..
Chainmaking
Sugar confection-
ery, and food
preserving
Ditto (Ireland) ..
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Minimum Rate Fixed.
Male persons ot 24 years of age
and over, 6d. per hour (per
week, 26s.)
Ditto under 24 years of age. from
48. 6d. to 24s. per week, accord-
ing to age and experience
Female persons over 18 yearsofage,
2?d. per hour (per week, r1s.11d.)
Ditto under 18 years of age, from
4s. to ros. 6d.
Female persons of 18 years of age
and over, 22d. per hour
Young persons under 18 years of
age, from 5s. to gs. 6d. per week
Male persons over 18 years of age,
from 5d. to 774d. per hour
Ditto under 18 years of age, from
4s. to 12s, 6d. per week
Female persons over 17 years of
age, 22d. per hour
Ditto under 17 years of age, from
4s. per week and upwards
(In this trade the rates are fixed
to apply to (a) dollied or tommied
and the larger sizes of hand ham-
mered chain; and (8) to the smaller
sizes of hand hammered chain,
and not, as in other cases, on the
basis of sex. In practice, how-
ever, the women work at the
lower and the men at the higher
rates )
Male persons 22 years of age and
over, 26s. per week
Ditto under 22 years of age, 6s.
to 23s. per week
Female persons 18 years of age
and over, 13s. per week
Ditto under 18 years of age, 6s. to
IIs. per week
Male persons of 22 years of age
and upwards, 54d. per hour
Ditto under 22 years of age, 6s. to
21s. per week, according to age
Female persons of 18 years of age
and upwards, 24d. per hour
Ditto under 18 years of age, 5s. to
gs. per week, according to age
2tg
Average weekly -
wages earned in 1906
No separate
figures
No figures for this
branch of the
lace trade given
in Census of
Wages. (Home-
workers under-
stood to have
earned from 1d.
to 2d. per hour.)
No figures for this
branch of the
chain trade
given in Census
of Wages.
Cocoa, chocolate,
etc., 30s. od.;
preserved food,
eter, 28a 7a:
Cocoa, chocolate,
etc., IIs. 9d.;
preserved food,
etc.. Ios. 11d.
220 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Average weekly
Trade. Minimum Rate Fixed. wages earned in 1906.
Shirt making.... No rates fixed for male persons
Female persons over 18 years of 13s. 4d.
age, 34d. per hour (per week,
15s. 13d.)
Female persons under 18 years of
age, from 3s. to 12s. 6d. per week
Ditto (Ireland) .. No rates fixed for male persons
Female persons over 18 years of
age, 34d. per hour (per week,
14s. 1d.)
For female homeworkers this Board
has also fixed general minimum
piece rates
Tin box making.. Male persons 21 years of age and No figures
upwards, 26s. per week
Ditto under 21 years of age, from
6s. to 22s. 6d. per week
Female persons 18 years of age
and upwards, 14s. 1d. per week
Ditto under 18 years of age, from
6s. to 12s. per week
Lest a too rosy view of the Trade Board system should be given
by this article, it is proper to add, firstly, that the minimum rates
fixed cannot in any case be regarded as sufficient to provide the
amount needed for the maintenance of seemly and comfortable life;
secondly, that meagre as they are, they have been attended in some
cases with a reprehensible ‘‘ speeding-up’’: and that, thirdly,
especially as regards homeworkers, there are complaints that the
rates are in some cases being evaded.
On the other hand, it may be noted that :—
1. Additions have been made to the rates first fixed and that further
progressive improvements in them may be expected.
2. Complaints as to ‘‘ speeding-up’’ become less numerous after
the trades have settled down to the new conditions, and have improved
their organisation.
3. The grievance of the homeworkers is due to some extent to the
deficiency of investigating officers, less than a dozen of whom are
available for all the purposes of the Act in the trades above mentioned,
and to some extent, where the Trade Board has not been able to fix
a piece rate, to the difficulty of deciding as to the sufficiency of the
piece rate that is, in fact, paid by the employer. There is reasons to
anticipate both that the number of inspectors will be appropriately
increased and that their capacity to pronounce upon piece rates will
grow with experience.
To sum up, the Boards have raised rates of wages considerably,
and have protected the worker from raids of various kinds upon his
earnings. They have encouraged the workers to organise, and the
employers to manage their factories and workshops more efficiently.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 221
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
HoME OFFICE.—E. Aves. Report on the Wages Board and Industrial
Conciliation and Abitration Acts of Australia and New Zealand
(226 pages). Cd. 4167. 1s. rod. 1908.
Standing Committee C. on Trade Boards Bill. H.C. 190. 1909.
Special Report from the Select Committee on the Trade Boards
Act Provisional Orders Bill. 63d. H.C. 209. 1913.
Report and Special Report from the Select Committee on Trade
Boards Act Provisional Orders Bill. H.C. 317 of 1914. 15. 7d.
TRADE BOARDS ACT PROVISIONAL ORDERS BILL.—Report of Committee,
with Evidence and Appendix. H.C. 317. 1s. 7d. 1914.
‘* LaBouR GAZETTE.’’—Proceedings under the Trade Boards Act, 1909.
Summary of House of Commons, 134 of (July) 1913.
‘“ CONTEMPORARY REVIEW.’’—J. Ramsay MacDonald. Arbitration
. Courts and Wages Boards in Australasia. March, 1908.
*“ ECONOMIC JOURNAL.’’—F, Keeling. Trade Boards Act. March, 1914.
*“ NINETEENTH CENTuRY.’’-—J. R. MacDonald. Sweating and Wages
Boards. November, 1908.
‘WOMEN’S INDUSTRIAL NEws.’’—July, 1909; April, 1910; April, 1911;
January, 1913, April, 1914; July 1913.
“WOMEN’S TRADE UNION REviEW.’’—October, 1907; April, 1911;
April, 1914; January, 1913.
““ MINIMUM RATES IN CHAINMAKING INpDusTRY.’’—R. H. Tawney. 1914.
‘‘ MINIMUM RATES IN TAILORING TRADE.’”’—R. H. Tawney. 1915.
UNEMPLOYMENT.
There are few branches of our national statistics which are so
complete as those dealing with unemployment. The Board of Trade
in its ‘*‘ Labour Gazette ’’ publishes each month a considerable amount
of information on the state of the Labour market gleaned from some
half-dozen different sources, which together give a fairly complete
picture of the state of employment.
There are four chief sources: (1) returns made by certain Trade
Unions with about one million members showing the number of
members unemployed at the end of each month; (2) returns made by
employers employing some one and a-quarter million workpeople
showing the numbers employed by them at the end of the month, or,
in the case of mining, the number of days worked per week; (3)
statistics as to the working of the 400 Labour Exchanges scattered
throughout the United Kingdom showing the number of people
registered for employment and the number of vacancies notified and
filled; (4) statistics as to the numbers unemployed in the trades
compulsorily insured against unemployment—these cover about two
and a-quarter million workpeople, chiefly in the building, engineering,
and shipbuilding trades.
The first set of returns—the ‘‘ Trade Union percentage ’’—goes
back for about 40 years, and is shown graphically in Chart A.
Members sick, on strike, locked out, or whose benefit is exhausted
are excluded. It will be seen that with one exception the curve of
unemployment is cyclical, maxima being reached (with one exception)
every seven years. Thus 1879, 1886, 1893, and 1908 were years of
222 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
severe unemployment, and 1875, 1882, 1889, 1899, 1906, and 1913 were
years of good employment. Had the cycle remained the same we
might have expected the next bad year to be 1915 or 1916. But the
war intervened. It will be seen that the range of the curve is very
considerable, from 11.4 in 1879 to 2.0 in 1899. It will be noticed that
the amount never falls below 2 per cent., which may be regarded as
the ‘‘ irreducible minimum ’’ of unemployment. The effect of the war
is an interesting one, and the end of the chart shows the figures month
by month during 1914 and 1915. The percentage shot up from 2.7 per
cent. at the end of July to 7.1 at the end of August, but since then
has been gradually falling, and in 1915 the ‘‘ irreducible minimum ”’
of 2 per cent. has been actually passed, the figure for the end of July
being only 1 per cent.
The second set of statistics relates to the so-called ‘‘insured’’ trades.
By the National Insurance Act of 1911 insurance against unemployment
was made compulsory in the trades of building, construction of works,
shipbuilding, engineering, and making of vehicles, and since every
workman in these trades is compelled, on becoming unemployed, to
lodge his unemployment book at a Labour Exchange very complete
and reliable information is available as to unemployment in these
trades. The statistics only go back to January, 1913, and the
percentage of unemployed for the two and a-quarter million workmen
in these trades is shown week by week in Chart B. As figures are
only available since 1913 comparison is not possible with the Trade
Union percentage over a series of years. We can, however, compare
the monthly Trade Union figures (Chart A) with the insured figures
for the same period (Chart B), when it will be seen that both show
similar movements. The ‘‘insured’’ figures are, it will be noted,
generally higher than the ‘‘ Trade Union’’ figures, especially in the
winter months. This is due to the fact that the building trade, which
always suffers from a higher rate of unemployment than other trades,
forms a very large proportion of the ‘‘insured trades ’’—over 40 per
cent.—while in the ‘“‘ Trade Union’’ percentage it only forms a very
small part. The effect of the war is reflected in both diagrams very
similarly. Both show a sudden rise from July to August; the insured
trades from 3.6 to 6.3, the ‘‘ Trade Union” percentage from 2.7
to 7.1 (the latter shows a greater rise than the former because it
includes the textile trades, which experienced exceptionally severe
unemployment), and both fall, not quite so rapidly, to ‘‘normal”’
figures by the end of the year. Since the beginning of this year
unemployment has further been reduced till it has now fallen lower
than ever before recorded. Two of the insured trades—engineering
and shipbuilding—have been working at terrific pressure; the amount
of unemployment at August, 1915, was only 1 per cent. For the various
‘‘insured’’ trades it stood as follows :—
PAUGING Sioa. Gots ocan Ved ayne vies so eslkop iP eone ahead eae 1.9
WVOURS Of ;CONSEFUCELON ) ti.o.< 250. chek Qoeen Gains ace 0.6
SHAN Ens URAL ht 2 2) 12s nds coe ee Ws « ae Median ep teok acten aaa 0.8 -
PLM SINC OLIN G \firchy ab. de cihine s+ aides Sythaan eebenibarss ocean 0.5
Making ot pvenicles: ; wiiis. i. ewan s- opieeniyes anne . 0.6
All Andgustriées. 7. Sen he A ee 1.0
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 223
The statistics of Labour Exchanges are dealt with in the separate
section, headed Labour Exchanges.
The statistics known as ‘‘ employers’ returns’’ give each month the
number of persons employed and the amount of wages paid in certain
industries. These returns are not reliable over long periods, but give
good indications of the trend of trade during a short period. No
“‘index’’ figures or percentages are given for these figures over a-
period, and for this and the above-mentioned fact the figures are not
quoted. They can be seen each month in the ‘‘ Labour Gazette.”
They are chiefly valuable as affording evidence of conditions in the
so-called short time trades. Many trades, chiefly coalmining, textiles,
and paper, do not resort to dismissals in a time of depression so much
as to short time. This aspect of unemployment—better known as
under-employment—is, of course, very important, but quite neglected
in the figures given hitherto. It is, however, quite impossible to
measure under-employment statistically, and these returns from large
employers, showing the number of employees and wages paid, are
the only data availabie.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
‘Problem of the Unemployed,’’ Hobson (Methuen, 2s. 6d.).
‘* Unemployment: a Problem of Industry,’? Beveridge (Longmans,
1912, 9QS.).
‘*The Unemployed : a National Question,’’ Alden (Headley, 1s.).
‘Report of an Inquiry on Conditions of Labour at Liverpool
Docks,’’ Rathbone and Wood.
‘‘The Casual Labour Problem,’’ Rathbone (Northern Publishing
Company, Is.).
‘Unemployment : Results of an Investigation made in Lancashire,”’
Chapman and Hallsworth (Manchester University Press, 1909, 2s.).
“Unemployment in Germany’’ (Labour Party), G. N. Barnes
and A. Henderson.
‘** Problems of Unemployment in London Building Trades,’ 1909,
Dearle (Dent, 3s. 6d.).
‘Unemployment,’ Pigou, 1914 (Williams and Norgate, 1s.).
** Capital and Labour,’’ Layton, 1914 (Collins, 1s.).
*“Unemployment,”’ Keeling, 1915 (Black, 3s. 6d.).
** Unemployment : a Social Study,’’ Rowntree, 1911 (Macmillan, 53s.).
‘** Industrial Unrest and the Problem of Unemployment,’’ Rowntree,
1914 (Nelson, 3s. 6d.).
‘Unemployment and Trade Unions,’’ Jackson, 1910 (Longmans, 1ts.).
‘*The Unemployment Problem in 1913,’’ Keeling. Supplement to
“The Crusade.’ January, 1913. 1d.
National Conference on Prevention of Destitution: First Report,
1911 (King, ros. 6d.). Second Report, 1912 (King, tos. 6d.).
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.
Board of Trade: ‘‘ Labour Gazette.’’ Monthly, id. Seventeenth
Abstract of Labour Statistics. Cd. 7733, 1915. 1s. 6d. Fourth
Abstract of Foreign Labour Statistics. Cd. 5415, 1910. 2s. 1d. First
Report on Unemployment Insurance. Cd. 6965, 1913. gd. Unemployed
224 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT,
Benefits of Trade Unions. Cd. 5703, 1911. 2s. 8d. Report on State
of Employment in October, 1914. Cd. 7703, 1914. 44d. Report on
State of Employment in December, 1914. Cd. 7755, 1915. 194d.
Report on State of Employment in February, 1915. Cd. 7850. 2ad.
Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress:
Majority Report. Cd. 4499. Minority Report, Part II. The Remedy
for Unemployment. Minutes of Evidence, Vol. VII. and Vol. VIII.
Unemployment. Investigators’ Reports: Report by Jackson and
Pringle on Relief of Unemployed, Vol. XIX. Statistical Memoranda,
Vor RAV, Cd. S099, > rie) rd.
Board of Trade: Report on Agencies and Methods for Dealing with
the Unemployed. C. 7182 of 1893. Ditto Foreign Countries. Cd. 2304.
Royal Commission on Depression of Trade: C. 4621 (1886), C. 4715,
C. 4297, C. 4893.
Board of Trade: First Fiscal Blue Book. Cd. 1761, 1903. 3s. 6d.
Second Fiscal Blue Book. Cd. 2337, 1904. 3s. 6d. Third Fiscal Blue
Book. Cd. 4954, 1909. 5s. 2d. Charts illustrating Statistics of Trade
and Employment. Cd. 2145, 1904.
Local Government Board: Statistical Memoranda and Charts
relating to Public Health and Social Conditions. Cd. 4671, 1909.
Royal Commission on Labour: C. 6708, C. 6795, C. 6894, C. 7063,
C. 7421, 1894.
LABOUR EXCHANGES.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL SYSTEM.
The Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress,
1905-9, unanimously recommended as an essential part of any scheme
for dealing with the problem of unemployment the establishment of a
national system of Labour Exchanges, and in September, 1909, power
was conferred on the Board of Trade by the Labour Exchanges Act,
1909, to set up such a system.
Certain Labour Exchanges or Bureaux were already in existence,
established as a general rule under the Unemployed Workmen Act,
1905, but these exchanges were few in number and were almost entirely
local in character, the most important being the system of exchanges
maintained in the Metropolis by the Central (Unemployed) Body for
London. The Labour Exchanges Act gave the Board of Trade power
to take over such exchanges, while it was further provided that the
exercise of the authority to establish or maintain Labour Exchanges
given by the Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905, should, after the lapse
of one year, be subject to the sanction of the Local Government Board
for England, Scotland, or Ireland, as the case might be, in consultation
with the Board of Trade. These provisions were intended to secure
the absorption into the Board of Trade system of all the exchanges
established under the Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905.
The first Labour Exchanges under the control of the Board of
Trade were opened on the 1st February, 1910, on which date some
60 exchanges commenced operations. By the 1st of May, 1911, the
number working had risen to about 200, and after the passing of the
National Insurance Act, 1911, the number rose, mainly in consequence
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 225
of unemployment insurance, to over 400. There is, in addition, a
large number of local agencies for Labour Exchanges and
Unemployment Insurance which have been established in districts
where the opening of a Labour Exchange would not be justified, and -
which are concerned with Labour Exchange business mainly only -
in so far as it is affected by unemployment insurance. The cost of
administration of the Labour Exchanges is borne by the national
exchequer.
OUTLINE OF THE ORGANISATION OF THE NATIONAL
SYSTEM.
For purposes of administration and control the United Kingdom is
divided into eight divisions, viz., London and South-Eastern,
South-Western, Yorkshire and East Midlands, West Midlands, Wales,
North-Western, Scotland and Northern, and Ireland. Each of these
divisions has a divisional office, which forms the controlling centre for
the exchanges within its area, and as a co-ordinating administrative
authority over the whole there is a central office in London. The
exchanges are linked up with one another, both divisionally and
inter-divisionally, by means of the telephone service, and are thus
enabled to keep in constant touch with each other both directiy and
through the divisional offices.
FUNCTIONS AND WORKING OF THE EXCHANGES.
A ‘‘Labour Exchange’’ is defined by the Act as ‘‘ any office or
place used for the purpose of collecting and furnishing information,
either by the keeping of registers or otherwise, respecting employers
who desire to engage workpeople and workpeople who seek engagement
or employment.”’
The exchanges deal with both male and female applicants, and their
work is conducted under general regulations made by the Board of
Trade under the authority of Section 2 of the Labour Exchanges Act.
The work of the Exchanges is also affected by the National Insurance
Act, 1911, and the regulations made thereunder.
The general procedure and working may be summarised as
follows :—
(2) Registration._-Applicants for employment must ordinarily
register in person, though registration by post is not precluded in
certain circumstances, i.e., where the applicant lives more than three
miles from an exchange. Applicants are urged to register at the
exchange nearest their place of residence, since when a vacancy is
notified the first attempt to fill it is normally made locally. Only if no
suitable local applicant is forthcoming is the vacancy notified to other
exchanges. Application must be renewed weekly, and a workman is
not precluded from registering by the fact that he is already in
employment. No fees are charged either to workmen or employers.
In the case of workmen in trades included within the scope of the
National Insurance Act, 1911, registration on becoming unemployed is
in effect compulsory since benefit cannot be obtained unless the
workman’s book is lodged at a local office of the Unemployment Fund,
but in trades outside the scope of the Act registration is voluntary.
(5) Notification of Vacancies.—No special formalities are required
for the notification of vacancies by employers and no fee is charged
by the exchange.
H
226 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
(c) Filling of Vacancies.—The use of an exchange leaves to the
employer the final selection of the workmen to be engaged. The
exchange merely submits applications for his consideration.
In notifying applications for employment and vacancies to
employers. and applicants, respectively, the exchange undertakes no
responsibility with regard to wages or other conditions beyond
supplying the employer or applicant, as the case may be, with any
information in its possession as to the rate of wages desired or offered.
In effect, therefore, the Labour Exchange is simply a medium of
communication. It is left to employers and workmen to decide for
themselves whether or not they will come to terms upon the conditions
so communicated.
(dz) Trade Disputes.—Regulation 4 (3) provides that ‘‘no person
shall suffer any disqualification or be otherwise prejudiced on account
of refusing to accept employment, found for him through a Labour
Exchange, where the ground of the refusal is that a trade dispute which
affects his trade exists, or, that the wages offered are lower than those
current in the trade in the district where the employment is found.”’
Under Regulation 3 a statement as to the existence of a strike or
lock-out affecting their trade may be filed at a Labour Exchange by
any association of employers or workmen, and in notifying vacancies
_ the exchange is required to call attention to the statements that have
. been received.
(ec) Advance of Travelling Expenses.—To meet the difficulty of
workmen being unable to accept employment at a distance on account
of the expense of travelling, the Board of Trade is empowered, under
certain conditions, to make advances to registered applicants towards
meeting the expenses of travelling to the place of employment.
The advance must not exceed the amount of the fare of the
individual applicant, and is normally made by railway warrant.
An undertaking to repay must be given by the person who requests
the making of the advance (either the employer or the applicant).
No advance can be made if the vacancy comes within the regulations
as to strikes and lock-outs, and care must be taken to avoid unduly
encouraging rural labourers to migrate from the country to the towns
or between Great Britain and Ireland.
(7) Advisory Trade Committees.—The Board of Trade are required,
in such areas of the United Kingdom as they think fit, to set up
Advisory ‘Trade Committees consisting of equal numbers of
representatives of employers and workmen, with a chairman agreed
upon by a majority both of the employers and the workmen’s
representatives, or in default of such agreement appointed by the
Board of Trade. The tenure of office is in all cases three years.
The duty of the Advisory Trade Committees is to advise and assist
the Board of Trade in regard to any matters referred to them in
connection with the management of Labour Exchanges.
A number of such Committees (which deal with large areas and not
with single exchanges) has been established in various parts of the
country. The Board of Trade are empowered to pay travelling and
other allowances to members of Advisory Trade Committees.
(gc) Accommodation for Trade Union Meetings.—Accommodation
for Trade Union meetings is granted at Labour Exchanges, subject
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 227
to terms and conditions approved by the Advisory Trade Committee
for the district. The fee usually charged is 1s. per meeting.
(24) Casual Labour Schemes.—Various attempts have been made
by the Board of Trade to formulate and carry into effect schemes for
dealing with casual labour. These schemes are in most cases
arrangements entered into by the Board of Trade under Section 99
of the National Insurance Act, 1911, and the most important of them
is that known as the Liverpool Dock Scheme. This scheme has for its
most prominent features the payment of wages and contributions under
the National Insurance Act, 1911, by the Board of Trade on behalf of
the employers, and the limitation of engagements of workmen to
registered holders of tallies. Surplus stands have also been set up
to which men who have not been engaged at their usual stands may
repair with a view to getting work elsewhere. The practice of large
numbers of employers each engaging men at a separate stand has not,
however, been affected.
As regards all these schemes, from such information as is available
it would probably be safe to say that little or no substantial progress
has as yet been made with the decasualisation of labour through their
means, and that the schemes have served mainly to provide experience
which may be valuable in the future.
(¢) Juvenile Employment.—Special provision is made for juvenile
applicants (1.e., applicants under 17 years of age). They are not
required to register in person, and different particulars are necessarily
asked of them on registration.
. In order to meet the special conditions affecting juvenile applicants
for employment, Advisory Committees for Juvenile Employment
attached as a rule to various Labour Exchanges, but occasionally
embracing larger areas, have been appointed by the Board of Trade.
The duty of these committees is to give advice with regard to the
management of any Labour Exchange in their district in relation to
Juvenile applications for employment, and, either by themselves or
in co-operation with any other bodies or persons, they may give
information, advice, and assistance to boys and girls and their parents
with respect to choice of employment and other matters bearing
thereon.
In addition to these especial arrangements for dealing with juvenile
applicants, the Board of Trade co-operate with committees appointed
by various Local Education Authorities in England and Wales in
accordance with schemes approved by the Board of Education under
the Education (Choice of Employment) Act, r910. They co-operate also
with a number of committees appointed by School Boards in Scotland
under the terms of the Education (Scotland) Act, 1908.
STATISTICS AS TO THE WORKING OF LABOUR
EXCHANGES.
The first Labour Exchanges were established in 1910, and statistics
of the work done during the four years 1911, 1912, 1913, and 1914
have been published in the 17th Labour Abstract and the (February,
1915) ‘‘ Labour Gazette.’’ It is of the utmost importance to remember
that these figures are not strictly comparable, as the number of
exchanges has continually grown and their sphere of operation
consequently increased. In addition, the coming into force of
228 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
unemployment insurance in July, 1912, made the use of the Labour
Exchanges compulsory in certain trades employing about two and
a-quarter million workpeople.
The following table shows the number of registrations for
employment, number of situations notified, the number filled, and
the number of individuals given work during each of the four years
IQII-1914.
I. SUMMARY OF WORK DONE BY LABOUR EXCHANGES IN
IQII, I912, 1913, 1914.
IQII. 1912. IQI3. IQI4.
No. of Exchanges open at
end of year ale oa 261 413 422 400
No. of registrations... ..| 2,040,447 | 2,465,304 | 2,965,893 | 3,442,452
No. of individuals registered} 1,513,369 | 1,643,587 | 1,871,671 | 2,164,023
No. of vacancies notified ..| 788,609 | 1,062,574 | 1,222,828 | 1,479,024
No. of vacancies filled ..| 621,410 828,230 921,853 | I,116,909
No. of individuals given work| 469,210 573,709 652,306 814,071
During the period registrations increased by 69 per cent., individuals
registered by 43 per cent., vacancies notified by 88 per cent., vacancies
filled by 80 per cent., and number of individuals given work by 74 per
cent. The efficiency of Labour Exchanges cannot be judged from these
figures, as they are not strictly comparable from year to year as
mentioned in paragraph 1. A better measure is given by the following
table, which shows for each year, of the number of individuals who
registered for unemployment, the proportion who were given work by
the Labour Exchange, and the proportion of vacancies notified which
were filled :—
II. PROPORTION OF INDIVIDUALS GIVEN WORK AND OF.
VACANCIES FILLED.
Proportion of individuals
given work to individuals
registered . 31.0% 34.9% 34-9% 37.6%
Proportion of vacancies filled
to vacancies notified .. 78.8% 77.9% 75.4% 75.5%
In 1911, 31 per cent. of the workpeople who registered were given
work, which increased to 37.6 per cent. in 1914, whereas of number
of vacancies notified, 78.8 per cent. were filled in 1911 but fell to 75.5
in 1914. Here, again, no general conclusions can be drawn, for by
the National Insurance Act registration is made compulsory in the
insured trades, but notification of vacancies is still optional. The
summary figures for 1914 are shown in the next table for the four
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 229
separate ‘‘departments’”’ of Labour Exchanges, viz., men, women,
boys, and girls :—
Il]. SUMMARY OF WORK DONE IN 10914 DISTINGUISHING
MEN, WOMEN, BOYS, AND GIRLS.
Men. Women, Boys. Girls.
No. of registrations .. «| 2,316,042 707,071 211,898 207,441
No. of individuals registered | 1,381,694 470,926 157,093 148,310
No. of vacancies notified ..} 909,383 312,344 157,278 100,019
No. of vacancies filled sol) «FOO 48812 * 232,035 103,280 74,230
No. of individuals given work} 507,538 160,145 85,068 61,320
The ‘‘ juvenile’? work of Labour Exchanges is, on the whole,
more successful than the ‘‘ adult’’ side. Of the individuals registered
for employment, 36.7 per cent. were given work in the case of men,
33-6 in the case of women, 54.1 in the case of boys, and 41.4 per cent.
in the case of girls.
Space prevents the inclusion of any more figures as to the working
of the exchanges, but separate figures for different trades and districts
are given in the ‘‘ Abstract of Labour Statistics.’? The figures are,
however, so difficult to interpret to anyone unacquainted with them
that it is earnestly to be hoped that the long-promised report on the
Labour Exchanges will be issued without delay.
Since the outbreak of the war returns have been published
showing, for men and women, the numbers each week registering for
employment at the Labour Exchanges. Workmen in the insured trades
are excluded, and the remainder, the so-called uninsured live register,
is set out on the chart below, which is given in order to complete
the information as to the affect of the war on employment, as shown
in Charts A and B (pages 230-1), and because these figures comprise the
only information available as to the affect of the war on women’s
employment. The effect, it will be seen, is very similar to that shown
in August by the previous charts, but, whereas men’s employment
rapidly recovered, the women’s curve remains high for a _ very
considerable period.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.*
““Unemployment,’”’ W. H. Beveridge (Longmans and Company).
{Contains extensive bibliography.)
**Proceedings of Board of Trade under Part II. (Unemployment
Insurance) of the National Insurance es 1911. First Report (1913)
(Cd. 6965).”
Board of ‘rade. Various leaflets on Labour Exchanges and
Unemployment Insurance.
*‘ First Year’s Working of the Liverpool Docks Scheme,” R. F.
Williams (P. S. King and Son).
* No official report of the proceedings of the Board of Trade under the Labour
Exchanges Act, 1909, has yet been published.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
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THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
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THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
232
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THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 233
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS.
The figures given below serve to indicate the steadily increasing
toll of casualties in the ranks of labour. This increase is the more
significant when it is remembered that each year more appliances are
invented for the safety of the workers, and more Government inspectors
are appointed. Yet, in spite of precautions, we find that among
non-fatal accidents there has been a steady increase of some 10,000
casualties per annum in factories and workshops alone between 1899
and 1913. Partly, it may be explained, the increase is due merely to
more accurate registration. But there is, without doubt, a real net
increase. -
To what, then, is this due?
The main cause is undoubtedly ‘‘ speeding-up,’’ whereby the
employers, in their eagerness for larger profits by means of increased
output, do not scruple to risk the lives of their employees.
In the case of railway accidents, another of the principal causes
is that the staffs have been reduced in order that the railway companies
may economise in their expenditure, while the amount of work to be
done has remained the same, resulting in the overstrain of employees
and consequent accidents. Added to this, the companies have in
many cases neglected to make use, on the grounds of expense, of the
various safeguards against accidents, such as automatic couplings.
The following figures give some idea of the rate of increase in
accidents to railway employees :—
In 1904 1 oe cleaner out of 33 was injured.
Igi2 1 waiue at ig
1904 1 carriage ‘and pa: examiner out of 47 was injured.
IQI2 I ‘3 32 *.
1904 I checker out of 50 was injured.
1912 I St Es
1904 I coupler out of 10 was injured.
1912 I BN he as
1904 1 loader out of 25 was injured.
IQI2 IT 55 7 25 9
In the mining industry the fatal accidents in 1914 averaged 100 per
month, but this figure does not show any notable increase on those
of previous years.
The casualties in factories and workshops maintain a yearly
increase of some 10,000 non-fatal injuries.
It should be added that the National Health Insurance Acts and
the Notice of Accidents Act of 1906 have resulted in the calling of
attention to accidents which would not otherwise have been recorded.
NUMBERS OF PERSONS KILLED IN INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS.
Year. Persons, Year. Persons.
Pee eee 4,619 VOR ya tack es Aad 45453
POO eins sae sie. 4,753 FOOD Rae ae 4,154
ROMS ae rhe ca eed go x 4,622 TOO. va cet sense ane 45133
) (oe Dee eae een TOID: oe aee eon 45704
CO 8 OPC ER eRe Hi EGU Te eeec vase aas: 45397
yee LR aes ee One 35985 EQUA Wwe secitess = 5,252
BOOK e332 ycyeh stuck 4,268 PGE Biter ees cee ee 4,863
RIGO) ob ida vag sede 4,369 TOWERS og cee ek 49554
Year. Persons. Year. Persons.
NOG oie tieestures ade 96,369 1907.4. ; Ree 156,278
PIN oc aaNet 104,303 TOO ial che tee 158,356
BOOT Mathes is then ee 107,286 THO chs ga 1545357
BORIS Hey sieve eters 112,128 POE yc icy. ees 167,653
PORG UE MNS es 115,564 PQRE a Lu). tvipbare 190,764
TGA occ lis iads ens 115,515 Co) lee ae 197,958
BQOC So! tug sek 122,386 ect eS een 222,061
EQOK S05 3S AG seat 135,693 IGLOS vc, och Dene _
FATAL INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS.
Oe es en IQI4.
Docks
Grand totals ; | ’
; “hepa: : M d | : h :
eee Month. Railways. quarees | Factories. att chouses,
330 January .. | 41 121 | 80 25
422 February. 33 TIO La 86 24
353 March ... | 44 | 117 80 20
286 April oo: 52 93 61 30
386 May .... 29 139 89 40
458 Jane 2s. 45 105 72 23
305 pei Wace gee 34 IIo 65 25
249 August .. | = 34 67 77 33
292 September 39 79 65 27
301 October... | 37 | i sa 89 37
423 November | 41 a Se 98 27
659 December | 44 107 | 107 33
| 471 | 1272 | 969 | 344
Total, 3,056. Grand total, including seamen, 4,554.
S Yara TOTD BO97 oad ’
Docks
Grand totals, . | Mine q h ’
joe Month. Railways. | poral va Factories. pam chouses,
438 January.. | 30 116 | IIo 24
437 February. 39 125 74 32
539 March .. 48 95 69 22
576 Aprils. 60 131 were ee 30
766 NAG. caine 36 87 81 25
380 AES ose 28 117 m7 24
428 July cess 36 gI 72 17
428 August .. 31 | IOI gI 23
308 863 | 686 197
THE INDUSTRIAL
LABOUR MOVEMENT.
NUMBERS OF PERSONS INJURED IN INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS.
Total, 2,054. Grand total, including seamen, 3,992
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 235
RAILWAY EMPLOYEES.
The following shows the total number of railway accidents each
year from 1899 :—
Year. Killed. Injured. Year. Killed, Injured,
oh ieee 584 ... 15,582 TOO! BAK ME SOO 1 ame 61
EQOO ss scoils O35) 2d 88,698 THOS eas AZZ ei R4SAOE
BODE ies. O50. ta 740 TOOO he Abe BIA Were Oe
EQO2 is sec sie ASR te" 743 Sas ren Le uy ee ASO 22s SE tay
Po Le 407s (ss: B4g850 PORN hs 446°... 27,848
BOGOR TFs. 448 ... 14,561 VOLS oe ele 403.3. * 205200
FOOSS takes. Pe y ae tae Fe Ves BOTS) aearnits 4630.2 2a
BQOO+.. egies: 4830;5i.' 3256 BBA ty. AUT fad (PT aRe
In 1913 the total number of railway employees was 643,135, being
an increase of 34,385 on the total for 1912. Of these 88,939 were
mechanics, 76,210 clerks, 73,207 labourers, 61,648 porters, 29,869
engine drivers, 29,512 signalmen, and 25,509 carmen and vanguards.
The following table shows the total number of railway employees
and contractors’ servants killed and injured in 1914 :—
Killed. | Injured.
Accidents connected with the running of trains or the
movement of railway vehicles .........eeeeees ee A417 4,950
Other accidents on railway premises ..........00e8 of 52 22,5520
469 | 27,103
The following table shows the proportion of employees of different
grades engaged in the running of trains killed or injured by train
accidents during the year 1914 :—
Number | Number of killed! Proportion to the number
: | employed land injured in 1914. employed.
Class of servant. | on 31st |
December, |
1913. | Killed. | Injured. | Killed, Injured.
Engine drivers ...... 29,8609 3 26 | Tin 9,956 | I in 1,149
PALOUIOT vy ose 6 6 does s 27,343 4 25. | 1in 6,836 | I in 1,094
Guards (goods) and :
brakesmen ........ 16,588 — 39 | — it int aes
Guards (passenger) ..| 8,427 — 13 — | rin 648
PRAIA os 3s eh A a 103 | rin 16,792 | Tin 798
Notz.—In addition to the above, one railway employee was killed
and twelve were injured. These men were not ordinarily employed
in the working of running trains.
236 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
The following table shows for the year 1913 the number of men
employed by the companies in certain occupations, the numbers killed
and injured in accidents, other than train accidents, in which the
movement of trains and railway vehicles was concerned, and the
proportions of killed and injured to the numbers employed, with the
average proportions for the period of ten years ending with 1912 :—
Number
of aisle Pie of
railway Com-
Class of employees. oe panies killed and| 2U™
injured in 1914.
Average proportion
for the ten years
a ote to the
ending with 1913.
er employed.
ber 31st
IQI EDT eat nn pes re
9*3: | Killed. |Injured.| Killed. | Injured.| Killed. Injured.
Engine drivers...... 29,869 22 505 | r1in1,358| rin 59 | 1in1,436} rin 65,
ILGMEM eiecn ceo sccess 27,343 15 676 | 1in1,823} rin 40] 1in1z,439) rin 41
Guards (goods) and
brakesmen.,........ 16,588 390 848 | 1in 425|1in 20| rin 504; rin 19
Guards (passenger)} 8,427 6 103 | rin 1,404 | rin 82; 1in1,403} rin 66
Permanentwaymen}| 52,517 04 150 | rin 559 | I in 350
Labourers(perman- tin 748! 1 in 428
Ontway)) seessedwees 19,427 19 48 | rin 1,022 | 1 in 405
Labourers (others)} 53,780 22 117 | 1in 2,445 | rin 460 | 1in 1,620} 1 in 320
POPLETS cite eeeans sks 61,648 58 551 | 1in1,063 | rin112 | rin1,269] rin 94
BS MUNTELS 1) ete cess 15,005 34 828 | rin 444|1in 18! tin 425} rin 15
The following table shows the average number of employees of
railway companies killed or injured by train accidents, and the
average train mileage for three periods of ten years and one of nine
Asay ending 1884, 1894, 1904, and 1913 respectively, with the figures
Or 1914 :—
Year. Killed, Injured. Train mileage (millions).
1875-1884 (Average)...... 19 154 238.2
1885-1894 £ sisne' 8 IOI 304.9
1895-1904 * nia wie ate Il 139 382.8
1905-1913 I Ree ee 9 145 420.7
TOLG scccesccceccvcncsece 8 II5 430.3
The following table shows the average numbers of employees of
tailway companies killed or injured in accidents connected with the
movement of trains and railway vehicles (excluding train accidents),
and the approximate numbers employed, for three periods of ten years
and one of nine years ending 1884, 1894, 1904, and 1913 respectively,
with the figures for 1914 :—
Year. Killed. Injured. AP ae of
1875-1884 (average)...... 560 2,267 291,143
1885-1894 + oa ates 440 2,448 367,146
1895-1904 eA sescne 457 3,822 530,692
1905-1913 A. see ae 376 4,850 610,748
PUTA eee oe ena s ees es 3% 408 4,910 643,135
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 237
Note.—An Order of the Board of Trade of the 21st December,
1906, required non-fatal accidents to be reported whenever they caused
absence from ordinary work for a whole day (instead of absence
preventing five hours’ work on any of the next three days). This
alteration caused a large apparent increase in the number of non-fatal
accidents in 1907 and later years.
The following statement shows the average numbers of employees
of railway companies killed or injured on railway premises from
causes not connected with the movement of trains and railway vehicles,
and the average numbers employed, for the two periods 1896-1904 and
1905-1913 inclusive, together with the figures for 1914 :—
Approximate number
Year. Killed, Injured. of servants
employed.
ergs ee Sa OS i a 2 ee Fly
1896-1904 (avérage)........ 40 10,237 537,979
1905-1913 ie 2 aS 42 18,271 610,748
Le), ee magic 47 21,989 643,135
|
Although these accidents are not as a rule attributable to railway
working, an exception must be made in the case of accidents caused
by contact with the live rails and wires of railways equipped for
electric traction, which are distinctly railway accidents, though not
caused by the movement of vehicles. In this way ten employees
were injured in 1914; two employees were killed and 14 injured
in 1913; in 1912, 14 employees were injured; in 1911, one
employee was killed and 20 were injured; and in the seven
previous years, 1904-1910 inclusive, the average number of accidents
of this nature was one killed and twelve injured. Accidents of this
class have become comparatively less frequent than they were when
electrical working was introduced, when the increase in the length of
line equipped for electric traction is taken into account.
MINES AND QUARRIES.
The following shows the total of mining accidents each year
from 1899 :—
Year. Killed. Injured. Year. Killed. | Injured.
TSO -G..2-.. F009) «<4, 5,044 TOO) «ios 1,308) 2.546 1 7000
MIIOO) wens. s'e eo Es 7 buecs' 85750 TGOS o vitns yr 13437) cae? cee
0 ae ee Bea7tha, os 04 320 POC ees ade E5879. ew
TOOS sect ves Vorgee ecm) Sy l00 TOTO vores ives 1,902... 75444
IQOF caceeescs Wa0ee te. SSi4 FOUTS ah neces T5407 isa th) 2a
ae ye ae 3,202) .22 53312 FOES, cen enseae 1,394 -.» 6,606
MOOR tee Neu 2 $5304) sae 55314 (oh © are 1,370 2A g9g) gets
PON teassnes Tea 7b seal SA a0 FOU wwaeaeiee 1,272 —
The total number of persons employed at mines and at the quarries
under the Quarries Act in the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man
during the year 1913 was 1,236,211, of whom 1,155,302 were employed
in or about mines and 80,909 in or about quarries.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
238
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Men in situations ........ 8,000,000 =100% 30 9a
Casuals {05's Peed e seas 700,000 I2 0
AGaIE Males |. 2-45 sv oeewv se.” Oy F00,000 28 is
POVSi sian 0 dies bik ais w sole de vee ee Io oO
Allmaleg,, sid vo a ot ee O00, 00G 4563
Average earnings per adult employed manual working man working
throughout the year—f1 5s. od. per week.*
FEMALES.
Average earnings
Class. Numbers, in full week.
Women in situations :— oe: f
BClOW 225.5 cle as 4 bis wie malate s 42 7000,000 =a 1295. 9 O
EZSI40 TSS. ca vas aa oa ves 2) (1G00,0000 ae Sees 13 0
RIVOR UES s wale bp nese as wine 500,000 = 17% £7) 0
Women in situations .... 3,000,000 =100% I2 4
RAIS ae abies eB vae wcale os 100,000 3 6
Adult women ..........+2 3,100,000 RE oy
CFESA Shaw's chia b pb eames ee VT p00 000 7i'6
All females, 00 6,0:K's dasw aie 900,000 Io 9
Average earnings per adult employed manual working woman
working throughout the year—1os. 103d. per week.*
* The estimate includes the value of board and lodging, when supplied, and all
extras, but allows for an average of five weeks lost in a year through short time, sickness,
involuntary holidays, and unemployment.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. : 261
TaBLe IT. (IV.) AnD (V.).—Earnings of women and girls in various
trades, employed for full time on the employers’ premises, in one
representative week of 1906 :—
Average for Average tor
workers of 18 workers of under
years and upwards, 18 or 20 years.
Trade. —_—_—_ ST
* Ladsand
Women. Men. Girls
under 18. boys
under 2o.
I. Textive (Cd. 4545) :— Gul thle ateen A g dp sie
MEU 2 sk he's eee E OE Ce ieegadee seeaztar oOo 2 Oy) k-lite eee
Woollen and worsted ..... Seas dt oaths Ta 166120" ko 8 4 8 I0
MOU EU. cb ide tas Ws carte peas Varad rT SOL, ae ce 6 7 gai
RIG nat sc ctes ot aateie as ue aece eae aus naa Selle + ale Q° OS hates
etna da Seiad a cee rsa eee Ses Cee b iS Sie tee Laas omer S52
EfOR ety 2 Vaiss! s winie a alae s ajane arnt aces cy eee Wear te Hn Qi 5
MRE os a dee Daly ste ws naka © eal ae we Ware bsBigae so Be YRS ae oe Ba
GOAT DCt a's «0:0 Paibialy sie/sinid vs go een 'y ais erates THRE 26 ree: Co ae
pees: .y saves “Set Sarre " {er ROOTS Ca # 6 9 8 3
SURI WALES Fn go yk viele e ss de se pee AN fe $e 264 0 Gem > RNA:
Flock and shoddy. Se ee A or ie Et a eee iO SO oe Cae
Meee EY hs nia's gs dig os hes RES Spy pein SES). Sea fe ae O20 GO. es pie
SiRig yore» AP Digits yids ae aa cdtee a Pith Sie ks mick. ho ee aia
PEGE TOGA Conn 6 dayne niet sa GOs eb Sav) aes aay be te fag 7 O WUE:
Fustian and cord cutting ....4.ese0¢ i £0". 24. ¥ rs ae 9 8
Bleaching, printing ,dyeing, and finishing
textile 1ADMCSs. gicn csc ace eng ee See eh kee aS 2 saree
All above industries...... ewisieiieln aw eer Si. Seed O PT 15 reas
II. CLrorHinG (Cd. 4844) :—
Dress, millinery, etc. (workshop)
CU EIGULS Sais «snc ex 0 46 A ape ace £3.10 9.50 LI ace a vee.
Dress, milliners, etc. (factory) ........ ads anak Pe 6 4 g II
Shirt, blouse, underclothing, etc....... Hae 4 eG 0 6 9 8 9
Radlatinipe (DESpOke) 6 c's sees nisie ob en's « Se aa ae aoe 6 II
meeting. (T6ady MAGS). is. e csc ewwss ES LE St Xt 6 6 9 9
Boot and shoe realy SAGE) ad ardaas i oe aie: War: 6 10. 2 50. 6
Boot, shoe, and clog making {p ssi eres ssw eis ae)
PPE DUOSIVER ‘5 Ain gih's ces d's #4 fend whe prelalatels 13
Lime anrivement on sf. 12
SOS aAnG LANdls vet, vies swale cues < 8% Io
AW ITE Salt: sss 's as a ee wa ast aie boo wees Io
MTIGY FLAGS sie trete aly 4 sak Volek ¢ yinbe Rieke gis 10
Pier DETATCALS +. sab pasta wee Loebaelate ans II
PP EIO OVE con 3 sb isoi cele MAK STEN be II
00 MHW
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THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 263
XI. MiscELLANEOUS TRADES :—
Sin di: Sh Gi Say Gs Sad,
Leather tanning and dressing, etc. .... 121% 28 11 Qt. 2 ke Oo
Pease And DrGOM.. vee. NN Ceded ls eel Fon Gm NaOdeT 3g) oie g II
India rubber, gutta percha, etc. .... £2) Si 26 9 ais g it
Linoleum, oilcloths ...... CREE bn Ree cle M2 1G) 2206.0 yah aang #2 IN
Saddlery, harness, whips ............ LOT 20 5° 5 wae
Portmanteau, bag, purse, and miscel-
laneous leather ...... & aahean eo taheny ARTO, Ons | SSGne x 6 6 1a"
marrsicabinstruments of sisi ie a veces Gen? Lia Yaa 8-3 9 2
Umbrella) parasol, sticks) .34 ..0%4 0.4: ba da Roc eas OEE Sree
* There were only 43 girls employed. + No general average given.
_Tasie ILI. (IV.).—(az) Average for male and female cotton weavers
(pleceworkers) employed for one full time week :—
Cotton. Men. Women,
OCR ola e: Pe een neers 2 107 Oe es
fg 1 a el ah oo ERR Re Sk Clk MER Aa PAR & fete Sie oe tat =
a eos, oar, ey. Oe eee oer ent DE Up i aeetehe BE 30.7
(6) Average for male and ‘female wool and worsted weavers
{pieceworkers) employed for one full time week :—
Wool. Men. Women.
POOLE WMI or oat Phase Sahiser sin sae 22ce: Sines 15 10
PLOT 66 le Sinica Sestak « an eR SP wig, os Ucpitian QS) 106 ie aes 15 4
Worsted.
BE IID tei a ah), Sobierne. Pee cos 2 a6 He ee 164%
Zs 3 | ES aes RO, = eee hae, SOE RES IOP, 14 0
TABLE IV. (VI.).—Scale of minimum and maximum wages for
‘male and femaie postal and telegraph clerks over the age of 18 :—
Men.
Min Max.
Per week.
EERO 5 non)3 on winiand/e ia # ; 20S. 65S. a
PAM CCS ais «oan 0,608 cag. OS: 50S. es
Per annum,
Gentral Office x. seas. (£100s|» £600 News
TaBLe V. (VII).—Average rate of wages per hour for men and
women shop assistants :—
BOER LAOEILOD 2 ie ince Nae on cds cuties sc tbanea nas
Drapers (Provincial)
PRE CE AOTECO PS eC idea crc ck clesaase goede sage dees
Boots (Provincial)
Stationery
iy PRS y st a a Sea ae AIS eo Wa sai open iad eden eA
eTOGete . ClErKS, (FE ONGON } oa cig as. sure sonnet
Grocers’ clerks (Provincial)
Rpayers Clerks (LOGON) oe. cecs sn yenap re rhas
Drapers’ clerks (Provincial)
Butchers’ clerks
ee ee i i ce
ee ee i ee re
ee i ee a ey
er?
eee eee ee ee ee ra)
eee eee eee eee ee ee
Women.
Min. Max.
Per week.
18s. 40S.
14S. 36s.
Per annum.
£65 £110
Men Women.
d. d.
Bras 53
Gage eee 44
Oreseca es 4
[ote patty 38
Oe as 4h
Laie eee? 4
o# Has iee 44
Zz es 43
» eas 7 a
fo sae
Gat een 4h
FM cise 4
204 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
The average wage for an adult working woman is thus seen in
‘Table I. to be ros. roid. a week, or about two-fifths the average wage
for an adult workingman, and falls in particular trades, e.g., hair
manufacture, glass bottlemaking, malting and brewing, aerated
water-bottling (Table II.), to about 9s. a week, notwithstanding that
outworkers as well as part-time and casual workers are excluded.
In few trades, however, exact comparison is possible between men
and women, for both are seldom together employed on the same
process of industry. The most important exceptions appear in the
textile trades. In cotton weaving, for instance, men and women are
employed on the same process, and paid at the same piecework rate,
individual women earning often as much as or more than individual
men, while the average earnings for men and women (Table III.)
approximate more than in other trades. The difference is in
part accounted for by the inability of women to tune their own
machines and the prohibition of overtime, but also by the fact that
the men tend to select the better-paid but heavier cloths. In wool
and worsted weaving again the process is the same; on the other
hand, a lower piecework rate is paid in this case to women than to
men, so that the difference in wages is more than in cotton-weaving.
But in spinning and other processes of the textile trades, as well as
in the great majority of non-textile trades (although there are many
exceptions, e.g., the female ‘‘ machinist ’’ trouser or vest-maker, the
female compositor, machine ruler, ‘‘ presser,’? ‘‘ polisher,” cigar
maker), in boot and shoemaking, tailoring and other dress trades, in
printing and papermaking, in the metal and furniture, china and
earthenware trades, in chemical and tobacco manufacture, and in food-
preserving, women are generally employed on other and less skilled
processes than men, or, if the process is the same, the strain or speed
is less, the number of machines is reduced, the material is lighter or
inferior in quality. The wages of the male and female clerk or shop
assistant are more comparable (Tables IV. and V.), although even
in this case a readjustment of work so as to exact a less degree of
effort or responsibility (e.g., additional supervision or assistance, an
exemption from night work or other special duties) often accompanies
the lower wage. Thus women have, on the whole, a lower productive
power than men. In view of the probability of early marriage, there
is less incentive to long or thorough training. The period of
apprenticeship is shorter; the interest in the trade is less serious.
Nor have women the sare powers of physical endurance as men,
although the difference in nature is probably less than is sometimes
supposed. For low wages react inevitably on physical health. The
vast majority of wage-earning women are self-supporting (II.), while
the proportion of women having dependents or who contribute to the
family more than the cost of their own support is variously
estimated from 30 to 50 per cent., and in particular trades (e.g.,
laundries) as high as 75 per cent. The pocket money worker is rare
even in the class of clerks, shop assistants, and warehouse girls. A
woman has less to spend than a man on food, house-room, or
recreation; she has often besides the added strain of home duties,
and her industrial efficiency is to this extent impaired. But, although
women have, on the whole, a lower productive power than men,
the difference in wages is out of all proportion; equal work is no
guarantee for equal pay, and other elements enter as well. Custom,
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 265
a low standard of personal needs, the tradition of other means of
support, are other important factors. Low wages are at other times
tolerated for the sake of superior social or other amenities.
Competition is also more severe in a less skilled than a more skilled
trade, and is, moreover, aggravated by a large reserve of ‘‘ emergency ”’
labour. Widows, deserted wives, wives of casual or unemployed
workmen, and other women are compelled at times into industry, and
through ignorance or extreme need accept whatever terms are offered.
Women are also behind men in the position won by means of Trade
Unionism.
TRADE UNIONS.
TaBLE VIII.—Number and percentage of occupied women in Trade
Unions according to trades :—
FEMALE MEMBERSHIP OF TRADE UNIONS, 1913 (VIII.).
Percentage of total’
female workers in
Textile. the trades,
ReMRU A PT OPAL IRE. 65.55. eee cae 8,379
syndicats OUvriers” osc: -11..4c00 despa 92,335
meyndicats. Mixtes (0... 02. <- cutee accue ee een 75242
¥NCICAtS LA STICOLES oo. oie sasnen tesa eae 16,178
124,134
(6) Women in Trade Unions in Germany :—
Free (Social Democratic) Unions ............... 222,809
Chriptiatic Uniors 2 -: ba.c te ces shat sdade tae eae ee 28,008
Hitscn:-Duncker Unions 2 i000 0c. ene pcsstensueas 4,950
dndependent “Unigns 8c. .07.3 wicp:peectureareeseteates 1,253
257,020
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
WOMEN.
I. ‘‘ The Occupations of Women.’’ Summary tables arranged
and. compiled by L. Wyatt Papworth, M.A., and D.’M.
Zimmern, M.A. Published by Women’s Industrial
Council, 1914.
II. ‘‘ The War, Women, and Unemployment,’’ Fabian Tract
No. 178, by the Women’s Group Executive, including a
table prepared by Sidney Webb, 1914.
III. ‘‘ Notes on the Census of Occupations for England and
Wales,’”’ by I. D. Caradoc Jones, Royal Statistical Journal,
June, 1915.
IV. Report of an Inquiry by the Board of Trade into the
earnings and hours of workpeople in the United Kingdom,
1909-1913.
V. ‘‘Women’s Wages and Summary Tables.”” Women’s
Industrial News, July, 1912. D. M. Zimmern, M.A.
VI. Report of the Select Committee on Post Office Servants
(Wages and Conditions), r913
VII. Figures given by the National Amalgamated Union of
Shop Assistants, Warehousemen, and Clerks, 1907.
VIII. Seventeenth Abstract of Labour Statistics.
IX. Figures given by the Fabian Research Department.
X. ‘Women in Trade Unions,”’ by B. L. Hutchins. Women’s
Supplement of the ‘‘ New Statesman,’’ February 21st, 1914.
XI. Report of the Select Committee on Home Work, 1908.
XII. Report on Outworkers. (Date.)
XIII. ‘Women’s Work and Wages,’? by Edward Cadbury,
M. Cecile Matheson, and George Shann, 1907.
XIV. Report on Infant and Child Mortality by the Medical
Officer of the Local Government Board, 1910.
XV. Report on Infant and Child Mortality by the Medical
Officer of the Local Government Board, 1913.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 279
XVI. ‘‘ Report on Married Women’s Work.” Published by
Women’s Industrial Council, 1915.
XVII. “‘Labour Laws for Women and Children in the United
Kingdom,” by E. C. Harvey. Published by Women’s
Industrial Council, 1909.
XVIII. Abstract of Forsign Labour Statistics, 1911; the U.S.A.
‘“Year Book,’’ 1914; the ‘‘ Annuaire Statistique,’’ 1914:
the Statistisches Jahrbuch,”’ 1913 and 1914.
XIX. ‘‘ Labour in War Time” by G. D: H. Cole. George Bell
and Sons (2s. 6d.), 1915.
CHILD AND JUVENILE LABOUR, AND
APPRENTICESHIP.
The Industrial Revolution, by the creation of the large industry,
emphasised the old problems in relation to child labour, and at the
same time brought into being many entirely new ones. Apprenticeship,
which had been steadily declining throughout the 17th and 18th
centuries, received its greatest discouragement under the influence of
the enormously increased demand for cheap and unskilled labour
which accompanied the Revolution, and under the economic doctrines
of the laissez-faire philosophers. The last century’s answers by the
community to the needs and claims of the child and the young person
are embodied in the monumental Factory and Workshop Acts, Mines
Acts, and Education Acts, and in the endeavours to _ revive
apprenticeship, especially on the part of Trade Unions. In these ways
a compulsory minimum of education has been provided, and the more
flagrant and obvious of the abuses of child labour have been checked.
But the fact that the 2oth century has been called ‘‘ the century of the
child ”’ affirms an immense deepening of the sense of responsibility of
the modern age towards children, while the cautious spirit of
investigation into particular problems, which arise in the transition
from. school to workshop, and the amount of conscious social
experiment, aiming at the re-discovery for our time of the industrial
and moral values peculiar to medizval apprenticeship, make the outlook
a most hopeful one. It is the purpose of this article to show the
position of the child and the young person in this country from the
point of view of industry and of the application of the principles of
apprenticeship.
NUMBER OF CHILDREN AND JUVENILES EMPLOYED.
In view of the large number of school children wholly or partially
exempted for the purpose of employment for wages, and of the amount
of work for wages performed by school children out of school hours,
it will be of use in the following statistics to show separately the details
of children in employment under the age of 14 years and those between
the ages of 14 and 18 years. -
CHILDREN UNDER 14 YEARS OF AGE.
Unfortunately, reliable statistics relating to children under 14 years
of age are not easy to obtain. One of the most instructive estimates is
to be found in Mr. Frederic Keeling’s book, ‘‘ Child Labour in the
United Kingdom,”’ from which the following ‘table is taken.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
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THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 281
It must be observed that the ages of the 304,000 children indicated
in section 6 of the table vary from 14 to as low as 7 or 8 years. An
investigation conducted by an educational sub-committee of the City
Council of Manchester so late as March of 1915 furnishes a picture
of the employment of school children out of school hours which, with
one or two exceptions, may be regarded as typical of what takes place
in all the large towns and cities of the United Kingdom. It showed
that 1 child out of every 14.7 children over 7 years of age attending
the public elementary schools of Manchester was employed out of
school hours for wages.
AGES OF CHILDREN EMPLOYED.
; Boys. Girls. Total.
Abe) Pe VEOR Sic ws 51 6k ain @rorgiae wt Saeco os fOr, WAS 34
San ge Edita. ws atten Dialers ewan elie BPs elt FON sie eee
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OCCUPATION OF CHILDREN EMPLOYED.
Boys. Girls. Total.
MAI VOLS AMLIR ss ass sb cae ss eueiaees § C20 0.” 30) Varn
PACTS cis. oe eee ¥ 96.0 wah e t,20G) .<.. 80) "Sa eeg
Errands PERSONS ain cs Vales Pe ewe EOL of 14 35) ee C2
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SPAR EA COU Se oie poi vi teidue sta 6 obied ee OT igs ot a 30
APSHIS PAMISIIESS | ois doe xs when 00 beh ids AGES sey CAS Geet e sao
Places of amusement ........2- Saree BY ies 5 55
Domestic service ........ Sale oleae we 22. cea Beg a pa eeee
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PEQIAl espe wew ses cea s 4,519 1,562 6,081
HOURS OF EMPLOYMENT.
Boys. Girls Total.
Under 20 hours per week ..... COSC BURY £5 7 hs HRT ee PG epee ce
Between 20 and 30 hours per week...... 1,378 «. EP Ae) oo ee
vo 39 o 40 ” > 2 See & & 640 ae 59 Wh 690
» 49 +, 59 5, eeeeee EZ. tk oo I5 ee 127
50 hours and over per week . sive Date oe teas TANG Rees iy
"ROtah Pe it es de sae = (ASO 1,562 6,081
ae vee es FROM 14-18 YEARS OF AGE IN ENGLAND
AND WALES.
The following tables are taken from Mr. Keeling’s pamphlet on
‘©The Present Position of the Juvenile Labour Problem.”’
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT,
282
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THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
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284 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
PROPORTION OF JUVENILE WORKERS IN ENGLAND AND
WALES IN CERTAIN GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS ACORD-
ING TO 1911 CENSUS.
ces os we 2S o = 2
pee | Song) 38 | g58e
Class of workers. Rs} a : cach “28 5 gag
Bee | Buse] Bas | use
a9 a Be AS So Pa 20'S
All Manufacture ......eeeeeees 424,514 9.9 | 446,140 | 23.1
PRI Leia cal vinth seins x wis eiv see's 40,788 4.3 I —
Engineering, shipbuilding,
' vehicle making, and metal
trades ....... pen eee re sawe . 144,780 | 10.1 27,4264 28:8
Textiles and dyeing .......... 94,817 | 20.2 | 165,427 | 25.2
Clothing and boots ........ oe 34,155 | 10.3 | 152,375 | 21.3
bimaber trades 1082.5) Uv abies ‘ 20,934 9.6 -|. 6082 4 iaive
EBUNTICS: 1, wiclee Gone eae ek ae 1,013 8.1 | 397,060 I0.2
Printing and paper trades .... 25,020 | 14.2 29,385 | 30.0
Food, drink, and tobacco manu-
FACHULE s', Sis atec ava s be Ree 19,702 1°. 30.3 21,010 | 28.5
Brick and pottery trades ...... 18,804 | 14.7 9,462 | 27.0
Chemicals, oils, soap, etc. .... 10,908 8.8 | 10,147 | 28.7
Leather and saddlery ........ 5,900 8.9 | 4,826 | 27.0
DUISCEMANGOUS escnn ss esduns cs 7,693 5.5 | 3,939 | 25.1
EES Sa Gus s enmelk> s os b aN biealo 123,328 | 12.2 | 1,013] 28.1
Agriculture (including commer- |
cial gardening and forestry) .. 137,945 | 12.1 13,953 | 14.7
All Domestic Service ......... 4 45,592 9.6 | S7a;9a0 | eee
(01S (ole eerie pear reese pare | Pe ar rare 7,111 16.8 | 239,841 18.8
EEREL CT ites. odd aX tiv vee ee onee 11,398 4.8 17,506 6.0
Outdoor ......eeeeeeesceeees 17,137 7.5 | 75 6.7
Day girls and charwomen — a 13,995 9:3
DRED NS baa 4's cine aeo4 ees re 9,946 | 10.5 | 3,380 4.1
All Transport ....+...0- aa) We rs st 215,169 | 15.4 | 9,824 | 40.7
Pode Sphere © w's.e Shes Ba om los 20,101 5.0 i 152 5:7
RAE EIG a nag sia wav els ws aed. aie 14,295 | 84.9 | — —
Ors ON TOAS. ay. die cots aieints 16,775 3.6 164 5.8
On the seas, rivers, and canals. 5,112 3:9 44 58 5.6
On docks, harbours, etc....... 2,672 2:2 z 8.7
Messengers, porters, etc....... 152,717 68.5 7,835 89.6
Others in transport .......... 3,497 6.8 1,013 | 17.5
Commercial occupations ........ 156,953 9.7 | 65,528 | 13.3
Others and miscellaneous ...... 107,040 6.5 i 31,807 5.7
ONAL che aaa ud tee Alo ossenns |, 2) 220,542 (1, 130.6 | 843,053 | 149
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 285-
CLASSIFICATION OF JUVENILE WORKERS IN SCOTLAND,
ACCORDING TO AGE.
(Extracted from A. Greenwood’s article in the ‘‘ School Child
and Juvenile Worker,’’ October, 1913.)
| Percentage of total employed
Number employed. at all ages.
Age.
Males. Females, Males. Females,
Under 14 .... 1,016 590 .07 .10
COVEN 340 i5 ess 25,319 16,490 1.72 2.78
kt Preres 38,395 27,356 2.61 4.61
Sida tS eee 43,178 31,428 2.93 5.30
ry TZ veces 43,867 33,432 2.98 5.64
i es | | | eee
286 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
CLASSIFICATION OF JUVENILE WORKERS IN SCOTLAND, |
seis acre See Be INDUSTRIES, .
Number Total il Parsenciee
of boys number of | of boys to
employed males total males
(under 18). | employed. | employed.
Industry or group of industries.
AgricultUTe 1... cece sere cece este cere: 19,797 | 165,689 12.0
Engineering and machine making ete 12,720. . | 132,925 9.6
Manufacture of ships and boats........ 4,522 50,856 8.9
On the roads (transports)* ......... ois oh syed OR 56,758 9.4
Manutacture of ‘metals. io .5. eee ak ee ae 2,423 29,051 8.2
Manufacture of vehicles .......-.e0e02. 1,023, 10,463 9.8
TLOWSE DUIGINE, CLC. 60.0 oe ahs ob whine vine 6,703 | 96,087 7.0
Other works of construction .......... 225 10,303 2,2
PRAIA YS, sb a<.4> Mis 5 ne > 55 5 vie hei oatate 3,014 49,450 EN
On seas, rivers, and canals ............ 745 21,645 3-4
Gas, water, electricity supply, and
MattATY BETVICE |, ss is:cy ny ven s » ole Ee 169 II,040 1.5
Messengers, porters, watchmen (not | :
railway or Government) ..........6. 15,054 20,760 72.5
Commercial and business clerks........| 6,859 40,337 17.0
Textiles (excluding dealers){ ........--| 9,327 56,250 16.6
VOL CN ee Wie ah c's uns sess cosh. sel ee 4,857 24,548 19.8
PULELIOUGES bps sv ceiva Ohis & ws saw eee Heys 2,395 13,198 18.1
ADTAPCTS leas ses Peis eimvoce es 50 a ple Nie alate lee 1,573 I1I,566 13.6 =
TFONMONGETS, CC. wrcccavecnesncwerece 652 4,491 14.5
Chemists and druggists ..........0. ae 568 | 3,782 15.0
|
emp and jute ....... ares vale s Rlehe oe 2,585 12,618 20.5
Woollen and worsted .2....cecccevess 1,742 10,138 17.2
Plax and linen ....... cia hiss ele ie wae a | obsh 54 5,503 | 21.0
Glass bottle manufacture..........e.00. 475 2,010 23.6
Bolt, nut, rivet, screw, and staple makers 199 | 857 23.2
Cycle makers{ ....... as wiki wee wi 6 6's 171 947 18,1
Nail manufacture ..... sini ne ie Dele leis Ginten 52 | 294 LiF
Soap : boilers and makers ..... Ay: ye ie 420 17.6
Wigmakers and hairdressers .......e0. 849 4,834 17.6
Domestic coachmen and grooms ...... 268 4,886 5.5
Domestic motor car driversand attendants 52 | 2,564 2.0
Motor car, cab, and van divers (not 60
domestic) ....++. aRkiwis o6'y eh axes seek 1,283 4.7
PSHETINEH oss v.s'c10's via =e Dae ot bain ew alee 1,297 24,163 5.4
Manufacturing puenists on baa seedy salem 134 3,849 3.5
—_—
* This indices 6,504 tramway workers aria IS VE etc.), of whom only 139
are juveniles.
+ This includes 21,347 workers in the flax, linen, hemp, and jute industries, ot whom
4,357 OY 20.4 per cent. are juveniles,
t Also included in ‘‘ Manufacture of vehicles *’ above.
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
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_(VI.) THe EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN ACT, 1903.
Main provisions :—
The Act requires absolutely that—
1. A child shall not be employed between the hours of g in the
evening and 6 in the morning, unless the local authority shall have
varied these hours by bye-law, which it is empowered to do, either
generally or for any specified occupation.
2. No child under the age of 11 shall be employed in street trading,
and no child employed half-time under the Factory and Workshop
_ Act, 1901, shall be employed in any other occupation.
3. A child shall not be employed to lift, carry, or move anything so
heavy as to be likely to cause injury to the child.
4. A child shall not be employed in any occupation likely to be
injurious to life, limb, health, or education, regard being had to his
physical condition.
5. Local authorities shall be empowered to raise the minimum age
of children in general employment to 14 years.
The Act permits local authorities to make bye-laws—
1. Prescribing for all children, or for boys and girls separately,
and with respect to all occupations, or to any specified occupation.
(a) The age below which employment is illegal; and
(2) the hours between which employment is illegal; and
(c) the number of daily and weekly hours beyond which
employment is illegal.
292 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
2. Prohibiting absolutely, or permitting subject to conditions, the
employment of children in any specified occupation.
Bye-laws may be also made with respect to street trading under
16 years of age to—
(z) Prohibit such street trading, except subject to such
conditions as to age, sex, or otherwise, as may be specified in the
bye-law, or subject to the holding of a licence to trade to be
granted by the local authorities.
(2) Regulate the conditions on which such licences may be
granted, suspended, or revoked.
(c) Determine the days and hours during which, and the places
at which, such street trading may be carried on.
The weakness of this Act is undoubtedly its permissive nature,
which has been retained in spite of the well-informed efforts of the
Committee on Wage-earning Children. Up to the year 1913 only 98 out
of 329 local authorities had made bye-laws restricting the general
employment of children, and only 131 in the case of street trading.
The figures quoted above in relation to the employment of school
children out of school hours in Manchester are specially interesting
as showing how inadequate and incomplete is the operation of the
permissive clauses of this Act.
(VII.) THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN ACT, 1904.
Main provisions :—
It is penal to procure or allow a boy under 14, or a girl under 16,
to ae or procure alms, whether under the pretence of singing, playing,
performing, offering anything for sale, or otherwise, or to be in any
street or premises licensed for the sale of intoxicating liquor (other than
premises licensed for public entertainments) for the purpose of singing,
playing, or performing, or being exhibited for profit, or offering
anything for sale, between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m.
2. It is penal to procure any child under the age of 11 to sing, etc.,
in any street, licensed premises, place of public entertainment, circus,
or place of amusement to which the public are admitted by payment.
3. It is penal to procure or allow any child under 16 to be trained
as an acrobat, contortionist, circus performer, or for any exhibition
or performance. of a dangerous nature.
4. Discretional powers are, however, given to local authorities and
petty sessional courts, which may allow children over 1o years of age
to take part in public entertainments.
(VIII.) Ropson’s Act (AGRICULTURE), 1899.
Main provision :—
When this Act is incorporated in their bye-laws local authorities
may grant partial exemption of children from school attendance for the
purpose of employment in agriculture at so early am age as 11 years.
LEGISLATION IN RESPECT OF DANGEROUS TRADES.
In certain occupations which are regarded as dangerous it is
prohibited to employ young persons of either sex at an earlier age
than 18. Under this heading come, for example :—
Manipulating lead colour in manufacture of paints and colours ;
working between fixed and traversing parts of spinning mule in
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 2903
motion ; in rooms where bisulphide of carbon is used in vulcanising
rubber; white-lead making, etc.
In other cases the minimum age in dangerous occupations is
fixed at 16, e.g., vitreous enamelling of metal or glass; heading
yarn dyed by means of lead compound; tinning of metal hollow-
ware, etc.
THE LABOUR EXCHANGE ACT, toto.
This Act, in view of the unexpected development of the Juvenile
Exchange Department and its importance for our present purpose,
is treated of in a separate section.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATIONS.
“The recurring note,’ writes Mr. Charles Booth, ‘‘ throughout the »
whole of the industrial volumes of the present inquiry* is that the
system of apprenticeship is either dead or dying.’’ This method of ©
apprenticeship, as a means of improving the quality and limiting the
supply of labour, was well recognised by Trade Unions, and, as Mr.
and Mrs. Webb have shown in their ‘‘ History of Trade Unionism,”’ it is
a method which occupied an important place in the tactics of Trade
Unionism during last century. But, in face of the conditions
created by the Industrial Revolution, all attempts to preserve the system
of indentured apprenticeship, and especially when the period was for
five or seven years, were doomed to failure, except in the case of a
few unusually conditioned industries. Thus the system of indentured
apprenticeship as a means of determining the conditions of employment
of young persons has tended to be less and less used by Trade Unions.
On the other hand, in those unions especially which cover industries in
which the transition from juvenile to adult labour is comparatively
easy and assured, the conditions relating to the labour of young persons
are laid down in the collective agreements of the unions, while in some
industries where high skill is demanded indentured apprenticeship of
some kind is still an effective instrument of the unions. Where this
takes place the work of the unions may be classified under three
heads :—
(1) Regulation of conditions under which apprentices and
learners are accepted and taught.
(2) Care and control during the process.
(3) Work in connection with the provision or improvement of
technical instruction.
REGULATION OF CONDITIONS.
The regulation covers three sets of facts: the proportion of
apprentices to journeymen, the period of service and the age at which
it starts, and the position of the apprentice who has served his time.
In regard to the proportion of apprentices,
(1) SoME UNIONS INSIST UPON A FIXED PROPORTION,
e.g., the unions covering the printing trades. The usual limit with
them is one apprentice to three journeymen, as in the case of the
London Society of Compositors, the United Machine Managers’
“Tife and Labour in London.”
294 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Society, and the Consolidated Society of Journeymen Bookbinders.
The Federated Electrotypers allow one to two, while the Amalgamated
Lithographers fix the scale at one to five, with a maximum of six in
any establishment. Other societies under this heading are the London
and Provincial Society of Coppersmiths and Metal Workers (one to
three), the Silver and Electro-Plate Operatives’ Society, London
Branch (one to four), the United Pattern Makers (one to five), and the
Amalgamated Brushmakers.
(2) OTHER UNIONS ADOPT VARYING PROPORTIONS, ACCORDING TO
LocaL CONDITIONS.
The chief examples are to be found in the engineering trade, and
particularly in the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. The Friendly
Society of Ironfounders also leaves the proportion to be regulated by
its branches according to local needs.
(3) A LarGe NUMBER OF UNIONS CANNOT OR DO NOT ENFORCE ANY
PROPORTION AT ALL,
e.g., the unions covering the building trades, and some of the unions
in the precious metal, instrument, and electrical industries.
So far as the period of service and the age at which apprenticeship
begins are concerned, a seven years’ apprenticeship is as a rule strictly
observed in the printing trades. Five or six years is accepted, however,
-by the Amalgamated Lithographers, who also permit a verbal agreement
in place of an indenture. The Stereotypers fix an age limit of 17 for
starting, the Amalgamated Lithographers 15, and the Compositors try
to get 16 enforced. In the metal trade five years is more usual, and
sometimes a definite start must be made before the age of 16. An
alternative of three years’ work, with a previous period of four years
in the engineering department of a technical institute, is permitted by
the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. In the building trades, with
one possible exception, where the period is five years and the starting
age 15, no rules appear to be enforced, at all events in London, and
the same is true of the art metal and instrument trades.
When an apprentice has completed his time the Amalgamated
Society of Engineers provides that he must get the full rate within
two years, or if a lower rate be paid it must be with the approval of the
district committee. According to the rules of the Boilermakers and
Iron Shipbuilders, an apprentice must receive the journeymen’s rate
one year after the service period has expired. In the printing trades
the full rate must be paid to apprentices immediately they have served
the recognised time. In many trades no regulation in this respect is
attempted.
CARE AND CONTROL DURING APPRENTICESHIP.
Generally speaking :—
(1) Wages are arranged by the employer and the apprentice.
(2) Hours and overtime are fixed by the working rules of a district,
apprentices working the same time as the men.
Sometimes special provisions are made to safeguard the interests
of apprentices. The London Society of Compositors, for example, have
recently created committees to supervise the instruction of apprentices
and watch their interests generally. The Amalgamated Society of
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 295
Engineers, the Boilermakers’ Society, and societies in the printing
trades are also taking steps in this direction.
WORK IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROVISION OR
IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION.
As a general rule, the schools providing technical instruction receive
the support and encouragement of the unions, although here and there
objections are made on the ground of the danger of over-stocking
particular trades or the fear that the schools may become a source for
providing blacklegs. The union encourage apprentices, wherever
possible, to attend the schools, but anything in the nature of compulsion
is out of the question, since apprentices do not generally become
members of a union until their time has nearly expired. Perhaps the
most practical step in recent times to co-ordinate the technical schools
in a general scheme of apprenticeship is that already mentioned of the
Amalgamated Society of Engineers, which substitutes a three-year
period of apprenticeship in place of a five-year in the case of those
who have spent at least four years previously in the engineering
department of a technical institute. A few unions also approach
employers with a view to getting time off for apprentices for attendance
at classes.
For further information see ‘‘ Industrial Training,’’ by N. B. Dearle.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUALS, THE HOME, AND
OF VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS.
INDIVIDUALS.
It is impossible, of course, to estimate the value of the contribution
of individuals in helping youths within the sphere of their influence,
a contribution which fulfils the spirit-and aim of apprenticeship. In
this connection, perhaps, the voluntary efforts of teachers,
schoolmasters, and ministers of religion, owing to the positions they
hold, by connecting up the school and industry through the ‘‘ placing ”’
of boys under their control, are specially worthy of mention. It is
scarcely necessary to point out that the result of their efforts, as indeed
of the great mass of individual effort, is to place in good positions boys
who show special ability or general ability far above the average.
THE HOME.
The careful investigations which have been carried out in recent
years, particularly in the homes of the poorer sections of the
community, in order to discover the effect of home life as a force
making for the training and discipline of character on the one hand,
and as a force which encourages the ‘industrial virtues ’’ on the
other, have been gravely disquieting in the revelations they have made.
The recognition of the inadequacy of the poor home to promote even
the health of the children, a pre-requisite in any scheme of
apprenticeship, inspired the pioneer work of Miss Margaret McMillan,
and has led to the gradual development of a school clinic and camp-life
system throughout the country. The defectiveness of the home life
in promoting health has become in recent years a matter of national
concern, as the School Feeding Act and other permissive legislation
for the supply of dental and school clinics by local authorities show.
296 | THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
One valuabie result of this development of the national-care of health
has been to bring a weight of medical evidence of the evil result. of
excessive hours of labour on the health of children, as recorded, for
example, in the Medical Reports of the Board of Education. If
the contribution of home life is defective during the years of the
children’s attendance at school it is still more defective in the
period between 14 and 18 years of age. Not only has the education
received in the schools opened a wide gulf between children
and parents, but the fact of becoming a wage-earner does in
itself produce a large measure of independence which results
in virtually a democratisation of the family. Thus, of the children
proceeding from a very large number of families in this country, and
upon whom the problem of apprenticeship presses in its most acute
form, the general conclusion of Mr. R. A. Bray, in his book, ‘* Boy
Labour and Apprenticeship,’’ is probably true: ‘‘ At the age of 14 the
control of school and home end together. The lad goes to bed a boy;
he wakes as a man. There should, therefore, be little cause for
surprise if the habits of the school and home are rapidly sloughed
off in the new life of irresponsible freedom.”’ |
VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS.
A variety of institutions have grown up whose worth ‘in the main
consists in finding places for children, either by means of apprenticeship
or otherwise, when they leave school, or in exercising supervision
during the period of transition. Such bodies are the Apprenticeship
Societies and Apprenticeship Charities, the Skilled Employment
Association, Boys and Girls’ Homes, Boys and Girls’ Clubs, Boys’
Brigades, and the Boy Scouts’ movement, as well as the Sunday School
movement and religious organisations of various kinds for young
people. The aims of these organisations are well indicated by their
names, and the work they accomplish is too well known to need
description here. Whilst each of these bodies does exceedingly useful
work in its particular sphere, they all fall short of a comprehensive
policy, and all have suffered in their utility in the past because they
have been attempting to solve the same problem without reference to
each other. Indeed, the disorganised nature, not only of the voluntary
organisations here mentioned, but of all the forces operating to supply
the essentials of apprenticeship is characteristic, and it was not until
the passing of the Labour Exchange Act, the operation of which we
shall now briefly consider, that the basis of an organisation was laid
which has in it the possibility of co-ordinating the whole of these forces
in a systematic effort to grapple with the tremendoys problems which
the hitherto largely unregulated transition of children from school to
the world of labour has created.
A good analysis of the voluntary associations at work is given in
Mr. A. Greenwood’s book, ‘‘ Juvenile Labour Exchange and After
Care,’’? from which the following summary is extracted :—
RELIGIOUS—
Sunday schools, institutes, P.S.A. meetings and classes of all
denominations, and the devotional societies connected with them
(Christian Endeavours, International Bible Reading Association,
Confirmation and Teachers’ Classes, etc.), Y.M.C.A., Y.W.C.A.,
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 207
Ragged School Union, London Diocesan Council for the Welfare
of Lads, etc.
PHyYSICAL—
(2) The National League for Physical Education and
Improvement, and similar bodies.
(4) Boys’ Brigade, Church Lads’ Brigade, Boys’ Life Brigade,
Catholic Boys’ Brigade, Jewish Lads’ Brigade, Boy Scouts,
National Peace Scouts, Girls’ Life Brigade, Girl Guides, etc.,
London Playing Fields Society, Athletic Clubs, etc.
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL—
(a) Lads and Girls’ Clubs and Institutes, Homes for Working
Boys and Girls, Federation of London Working Boys’ Club,
National League of Workers with Boys.
(2) Literary, Debating, and Mutual Improvement Societies,
Reading Circles, National Home Reading Union, etc.
INDUSTRIAL—
(a) Apprenticeship and Skilled Employment Committees, Lads’
Employment Association, Mansion House Advisory Committee for
Associations for Boys, National Industrial Education League,
National Institution of Apprenticeship, Boys’ Country Work
Society, etc.
(4) Industrial Homes for Working Boys.
JUVENILE LABOUR EXCHANGES, AFTER-CARE COMMITTEES,
AND JUVENILE ADVISORY COMMITTEES.
The Juvenile Labour Exchanges, which received a great impetus as
a secondary result of the Labour Exchange Act of 1910, are at present
of three kinds: the Board of Trade Exchanges, those organised by
local Education Authorities, and a few organised by voluntary
institutions, which are now becoming of minor importance. Much
discussion at first arose as to whether the Education Authority
in virtue of powers under the Education Act (Feeding of School
Children) and the Education (Choice of Employment) Act, 1910, or
the Board of Trade was best qualified to administer, but the practical
solution which has been found in Birmingham and one or two other
cities seems likely to be generally accepted.
In these latter instances the Choice of Employment Committees,
formed under the 1910 Education Act, have succeeded in satisfactorily
co-ordinating their work with that of the Juvenile Labour Exchange.
The work of these Committees and of the Juvenile Advisory
Committees is of the greatest value in the assistance it affords to
young persons about to enter employment, and should be carefully
studied as one of the most promising efforts in this difficult field.
In Appendix F of Mr. A. Greenwood’s book, ‘‘ Juvenile Labour
Exchanges and After-Care,’? a summary is given of the results of the
first year’s working of the Labour Exchanges, 1910-1911. The number
of Exchanges increased from 93 in February, 1910, to 161 in January,
1g11, and Juvenile Advisory Committees were appointed in 27 districts
in the course of the year.
a
298 - THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
NUMBER OF VACANCIES NOTIFIED AND FILLED DURING
TWELVE MONTHS ENDING JANUARY, 1ro11.
Vacsnties [ Vacancies Vacancies Vacancies
notified. notified. filled. filled.
Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls.
1910.
ROULOATY to wie ck wees vines 2,427 1,520 1,715 680
WEIR tee. rhe | 3,507 1 3,897 2,397 1,069
APTI) wees n'e'siy so bs ya bears | 3,945 | 1,791 2,973 1,202
fo) Oe ais Che aap h rch aura | Ei s.© thioee himehe Ae fic’ | 2,695 1,275
yunes(5 weeks) cj .4ucievind | gst | 2,797 4,454 2,068
RU wiee grace siais sla eats b [85,920 ) 2, Lie 3,149 1,758
: |
PAMELA ik oa Sactw miesa's Nivegs 4,197 2,183 3,458 1,752
September (5 weeks)....| 6,473 3,270 5,184 2,752
October eeeneeoeseoeses 5,514 3,934 4,295 2,502
INGVERDESS Chiba ce 4s Se: 5,473 2,920 4,374 2ate
December (5 weeks) .... 5,010 | 9 2,601 3,954 2,086
Igil. | ;
PATA TY) OR i 20n Oye y's Bat eras 3,315 4,406 2,723
| 55,693 29,333 43,054 22,279
— So ———~_-————
| 85,026 | 65,333
| |
The following information and tables as to the working of the
Juvenile Labour Exchanges for the years 1913 and 1914 are taken
from the “‘ Board of Trade Gazette’’ for February, 1915 (p. 45).
In certain districts the work of placing juvenile applicants is carried
on in co-operation either with special advisory committees for juvenile
employment, of which some 54 have been appointed under the Labour
Exchanges Act, 1909, or with committees appointed under the Education
(Choice of Employment) Act, 1910, under which about 66 schemes have
been approved. The London Advisory Committee for Juvenile
Employment has, in addition, appointed local advisory committees in
connection with 19 London Exchanges; while the Surrey Advisory
Committee has also appointed a number of district advisory committees.
The duty of the committees is to give advice with regard to the
management of any Labour Exchanges in their districts in relation to
juvenile applicants for employment; and they may take steps, either
by themselves or in co-operation with any other bodies or persons, to
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. - 299
give information, advice, and assistance to boys and girls and their
parents with respect to the choice of employment and other matters
bearing thereon.
NUMBER OF VACANCIES FILLED BY BOYS AND BY GIRLS
IN 1913 AND 10914.
Number of vacancies filled.
Groups of trades. Boys. Girls
1913. Igl4. | 1913. | 1gt4.
Insured trades :—
Building and constructicn
of Works cu Ss oats ose ee 1,638 I,593 eR ayes
Engineering, shipbuilding
construction of vehicles,
sawmilling, and related
insured occupations.... 8,370 | 8,809 362 398
Uninsured trades :— |
Conveyance of men, goods,
and messages ........ 30,167 31,659 2,942 4,175
DOMES HC Hawes 5. Seah 2,744 3,682 20,181 ax. 7 55
Dress 2.2450) mime sin.e Was 2,105 1,851 7,793 10,004
POSNER Hates pie was ele 3,188 3,036 6,165 5,500
Food, tobacco, drink, and
Og tt ee ee 3,341 3,258 5,324 4,074
Commercial ...... een 8,549 9,948 3,154 3,129
All other trades, «..05.)s 30,285 39,444 20,000 23,233
inate Aerie Lok 90,387 103,280 65,921 74,236
The increase of 12,893 in the number of vacancies filled by boys
compares with 2,301 in the previous year; and the increase of 8,315 in
the number filled by girls with 7,981 in 1913.
Of the boys’ vacancies filled in 1914, 25,007, or 24.2 per cent., and
of the girls’ vacancies filled 20,823, or 28 per cent., were filled by
applicants who obtained their first situations since leaving school.
300 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
NUMBER OF BOYS AND GIRLS (INDIVIDUALS) PLACED IN
THE YEARS 1913 AND 1orq.
Number of individuals placed.
{
|
Groups of trades. | Boys. Girls.
| 1913. 19l4. | 1913. IQT4.
| |
Insured trades :— |
Building and construction | |
PLN OEKS 00 «hewn mooie DEIN 8th. Ble 1,534 — —
Engineering, shipbuild- |
ing, construction | of!
vehicles, sawmilling, | |
and related insured)
occupations ...... tes z 8,068 8,411, | 343 387
Uninsured trades :— /
Conveyance of men, goods, |
and messages ........| 27,224 28,558 | 2,765 3,938
EI RIEOG LIC, sve o's. 6 a's 4 olhsie | 2,590 3,486 | 17,334 20,623
ASTPES ck Gadh ee ne karen ah. tiooe 1,758 | 7,400 9,601
EORUMOS Boose caw ee toes: aan a ye 2)3870°-1 SG ay" 5,277
Food, tobacco, drink, and |
lodging Snaeed weak s | 3,257 | 3:147 | 5,166 3,977
COTAINET CIAL als eu dadakeut 8,019 9,233 | 2,880 . 2,931
All other trades ....... | 29,105 37,602 | 18,957 | 22,020
POtAL et. OGL yo awe | 84,813 96,599 | 60,692 68,754
Deduct for placings of i in- | |
dividuals in more than | |
- one occupation........ | 10,278 11,53t } -6,486 | © 7434
DUBE SOLAY 6.6 vs inte aos | 74,535 85,068 | 54,206 | 61,320
The five years’ working of this Act have been rich in experience,
in suggestion and criticism, and in better comprehension of the
difficulties to be overcome. .The Labour Exchanges cannot, of course,
render their full contribution to the problem of child labour and
apprenticeship until, either by compulsion or otherwise, they are
definitely recognised by the whole body of employers on the one hand,
and by the whole of the children seeking entrance into industry on the
other. By the development of an intelligence department they will
then be in a position to cope with the demand and supply of juvenile
labour throughout the country. The gradual extension at the
same time of the work of After-Care and Juvenile Advisory
Committees, so as to co-ordinate the activities of individuals and
voluntary associations in this sphere, as indicated in the last paragraph,
would then achieve something like a national effort to secure the
survival of what was precious in medizval apprenticeship, and at
THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 3018
the same time the logical continuation of the work of the great
education and child-protective measures of last century.
SUMMARY AND INDICATION OF DEFECTS AND
TENDENCIES.
The attempted revival of a system of indentured apprenticeship
by societies like the Skilled Employment Associations and
Apprenticeship Societies can only be effective within certain narrow
limits, but within those limits they may be very useful. These limits
are conditioned by the broad fact that the modern industrial system
has, by the division of labour, made it necessary that two-thirds of the
children leaving elementary schools must enter a form of occupation
which leads only to unskilled labour, and that among these occupations
a very considerable percentage are limited, under existing conditions of
business organisation, to boys. It is indeed the enormous demand for
boy labour of an uneducative sort, involving to such an extent the
‘blind alley ’’ issues, which is a prime cause of the irreparable waste
which accompanies the transition from the school to the world of
labour. The reorganisation of the Post Office* during the last few years
has shown to what extent the demand for juvenile labour can be
reduced, and to what extent juveniles can be absorbed into adult forms
of labour, when a deliberate attempt is made to shoulder the
responsibilities. There can be no doubt that a deeper sense of the
value of young persons to the community would be able to effect similar
reorganisation in other industries, and with corresponding benefits to
the community. In this way the evil of ‘‘ blind alley ’? employment
would be considerably mitigated, while the increasing effectiveness of
the Labour Exchanges, in combination with Juvenile Advisory and
After-Care Committees, as well as other forms of voluntary
organisation, would secure either that the period of unemployment of
young persons was reduced to a minimum, or that such time, as well
as leisure time, should be put to educative and socially profitable
uses.
The multiplication of tasks for which boys may conveniently be
used in modern industry, and which offer little prospect of permanence
when manhood is reached, has given rise to a problem most complicated
and far-reaching in its ramifications, and one of the urgent needs of
Labour is to evolve a reasonable policy in the solution of it.
We have shown to what extent the State has assumed responsibility
for young people until they reach the age of 18 years. We have shown
where that responsibility, as tested by the production of efficient
workers and good citizens, breaks down. We may, in conclusion,
indicate what seem to be the main lines of progress upon which
practically all who have investigated this most important aspect of
social life are agreed :—
PROHIBITION OF CHILD LABOUR DURING THE YEARS OF
ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL.
The fact that nearly 600,000 children under the age of 14 years are
employed for wages, of whom 300,000 are school children employed out
of school hours, represents the gravest defect in that responsibility
which the-State undertook in the beneficent measures of last century.
* See Appendix V., “ Industrial Training,” by N. B. Dearle.
302 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
INCREASING NATIONAL CARE FOR THE HEALTH OF
SCHOOL CHILDREN AND JUVENILES.
Health as an asset in apprenticeship has attracted great attention
during the last 20 years. The Feeding of School Children Act and
the dental and school clinic developments represent the beginnings
of a national policy of health in this sphere.
RAISING OF THE SCHOOL-LEAVING AGE TO 15 OR 16.
Apart from the educative value of such a step, the withdrawal of
the supply of boy labour during the years 13 and 14 to 15 or 16 would
introduce a form of economy into industry and give a fillip to
reorganisation which would, in the long run, be to the economic
advantage of the State.
A HALF-TIME SYSTEM AND COMPULSORY CONTINUATION
SCHOOLS FOR. JUVENILES FROM 15 OR 16 TO 18 YEARS
OF AGE.
Much discrepancy of opinion exists as to the most effective method
of working such a system, but on the fundamental idea there is
agreement that such a system ought to provide on the one hand sound
general training, and on the other sound industrial training so as to
secure a high level of civic qualities among the large numbers who
are at present destined to be engaged in labour which is classed as
unskilled.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUVENILE LABOUR EXCHANGES.
The extension of the work of the Exchanges should continue untii
they cover the whole field of juvenile employment. This hardly seems
ossible until compulsion is applied in some form or other by the
tate. With this would come the full correlation of the demand and
supply of juvenile labour, and hence the possibility of reducing waste
to a minimum. Organisation in anticipation of future need would
then also be possible. In co-operation with the variety of voluntary
organisations already at work for the welfare of the young, a national
system of beneficent supervision in this transitional period, to bring
within its scope the great majority of boys and girls of the country,
would be obtained.
It may be that the great crisis through which we are now passing
will retard some, if not all, of these tendencies. But the war, on the
other hand, is making unparalleled demands for industrial efficiency
and for a high level of civic attainment, demands which should not
be withdrawn when peace is secured.
PART Ili.
—_
THE
CONTENTS.
Page Page
FAISLOSICAL. si 84 dale 0 pOe ass 303 | The Independent Labour
. Arty as atid pislemene gee ete 344
Parliamentary Labour Repre- bat sie
sentation, 1874-1915 .... 308 | The British Socialist Party.. 348
The Labour Party ...25i5). 5. 310 | The Fabian Society ........ 349
The Parliamentary Labour The: Jomt Boards) us ieee ss 353
od Be i Pe it Ate 318 | The Women's Labour League 354
Parliamentary Review, 1906- Miscellaneous Labour and
OEY ie wkd had aaron tia & 322 Socialist Organisations... 355
The Labour Party and Edu- Local Labour Parties ...... 366
CALTON cevesesasccovess 333 | Addresses of Political, Reform
The Labour Party and Agri- and other Organisations. 370
OOIOTE, Fn eth dniee nd dwe 340 ' Socialist and Labour Press... 373
SPECIAL ARTICLES:
Catherine E. Marshall... The Future of Women in Politics ...... 376
Philip Snowden, M.P... The Principles of Democratic Taxation.. 380
HISTORICAL.
THE FIRST LABOUR MEMBERS.
The collapse of the Chartist Movement in the late forties was
succeeded by a period of inactivity, and there was little indication of ©
any national political organisation on the part of the working classes
until the passing of the Reform Act in 1868, which enfranchised workmen
in the boroughs. In the same year the first Trades Union Congress was
held at Manchester, the movement originating with the demand
that an end should be put to the legal grievances which Trade
Unionists then suffered. No records of that gathering are now
available. At the second Congress, held at Birmingham in the
following year, a paper was read on ‘“‘ Direct Labour Representation
in Parliament,”’ and about this time a Labour Representation League
was formed for the purpose of securing the return of Trade Unionist
Members to the House of Commons. The League failed in its effort
to get its candidates recognised by either of the political parties and
was forced into three-cornered contests. A bye-election in Southwark
304 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
in 1870 was fought by George Odger, who obtained 4,382 votes
against his Conservative opponent’s 4,686, the Liberal securing 2,951.
At the General Election of 1874, 14 of the League’s candidates went
to the poll, and of these only four were allowed a straight fight, viz.,
Alexander Macdonald, Stafford; T. Burt, Morpeth; S. Mottershead,
Preston, and W. R. Cremer, Warwick. The following were opposed
by candidates of both the other parties: Ben Pickard, Wigan; George
Howell, Aylesbury; Henry Broadhurst, Wickham; George Potter,
Peterborough; T. Halliday, Merthyr Tydvil; John Kane, Middles-
brough ; George Odger, Southwark; W. Morris, Cricklade; B. Lucraft,
Finsbury; and A. A. Walton, Stoke-on-Trent. Only Alexander
Macdonald and Thomas Burt (now a Privy Councillor and ‘‘ Father
of the House of Commons’’) secured election. In the 1880 election
Henry Broadhurst was also returned for Stoke-on-Trent. In the 1885
election eleven Labour Members were returned to the House of
Commons. (See table on page 308.)
THE COMING OF THE SOCIALISTS.
The year 1881 witnessed the beginning of definitely Socialist
organisation in this country when the Democratic Federation was
formed. This subsequently split into the Socialist League, centring
around the personality of William Morris, and the Social Democratic
Federation, of which H. M. Hyndman was the leader. In 1884 the
Fabian Society also came into existence. The propaganda carried
on by these various bodies found reflection to some extent in the
Trades Union Congress, and was all the more intensified owing to
the disappearance of the Labour Representation League. At the
Congress held in Hull in 1886, of which Fred Maddison was the
president, the various pious resolutions on Labour representation
passed in previous years found concrete expression in a proposal to
form an Electoral Labour Committee to act in conjunction with the
Congress, the Labour representatives in the House, and the friends
of Labour representation throughout the country. The first Electoral
Committee was formed at the Hull Congress, and T. R. Threlfall,
who had been responsible for putting forward the resolution, was
appointed secretary. This new association failed to fulfil expectations,
and by its inability to free itself from the hindering influences of the
Liberal Party led to the inception of independent Labour politics.
The Swansea Trades Union Congress in 1887 witnessed the opening of
a new campaign, when J. Keir Hardie, as a representative of the
Ayrshire Miners, laid down in the opening sentences of his first Trades
Union Congress speech the principles of political independence for
Labour to the propagation of which he afterwards pile the whole
of his career.
In the April of 1888 a vacancy occurred in Mid-Lanark, and Keir
Hardie stood as Independent Labour candidate against an official
Liberal and an official Tory. Attempts were made to secure Hardie’s
withdrawal by an offer of £300 per year, a safe Liberal seat, and the
payment of his election expenses. These offers were rejected, and
Hardie was handsomely defeated, receiving only 619 votes. This
experience, however, led to the formation of the Scottish Labour
Party, with R. Cunninghame Graham, M.P., as chairman, and Keir
Hardie as secretary.
THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 305
THE INDEPENDENT LABOUR PARTY.
The Dock Strike of 1889, in addition to stimulating Trade Unionism
on the industrial side by the creation of the ‘‘ New Unionism,”’ was
also responsible for a great awakening of the political aspirations of
sections of the working classes throughout the country. Economic
study also received considerable impetus from the visit of the late
Henry George to this country, his lecture tour, in which he
dealt exhaustively with his Land Reform and Single Tax proposals,
leading many of the more enlightened artisans to a wider economic
knowledge. The result of these various incentives was the springing up
in many of the industrial centres of independent groups of working
people who had failed to find any satisfaction in the theories or
practice of the orthodox parties. In 1893 a conference, representing
Over 50 of these local organisations, together with delegates from other
Socialist and industrial bodies, was held in Bradford under the
chairmanship of J. Keir Hardie, who had been returned for South-
West Ham at the General Election in the previous year, together with
John Burns, J. Havelock Wilson, and twelve other Trade Union
representatives. The outcome of this conference was the formation
of the Independent Labour Party, into which the Scottish Labour
Paity was formally merged.
The next five years were notable for the strenuous propasande
of the I.L.P. and the gradual development of Socialist opinion in the
tanks of many of the Trade Unions. Numerous bye-elections were
unsuccessfully fought. In 1895 28 I.L.P. candidates went to the
poll, but none was returned, and Keir Hardie lost his seat at
South-West Ham. Other losses reduced the number of Labour
representatives in the 1895-1900 Parliament to twelve.
THE LABOUR -REPRESENTATION COMMITTEE.
The time had come for a broader movement. In 18g9 the following
resolution was moved at the Trades Union Congress at Plymouth on
dSehalf of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants :—
“That this Congress, having regard to the decisions of former
years, and with a view of securing a better representation of the
interests of Labour in the House of Commons, hereby instructs
the Parliamentary Committee to invite the co-operation of all the
Co-operative, Socialistic, Trade Union, and other working-class
organisations to jointly co-operate on lines mutually agreed upon
in convening a Special Congress of representatives from such of
the above-named organisations as may be willing to take part
to devise ways and means for the securing an increased number
of Labour Members to the next Parliament.”’
The resolution was carried by 546 to 434 votes. A conference of
delegates, two each from the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades
Union Congress, the I.L.P., the $.D.F., and the Fabian Society, was
responsible for the drafting of a party constitution, which formed the
agenda of a Special Congress held at the Memorial Hall on February
27th, 1900, when the Labour Representation Committee was formally
inaugurated. The conference was attended by 129 delegates,
representing 568,127 members. A composite executive of twelve
members was appointed, representing the various sections forming the
federation, and J. Ramsay MacDonald was appointed secretary.
306 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
The resolutions adopted included the following :—
‘That this conference is in favour of working-class opinion
being represented in the House of Commons by men sympathetic
with the aims and demands of the Labour Movement, and whose
candidatures are promoted by one or other of the organised
movements.”’
‘‘That this conference is in favour of establishing a distinct
Labour Group in Parliament, who shall have their own Whips,
and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to
co-operate with any Party which for the time being may be
engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interest of Labour,
and be equally ready to.associate themselves with any Party in
opposing measures having an opposite tendency; and, further,
members of the Labour Group shall not oppose any candidate
whose candidature is being promoted in terms of Resolution 1.”
From the outset the L.R.C. sought to include in its affiliated
membership the Trades Councils throughout the country, which after
many years’ inclusion at the Trades Union Congress had been excluded
on the ground of being merely a duplication of membership. The
financial basis was an affiliation fee from Trade Unions and Socialist
Societies of ros. per annum for every 1,000 members or fraction thereof,
each organisation being responsible for the expenses of its own
candidates. Trades Council fees were fixed at 45 per year, but were
reduced in the following year to £1.
It will be noted that the early years of the L.R.C. coincided with
the period of the South African War, and when the appeal was made
to the country by the Conservatives in 1900 the Committee were
unprepared for any serious widespread campaign. Fifteen candidates
were run under the auspices of the Committee, of whom two were
returned, Keir Hardie re-entering Parliament for Merthyr Tydvil and
Richard Bell being returned for Derby.
In 1g02 the L.R.C. put forward Philip Snowden at a bye-
election at Wakefield, when he poiled 1,979 votes against 2,960 for
his Tory opponent. Later in the same year D. J. Shackleton
(Lancashire Weavers) was returned unopposed for Clitheroe, and in
1903 Will Crooks won Woolwich and Arthur Henderson Barnard
Castle, under the Committee’s auspices, unsuccessful bye-elegtions
being fought by John Hodge at Preston and G. H. Roberts at Norwich.
POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE.
The constitution of the L.R.C. was the subject of much discussion
at the third annual conference held in Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1903, and
many of the dangers that had beset the earlier attempts to initiate
independent Labour political movements were avoided by the definite
adoption of the independent political principle in the following
resolution :—
‘*In view of the fact that the L.R.C.is recruiting adherents from
all outside political forces, and also, taking into consideration the
basis upon which the Committee was inaugurated, this conference
regards it as being absolutely necessary that the members of
the Executive Committee should strictly abstain from identifying
themselves with or promoting the interests of any section of the
THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 307
Liberal or Conservative parties, inasmuch as if we are to secure
the social and economic requirements of the industrial classes,
Labour representatives in and out of Parliament will have to
shape their own policy and act upon it regardless of other sections
in the political world; and that the E.C. report to the affiliated
association or bodies any such official acting contrary to the spirit
of the constitution as hereby amended.”’
The Newcastle Conference was also notable for the initiation of
a Parliamentary Fund for the maintenance of Labour Members and
for assisting in paying election charges. Contributions were fixed
upon the basis of 31d. per member per year from all affiliated
organisations, except Trades Councils. After {£2,500 had been
accumulated, 25 per cent. of returning officers’ fees at elections
was paid to candidates approved by the Committee, and maintenance
at the rate of £200 per year to elected Members.
Upon Payment of Members becoming law this fund was abolished
and affiliation fees from the unions and Socialist societies reduced to
1d. per member per year for all purposes.
The years 1903, 1904, and 1905 witnessed the most carefully planned
and enthusiastic period of political organisation in the history of the
British Labour Movement, the result being that when the General
Election took place in 1906 50 candidates were run under the auspices
of the Committee, 29 of whom were returned and formed a compact
and coherent Labour Group, with its own officers and Whips, acting
independently of all other parties in Parliament. At the same time
the name of the organisation was changed to that of ‘‘ The Labour
Party.’? The appearance of the Labour Party as a definite element in
British politics and as an unmistakable indication of the democratic
tendencies of the time, resulting in the definite establishment of a
Parliamentary Labour Party in the House of Commons, made a great
stir in the political world, and the ‘‘ Condition of the People’ question
at last secured attention.
308 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
PARLIAMENTARY
LABOUR REPRESENTATION, 1874-1915.
The following table is a complete record of Labour Members who
have been returned to the House of Commons since 1874.
R indicates Returned to Parliament, and R indicates Returned under
the auspices of the Labour Representation Committee or the Labour Party.
D and D indicate Defeat.
When a Member was returned at a bye-election the year is given
in the last column, Labour Party candidatures being indicated in heavy
type.
Members marked + are dead; those marked * form the present Parlia-
mentary Labour Party.
Bye-
Members. 1874. 1880. 1885. 1886. 1892. 1895¢ 1900. 1906. 1910. 1910. elec-
Jan. Dec. tion.
Abrahant, We8 oe.. GO ES ORS Re Re RE Ree
PARSON, | Wee ea) AP 0 EROS
AMSHN MES Be Set eS UB ge SRR ES ie
Anderson. Wee Ps er US Re SONGS, eee
TOD: He Si ei si ee SRR DR RR | RO ee
oumes Darties, Gro Nites eee ore we a OR Sy a
Py Ce et Bee ey ee eee RR a aa
w<«e Bowerman, C. W.*.. Fes eiets es BR Roma
Bara W occ s ee cee Be tar FRAC cred Pete ae R Ro 5Re ee
Prescnorst, Ft ik OR ORR R «Ro: 3
Mars, JOR. 3s. sic oe tee de ee RO Res, Ra
SNS Bias BO OR re a Row Ro aR OR OR: Re OR Aaa
poet iyries, JR." 0s a or a ye fs a oo ae! ROR ee
Crawford, W.+ .... Ki oe ele 4 teh e ee
Cremer, WoiR tT... . RoR °R DE OR
She ER Se ae ee de We RY Row si
meme Crooks, Will*...... res Renae RF D_ R i903
Curran, Pete+...... -. wD Gooner
jee Duncan, C.* <2... R Rw eee
Edwards, E.}{...... Si ite) ae LOWE 26° Eg) he gl ee
Peawick os. ies cg her) ROR OR AR Re
@eeGill, A. H.t........ BE Oe eae ie Ae ee /
ummmeaXslover, T.4 00.0.0... R 3 Aaieee
Goldstone, F. W.*.. Pa Rie 04, Gaon eee
Graham, Cunninghame os Ye ad R Z ay wa ss
Grayson, V......... PORT evo Tie a ears. D+ sanetoos
yO Ne cy es Laie Si BCte a aerated Ose Gc eae Ro Rees.
Pancock, § Gasca wa bie tates. hin ile =.) teehee ae
weomtiiardic, J, Keith oii ve ee oan ew dR OD « Ro Re eRe
PAOEVCY NV 6 EOP aie ee Ge ea el tee gia fess Tg os tae
THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 309
‘ Bye.
Members. 1874. 1880. 1885. 1886. 1892. 1895. 1900. I906, I9IO. 1910. elec-
Jan. Dec. tion.
eh Ot 0 FS gk AGS: A na
Br eel Slenievson, Ait.0.5. Si UGE OBE REE VISE
ee eee TORN. va of. « a eee ee hoe ee ae
eeeewe te Fc ks oe he SMR ALR Bs RG DD
oes WF... he a ORES hati ial oes Sar far
aap CVT TS ORR 2 are
jobnson, John} ....
Fennson GW «+a 3/2 ead abn le desig Ic ed
Tr MVCN CL) ESS VW ai is wn Ce ystems tiie © gata iah Boia
wumut elley, Geo. D.t+ ¥ pa? tM Gare a nie es Re 3
TRY OU 90.6 Ss gs) KmspiNGh Sage tiestee aban atten) mee Y Sea Siw siae naeate IQt4
ESAS DUE Yu ACO othe. caine. 0ae lend Pat aie
Doeniester Ff a4 + sis's aoe ise Rail ® wal a oe
TOR ALGSOM. EE cee oe ae Be
ipa! ti) RL 2 eo aa Dg eee ee ee
Rowlands, J. ...... OU SAE See Sees 5 Taras Ube: 8,
Seddon, J. Ai’../-.. Da Phe ttg wis eee
u“«Shackleton, D. j. ..
Smith, Albert* SAE EL ORG TSE: re etaa Bae
womSnowden, Pes. dees SSA heed el Rag a eg ny Rt ey
SERINE Faso bd 2 PWIMALT aby: e po termes ela elon once
a 2 eh 4 UE SR eee ine ach SP als Due By,
1903
MWA: PbO:
- WSU: wrt
POR. 2 mo: PoP
.
:
of
> PHAAAWH: S:
og ii edad edt
S my bose! trae pobdl pot:
Leal
PS te
oe # Oe
[o-)
ao: Be - Bee = Be olin - - Be
Mrmr: pO pl OW: OW wm ow: sl:
eA Ai Peta. ea RR oe IM ote as
SERN TG. ui so oe PALE eee te ems) ie ah weak dg R
Be PAR Ws a tine Vee eee ee R
wk Sets Wilde dear ae SRS ara ALN a taeda tar itil ai Ress
sel horne, Wili*...... Pee gal ait OMI Oe ae CEL 3 Ros
GROMER, TS Sts arate or va : ae ae ~» 1945.
Be > Eee ee Sah Re ene a an NG) MARES Pr a Dae,
RON oe dn el cae eh hd cee hoe ee ee Dati
eNO Lag) ww ktihcer’. ca) Sh" Mires! Vom e { ceandceees See Ret Bek
ee MSDS Ne Pes AT eka: Mk an OCU PUREE PP RO EO: « Rai csy
Ward ponny 35%..." he acd eae orate oe coat tre Boe Re Bras
RAND SON STI pita di lute 4. Simp iie'e sb hers Glee) lates bs ‘edie ee Bake.
enV Sh) Fave eS Le Rath aay einer: eae Ree ERE Fee ee Roun
SAIS POTEET. 6 anh ee ge Oe ps he Raw
RAISON? 7 One eee ee RD a Re, TR Ret ass
Wilisen,” Fy itavelocke’ i LS RR, DP
ea eet R R R
PEN V USOe, Wy sit DS SCO Sy
Woods, Sam.+ eres ee ee ee D D ee 2 © ®, | 1897
310 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
THE LABOUR PARTY.
(FORMERLY LABOUR REPRESENTATION COMMITTEE).
CONSTITUTION.
The Labour Party is a federation consisting of Trade Unions, the
independent Labour Party, the Fabian Society, and a large number
of Trades Councils and Local Labour Parties. The Women’s Labour
League and one Co-operative Society are also affiliated. From the
inception of the Party Co-operative Societies have been eligible for
affiliation, but there has been, so far, but little disposition on their
part to associate with the political Labour Movement.
The Party is financed by affiliation fees from the Trade Unions,
Socialist, and Co-operative Societies at the rate of 1d. per member per
year, in the case of the Trade Unions the recognised membership being
that contributing to the unions’ political funds under the Trade Union
Act (1913). Trades Councils and Local Labour Parties, together with
the Women’s Labour League, now contribute on a basis of 15s. per
year when their respective memberships are under 5,000, and 30s. when
their memberships exceed that number.
The following table indicates the growth of the Party :—
Trades Councils
Trade Unions. and Local Socialist Societies,
Labour Parties. Total,
No. Membership. No. No. Membership.
FQOO~T 6s Gs AL ise. | 353,070 00 97% ve" Qs s 22,00 nog ee
TGOI—2s5 nw 65...) 455;450 4. QI ns 2 es 13,861 Vea
1902-3086. 1270.. -847,315 2s 40 (26 2 2. 13,935 eee
1903-4 ... ,165;.. 956,025 .. 76 «2 2 «, 13;77%) gar ee
1904-5 .. 4158 .. 855,270 .. 73 2 «+ 14,7390 ss noe vou
1905-6... 1585.4 904,496 .. 73 «. 2'.. 16,984 “Se eee
BOGG Foe 19H ss. 975,152 as 83 2 .. 20,885...) 905,487
1907 wie EST. 5, 2,049,073; 20 92. es 2.4 22)\207 ee
1908 ¢ 0 9 17Gi.» 1,127,035 \.. 133) os Ziv» 27,4050 spa ee
1909 os (172 »» 1,450,048 4. 155 «3 2. 30,0824 seen eee
IgIO oe TAL ice, 1,394,402 .. 148° «5. 2 26. 31537 e pe
IQII sa IQI os, 1,507,783... 149 «.. 2 4. 31,404: pee ee
IgI2 ws T30%6. 1,858,178 ... 153 - oi 2 ee 91,2370 eee
1913 11s & RE tt ee IGF we) Bian 39, aCamuma tt
* This total includes 2,271 co-operators.
+ Includes 472 co-operators.
t Includes 565 co-operators and 3,500 members of the Women’s Labour League.
§ Includes 678 co-operators and 4,000 members of the Women’s Labour League.
|| Includes 760 co-operators and 4,000 members of the Women’s Labour League.
{| Includes g11 co-operators and 5,000 members of the Women’s Labour League.
** Includes 1,073 co-operators and 5,000 members ot the Women’s Labour League.
++ Owing to the effect of the Osborne Judgment, it was impossible to compile
accurate statistics of membership for 1913 and 1914.
The Party holds an Annual Conference of delegates each year, the
next being convened for Bristol in January, 1916. Delegates attend
on behalf of affiliated societies in the proportion of one delegate to 1,000
members; Trades Councils and local Labour Parties, one or two
delegates according to whether the membership is under 5,000 or over.
it has been the practice for the Chairman of the Party Executive for
THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. ep en
the preceding year to preside over the Conference. Owing to the war
the Conference in 1914 was postponed, but the number ‘of delegates
iN 1913 was 551, who represented 149 organisations.
. THE NATIONAL EXECUTIVE, ETC.
The National Executive consists of 16 members: eleven represent
the Trades Unions, one the Trades Councils and Local Labour
Parties and Women’s Labour League; three the Socialist Societies,
who are elected by ballot at the Annual Conference by their respective
sections, and the treasurer, who is elected by the Conference as a
whole. The secretary, who is a paid official, is also elected by the
Annual Conference.
The Executive Committee elected at the Glasgow Conference
on January 2oth, 1914, is as follows: Chairman, W. C. Anderson
(1.L.P.); Vice-Chairman, A. G. Cameron (Carpenters and Joiners) ;
Treasurer, J. Ramsay MacDonald, M.P. (I.L.P.); J. R. Clynes,
M.P. (Gasworkers), Tom Fox (British Labour Amalgamation),
John Hodge, M.P. (British Steel Smelters), W. H. Hutchinson
(A.S. Engineers), W. F. Purdy (Shipwrights), George H. Roberts, M.P.
(Typographical Association), W. C. Robinson, J.P. (United Textile
Factory Workers), W. Stephen Sanders (Fabian Society), Ben
Turner, J.P. (General Union of Textile Workers), H. Twist (Miners’
Federation), Egerton P. Wake (Trades Councils, Local Labour Parties,
and Women’s Labour League), and G. J. Wardle, M.P. (Railwaymen).
The late Mr. J. Keir Hardie, M.P., was also a member of the
Committee.
Secretary: Rt. Hon. Arthur Henderson, M.P., 1, Victoria Street,
“London, S.W. (Telegraphic address: ‘‘ Labrepcom, Vic., London.”
Telephone: Victoria 1213.)
Assistant Secretary: J. S. Middleton.
National Agent: Arthur Peters, J.P.
Scottish Secretary: Ben Shaw, 102, Holm Street (City), Glasgow.
(Telephone: Central 1847.)
Organisers: S. Higenbottam and W. Holmes.
Secretary of Information Bureau: W. Gillies.
Standing Counsel: Henry H. Slesser.
The National Executive elects its own chairman and vice-chairman,
controls the Party organisation, approves candidates and sanctions
candidatures, issues Party literature, and in a general way is
_ responsible for the work of the Party outside the House of Commons.
it co-operates with the Parliamentary Party in considering the legis-
lative programme of each Session, and on important matters of Party
policy arising joint meetings between the two bodies are arranged.
The important decision that the Party should co-operate in the
formation of the Coalition Government was the subject of a joint
meeting before the proposal was finally adopted.
The National Executive is also represented by five of its members
upon the British Section of the International Socialist Bureau, and
the secretary to the Party is, ex officto, secretary to the section (see
Part V.). It is also represented by three of its members and the
secretary upon the Joint Board (see page 353), and when important
Parliamentary proposals, such as the Trade Disputes Bill, the Trade
Union Bill, and the Insurance Bill, were before the country the National
312 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
Executive met in joint session with the Parliamentary Committee
of the Trades Union Congress and the Management Committee of the
General Federation of Trade Unions.
The National Executive is represented by invitation at the Trades.
Union Congress, the Annual Council Meeting of the General
Federation of Trade Unions, and congresses of various kindred parties
abroad, in addition to conferences dealing with matters generally
appertaining to Labour at home.
The activities of the Party have grown steadily during the last
nine years.. A national agent was appointed in 1907 to improve the
Party organisation throughout the country, generally to advise upon
electoral and registration work, and when necessary to act as
Party agent at bye-elections. Early in 1914 two national organisers
were appointed in order that more frequent visitation of constituencies
could be conducted, and to secure closer attention to Scottish Labour
organisation a proposal to form a Scottish Advisory Councii of the
Party was adopted. A Scottish secretary was appointed, and the
inaugural conference to form the Council, which was to have been
held in August, 1914, did not meet until August, 1915, when the
Council was definitely constituted.
An information and statistical bureau has been set up, and a
library of Blue Books, Parliamentary Reports, and other works of
reference, etc., is being instituted in order to perfect Party propaganda,
and to act as a general centre for reference on all subjects of
industrial, social, and political interest.
The National Executive is considering the publication of a
periodical for official and propaganda purposes.
In order to encourage the appointment of full-time agents in Labour
constituencies the Executive has adopted a scheme by which 25 per
cent. of the salary of approved agents is contributed from Party funds,
and during the last two years special contributions have been made
to assist local Labour organisations undertaking specific schemes of
registration and organisation work.
Owing to the Party Conference being postponed in 1914 no
financial statement was issued, but the statement of accounts for 1913
showed a balance of £9,300. A considerable amount of expenditure
and income is occasioned by the printing and sale of leaflets,
pamphlets, and miscellaneous publications of a Party character.
SCOTTISH ADVISORY COUNCIL.
The Inaugural Conference was held in Glasgow on Saturday,
August 21st, 1915, and was attended by 92 delegates, representing
eight Scottish and 22 British Trade Unions, twelve Trades Councils,
four local Labour Parties, 100 branches and 15 Federations of the
I.L.P., three local Fabian Societies, and twelve branches and one
Council of the Women’s Labour League.
The chief business of the Conference was the election of the
Executive Committee, and general discussion upon the political
organisation of the Scottish Labour movement.
The Executive Committee, which was elected in accordance with a
scheme approved by the Annual Conference of the Labour Party in
1914, is as follows :—
Robert Smillie, J.P. (President); W. Westwood, J.P., Councillor
James Walker, Neil Beaton, Hugh Murdoch, J. Campbell, representing
THE POLITICA! LABCUR MOVEMENT. 313
the Trade Unions; James Maxton, M.A., and William Stewart, the
Scottish I.L.P. Council; Councillor J. S. Taylor and Cecil Mitchell,
thé Trades Councils and local Labour Parties; Councillor Miss
McNab, the Women’s Labour League; and William Twaddle, the
Fabian Society.
Ben Shaw, J.P., 102, Holm Street (City), Glasgow, is the Secretary
and Treasurer of the Council.
CANDIDATURES.
Candidates before receiving official sanction by the Labour Party
must first receive the endorsement of an affiliated organsiation.
Candidates of Trade Unions are usually selected by ballot of their
members, while 1.L.P. candidates are either selected by District
Conferences or put forward by the National Administrative Council.
The election expenses of candidates must be guaranteed by the
organisation responsible for the candidature. It is competent for a
‘number of societies to combine for this purpose, and on occasion even
Trades Councils and Local Labour Parties have accepted this
responsibility.
The names of endorsed candidates are then sent forward to the
head office of the Party, and after receiving the approval of the
National Executive are placed on what is known as the list of approved
candidates. When the local organisation in a constituency desires
to put forward a Labour candidate communications must be entered
into with the National Executive, and, if in their opinion it is advisable
to proceed, the local and national organisations co-operate in
convening a conference of all branches of societies affiliated to the
national party in the constituency. It may happen that branches of
societies unaffiliated to the national Party are affiliated to the local
organisation, and in that case the local party is at liberty to invite
such branches to appoint delegates to local conferences. At the initial
conference the general proposal that the constituency should be
contested is discussed, and if agreed upon local branches are invited
to send forward nominations for the candidature, such nominations
to be accompanied by undertakings respecting finance. Upon these
nominations being forthcoming they are submitted to the various local
branches, who ate invited to instruct their delegates as to whom their
support is to be given, and at a subsequent conference, at which the
National Executive must be represented, the nominations are
considered and a definite selection is made. The representative of the
National Executive at the conference reports upon the general character
of the conference, and, providing the society accepting the financial
responsibility for the candidate in the first instance endorses his
selection for the particular constituency, the National Executive then
gives its final sanction. Circumstances may arise in the course of this
procedure which may lead the Party Executive to withhold its final
sanction, but, generally speaking, the course adopted is as described.
In the case of bye-elections the procedure may be expedited, but
the candidate must receive the endorsement of a conference held in
the constituency, otherwise the National Executive has power to
withhold its sanction.
Candidates must appear before their constituencies under the title ©
oi ‘‘Labour Candidates’? only; they must abstain strictly from
identifying themselves with or promoting the interests of any other
314 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
party, and accept the responsibilities established by Parliamentary
practice. Prior to 1911 they had to sign the Constitution of the
Party as an expression of their loyalty to its principles. As a result
of the Osborne Judgment, however, this formal pledge was abolished,
as it was held by certain of the judges, who delivered that judgment,
that the extraction of a party pledge from political candidates was
against public policy.
The following are the constituencies for which Labour candidates
have been sanctioned; and the affiliated organisations which have
accepted responsibility for the election finances are appended :—
Accrington.—J. BELL, Weavers’ Offices, Bartlam Place, Oldham.
(United Textile Factory Workers’ Association.)
Ayrshire, South.—JamMes Brown, 56, Annabank-by-Ayr, Scotland.
(Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.)
Bermondsey.—Dr. ALFRED SALTER, J.P., 5, Storks Road, Bermondsey,
London, S.E. (I.L.P.)
Birmingham, East.—Councillor Grorcre SuAnn, Chellowdene, Linton
Road, Bournville. (Birmingham L.R.C.)
Birmingham, West.—Councillor J. W. KNersHaw, 285, Shenstone
Road, Birmingham. (I.L.P.)
Bishop Auckland.—Councillor BEN Spoor, 4, Westfield Road, Bishop
Auckland. (I.L.P.)
Bristol, East.—Councillor W. H. Ayres, The Kingsley Hall, Old
Market Street, Bristol. (I.L.P.)
Camlachie.— Bailie ALSTON, Annandale, St. John’s, Cathcart, Glasgow.
(I4L:P:)
Chester-le-Street.—J. GILLILAND, Birtley, co. Durham. (Miners’
Federation of Great Britain.)
Coventry.—R. C. WAaALLHEAD, 21, East Avenue, Garden Village,
Burnage, Manchester. (I.L.P.)
Doncaster.---S. RoreBuck, Clifton House, Huddersfield Road, Barnsley.
(Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.)
Durham, N.W.—G. H. Stuart, Parliament Mansions, Victoria Street,
London, S.W. (Postmen’s Federation.)
-Eccles.--J. H. Hupson, M.A., Oaklands, Flixton, Lancs. (1.L.P.)
Glamorgan, East.—A. Onions, J.P., Miners’ Agent, Tredegar, Mon.
(Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.)
Holmfirth. W. Lunn, Carlton Lane, Rothwell, Leeds. (Miners’
Federation of Great Britain.)
Houghton-le-Spring.—_W. P. RicHarpson, Manor View, New
Washington, Co. Durham. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.)
Lanark, N.E.—J. Roserrson, Miners’ Office, Hamilton, Scotland.
(Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.)
Leigh.—T. GREENALL, J.P., 94, Leigh Road, Boothstown, Manchester.
(Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.)
Leith._J. N. Bett, J.P., 4, Higham Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
(National Amalgamated Union of Labour.)
Merthyr Tydvil.—James WINsTONE, Snowden House, Freehold Land,
Pontnewynydd, Pontypool (Mon.).
THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 315
Midlothian.—Ropert Brown, J.P., Miners’ Office, Dalkeith, Scotland.
(Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.)
Morpeth.—J. Cartrns, Burt Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne. (Miners’
Federation of Great Britain.)
Newton.—]J. A. SEppoN, Laurel Dene, St. Helens.
Oldham.—W. C. Rosinson, J.P., Briar House, Bury Old Road,
Heywood. (United Textile Factory Workers’ Association.)
Portsmouth.—j. MacTavisu, 68, Cuthbert Road, Kingstown, Ports-
mouth. (Portsmouth Labour Party.)
Preston.—Tom SHaw, J.P., Weavers’ Office, Colne, Lancs. (United
Textile Factory Workers’ Association.)
Rotherham.—JAMES WaLKER, 49, Jamaica Street, Glasgow. (British
Steel Smelters’ Association.)
St. Helens.—Councillor James Sexton, J.P., 17, Norton Street,
Liverpool. (National Union of Dock Labourers.)
Sowerby.—]}. W. OcpeN, 2, Grosvenor Street, Heywood, Lancs.
(United Textile Factory Workers’ Association.)
Wigan.—H. Twist, J.P., The Laburnums, 296, Bolton Road, Ashton-
in-Makerfield. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.)
Wolverhampton, West.—A. G. WALKDEN, 337, Gray's Inn Road,
London, W.C. (Railway Clerks’ Association.)
York.—H. H. Siesser, 11, King’s Bench Walk, Temple, London, E.C.
(York Labour Party.)
The following candidates have received the official endorsement of
the Party Executive and are available for selection by constituencies.
The various organisations indicated have assumed financial
responsibility for their candidatures provided that such meet with their
approval and receive the official sanction of the Party :—
J. H. JENKINS, J.P., 101, Romily Road, Cardiff.
(Shipconstructors and Shipwrights’ Association.)
BEN TILLETT, 425, Mile End Road, London, E.
W. Pucu, Siddall Buildings, Alexandra Road, Swansea.
(Dock, Wharf, Riverside, and General Workers’ Union.)
Tom GRIFFITHS, 7, Queen Street, Neath.
(British Steel Smelters’ Association.)
J. Bruce GLAsiER, 2, Bedford Road, Liscard, Cheshire.
J. Burcess, 278, New Hey Road, Bradford.
T. RusseLL WILLIAMS, Kildwick, near Keighley.
H. SNELL, 3, Leighton Crescent, London, N.W.
T. McKERRELL, Mary Villa, Riccarton, Kilmarnock.
M. T. Simm, 15, Oakfield Terrace, Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
J. H. Pain, 121, Lower Rushton Road, Bradford.
GEORGE BANTON, 19, St. Margaret’s Street, Leicester.
H. WiTakD, 75, St. Margaret’s Street, Norwich.
Dr. E. H. Stancoms, Westbourne, College Place, Southampton.
Davip WILLIAMS, 25, Windmill Terrace, St. Thomas, Swansea.
LEONARD H. VERITY, 38, County Arcade, Leeds.
(Independent Labour Party.)
316 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
W. H. Carr, J.P., Delamere Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.
(Amal. Association of Card and Blowing-Room Operatives.)
T. F. RicHarps, 94, Uppingham Road, Leicester.
FRANK SHEPPARD, 190, Cheltenham Road, Bristol.
J. GrippLe, Clare Street, Northampton.
(Boot and Shoe Operatives’ Union.)
W. S. SANDERS, 172, Boundaries Road, Balham, London, S.W.
\Fabian Society.)
Harry GOSLING, 31, Great Prescott Street, London, E.
(Amal. Society of Watermen, Lightermen, and Bargemen.)
W. MARSLAND, J.P., 3, Blossom Street, Manchester.
(United Textile Factory Workers’ Association.)
ALBERT BELLAMY, 93, Fox Street, Edgeley, Stockport.
THoMaAs LowTH, Unity House, Euston Road, London, N.W.
(National Union of Railwaymen.)
ALFRED GOULD, 1, Laurel Grove, Park Road, Hull.
(Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners.)
PARTY AGENTS.
The following is a list of full or part-time agents in constituencies
for which Labour Members have been elected (*) or where Labour
candidates have been adopted :—
Accrington.—_J. T. ABBoTr, 83a, Whalley Road, Accrington.
Ayrshire, South.—DuNncan GRAHAM, Stanley Cottage, Low Waters,
Hamilton.
“Barnard Castle.——T. W. Dowson, Greta House, Crook, R.S.O.,
Co. Durham.
Birmingham, East.—D. H. THOMAS, 216, Sladefield Road, Ward End,
Birmingham.
*Blackburn.—G. R. SHEPHERD, 69, Azalea Road, Blackburn.
*Bolton.—H. WHITTAKER, 38, Glen Avenue, Deane, Bolton.
*Bradford, West.—Councillor A. T. Sutton, I.L.P. Office, Church
Bank, Bradford.
*Clitheroe.—F. CONSTANTINE, 45, Rhoda Street, Nelson.
Coventry.—R. Barton, 3, Alfred Road, Coventry.
*Deptiord._W. H. TayLor, c/o Co-operative Printing Society Limited,
Tudor Street, London, E.C
*Derby.—Councillor J. BENNETT, 42, Full Street, Derby.
*Dundee.—W. Westwoop, J.P., 25, Battlefield Avenue, Langside,
Glasgow.
Durham, N.W.
Co. Durham.
*Fife, West.—W. M. Watson Weston Cottages, Cowdenbeath, Fife.
Boe oes Gower.—MetTH Jones, Albany Road, Pontycymmer,
lam.
heute East.—T. I. Marpy JONES, 16, Llantwit Road, Treforest,
lam.
*Gorton.—Councillor S. Hacur, 3, Hyde Road, Gorton.
*Halifax.—Joun Law, Friendly and Trade Club, St. James’s Road,
Halifax.
B. J. Burripcre, Front Street, Stanley S.O.,
THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. R17
“Hallamshire.—T. SmirH, 26, Ribston Road, Darnall, Sheffield.
Houghton-le-Spring.—H. BarInBripce, 44, Farnham _ Terrace,
Sunderland.
*Ince.—R. T. PHILLIPs, 27, First Avenue, Hindley, near Wigan.
Lanark, N.E.—Duncan GraHaM, Stanley Cottage, Low Waters,
Hamilton,
*Leeds, East.—J. W. Lake, 84, Upper Accommodation Road, Leeds.
*Leicester.—Councillor A. H. REYNOLDS, 38, Colton Street, Leicester.
Leigh.—J. Prescotr, 112, Windermere Road, Leigh, Lancs.
Leith Burghs.—A. McQuater, Labour Hall, 1, Smith Place, Leith
Walk, Leith.
“Manchester, East.—J. MCQuEENY, 395, Manchester Road, Droylsden,
Manchester.
“Manchester, N.&.—A. James, 2a, Enoch Street, Miles Platting,
Manchester.
eee Boroughs.—T. I. Marpy JONEs, 16, Llantwit Road, Treforest,
lam.
Midlothian.—W. M. Watson, Weston Cottages, Cowdenbeath, Fife.
*Monmouth, North, South, and West.—W. Harris, ‘‘ Arfryn,’’ Bryn
Road, Pontllanfraith, Newport (Mon.).
*“Newcastle-on-Tyne.—Councillor E. GIBBIN, 9, Regent Terrace,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Newton.—R. Lewis, 178, Cansfield Grove, Ashton-in-Makerfield.
*Norwich.—Councillor W. R. SmirH, J.P., 26, St. John’s, Madder
Market, Norwich.
Oldham.—I. CRABTREE, 12, Clegg Street, Oldham.
Portsmouth.—_J. M. McTavisu, 68, Cuthbert Road, Kingston,
Portsmouth.
Preston.—J. WooLLEy, J.P., Weavers’ Institute, Preston.
*Rhondda.—T. I. Marpy Jones, 16, Llantwit Road, Treforest, Giam.
Sowerby.—Mark CrossLEy, Commercial Buildings, Sowerby Bridge.
St. Helens.—Councillor R. Warinc, Windle Labour Club, Duke
Street, St. Helens.
*Stockport.—Councillor F. PLant, 97, Petersburg Road, Edgeley,
Stockport.
*Sunderland.—T. S. Date, J.P., 83, Forster Street, Sunderland.
Wansbeck and Morpeth.—E. E. Hunter, c/o Northumberland Miners’
Association, Burt Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*West Ham, $.—Alderman D. J. Davis, J.P., 2, Custom Street, Custom
House, London, E.
*Whitehaven.—D. PLews, 2, West View, Bransty, Whitehaven.
Wigan.—Councillor J. R. HOLLAND, 21, Sovereign Road, Wigan.
Wolvyerhampton.—J. WHITTAKER, J.P., 39, Owan Road, Wolver-
hampton.
*Woolwich.—Councillor W. Bareroot, J.P., 3, New Road, Woolwich,
London, S.E.
318 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT.
THE PARLIAMENTARY LABOUR PARTY.
Of the 29 Labour Members returned under the auspices of the
Labour Representation Committee in 1906 only four had had any
previous Parliamentary experience, but Party procedure was
immediately put upon a regular business basis. J. Keir Hardie, M.P.,
was elected Chairman of the Party, and a Vice-Chairman, Secretary,
and Whips were also appointed.
will be £56 5s. The owner of £10,000 can, therefore, after paying -
an increase of 100 per cent. in income tax get a net income of £68 gs.
more than was possible in Government security before the war. If-
the income tax were raised to 5s. in the £ such a person would still
be a gainer by the war. Further, all over the country mortgages are .
being called in, with the alternative of paying a higher rate of interest.
An increase of 1 per cent. in mortgage interest will, after paying the
income tax of 2s. 6d. in the £, leave the money lord 12s. 6d. better off =
for every {100 he has invested.
382 THE PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRATIC TAXATION.
These illustration are of all-round application. Those who have
money to lend are not contributing at all to the cost of the war. They
are gaining by it. Here, then, is an opening for applying the first
of our canons of taxation. Instead of the taxation so far levied on
incomes tending to secure for communal purposes a larger part of the
unearned increment of wealth the very opposite is the result. There
is a wide-spread demand for the taxation of war profits. War profits ~
are not confined to the profits of business. The increase in the rate
of interest is a war profit, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer will be
lacking in consistency if he does not take back in taxation the increase
in the rate of interest due to the war.
TO ENFORCE ECONOMY.
The war is bringing about a new distribution of wealth. No
doubt many people have suffered considerable losses in the capital
value of their wealth and in the amount of their incomes. But others
are making money beyond all their former dreams. While some people
have been compelled to economise, others have suddenly come forth
dazzling us by their new-gotten gains. This is being spent in ways
which are socially harmful. They are employing men and women in
occupations which do not help the national economy at all. This is
disastrous. Taxation is the best way to enforce national economy
and to turn the current of personal expenditure into right channels.
The employment of people as servants of the rich in any capacity
prevents the wages of labour from rising. Only in so far as we lessen
the number of parasites and increase the number of those employed
in producing the things the working classes consume can we raise the
wages of labour materially.
Our third canon of taxation is the most uncontrovertible of all, and
yet none is more flagrantly violated. The rich are not bearing any
part of the burden of the war as a class, but are passing it on to the
working class, although it is for their economic interests that this war
is being waged. Nevertheless, it is still seriously proposed that the
working class shall be taxed still more, in addition to the enormous
sums they pay by indirect taxation.
OUR ONLY COURSE.
The present taxation on the masses is in reality a tax upon their
standard of living. In the words of Mr. Gladstone, it is “‘in no small
degree a deduction from a scanty store which is necessary to secure
them a sufficiency not of the comforts of life, but even of the prime
necessaries of clothing, shelter, and fuel.””
The only course open to Socialists and Labour men in the matter
of taxation is to insist upon the observance of the principles I have
laid down. The special circumstances of the present time strengthen
our demand. The prosperity of some part of the working classes is
only temporary. Any taxation which is imposed now will be
permanent. There will be a permanent addition of £100,000,000 a
year to our national expenditure. The rich, on the contrary, were
never so well able to bear more taxation. The price of money will
remain high after the war. Their incomes, therefore, are likely to
remain high. Not only on grounds of expediency, but on the grounds
of strict justice, we should continue to press for the abolition of a
considerable part of the taxation which is now paid by the working
classes, and to insist upon all additional taxation being raised by
further additions to the income tax and by additions to the death duties.
PART IV.
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT.
CONTENTS.
Page esi eae Page
Structure of the Co-operative Producers’ Organisations .. 393
Movemént..... i .. 383 The Amalgamated Union of
ees ; 3 Co-operative Employees .. 395
te ee ote dee *+ 3°4 | Agricultural Co-operation .. 396
Educational Work .. -» 388 | The Women’s Co-operative _
Co operative Statistics iui) 301 Gad? ve ies e- 399
STRUCTURE OF THE CO-OPERATIVE
MOVEMENT.
We British are notoriously empirical and the co-operative movement |
is entirely British. It has the good and the bad points of an organised
body growing without a previous plan or method. There is in its
organisation an absence of uniformity which makes it rather difficult
for an outsider to understand. The common type, which is the average
consumers’ co-operative society on the Rochdale model, is in itself not
a problem. It stands for a local group of purchasers, which may be
100 Or 30,000, organised upon purely democratic lines for mutual
supply, a common education, and a common social advancement. _
These societies are nationally organised in federations for the first
object: mutual supply. The two main federations, which include no
private shareholders, are respectively the English and the Scottish
Co-operative Wholesale Societies.* But there are other types of
societies. There are associations for production formed partly of
self-employing workers, partly of private shareholders, and partly of
consumers’ societies. The number of worker-members will vary;
sometimes their share is almost nominal. These societies are federated
in the Co-operative Productive Federation. Again, there are lesser
federations, like the Co-operative Newspaper Society, which include
both consumers’ and productive societies. The Co-operative Insurance
Society used to be of this kind, but it is now the joint property of the
English and Scottish Wholesales. The Co-operative Union is a
- federation over Great Britain and Ireland of societies of every type
conforming with the provisions of the Industrial and Provident
Societies Act. The functions of the Union are propaganda, legal
assistance, and co-operative education and defence. It is the Union
which holds the annual congress of the co-operative movement in
* For convenience the word ‘‘ Limited” is omitted, but these societies, like all others
doing business of any kind, including the Co-operative Union itself, and now the
Agricultural Organisation Society, are registered corporations with limited liability
384 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT.
Great Britain and Ireland. A curiosity of the’ Union is that its
Central Board, the governing authority, meets only once or twice a
year (regularly just before the annual congress), the administration
during the year being deputed to the United Board, so-called because
it represents all the boards of the territorial sections of the Union.
Apart from the Union, yet within the co-operative movement, are the
Women’s Co-operative Guilds. These are national self-governing
organisations—English, Scottish, and Irish—of women attached to the
consumers’ societies. The National Men’s Guild is more closely
connected with the Co-operative Union, as are the Students’ Fellowship
and the Co-operative College Circle.
The 1,390 consumers’ and the 108 productive societies form a great
majority of the members of the Co-operative Union, and are usually
classed as the industrial societies in contradistinction to the agricultural
co-operative movement. The latter is made up of societies of farmers,
smallholders, and others, who are consumers as to their fertilisers,
feeding stuffs, implements, and other agricultural necessities,
and are also domestic consumers, but who are mainly producers,
marketing through their associations. Agricultural Co-operative
Poultry Societies, Credit Banks, Dairy Societies, also add to this
agricultural movement. The national Agricultural Organisation
Societies, English, Scottish, and Irish, are advisory and propagandist
bodies for this movement. In addition, Ireland has an Irish
Agricultural Wholesale Society for the supply of all agricultural
requirements. Ireland possessing too few working-class consumers’
societies on the Rochdale model to constitute a national C.W.S., the
Irish Agricultural Wholesale seeks to fulfil the functions of a C.W.S.
in Ireland.
This brief account of the main lines of organisation within the wide
and rather vague co-operative movement may help the reader to
follow
THE PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT IN 1914-15.
During the year 1913-14 Dublin became, for co-operators, am
historic name. The dramatic Dublin strike, and the no less dramatic
swiftness with which the Co-operative Wholesale Society delivered in
the Irish capital the food supplies ordered in Manchester by the
Parliamentary Committeeof the Trades Union Congress to save the strike
from collapse, had impressed the co-operative and the trade unionist
mind. Arrangements were in progress at the time for the 46th annual
Co-operative Congress, and it happened that it was due to assemble
in Dublin and for the first time on Irish soil. This congress met at
Whitsuntide, 1914. The honour of entertaining the assembly, which a
few years earlier would have been out of place in Ireland, had been
competed for by Belfast and Dublin. This fact emphasised the great
growth in Ireland, since the opening of the century, of the co-operative
movement from its two main sides—that of the industrial consumer,
with Belfast for its chief Irish centre, and that of the agricultural
producer and peasant farmer, the Irish headquarters of which are in
Dublin.
‘FUSION OF FORCES.”
In Ireland these two wings of the movement both derive strength
from the traditional neutrality of co-operation in regard to politics
and religion. Attention was directed to this by the congress meeting
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 385
in Dublin and by the coincidence that two questions at issue in the
movement could be said to raise political and religious feelings, One
was the question of the ‘‘fusion of forces.’’ Originating with an
expression of opinion by Mr. W. Maxwell, the then Chairman of the
Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society in 1912, this question had
resolved itself into a proposal for a joint Co-operative and Labour
Board, constituted from the Co-operative Union, the Wholesale
Societies, the Trades Union Congress, and the national Labour Party.
The board was to further the investment of Trade Union capital in
co-operative enterprise, to secure co-operative assistance in industrial
disputes, and promote common propaganda and educational work.
The formal associating of Co-operation with the Labour Party,
however, had been condemned at the previous congress of 1913, as
impairing the political neutrality of co-operation. At Dublin all
debate was prevented by a motion for adjournment, a motion which
also included an instruction to maintain neutrality during the period
of suspense. After the Dublin congress the issue was remitted to the
societies, and, although only a minority of the constituents of the
co-operative movement actually voted for or against the proposals, a
resolution disapproving of any joint action with any organisation
outside the co-operative movement was carried by 1,799 votes to 1,227.
The following is the summary of the voting on the three resolutions
submitted : Resolution 1 being in favour of the joint Co-operative and
Labour Board, resolution 2 approving such a board minus the Labour
Party, and resolution 3 negativing the entire question :—
SUMMARY OF VOTING.
Resolution 1. Resolution 2. Resolution 3.
For. Against. For. Against. For. Against.
At conferences .....-++ 464 905 ++ 477 748 .. 740 668
By committees of socie-
aero cdagadrucn ao MAY F SEP EBS O 5. a
By members of societies 613 859 .. 601 624 .. 881 559
RIMAIE wp ccloye ong Bll 5. 3,704 I,IIQ 1,372 1,799 1,227
——_ mma —az Eee ad ue
At the congress of 1915, held at Leicester, the negative vote was
confirmed on a show of cards by a large majority.
“INDEPENDENCE OF THE GUILD.”’
The issue considered to involve religious belief arose from the
inclusion in their programme of divorce law reform by the English
Women’s Co-operative Guild.
In 1gto the annual congress of the Guild passed a resolution in
favour of an equal divorce law for men and women and the cheapening
of divorce law proceedings. Members and officials of the Guild
afterwards gave evidence before the Royal Commission on Divorce
Law Reform, and in 1913 the Guild congress approved the proposals
of the Majority Report. Objection, however, was taken to the action
of the Guild by the Salford Catholic Federation. It was stated that
Catholic co-operators were opposed to co-operative funds being used
for, and the co-operative name being associated with, the effort to
create greater facilities for divorce. The whole issue being fully
considered, eventually the Central Board asked the Guild to cease its
N
386 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT.
efforts for divorce law reform and to take up no work not approved
by the congress executive. A customary grant, amounting in 1914
to £400, was made conditional upon compliance. The Guild reply
was to read this action as destructive to the self-government of the
Guild, and at its own congress, held at Birmingham on the 16th and
17th of June, 1914, passed practically unanimously a resolution in
favour of the Guild policy being controlled exclusively by its own
members. In September, 1914, the Central Board renewed its offer
of the grant on conditions, but the Guild again declined to accept
any terms limiting the Guild’s control of its own policy. The
co-operative congress at Leicester (24th to 26th May, 1915) was,
therefore, asked to confirm the action of its executive and to uphold
a right to withhold grants from any organisation pursuing a policy
detrimental, in the opinion of the board, to the co-operative
movement. This the Congress did by 1,493 votes to 627. The Guild
congress for 1915 was held. at Liverpool on. the 15th and 16th of June,
and here the Guild women presented a still undivided front. They
decided to maintain their attitude, and to make up the lost grant from
amidst their own ranks.
CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES AND THE FOOD. PANIC.
These two important issues lay curiously outside the influence of
the war, yet the European crisis naturally has overshadowed the
co-operative movement during 1914-15. The question at the very
beginning was, how would co-operation stand a strain unexampled in
its history? If its benefits were elusive and its methods unsound, as
its enemies constantly asserted, now had come the hour of failure.
An hour came, but amidst a general panic the co-operative system of
trade proved its remarkable strength. While the private pursuit of
gain looked its ugliest, the voluntary. collectivism of co-operation
showed at its truest and best. Not by any special virtue, but as a
natural result of a commercial system founded upon a principle of
equal responsibility toward all, the co-operative movement kept prices
down and put a limit upon individual supplies. Some details may be
be found in the Co- operative Newspaper Society’s pamphlet,
*“Co-operators and the War.’’ Other particulars are hidden away in
the files of the ‘‘ Wheatsheaf’’ local pages, from which they have
not been collected.
EFFECTS OF THE WAR.
The Wholesale federations took the same course as_ their
constituents. The flour mills, especially, in contrast with the private
millers, maintained their contracts, and continued. to sell decidedly
below the enhanced market prices. The less immediately necessary
departments of co-operative societies are always the first to suffer and
the last to recover in periods of bad trade, and there were many fears
for the future of drapery and furnishing businesses. This fear was
relieved in the case of the Wholesale Societies by the receipt of
Government contracts. The equipment of the Wholesales for providing
articles of wear and use both in quantity and variety came as a surprise
to War Office officials. They placed large orders, the exact amounts
of which, however, like those of orders upon private contractors, have
not been made public. In the December ‘‘ Wheatsheaf ’’ it was stated
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 387
that these orders had been executed to the entire satisfaction of the
authorities, and that further orders had followed.
As the situation developed the retail societies soon found that their
trade, so far from declining, went up in all departments. Their action
in regard to prices appealed to the public and brought many new
members,. while the free spending of Government money upon
munitions and manufactures of war reacted in favour of their
businesses as a whole. Big orders also were placed with the bakeries
or various societies for bread for the troops in training, and even in
the seaside towns societies profited by their members undertaking the
billeting of soldiers. Although no really comprehensive official record
exists of co-operative action under stress of war, certain inquiries —
were made by the Co-operative Union, and the following summary of
the results, giving the figures available up to an indefinite date, which
may be taken as December 31st, was presented in May last to the
Leicester congress :—
9,407 employees of societies have joined the forces.
273 societies are paying part wages during their absence.
44 societies are paying full wages, less Government allowance.
2,248 horses have been commandeered.
291 vehicles (horse and motor) have been commandeered.
£91,626 has been granted to the various funds up to 31st
December, 1914.
£6,758 is the estimated value of grants of food and clothing.
*‘In many instances societies have been called upon to undertake
work for the Government, either in supplying bread, milk, or
foodstuffs for troops, or in the manufacture of clothing, which may be
estimated at £219,822 (exclusive of the Co-operative Wholesale
Societies). In other cases societies have granted the use of their halls
(for various military. or relief purposes) free or at a very nominal
charge.’
Co- -operative dividends being paid upon purchases, it follows that
increased prices, with a proportionately less, and in many cases an
absolutely less, margin mean a. lower dividend per £ of sales, and
in general dividends. have fallen. On the other hand, the fall has
been checked by an increase of trade beyond the proportion of increase
in standing charges. Hence, on the whole, the effects of the war upon
dividends (and it should be remembered that very frequently her
credit in ‘‘divi.’’.is the working housewife’s savings bank) has. been
less untoward than was feared.
In common, however, with all other workers, co-operators have
been profoundly moved by the commercial exploitation of the economic
crisis. It has not only touched their pockets, not only ‘‘ hit them in
the stomach,’’ but it has stirred the indignation of men and women
whose own. system of trade, like their.conception of right living, is
different. Hence has arisen a desire to hasten the extension of
co-operation still further back to the sources of supply.
RAW MATERIALS AND THE SHILLITO LEAGUE.
This desite was voiced in the ‘‘ Co-operative News” by ‘John
Smith of Oldham.” The co-operative ownership of wheatfields, coal
rie tea plantations, and other sources of supply was advocated and
** Shillito igs ” formed, the name being a memorial to the late
388 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT.
Chairman of the Co-operative Wholesale Society, Mr. John Shillito,
who died in February, 1915, and who had himself advocated the owner-
ship of raw materials. This agitation is still active, and it is too early
to speak of results. The Co-operative Wholesale Society, which, with
the Scottish Wholesale, is looked to as the necessary agent, is
understood to be contemplating extensive plans. The issue, at any
rate, will be watched with deep interest by all friends of democratic
progress. After the Franco-German War, when inflated markets and
high prices produced a rather similar movement, the ultimate result
was disastrous. But this is not likely to deter the present generation.
The feeling is too strong and the steps contemplated are too logically
a part of the co-operative system. It is true that since the 4% per
cent. War Loan co-operators have been a little concerned for their
usually superabundant capital. Uncertainty on this score may
postpone or prevent action. Otherwise it seems likely that, whether
to succeed or fail, new efforts will be made; and those efforts either
will triumphantly demonstrate the all-round power and progress of the
British co-operative movement by their success, or will humiliate it
by such failure as has not been known for many years and cause it
to reconsider matters closer at hand.
GENERAL CO-OPERATIVE SURVEY.
In 1906 the late Mr. J. C. Gray, as Chairman of the Birmingham
congress, proposed to recast the entire organisation of the co-operative
movement and change it from an array of independent local societies
united only by their various federations to a single, closely-knit,
national body. Another old member in January of this year offered to
a sectional conference of the Co-operative Union other proposals for
improving co-operative action in its elements and at its base. These
‘‘TIdeas of Progress’? now form a Union pamphlet. BEBIS0uaIM| teudeo weoy | vssoquiout | SONeIOE) oes
*y1O1-So6r ‘SHILHIOOS AAILAGIULSIAC TVLAa
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aatonpoid) AyetII0S
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aaryonpoid) AzstII0S
gTessjoguM §=4sittsuy
GzL'or |1Sb'z | Prbo'Ly Lzg‘oog'€ |SriZ‘gzz_ | GFE'zeP'1 | Ogg‘gk SOI |** SatjeIN0S dATJONpOIg
L96‘6zE'g | PLo‘Eor | o£ r‘or1 | og1'QSS'r | 6zz‘ ¥Qg6'Lg | ESg'z16'z | GEG'LIE ‘gh | L6z‘vSo'E o6€'T |* *satjazoos aanngi3sic]
pal GEST he eee IE ae ee ee ee | |
*s33 ‘seaford | “syuesd F ‘reat 2 ‘pun ‘jeudvo uvoy | *siequiso ap
oe jo ‘on ae SIF Old sueing Sc See are oieae joron | s208 |
‘biO1 ‘SHILAIOOS AAILVUAdO-09 IVIULSNGNI
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 393
FEDERATIONS OF DISTRIBUTIVE SOCIETIES.
The principal federated societies are the Co-operative Wholesale
Society and the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society. The United
Co-operative Baking Society is also a large federation, with principal
headquarters in Glasgow, but with an important branch in Belfast.
The selected statistics of these societies are given below :—
CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY (ENGLISH).
No. of| Share and
Year.) mem- loan Reserve. Sales. Profits.
bers. | capital.
Wages. | Bonus.
Workers.
£ £
TQIO}| 1,160 i Sisinee tal, ves 2656:843 uation 17,876) 1,458,618) Nil
I9T1| 1,158} 5,413,728] 1,357,535] 27,892,990) 669,798} 18,731} 1,203,431) Nil
IgI2| 1,162) 5,769,427] 1,505,761! 29,732,154| 706,734| 19,801) 1,298,611; Nil
1913] 1,168} 6,220,763) 1,564,814] 31,371,976] 734,583] 20,994] 1,383,254), Nil
I914| 1,193] 6,196,150] 1,833,921) 34,910,813] 944,936] 23,190] 1,539,354, Nil
SCOTTISH CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY.
No. of | Share and
Year.) mem- loan Reserve. Sales. Profits.
bers. | capital.
Wages. | Bonus.
Workers.
£ £
359,947 | 14,366
357,191 | 15,433
375,063 | 15,340
405,815 | 16,583
430,378 | 18,783
£
IQIO| 274 | 2,836,573 eae 7,738,158 294.823
IQII| 270 |3,161,499| 674,169 | 7,851,079 | 330,720
IQI2} 270 | 3,321,501} 714,323 539% 258 | 323,514
1913} 268 | 3,696,415] 772,015 | 8,964, 383 420.05
IgI4| 266 | 4,130,170) 789,873 | 9,425,383 | 426,494
~
~~
~~
oo CO ONIN
CONHWO DN
SJ CONCH: ©:
SIO HoH ©
UNITED CO-OPERATIVE BAKING SOCIETY.
No. of | Share and
Year.| mem- loan
bers. | capital, |
Reserve. Sales. Profits. Wages. | Bonus.
Workers.
£ ~
IQIo| 179 Othe COR 568.782 57,073] I,255| 85,020 | 6,678
TQIt) 187 | 398,845 | 67,748 | 569,574 | 60,428) 1,260} 87,522 | 7,226
1912} 192 | 416,776 | 71,975 | 635,787 | 62,379] 1,292| 92,260 | 6,864
1913] 201 | 429,520 | 79,583 | 692,662 | 74,923] 1,420] 102,363 | 8,675
1914] 207 | 477,183 | 86,276 | 714,746 | 79,923] 1,635| 109,303 | 9,030
PRODUCERS’ ORGANISATIONS.
In practically all the societies recognised as productive societies
a part of the capital is held by associations of consumers or persons
who are not working members. The distinctive feature of these societies -
is the participation of the worker in the shareholding, management,
and profits of the society in which they are employed. Many of the
societies also share profits with customers. The Co-operative
Nii
394 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT.
Productive Federation is an association of most of these societies, and,
following its membership and the classification adopted by the
Co-operative Union and Government Reports, the statistics showing
operations during recent years are given below.
Of the membership of the associations of workers in 1913
approximately 21.7 per cent. were employees, 60.6 per cent. were other
individuals, and 17.7 per cent. were societies. Of the employees 62 per
cent. were members and 38 per cent. non-members. The membership
of management committees included 40 per cent. employees, 43 per
cent. other individual members, and 17 per cent. representatives of
societies. The capital investments were held to the extent of 14 per
cent. by employees, 36 per cent. by other individual members, 41 per
cent. by societies, and 9 per cent. by non-members.
PRODUCERS’ CO-OPERATIVE ORGANISATIONS.
Membership, Capital, etc.
Membership.
=| a PX
uw g soa as P
Og an a5 pS Wee
feb) a —_ oF cu $ 3
“u | ox = a Og Pe “f 2o2 >
a 129 5 @ an 5} a pea 2 < a
oO mrs " Dw ea, aS CS] nor St a
a 30 ce BS 2§ Bs wi: ES S|
r= a 9 g gs fea | a
G A n a ea:
ERS £ £ £
1904| 125 | 18,704 | 3,494 65.003 72,578 | 1,109,318 | 32,490| 7,391 | 350,177
1905] 117 | 17,987 | 3,033 | 630,240] 75,894 | 1,105,166} 35,863 | 6,966) 342,419
1906} 120 | 17,871 | 3,766 | 648,385 | 73,757 | 1,203,559| 47,442] 7,271 | 362,506
1907| 114 | 17,603 | 3,889 | 664,432 | 75,328) 1,319,117} 58,374| 7,341 | 368,586
Tg08| 105 | 17,394 | 3,838 | 654,869 | 74,207 | 1,265,796) 61,231} 7,179 | 373,983
1909] LOI | 17,233 | 3,978 | 669,655 | 79,709 | 1,246,879) 55,751 | 7,005 | 348,647
IQIO} 95| 17,567 | 4,073 | 676,313 | 86,051 | 1,382,125} 67,624| 7,049 | 360,298
IQIX} 99] 17,602 | 3,645 | 685,771 | 86,965 | 1,440,357] 73,3191 7,511 | 380,663
IQI2| 94 | 17,576 | 3,708 | 711,030 | 94,538 | 1,580,309| 94,382] 7,921 | 410 444
1913} 93| 18,381 | 3,902 | 749,674 |109,855 | 1,732,337 |101,280| 8,205 | 442,361
isso en St see
Amount of profit allotted to Total profit
uy 1 Percentage
pict ‘mem beng, | Of Preceding
Year dividing seenhers ee Employees customers, BR soe to
profits, |(on capital). chases), (on wages}. employee employees.
£ £ 3 ‘
1904 65 15,329 10,108 6,514 31,951 20.4
1905 62 16,026 11,446 6,518 33,630 18.3
1906 60 16,958 13,397 8,054 38,409 21.0
1907 67 18,446 16,269 10,183 44,898 2a. F
1908 68 19,988 17,163 10,958 48,109 22.8
1909 64 18,621 17,918 11,058 47,597 23-2
IQIO 63 19,605 18,822 II,471 49,898 23.0
IQII 64 20,540 21,751 13,125 551410. 23:7
Igi2 69 22,952 25,597 15,147 63,696 23.8
1913 68 23,271 30,265 16,431 69,967 23-5
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 395
THE AMALGAMATED UNION OF CO-OPERATIVE
EMPLOYEES.
Of the 140,000 employees in the co-operative movement approximately
one-third are members of the Amalgamated Union of Co-operative
Employees. The membership of this union does not indicate the
total number of Trade Unionists employed in the movement, as a
large number are members of other Trade Unions.
The union is strongest in Lancashire and Yorkshire. The total
membership at 31st December, 1914, was 45,044, as against 40,942 at
the end of 1913, and the number of branches 763, as against 771. The
contributions were £33,773, as against £45,518 for the 18 months
ending December 31st, 1913. The funds (branch and central) of the
union at 31st December, 1914, were £69,626, as against £61,903 at
the end of 1913. The principal disbursements for 1914 were as
follow: Sick payments, £13,851; out-of-work payments, £3,410;
disablement payment, £1,292; dispute of victimisation, £1,321; and
funeral payments, £1,170.
There were 80 persons on the employment register at the end of
I9t4, as against 197 at the end of 1913.
The insurance section is approximately 26,000. .The annual
statistics of membership, etc., are given below :—
AMALGAMATED UNION OF CO-OPERATIVE EMPLOYEES.
Membership, Income, and Funds, 1896-r9r4.
| | Expenditure.
a Central Member-
endihe _ Total : Added io | funds at ap i
June income. | Branch | Central | ponert fonds: fhe end the end
goth. | 8 Bebase: payments. of year. of year,
oy £ ak ae
1896 559 ee 135 242 340 2,179
1897 1,152 158 187 270 537 877 3,168
1898 2,114 294 292 614 914 1,791 4,320
1899 3,098 428 373 1,071 1,226 3,017 5,430
1900 | 3,899 524 733 1,429 | 1,213 4,230 6,276
IQOI 4,659 631 768 1,578 | 1,682 5,912 7,338
1902 5,732 743 842 2,048 2,099 8,011 8,294
1903 | 7,129 847 985 2:525 | 2,772 | 10,783 9,404
1904 8,493 ¥,IZ1 1,159 3,362 2,851 13,634 10,535
1905 | 10,023 1,495 1,203 4,343 | 2,982 16,616 11,819
1906 | 12,143 1,748 1,571 5.314 | 3,510 |} 20,126 13,203
1907 | 14,445 | 2,059 | 2,119 6,495 | 3,772 | 23,898 | 17,393
1908 | 18,451 2,728 « +}: 3,220 71982 |-415T5 | 28,413-° |) 23,322
1909 | 25,049 | 3,696 | 3,750 | 12,166 | 5,437 | 33,850 | 27,032
IQIO | 27,552 | 4,019 | 4,527 | 13,384 | 5,022 | 39,472 | 20,518
191 | 29,946 | 4,369 | 5,101 | 13,979 | 6,679 | 46,151 | 30,620
1912, | 32,225 | 4,620 | 5,798 | 17,459 | 4.348 | 50,499 | 32,741
1913” | 55,780 | 7,552 [11,183 | 27,824 | 9,215 | 59,714 | 40,942
1914t | 44,223. | 5,008 | 8,954 | 22,098 | 7,503 | 67,277} | 45,044
—_- ST RA TES ES EET TAT OTE T 3 AS EDD SS) DN ND ATR OT
A PT OAISTER AT LES ATIC SAE LEEDS ATES LEED SCS ALLOA LETS GOTT COATT
* Eighteen months ended December gist, 19:3. + Year ending December atst.
tin addition to this amount funds totalling £2,349 were in the hands oi branches, for
egal purposes.
396 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT.
CO-OPERATIVE GUILDS.
There exist three, Women’s Co-operative Guilds, one for England
(including Wales), one for Scotland, and one for Ireland. The figures
of membership at the date of the last annual meetings were :—
No. of Branches. No. of Members.
English Guild 611 Pe 31,658 (a net reduction of 524 on
the figures for 1913).
Scottish Guild 167 uly 14,000 (approximately).
Irish Guild .. 12 ‘i 500
THE NATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE MEN’S GUILD.
This Guild operates over the whole of the United Kingdom, but the
Guilds connected with some societies are not yet affiliated with the
national organisation. At the end of 1914 there were 72 Guild branches
affiliated with the national organisation, representing 2,120 members.
AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATION.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
At the Leicester congress Mr. Nugent Harris, the General Secretary
of the Agricultural Organisation Society (England), despairingly asked
the delegates when they intended to devote to agricultural co-operation
a full day’s discussion. He certainly had the right to put this question.
Few townspeople realise how rapidly agricultural co-operation, from
the side of the producer, has grown and is growing. In Ireland the
movement includes a great number of peasant farmers. In England
and Scotland the movement extends from very small holders to
substantial farmers organised in powerful societies. The movement
has also attracted to itself a number of men from the landed class,
who, from motives like those of Hughes and Neale in the early days
of industrial co-operation, are earnestly desirous of restoring and
uplifting rural life. Since 1tg0g a Joint Committee from _ the
Co-operative Union, the Agricultural Organisation Societies, and the
C.W.S. has been in existence for promoting mutual trade between the
industrial and the agricultural movements for their common economic
benefit. The economic difference of interest, however, between
producer and consumer hitherto has proved an obstacle to complete
and permanent relations, and there is a danger of the movements
drifting into antagonism.
Practically the whole of English agricultural co-operation is
organised by and affiliated to the Agricultural Organisation Society
(A.O.S.): President, R. A. Yerburgh, M.P.; 36 governors, of whom
twelve are appointed by the Board of Agriculture, including G. H.
Roberts, M.P., and G. N. Barnes, M.P.; secretary, J. Nugent Harris.
Offices, Queen Anne’s Chambers, Westminster. There are six
branches, in groups of counties, for local work.
The A.O.S. was constituted in rgor out of two earlier organisations
for the promotion of co-operation in agriculture. It is financed by
subscriptions (£1,800), affiliation fees (4224), and a Government grant
(Small Holdings “Account £2,000, Development Fund £7,500, less
unexpended balance refunded). It has recently formed a Farmers’
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 397
Central Trading Board for ‘wholesale’? purposes. Organ :
‘Co-operation in Agriculture’’; monthly, 1d.
Agricultural co-operation is, with few exceptions, the co-operation
of independent producers for special purposes, either in obtaining
commodities which producers require or in the disposal of their
produce. It may be classified in England as follows :—
Purchase Societies.—Purpose : Co-operative purchase of agricultural
requisites ; but some societies also supply domestic requisites for their
members. Number, 188. Except seven, all were founded in the present
century. Membership, 21,330. Trade, 41,485,585.
Egg and poultry societies for wholesale supply of eggs. Thirty-four
societies, 2,886 members, trade £64,760.
Dairy societies for wholesale milk supply and cheesemaking.
Thirty-three societies, 3,348 members, trade £508,916.
Miscellaneous societies for auction sales, cattle improvement, fruit,
bacon, etc. Thirty-two societies, 3,859 members, trade £78,678.
The foregoing are predominantly societies of farmers and large
scale producers. The following consist chiefly of working-class
producers :—
Small Holdings and Allotments Societies.—Purpose: the collective
renting (not working) of land; 191 societies, with 14,117 members,
hold 8,ors5 acres from local authorities and 5,345 from private owners.
They did collective business amounting to £5,536. Societies of
allotment holders, usually townsmen, do useful work. Whether
societies of small holders for renting land have proved successful is
disputed.
Credit Societies.—Fifty-three societies, 609 members; loans in 1913,
41,191. There is little scope at present for these societies, and only
a few do any business.
Totals: Societies, 531; membership, 46,149; business, £2,144,666.
Increase during year: Societies, 61; membership, 8,885; business,
£321,184.
SCOTLAND.
The Scottish Agricultural Organisation Society was formed about
1905 as an offshoot of the English society, and has offices at 5, St.
Andrew’s Square, Edinburgh. Secretary, J. Drysdale. At the end of
1914 there were 137 agricultural societies affiliated with the Scottish
society. The reports of 76 societies available at the end of 1914 showed
their total membership to be 6,653, the nominal share capital £24,638,
and paid-up share capital £12,310. Their sale of poultry and eggs
amounted to £34,043, of dairy produce to £84,925, of agricultural
produce and requirements to £240,526, and a total trade turnover of
4,300,463. There are no credit societies. Co-operation flourishes in
the Crofter counties and the islands. The S.A.O.S. does not publish
classified statistics of its societies.
IRELAND.
But it is in Ireland, a country in which agricultural enterprises are
for the most part on a small scale, that agricultural co-operation has
3y8 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT.
proved marvellously successful and shows promise of great develop-
ment. Whereas the total membership of all sorts of agricultural
co-operative societies does not reach 50,000, or only 1 in 800 of the
population, in Ireland it exceeds 100,000, or as many as 1 in 45 of
the population. It is estimated that one-eighth of all the farmers of
Ireland are members of co-operative societies.
The movement was started by Sir Horace Plunkett in 1889 with
the formation of a creamery. By 1894 33 societiés were in existence,
and the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society (1.4.0.8.) was founded
to carry ou the propaganda. By 1903 840 societies had beén founded.
The I.A.0.S. has its offices at the Plunkett House, Dublin. Sir
Horace Plunkett is President and Mr. R. A. Anderson, Secretary. :
For a long time the co-operation of the Irish farmers took the form,
almost exclusively, of a combination of milk producers to maintain
a joint creamery, which made butter and placed it on the market to
much greater advantage than the individual small dairy farmer could
do. During the last few years, however, the Creamery Societies have
been adding new branches of work, especially in buying implements,
seeds, and fertilisers for their members, and in supplying the domestic
needs of their households.
The Irish Agricultural Organisation Society at the end of 1913
had affiliated with it 985 societies, as against 947 in 1912. Three
hundred and seventeen societies did not supply returns, and of the
remaining 668 the membership was 104,702 at the end of 1913, as
against 101,991 at the end of 1912. The total turnover for the year
was £3,333,189, as against £3,205,819 in 1912, the average sales per
member being £31 17S., as against £31. The nature of these societies
is as follows :—
)
Deieription of soolety. | yin tr tgiz.| in tory,” | am forge Dace Wade
Creameries: .4%.:.05 « re 329 12 i 341
ALUXIUTATIES wo. es a's so 0 87 2 ~- 89
PURTAGUICOLEL (Gils sav lola 175 20 2 193
EOC ii na! Wviv ey v'¢,6 me 234 3 2 235
Poultry keepersiec iw anes 18 — — 18
TMG ustries: os as 0.5% ¢% & 19 ~— I 18
Pig and Cattle | os cesar, 49 3 — 52
Bc Od din ink kas es, wal 9 I — Io
Miscellaneous. ........ 25 2 -- 27
Bederations.. css sac a>s 4 2 — — 2
OLRIS a wdigieote i's tins 947 43 5 985
The I.A.0.S. is well served by literary exponents of its ideas,
particularly Mr. G. W. Russell (‘‘ A.E.’’). The Co-operative Reference
Library (the Plunkett House) publishes monthly Bulletins (6d.)
dealing with co-operative problems. Its organ is the ‘Irish
Homestead,’’ 34, Lower Abbey Street, Dublin; weekly, 1d.
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 399
THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE.
This interesting organisation for disseminating accurate information
about the harvests of the world is now supported by nearly all
Governments. Expenditure, 1914, £36,000, to which the King of Italy
contributes £12,000.
The publications are issued in several languages, including English.
A monthly ‘‘ Bulletin’? gives valuable reports, with statistics, of
agricultural co-operation all over the world, and of any Governmental
assistance to agriculture by legislation, administration, ot otherwise;
i8fcs. per annum.
There are also a monthly Bulletin of ‘‘ Agricultural and Commercial
Statistics *’ (6fcs. p.a.), and another of ‘‘ Agricultural Intelligence and
Plant Diseases’’ (18fcs. p.a.), also Year Books, etc.
The agency for the United Kingdom is the Board of Agriculture.
THE WOMEN’S CO-OPERATIVE GUILD.
The Women’s Co-operative Guild is a self-governing organisation of
31,658 working womeu, with 611 branches. Every member must be a
purchasing co-operator, and the miajority are shareholders in
co-operative societies taking an active part in their work.
It has always been one of the principal objects of the Guild to
train and encourage women to share in all the work of co-operative
societies, and the result has been that women now attend the quarterly
meetings in large numbers, and are gradually being elected on to the
boards and committees of the movement. At present there are 89
women on the management committees of 61 societies, and 413 women
on the education committees of 155 societies.
The co-operative policy of the Guild is to advocate all reforms and
developments which strengthen the principle of the control of industry
by the people, and to use its power to transform industrial conditions.
The Guild, therefore, urges loyalty to the store and to co-operative
productions; it stands for cash trading, moderate dividends, and all
the methods of doing business which should enlarge the sphere of
co-operative industry and keep co-operative policy progressive and
sound. It has made proposals for the extension of co-operation in poor
neighbourhoods, which have been partially adopted by many societies.
These include adaption of methods of trading to the needs of the
poor, such as the abolition of entrance fees, provision of suitable
goods, selling in small quantities, and special propaganda work.
On questions of employment, the Guild supports short hours, Trade
Union wages, and the employment of Trade Unionists only. Its chiet
work in this direction has been to secure the recognition of a minimum
scale for co-operative women employees by the movement. This scale
was as follows :—
Age 14. Age 15. Age16. Agei7. Age18 Ageig. Age2o.
Wages... 58. 4S, gs. IIs. 13S¢20:inb5Ss 17s.
Co-operative societies are gradually adopting the scale which is
in force in most of the larger societies where women are employed.
In January, 1914, it was adopted by the Co-operative Wholesale
Society for its 7,000 women employees after three years’ agitation by
the Guild. :
The Guild has always realised that the co-operative movement
cannot fulfil its objects unless it takes its part both in general Labour
406 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT.
questions and in national life, and has, therefore, warmly supported
the proposals for closer co-operation with Trade Unions and the
Labour Party, and at its annual congress June, 1915, re-affirmed their
approval of the formation of a joint board to organise common action
on questions affecting the welfare of the people.
Not only has the Guild supported national action by the co-operative
movement, it has also developed national action of its own. The
members are almost entirely married, non-wage-earning women, a
class previously unorganised and voiceless. Through the Guild they
have been able to express their needs and desires and to bring pressure
to bear on Parliament and Government departments. The importance
of giving married women the vote has been urged and adult suffrage
supported. Valuable evidence was given before the Royal Commission
on Divorce Law Reform, the only evidence given directly from working
women. Taxation of necessaries has been protested against. Efforts
to secure a better status for the British wives of aliens have been made.
But the chief citizen work has been the development of the national
care of maternity, and special funds for this purpose have been raised.
Before the Insurance Act was introduced the Guild asked Mr. Lloyd
George to include a maternity benefit. During the discussion on the
Insurance Act endeavours were made to secure better provision for
married women. In 1913 the reform by which maternity benefit was
made the property of the wife was secured.
In 1914 the Guild drew up a scheme which advocated : (1)That the
maternity and pregnancy sickness benefit should be taken out of the
Insurance Act, that they should be increased and extended to all
women, and administered by public health authorities; (2) that public
health authorities should greatly develop the work already begun on
behalf of expectant and nursing mothers and children up to school age.
In July, 1914, the Local Government Board issued a circular embodying
most of the Guild’s proposals and offering a grant of 50 per cent. of
the work.
The outbreak of the war made the question of saving life even more
imperative, and it was clear that the Guild contribution to the
problems of the war would be its scheme for the care of the mothers
of the race. Other women’s organisations agreed to co-operate, and
after a joint deputation to Mr. Samuel—who made a most sympathetic
reply, promising fresh Government circulars—the Guild set to work
to arouse local health authorities and to press the scheme upon them.
A new Act enlarging the powers of local authorities has been promised
this Session (June, 1915).
The Guild funds are raised (1) by subscriptions of 1s. to 2s. a year
from members to their branch funds and by special efforts; (2) by
grants varying from £1 to £50 from co-operative societies. The
central fund has in the past been raised by (1) an affiliation fee of 2d.
per member from branches, and (2) grants from the Co-operative
Union and Co-operative Wholesale Society. Last year, however, after
repiesentation from the Salford Catholic Federation, the Co-operative
Union felt obliged to refuse its grant of £400 unless the Guild gave
up its agitation on behalf of referm of the divorce laws and took up
no subject disapproved by the United Board. This year the
Co-operative Congress passed a resolution endorsing the action of the
United Board. The Guild, however, has resolutely refused to part
with its control of its own policy and subjects. It is not a member of
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. : 491
the Co-operative Union, and has no representation as a Guild either
on the governing body of the Co-operative Union or at the co-operative
congress. During 1914 to 1915 a special fund, which reached £430,
was raised by the branches to replace the £400 grant from the
Co-operative Union, and the Guild annual congress of June, 1915, has
decided to maintain its self-government and to raise its own funds.
It will be understood that the activity of the Guild cannot be
maintained without a large amount of educative and propaganda work.
For this its own speakers and lecturers are trained. Its educational
scheme includes the holding of an annual Guild school for ‘‘ Head
Guides ’’ ; courses for ‘‘ Guides,’’ held in different parts of the country
and attended by between 400 and 500 women; two-days’ schools,
held at different co-operative societies and attended by members in the
district; and members’ classes, held at local branches. The subjects
taken last year were : The Democratic Control of Industry, the Effects
of War on Commerce and Industry, Co-operative Action in National
Crises, the National Care of Maternity, and How to Read a Balance
Sheet. In addition to all this class work, general campaigns on
co-operative and women’s questions are organised, for which
information is supplied to 200 to 300 women speakers.
The work of the Guild culminates in its annual congress, attended
by about 700 delegates. This great Parliament of working women
is practically unique in the country. Here married women, who find
it possible to organise themselves through the Guild, making of it
what might be called their Trade Union, give expression to their needs,
desires, and aspirations.
PART V.
THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING-
CLASS MOVEMENT.
CONTENTS.
Page Page
OICAL As. a an nek a “nie ae wa Od | Labour and Socialist Or-
The Old international .... 404 ganisations Abroad .... 408
The Modern International. 405 For eign Socialist and
International Socialist Labour Newspapers .... 424
Wendy. Gea whee. ek . 405 | Industrial..... sess eeevene 426
International Socialist Coh- International Federations... 431
eresses 265.20. FS TERS PRS poy Trade Unionism Abroad .. 433
AND
SPECIAL ARTICLE BY EMILE VANDERVELDE.
THE INTERNATIONAL.
By EMILE VANDERVELDE
(Belgian Minister of State, Chairman of the International Socialist
Bureau).
By a tragic coincidence, at the very moment when the delegates to
the International Congress were preparing to start for Vienna to
celebrate both its 25th and its soth anniversary, it was from Vienna
that spread the formidable catastrophe that now divides the peoples
of the world into two hostile camps.
After a whole year of war the question is being asked in certain
quarters whether the International has still any existence.
Officially the answer is yes. Its Executive Committee, driven out
of Brussels by the German invasion, is to-day sitting at The Hague.
Two representatives of the Dutch Socialist Party have been added for
the duration of the war. This Committee has sent delegates to the
German Socialists to complain to them of the system of forced labour
which is being imposed, or rather, which it is sought to impose, on the
Belgian workmen. This Committee is also summoning, separately
and successively, the various national sections of the International
in order to learn their views upon the war and the peace.
But, in actual fact, we must recognise that the life of the
International has been suspended.
As long as the German and Austrian Socialists declare themselves
in alliance with their Governments, abstain from any word of
condemnation of the aggression committed against Belgium, content
themselves with vague and purely platonic declarations against
THE INTERNATIONAL. 403
eventual annexation of territory—as long as Belgium and France
remain unliberated—we must not expect that the French and Belgian
Socialists, to say nothing of any others, will decide to renew their
international relations.
-
Further, we must not hide from ourselves the fact that, even after
the war, attempts at reunion will meet with some obstinate resistance.
Must we, therefore, despair? Can we admit that the International
is dead—that Socialism is bound to remain for an indefinite time
divided against itself?
I absolutely refuse to believe it.
On the contrary, I am inclined to think that, merely by natural
reaction, international sentiments will express themselves all the more
forcibly the longer they have been restrained. Those underlying
causes which called into existence the first International, and, after
188g, the second International, will once more produce their effect.
Class antagonisms will reveal themselves all the more bitterly the
longer and the more exhausting is the war. However great may have
been their prejudices one against the other, or their grievances, the
workers cannot fail once again to realise their essential unity of
interest. :
But let us not disguise the fact that, at starting, the difficulties will
be enormous. There will be many things that it will be the duty of
some amongst us to forget: there will be much that it will be the duty
of others to permit to be forgotten. We can all do our part, by the
attitude that we take up, to render these difficulties less insurmountable.
So long as war lasts let us take care to say nothing, to do nothing,
that widens our cleavages. Let us try rather to understand each other
and to free our minds from the influences of the environment to which
we are all subject.
In Germany there are some comrades, such as Liebknecht, Rosa
Luxembourg, Clara Zetkin, who have had the courage to stand by the
Right in face of everybody. There are others, such as Bernstein,
Haase, Kantsky, who are doing their utmost to counteract tendencies
of ‘‘ the majority ’’ that make us uneasy.
I do not believe, I must own, that their efforts can have any
immediate results. The peoples at this moment fighting for their own
liberties, and for liberty in Europe, would fall into the most fatal of
illusions if they were led to count on anyone but themselves.
Liebknecht’s protest to-day will have no greater effect than the
equally courageous protest of his own father and Bebel had, at the
time, against the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine. But declarations
of this kind have a moral value which is beyond all price. They assert
a Socialist unity of conscience among all who are not blinded by
passion or prejudice. They will make more easy, in the days to come,
the drawing together again of all those who proclaim their faith in
International Socialism.
It will always remain the greatest sorrow of my life that I should
have seen the workers of Europe divided among themselves. My
strongest hope is that I may one day look upon their reconciliation.
404 THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT.
POLITICAL.
THE OLD INTERNATIONAL.
The first real attempt to form an international organisation of the
workers was made by a group of continental exiles at a Congress held
in London in 1847, in which Karl Marx took part. An association was
formed under the title of the Communist League, which issued the
famous Communist manifesto written by Karl Marx and Frederic
Engels, and published just before the Revolution of 1848. The
Communist League existed only a few years. The triumph of reaction
caused it to disappear completely in 1852.
In 1862 a revival of internationalism took place through the visit of
a deputation of French workmen to the exhibition then being held in
London. Meetings took place between the deputation and English
working-class representatives, and out of these gatherings arose the
beginnings of the International Association of Working Men. In 1864
a public meeting was held in St. Martin’s Hall, London.
‘Professor Beesley presided. Among those present were Karl Marx
and of those still living, Robert Applegarth. A committee composed
of 50 representatives of different nations was appointed by the meeting
to draft a constitution for the new association. To Karl Marx was
given the task of drawing up the constitution, which, together with an
inaugural address, was adopted by the committee. A General Council,
having its seat in London, was established. The president, treasurer,
and general secretary were to be Englishmen; other nations were to
be represented on the Council by corresponding secretaries. The duty
of summoning annual congresses was placed upon the Council. It was
recommended that the workmen of the various countries should be
united in national bodies represented by national central organs, which
should be the chief links with the General Council.
Difficulties soon developed in connection with the holding of annual
congresses, as continental Governments began to be alarmed at the
proposed activities of the new organisation. Being forbidden by the
Belgian Government to hold a Congress in 1865 in Brussels, the Council
was compelled to content itself with a conference in London. In 1866,
however, the first congress took place in Geneva. The constitution and
statutes drawn up by Marx and ratified by the Council were approved,
and a comprehensive programme adopted. A second congress was held
in Lausanne in 1867, and a third at Brussels in 1868, which was
attended by 98 delegates, represeating England, France, Germany,
Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland. This congress strengthened
very considerably the Socialistic proposals contained in the programme
of the association. In 1869 a congress was held in Basel, but the
outbreak of the Franco-German War prevented the holding of a
congress which had been arranged to take place in Paris. In 1872
at a congress held at the Hague it was decided to remove the seat of
the General Council to New York. This transference brought about
the death of the association. In 1873 one more congress was held at
Geneva, and then the organisation expired.
During its short life the International Working Men’s Association
loomed large in the public eye, and exercised considerable influence
a:
THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT. 405
over national working-class movements. It induced British Trade
Unions to make substantial contributions to strike funds in France
and Germany. But its prestige was based more on the possibilities
of the cause it represented than on actual power. Its organisation was
loose, and its financial resources negligible.*
THE MODERN INTERNATIONAL.
For a period of about 16 years following the collapse of the
International Association of Working Men there was practically no
organisation for keeping the politically organised workers of the
different countries of the world in touch with each other. Then in
1889, the centenary of the French Revolution, a new beginning was
made by the assembling, at the invitation of the French Socialist
parties, of an International Socialist Congress at Paris. There were,
in fact, two congresses, one representing the rigid Marxist school, and
the other composed of Socialists of a more opportunist character. The
Marxist Congress consisted of 395 delegates; the other, called the
Possiblist Congress, was attended by about 600 delegates. In 18g91
a congress was held at Brussels, followed by others at Zurich (1893),
at London (1896), and at Paris (1900). At the Paris Congress (1900)
a new central international organisation was formed, with the title
of the International Socialist Bureau.
INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST BUREAU.
Affiliation to it was open to—
(x1) All associations which adhere to the essential principles of
Socialism: socialisation of the means of production and
distribution; international union and action of the workers;
conquest of public powers by the proletariat organised as a class
party.
(2) All the constituted organisations which accept the principle
of a class struggle and recognise the necessity for political action
(legislative and Parliamentary), but do not participate directly in
the political. movement.
These conditions were drawn up in order to exclude Anarchists,
and to admit Trade Unions and other Labour organisations which,
although agreeing with political action, were not definitely political in
character.
The duties of the International Socialist Bureau, which has its
seat at Brussels, are to continue the work of, and to put into
execution, the decisions arrived at by the International Socialist
Congresses; to make arrangements for the holding of congresses at
stated intervals, usually every three years; and to summon special
congresses when international crises arise. The Bureau established
in Brussels an international archive for Socialist literature and
documents.
The Bureau is constituted of delegates from the national Labour and
Socialist organisations of the countries affiliated to the Bureau. Each
*“ History of Socialism,’’ Thomas Kirkup, 1913,
406 THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT.
country is allotted three delegates, two representing the national
organisations and one the members of the Socialist and Labour Party
in the Parliament of the country, wherever such a party exists.
Exceptions to this rule are made in cases such as Russia, where there
are more than one national Labour and Socialist organisation, which
refuse to co-operate for international purposes; and where the nation
is so distant that the expense of sending several delegates would be
too great. The following is the list of countries with organisations
affiliated to the Bureau :—
Great Britain ...... veers ie eT BR IOLMRY “Aiea deste oe oifrarc3
Germany hie as Alay 3° (Sweden .1..-0.40 20st jira
LMASIMDULE. pcxeccrspe-oessceronge 2% “Denmark? 2). Gy tseaceae, peas i
PAVSUIER. | rahe csakessrenrnperagasesass 3. LOLA tans asganceeeacereeene 3
BODGINIG. « « eysmre eve dada Seninsitpeale i Belgium. ...:.i00-¢daeassoemrieneennl ms
Hungary-Croatia .......... vem Switzerland ...... vind aceite’ ama d try 3
Bosnia and Herzegovina .... 2 Turkey ...s....--..ceeceeees od anil te
Rranee ioteccatsst eter oon jek LS SMES © TEI a eee iby ay
PECL crenata sat -sine iqahnns seb dase 3 Bulgaria .....-20.-. tap eee Psi te
SOS ESS ESA, ER ep Peale Rormyaria sc. beg ee 2
POUMUM AL loacypenercspsesahetamanan oe 3, PAR AES nce paad anor gerne axceestent tein
OSE esas cusaru ng orakar eanon che 4 United States ........ss0rgars a
Finland bid a cau Dadi oe oe ee | Argentine? is.5+..5544- hioneas vex it
PANG) Vas ischin es doses wove 2 VAUUSELADIA | geccrenecedene Sansone pane ane
The Bureau usually meets once a year at its headquarters at
Brussels. In the intervals the business is conducted by an Executive
Committee consisting of three members and a secretary, all of Belgian
nationality.*
The address of the International Socialist Bureau is, Maison du
Peuple, rue Joseph Stevens 17, Brussels. The secretary is Camille
Huysmans, and the members of the Executive Committee are Emile
Vandervelde (chairman of the Bureau), E. Anseele, and L. Bertrand.
The bureau is maintained by contributions from the national Labour
and Socialist organisations of the countries affiliated.
The connection between the Bureau and the Labour and Socialist
organisations of Great Britain is carried on by a Joint Committee,
known as the British Section of the International Socialist Bureau,
composed of five delegates from the Labour Party, two from the
Independent Labour Party, two from the British Socialist Party, and
one from the Fabian Society, together with the three British delegates
to the International Socialist Bureau. Two of the delegates to the
Bureau are appointed at a meeting of the British delegates to the
International Socialist Congress last held, and the third by the
members of the Labour Party in the House of Commons. It is the
duty of the section to consider all business of an international
* Since the occupation of Belgium by Germany the seat of the Bureau has been
removed to Theresiastraat, 49, The Hague, Holland, and the Bureau representatives of
the Dutch Socialist Party have been added to the Executive Committee. Camille
Huysmans is, however, still acting as secretary,
THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT. 407
character, and to instruct the delegates to the Bureau thereon; and to
collect, in proportionate sums, from the various. organisations
represented in the section the financial contribution to the Bureau.
The Secretary of the British Section of the International Socialist
Bureau is the Secretary of the Labour Party, 1, Victoria Street,
London, S.W. The British delegates to the Bureau are Dan Irving
and J. Ramsay MacDonald, M.P., the latter being appointed by the
Labour Party in the House of Commons. The death of J. Keir Hardie
left a vacancy which has not yet been filled.
INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST CONGRESSES.
The dates and business of international congresses are arranged by
the International Socialist Bureau, acting under instructions and
advice from the previous congress and from the national Labour and
Socialist organisations. The voting at the congresses is by show of
hands or by nations. The votes of the nations vary according to their
importance as factors in the Labour and Socialist movement. The
number of delegates from the various countries is fixed on the same
principle. The following is the number of the votes and the delegates
allowed to each country :—
Delegates. Votes.
Germany, Austria, Bohemia, United States, France, Each. Each.
MePOak BItAr, (RUSSIA vaecscrnrneestnta ntasdesaeresecegecsse 170s was eG
WCU U TY SWEET cso os ck Weds leiey opp ting oh sai~ ev cavvsessne’ 92°) Ga eae
Denmark, Italy, Poland ........ SATR > tah) “ary ersiegeoss- geseey ID Hcagh eee eas
Finland, Holland, Hungary-Croatia ..................... et ea 8
RBI, DIOL WAY 55s cridnicn i vd nea) cpa aed cep pdlanmern vtsneens ee QO.) ene 6
SE EMOT lice erica eee ecacxs eicesk ag EB Matiton, Da cksluath tar?
EDGBASTON, 13,383,
*Sir F. W. Lowe, U....Unop.
EAST, 15,244.
*A. HD, Ramsay- Steel-
Maitland, U. .........6,639
j..V. ein Dy. isangytgo
ORTH, a
5 ae Middlemore-G -Unop.
| Sourn, 11,178
(Bye-election, April 3, 1911.)
C.M.S. Amery, U.Unop.
WEST, 12,313,
(Bye-election, July 13, 1914.)
'§Rt. Hon. a res Cham-
berlain, U.. nop.
Blackburn (Two Mems.),
22,572.
*P, Snowden, Lab......10,762
Sir H. Norman, L. ...10,754
W.B.Boyd-Carpenter
Ue eens Pe RE a8 Fl
H. L. Riley) Uae 9,500
Bolton (Two Mems.) 21,224.
(Bye-election, Nov. 23, 1912.)
T: Taylor tas 10,011
A. Brooks, U. s.sscene 8,83
| (Bye-election, Sept. 22, nn
Robt. Toothill, Lab... Unop.
Boston, 4,037..
eroeses
| *C. H. Dixon, Us.chaeiies
| Hon. F. Hemphill, L..1,712
Bradford.
CENTRAL, 9,848.
| “Sir G. S. Robertson,
| RGuSalae aaa anc ed A GOT.
G. "Pauling, a singdvetean gy dod
| East, 15,879.
ae W.E.B. Priestley,
{ R. Mortimer, U.....0.804,734
WEsT, 14,825.
*F. W. Jowett, Lab...... 9,929
Sir Ea FS. Flower, U.4,339
Brighton. wo Mems.)
*Capt. G. C. Tryon, U 10,780
(Bye-election, June 29, 1914.)
C03 Stanford, U......Unop,
Bristol.
East, 15,060.
(Bye-election, Nov. 3, rgrt.)
*Rt. Hon. C. E. H. Hob-
house, Li's. cccconeateasedyQlS
W., Moore, Lindh oos.504.2,923
=" oo
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
NortuH, 13,989.
*Rt.Hon.A. Birrell,x.c. a
L Peewee der een eer eieeiesreaee 6,410
a Magnuss U oasciic. 5,084
_ __ SOUTH, 16,171.
*Sir W. H. Davies, L...6,895 |
J. T. Francombe, U....6,757 |
WEsT, I0,127.
*Lt.-Col. G.A.Gibbs, U.4,871
J. W, Stevens, L. ...... 3,595
Burnley, 16,992.
PB. B Morrell, 1.2.0... 6,177 |
*G, A. Arbuthnot, U....6,004
H. M. Hyndman, Soc.3,810
Bury (Lancashire), 9,657.
Sir G. Toulmin, L...... 4,509 |
E. L. Hartley, U. ......4,254
Bury St. Edmunds, 2,817.
*Hon. Walter Guinness,
Nesdduewetoaaeeotes TOD
Cambridge, 9,392.
* AC. H. Paget, We aes ak 4,427 |
S. O. Buckmaster,k.c.,
Ba istiawedsacuspucas Res eesets 4,084
‘Canterbury, 3,836.
F, Bennett Goldney,
W. J; Fisher, Du... a, 4
Carlisle, 7,456.
*Hon.R. D. Denman,L.3,243
J. Raymond, U.......... 3,176
Chatham, 15,799.
*G. F, Hohler, k.c., U.6,989 |
L. C. Bernacchi, L. ...
F. Smith, Lab
Cheltenham, 8,353.
(BYE. hapten Mar. wD IgI1.)
Agg-Gardner, U.4,043
Nai. L. Mathias, L....4,039
Chester, 8,102.
¥*R, A. Yerburgh, U......3,787
PP aly ese tn sce sdeces 3,681
Christchurch, 10,991.
Pre P Oroh, Ue" .:. 3.4... 5,275
$F. W. Verney, L. ......4,619
Colchester, 7,226. |
¥*L. W. Evans, U......... 3,489
SirE. Vincent,k.c.M.c.,
, Shee a meee, Mee 2,874
Coventry, 16,463.
eas Mason, L......... 9,351
f POSET gic sracessacOyO
Croydon, 27,350.
8
Ian Z. Malcolm, U.,. 11,875 |
Avy Leott, Direc: 10,343 |
Darlington, 10,997.
H. Pike Pease, U....... 4,981
F. Maddison, L,......... 4475
Derby (Two Mems.), 20,118, |
*Sir DT, RGOGs ihe .csssss.005-9)515
*J, H. Thomas, Lab. . +695144
A, E, Beck, Wee iis §,160
{Devonport (Two Mews), |
*Sir J. Jackson, K.C.v.0.
A (Tilbury),
30, 194.)
4,645
(Bye- lection, Mar. 16, 1912.)
Hon. R. E. C. L.Guin-
NESS, U. ssserveresvees NOP.
WEST or Wavtnansrow,
*Rt,Hon. Sizy. mr ‘Simon,
aes K.C., L, «16,998
Lieut. W. Bellairs,
RN, "9 se! Rogesserevcrgre 13,275
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT,
Gloucestershire,
East or CIRENCESTER,
1934.
*Lt.-Col. Hon, A, B,
Bathurst, U,. .........4,788
G.H, Beyfus, Lic cxaveeh O07 |
Forrest OF Dean, 10,881.
Deeeenseeeres
eG or Poe to int
*Rt. Hon,C. P. Allen, 1.,.5,051 |
ee PatO DY Us omnese ven 4,849
NorRTH or TEWKESBURY,
13,155.4
*Viscount Quenington,
ceieuee demas dass buae cae ++5,099
R. A. Lister, .
SouTH ey THORNBURY,
42.
*A, Rendall, iy: Re ee ..6,820
Maj. Cockerill, Dieses vas 5,537
Hampshire,
WEST or ANDOVER, 11,370.
*Capt, W. V. Faber,U.Unop,
NORTH or BASINGSTOKE,
13,136,
*A, C, Salter, x.c,, U.Unop,
SouTH or ree 18,695.
*A, H. Lee, U. ..Unop,
IsLE OF Winse 15,969,
‘De Be Patio Wes biases
OF Scaramanga Ralli,L, 6, G2
New Forest, ree
W. F, Perkin, vu. ,.Unop.
EAST or PerERsFizLp,
11,110,
*Col. W. G. Nicholson,
Unop,
DS eoreeerecer -@eeerrere eer
Hereford.
NortH or LEOMINSTER,
9,689.
hp gt sleotion, Mar. 18, 1912.)
Wright ... Unop.
SouTH or Ssh 10,946.
*Capt. P. A. pistes U. 4,748
H, Webb, cidsasiseee od O27
oo
EAsT or LUE 11,838.
* Sires la vp U, ...5,594
G. S. Pawle, L ..4,226
NorTH or Hircum, 10 883,
(Bye-election, Nov. 23, 1911.)
Lord Rebert Cecil, U.5,542
PuT Gareges Dy iccs 3,969
Mrp or ST. ALBANS, 13,929.
*Col. Sir E.H,Carlile, U.6,899
R. C, Phillimoere, Ta: A777
West or WaTFoRD, 17,710.
AS: Ward, U, ..... +0+-8,043
N, Micklem, k.c., L..,..7,160
Huntingdon.
SeuTH or HUNTINGDON,
5175,
*J. Cator, Tac nee ravihxcs 2,287
Hon, Oliver Brett, L.2,139
|. NorTH or RAMSEY, 7,034,
O _ Locker-Lampson,
Ber seta 3 ere 3,072
A, C. Foster-Boulton, ya ; 1954
Kent,
SouTH or ASHFORD, 14,202,
Rt. Hon. L. Hardy, U.Unop.
NortH-WEs?T or Dart-
FORD, 21,398.
. Rowlands, batt
| NortTH-EAst or FAVERSHAM,
14,649.
| *G. C. H, Wheler, U....6,807
P Gry INICHONUS,) Las. cevecck 5) LUE
Istze OF THANET, 12,588,
\*N. C, Craig, x.c,, U.Unop.
Mip or MEpway, 15,181,
East or St. AUGUSTINE’S,
16,614,
(Bye-election, July 7th, 1911.)
Rye McNeill, Un ts.s. Unop.
WEST or SEVENOAKS, I9,035,
*H, W. Forster, U....Unop.
SouTH-WEstT or Ton-
BRIDGE, 17,116,
*H. H. Spender-Clay,
A. P. Hedges, E
Lancashire, North,
BLACKPOOL, 22,360.
;*W. W. Ashley, U....Unop,
CHORLEY, 15,135,
(Bye-election, Feb. 19, 1913.)
J. P. T. Jackson, L. .,.5,606
LANCASTER, 14,797.
*N, W. Helme, L.
H. Ramsbottom, U. ...6,052
NortTH LONSDALE, 9,702.
*G. B. Haddook, U.
Di PoUese Be eRe ie 4,066
Lancashire, North~
ast.
ACCRINGTON, 16,297,
Pe TL AROr Dany ssecrses0) 220
By Gray Ui ciiseveessse ..6,461
CLITHEROE, 22,368.
AL Simith, Labi ck.. 12,107
Tey Blaney Use cx cshsss 5,783
DARWEN, 17,734.
Sie di pans ai
Ee See
+B, ie ‘Hindle, Pic araven ",.8,169
ROssENDALE, 13,287.
*Rt. Hen. Lewis Har-
Lancashire, South~
ast.
Ecctres, 18,786,
| *Sir G, H. Pollard, m, sae
COPD PORE ORT ETO SOO ROO aes
*W, Foot- Mitchell, UG: Bors
*Col.C. E. Warde, U,Unop. |
Sir H,. F. Hibbert, U.7,573 |
elie eles 6,186 |
8,384 |
/
Je G. D. ‘Campbell, U. vie
455
aes 18,185,
ee Raw, aieny eyes 7,840
ate We agepsanes sp 9,187
HEYWOOD, 11,339.
pale ye Cawley, bo are 5,430
R. A, L. Hutchinson,
ee eres sits tetemeaae ae 4,641
MIDDLETON, 15,391.
(Bye-election, Aug, 2, r9gtI,)
*Sir W.R. D. Adkins, L.6,863
W. A, S. Hewins, U.,.6,452
PRESTWICH, 22,123,
“*Sir F. Cawley, Bt., L.10,355
F, Brocklehurst, U. .,.7,189
RADCLIFFE-CUM-FARN,
WORTH, 14,046,
aD, Co Taylor laiijcse
E. A. Bagley, U. ......5,937
STRETFORD, 27,629,
* PEN ittell,* bei sess seaas 11,343
A. M, Samuel, a. wee 10,407
West HoucuHTon, 19,751,
*W. T, Wilson, Lab,.,.9,064
G. F, Clarke, U,........-7,974
Lancashire, South
West.
BooTLeE, 23,903.
(Bye-election, Mar, 17, torr.
Rt. Hon, A. ercien
Law Us ieee 9,776
M. Muspratt, Lacie 7,782
INCE, 14,107.
*S) Walshy Labrie. 7,117
W)C. Lord Use cca: 4054892
LEIGH, 14,150,
*P; W. Raffan, Li. ....6,706
W. T, Oversby, U. ...5,507
NEWTON, 14,803.
Viscount Womer, U....6,706
*J, A, Seddon, Lab......6,562
ORMSKIRK, 13,511,
...4,140 | *Hon. Arthur Stanley,
MMO oo aaschaue ..Unop,
SouTHPORT, 16, oe
*Maj. G. D, White, U
H. D. Woodcock, 1...
WIDNES, 11,780,
W. Hall-Walker,
aiteeees des VavdpieeseaceLaODs
Leicestershire,
7,467
6,798
*Col,
| WEstT or BosworTH, 13,681,
Hon.H,.D.MeLaren,L.7,500
Cnt, D. B. Garouski, U.4,120
Sout or HARBOROUGH,
17,921.
J. W. Logan, L......... 8,192
MID or cae
*Sir M, tare, 7, L,...6,488
N. W. Smith- -Carring:
E37 6 pial W bench da beats 5,916
East or Merton, 16,873.
| Col. C. E. Yate, 8.0,
CUM Gig Up crssaatecstwec
Maj. E. M, Dunne, L yer
456
Lincolnshire. WESTERN, 20,399.
Norru Linsey or Barce, | *T. Richards, Lab..... Unop.
ny 14,048, Norfolk,
(ai ie 5 dani psaactohi 506 East (North Walsham),
A ces Seen si segetinndl tin? : or
T. J. Bennett, U. i 5,037 | a. 11,5
Wesr Lixpsty or Gams: | BER eee oe has
*G. J, Bentham, f.,....5,825 |, Mrp (Dereham), 9,984.
Capt. A. F, Weigall,U.3,745 | WR Locten . NE 4/345 :
SoutH LinpsEy or Horn- | ESTET, Lis.ssvseee- 45308 |
CASTLE, 10,508.
(Bye-election, Feb, 17, 1911.)
Capt. .W.. Bi G.vAy
Weigall, Unecsscadseces 4,005
i
F.C, Linfield, \ BRIBE 1838
East Linpsry or LouTtnH,
10,315.
i AWIeS | Lair. westudease 260
*H. L. Brackenbury, U.4,188
NortH KESTEVEN or SLEA-
_ FORD, 10,389.
ph Digs Soh Tels BARE TE ae Unop.
HOLLAND or SPALDING,
14,846.
*Hon.F.W.S. Rieiiaront
Ls ia: Wel ee tae corde Weta 53337
W...S:Royoe, Us... 2c. 5,070
SouTH KESTEVEN or
STAMFORD, 10,056.
*Maj.Hon. ClaudeHeath-
cote-Drummond-Wil-
lough by, Us, ssidavahs ss. 4,545
G. H. Parkin, L......0:. 4,206
Middlesex.
BRENTFORD, 20,701.
(Bye-election, Mar. 23, 1911.)
W.Joynson Hicks, U.Unop.
~ HEALING, 25,073.
*HNield, Ki. Uy. c..
ENMELD, 28,571.
*J. R. Pretyman New-
11,495
J. Branch, Drea te eek 10,559
HARROW, 35,379.
*H, Mallaby-Deeley, U.
U
Jnop.
HORNSEY, 23,450.
*EarlofRonaldshay, U.11,066
R. E. Dummett, L.. 7,633
TOTTENHAM, 29,620.
PPE SAI en bisects « bis 12,046
Ee ¥. Sturdy, Hh f.3% 10,045
UXBRIDGE, 17,634.
*Hon. Charles Mills, U.9,005
M. C. Mallik, Ly......... 4,286
Monmouth,
NORTHERN, 15,711.
*Rt. Hn. R. McKenna, L.7,722
eos .D.E, Williams,
Peers eoevcserecess Cecetces
See eer oesecerececrass® 44,586
SOUTHERN, 19,134.
Mal.-Gen. Sir I. J.C
Herbert,Bt.. c.s., L.8,597
L. Forestier - Walker,
OHA: + 6,656
Cerecerttateree
i*R: De Holt, L
Nortu (Aylsham), 11,160.
+N 2. Boxtom Tey 20.: 5,187 |
H. D. King, Ehtey' t 4,492
Nortu-W eee (Freebridge),
11,613,
(By- -election. May 31, 1912.)
*E. G. Hemmerde, k. a
1 SA PN fee Ror me APE. 5,613
N. P. Jodrell, U. .......4,965
SouTH (Diss), ovr:
*A, W. Soames, - iguase 4,740
T. S. Timmis, U.
SouTH-WEST (Thetford),
_ 9,045.
*SIf RR. Wintrey, asks. tes 4
Capt. A. E. S, Clarke,
MMOs mentee Hep Py fb)
Northampton.
East (Wellingborough),
17,470.
ae ah panos
Sir A. R. de Capell- |
BIOOKE Blo. Waal: 6,676
RL Os Richards, Lab...25,490 t
Mp, 14,189.
"ET. Manfield, a ey ae le 6,281 |
| T. Fy G, Paget, LD acpi 6,031
in NORTH, 10,767.
32 ie Onn OF Brassey, U... 5,272
J. R. Wilkinson, L. ...4,221
SOUTH, 9,290.
*Hon. Edward Fitzroy,
wee 8
ses Huila ia on Pract ew 4,340
A. A. Thomas, 1 AIRY i fe 4
Northumberland.
BERWICK-ON-TWEED, 9,420.
*Rt. Hon. Sir E. Grey,
Bart irate. sna ast 4,612
Crt Ploame ree 2,926
HEXHAM, I1,i51.
a eee 5,124
A. H. Chaytor, ics 4,334
TYNESIDE, 25,667.
a M. Robertson, Ta
. M. Robertson, U.,
WANSBECK, 18,950:
*Rt. Hon. C. Fenwick,
Disa, aaa posnahesk ato neaeaet Unop,
Nottingham.
BASSETLAW, 12,012.
Pie ie Hume- bia ame
Peewee ereereans
11,693
, oO 857
ip 436
WwW. Stopford. Brooke,L, ; 221 |
|
|
|
°| E. Powell, L.
| Mip or WELLINGTON, 8,751.
|
]
Bee B. Markham, Bt,,
| *B. Stanier, U.
*J. King,
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERRMENT.
MANSFIELD, 21,075.
+e TT, 383
P: Cockerill, ie Reatsasis (yee
NEWARK, 11,320.
.R. Starkey, U. ......5,049
_B. Wallis, Tereiveres. 4,307
RUSHCLIFFE, 19,640.
LS pene ear eat 9,186
| COR, Disraeur ts, ty0: 6,580
Oxford.
NorTu or Bansury, 8,021
Hon. Eustace Twistle-
cies Wykeham Fien-
S, Lice 3,629
“*Capt. RB. Brassey,U. ee
SouTH or HENLEY, eo,
i*V, Flemin
: +543
G.C,N. Nichdlson:i L. ee
MipD or WooDsTOCk, 10,525.
i*A, St. G. Hamersley,
K,Giy Us tare teen 4,773
BEN Bennett, lec hs 4,381
Rutland, 4,128.
| Which. gs sans.cuev oacun tes ..4,960
w H. S. Pyman, L....4,508
Yorkshire. East
Riding.
BuCKROSE, 10,652.
\*Sir L, White, L......... ye
| Maj. M. Sykes, U
HOLDERNESS, 10 850%
*A,S. ee sen BBE
S. Arnold, L. +104,480
Havpamaunde 35 587:
(Bye-election, Feb. 10,1915.)
Lt.-Col, Hon. F.
| boy
Jackson, U. ..... Unop
Yorkshire, West
i. Riding.
BARKSTON ASH, 10,871.
*G. R. Lane-Fox, U. ...5,066
Fibre Li! cosidac. 4,372
BARNSLEY, 20,861.
*Sir J. Walton, Bt., L.Unop.
CouNE VALLEY, 12,489.-
*C; Leach; bs si. 15 147
Capt. A. B. Boyd- -Car-
penter, Urissrsrcares $104,047
rae ae Q1,511.
aS econo
Negees
C. Ww. ‘hitwouts, Ub656
ELLAND, 13, 1956:
*C, P. Trevelyan, L, ‘6,613
G, oth Rams en; U, 00149549
458
HALLAMSHIRE, 19,935.
*J. Wadsworth, Lab....8,708
DT. Smith; Uss...: 357037
HouMFIRTH, 12,788.
(Bye-electien, June 20, 1912.)
S, Arnold, Lic ‘ascii. 4,749
RoG. Bilis Uses. 3,379
W.. Buna) Laba iii... 463,195
KEIGHLEY, 13,373.
(Bye-election, June 29, 1915.)
Sir Swire Smith, L...Unop.
MORLEY, 15,823.
*G. A. France, L....... Unop.
NORMANTON, 16,466.
cP Hall; Labo. ct. Unop.
OSGOLDCROSS, 18,286,
*Rt. Hon. Sir J.Compton-
Rickett, Lites svg: 51
M. Campbell -Johnston,
Nyy (oedvaconsadouceinso4e a4?
OTLEY, 13,397:
ay ByeDuncan sss ast 6,151
W. W. .. Thompson,
PAB ako sesasooe amar as 4,892
PUDSEY, 15,071.
ME WO eden, doe \urcsacseaces 6,518
Fe OCU YS Wieser 5,888
RIPON, 12,860.
*Hon.Edward Wood, U.5,894
H. N. Rae, ie poerttaeeee
ROTHERHAM, 20,487,
*Rt, Hon, J.A. Pease, L.9,385
J. H. Dransfield, Usa 4,511
SHIPLEY, 16,329.
(Bye-election, Feb. 9, 1915.)
O, Partington, L. ...Unop.
SKIPTON, (3, Bis
¥*W. Clough, L... 6,151
R, F. Roundell, een 6, 100
SoWERBY, 12,805.
*J. S. Higham, L....... Unop.
SPEN VALLEY, 11,631.
*Rt.. Hon. Sito...
Whittaker, .L.........
F. A. Kelly, U. wu...
5,041
4,545
ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES
Oxford (Two Mems), 6,895.
*Lord H. Cecil, U. ...Unop.
(Bye-election, June 30, 1914.)
R. E. Prothero, M.V.O.,
TDs Von pacauabone vets cate’ te Unop.
Cambridge (Two Mems.),
7145.
Bye-election, Feb. 16, zg1z).
4], FB. OP. Rawlinson,
K.Cs, Unop.
Sir 1: Larmor, D.s¢c.,
F.RSy Wo Sree +012, 308
Hi Coxpind.aU wi. 1,954
DT APages; ile West
London, 6G.
*Sir P. Magnus, U...... 2,579
Sir V. Horsley, F.x.c.s.
| OS bivshcludevecermecthegntetk gag?
eoeerccestetoseces
5,020 | +
WALES.
WELSH BOROUGHS.
Cardiff District, 28,723.
Lord N. _ Crichton-
StiarewUh, ey 12,181
Sir C. G. Hyde, L... 11,887
earmartes District,
1772.
*W.L. willigeas, L...Unop.
(Elected Mar. 16, 1915.)
Carnarvon District,
5,717.
|*Rt. Hon. D. L. George,
TE Siesta aun hawtivak onan mcwate 3,112
Ne JORGE apis coe 1,904
8 | Denbigh Boroughs,
5,130.
*Hon. William Ormsby-
Gore, Ui weit ncteat 2,385
GG, Reesidiy oy. 4 2,376
Flint Boroughs, 4,359.
(Bye-election, Jan. 21, 1913.)
TL. Patryy Ba ites. 25152
J. H. Roberts, U. :.....1
Merthyr Tydfil (Two
Mems.), 23,219.
| *E, R. Jonés, L. 1.0... 12,258
*J. K. Hardie, Lab.... 11,507
H. Watts, die ie eas ig Mts Coil a cima i's £1,300
Deputy Surgeon- General tRosccneec’ Fede ticnse ts £766
BiCRt SOPkG00 0. res ecb ose Wews AA oes ees : £492 to £656
Staff Surgeon ...csesceeee aN I ee ee £365 to £457
SUMO ia ss cee veeccsdlve'e iota Pa WR ae dhe deh lob £256 to £328
SEPARATION ALLOWANCES FOR THE DEPENDANTS OF SEAMEN, MARINES,
AND NAVAL RESERVISTS BORNE ON THE BOOKS OF H.M.’S SHIPS.
It has been decided that for the period of the war separation
allowances will be paid to members of the family of a Naval Rating,
Marine, or Reservist who was actually dependent on him, wholly or
partially, before the war, provided he is willing to continue his own
contribution by making an allowance.
The rate of a separation allowance payable would depend in each
case on the amount the man was in the habit of contributing and the
amount he is now allotting or is prepared to allot, but in no case will
the separation allowance be reduced in consequence of the man
increasing his allotment.
In the case of men serving at home, the necessary information will
be obtained in the first place from the man, and no action is necessary
until he or she receive a form from the Admiralty or a Naval Marine
Division.
In the case of mea serving abroad dependants who wish to claim
an allowance will have to prove that the man actually contributed to
their support, and they should ask at a post office for a form to fill
up and send to the Accountant-General of the Navy.
The same form should be used in making a claim by the wife of
any man who is serving abroad but has not declared an allotment in
aa favour. These allowances will be paid weekly through the Post
Office.
472 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
ADMIRALTY DOCKYARD EMPLOYEES.
The rates of pay in Admiralty dockyards do not correspond with
those settled between employees and Trade Unions in profitmaking
establishments, and comparison is rendered difficult by the differences
in grading and the pensions and allowances made to some of the
Government employees. As will be seen from the table below, the
rates per week for labourers are from 1s. to 3s. below the current
Trade Union rate. x
RATES OF Pay.
Skilled labourers (about 13,400 employed; these include ship-
wrights, fitters, platers, etc.).
Time Rate.
Probationary: Rate, \.5,.cccseseccmncadsvs 238.
Neotmal Scale ©: is..0iiccka.d dei dedebolbaek 24s. to 28s.
Special Rates oo lz.i2insniectaacs vat 29S., 303., 335.
A skilled labourer who is secured his time wages may, when
employed on piecework, earn from 25 to 50 per cent. additional.
Unskilled labourers (about 4,600 employed).
AAPAG IRACG gives cx'gepacauonenties saan pe cee 238.
(At Haulbowline, Ireland) ...........cccseescsceeeeeeees 223.
The minimum wage of adult men. employed in London is ass.
per week.
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF RATES OF WAGES AND RELATIVE COST OF
| Rates of wages of labourers.
Town. | b | Co-opera-| Trade < | Food,
/ fos: oe dba | tive secie-| Union ey Rent, | rent &
lamplovaes i s|___ ties’ district ai a ae ==:
ipa betas Aca bike jemployees| rate. foe , com-
[BagodTh eked ladies abate Se Penta Ss EE 2
; |
Londen (ship-|; s. d.j s. d. | Sa oi eal pated. 2 )
building and} | | ° 64 |
engineering | and |
COMME) Ouse atl 26 500 $0 1G.) ee | 9 7. | 100 | too | 100
Chatham ......; 23 0) 25 6 | 24°00)" 04.9 | Tor | 57 92
Portsmouth..... 23 0, 24 0} 24 0; 0 6 | 100 | 61 92
Devonport ...., 23 9} 24 0) 24 0/| 0 6$)| 99 | 81 95
Sheerness’ 43h: °23 0 | 23. 0 | 24.0 | One | 192 67 95
| | } | |
a II AT SR I ATION I ST A A ET RE Sa
*In the above table London is taken as the standard, and the cost of living (rents
and prices) in other towns is reckoned as a percentage of the cost in London. Thus,
food and coal are 1 per cent. dearer in Chatham than in London, while rents are 43 per
cent. cheaper.
PRESENTATION OF EMPLOYEES’ GRIEVANCES.
Any Admiralty employee can submit a complaint with regard
to rates of wages, conditions of service, etc., in the following
manner :— t
The complaint should be made—
(x) To the responsible local officers.
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 473
(2) If not satisfied with the results of such representations
appeal may be made to the Admiral or Captain Superintendent.
(3) In the last resort the matter may be placed directly before
the Board of Admiralty in a petition.
Once a year an opportunity is given for the employees to present
petitions, requests, or statements of grievances to the Board of
Admiralty : and after these have been received deputations representing
employees can be accorded interviews with the Financial Secretary.
In questions affecting all the employees in any yard, after the
formal petition has been presented, a limited number of representative
employees are invited to interview with the Financial Secretary and
Admiralty officers in London. Such representatives of employees are
paid ordinary time wages and travelling expenses whilst on a
deputation.
The maximum number of directly elected representatives of the
skilled and ordinary labourers who are permitted to attend the
interviews in London is as follows :—
Portsmouth ... 4 representatives. Sheerness ... 2 representatives.
Devonport ... 4 3 Haulbowline... 1 i
Pembroke ... 2 e Greenock......... I a
Chatham ...... 4 3 :
No decision is ever given at these interviews, and, though the
representatives may be questioned, they are not permitted to ask any
questions, nor is anything in the nature of discussion allowed. The
Admiralty admits no bargaining, collective or otherwise. Some months
after the interview the decision of the Admiralty is published in the
form of an order.
A considerable proportion of the Admiralty employees are members
of Trade Unions, but the Admiralty still refuses to recognise or admit
that any Trade Union has a right to speak for its members. It does,
however, consent to receive deputations, on grievances affecting
Admiralty employees, from the Trades Union ‘Congress, though not
from any individual Trade Union.
AGRICULTURE—ENGLAND AND WALES.
BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES.
Address: 4, 5,6and 8, Whitehall Place, S.W. (Other offices at 3 and 21, St. James’ Square,
raat ; 43,540 Parliament Street, S.W.; and Craven House, Northumberland
venue, W.C.)
The Board of Agriculture and Fisheries controls all matters
connected with farming, diseases of animals and plants, agricultural
education, forestry, small holdings and allotments, and fisheries
throughout England and Wales. It collects the annual returns of
acreage and produce of crops, live stock, etc., and makes reports
thereupon.
President, Right Hon. the Earl of Selborne (£2,000).
Permanent Secretary, Sir Sydney Olivier (£1,500).
Parliamentary Secretary, Right Hon. F. D, Acland, M.P. (£1,200).
273 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
There are five sub-divisions :—
(1) The Animals Division, dealing with their diseases,
transport, import, and export.
(2) Fisheries Division.
(3) Intelligence Division, dealing with general farming
subjects, agricultural education in England and Wales, and
forestry.
(4) Land Division, dealing with small holdings and
_ allotments.
(5) Statistical, Tithe and Establishment Division, dealing
with statistics of acreage, produce, etc.
The agricultural output of Great Britain, 1913, was valued at
4,150,800,000. Number of persons employed, 1,840,000.
The Agricultural output of Ireland, 1913, £45,574,000. Number of
persons employed, 984,000.
Of the total area of the United Kingdom—76,646,977 acres—
19,414,166 acres were under crops in 1914 and 27,349,650 under
permanent grass.
FISHERIES.
In 1911 the number employed in industry ...... 102,000
the number of sailing ships ............... 21,827
the number of steamships .................. 39155
Total value of fish caught in 1913 ....... sey tian 2,14,229,000
LocaLt FISHERIES AUTHORITIES.
There are eleven Local Fisheries Authorities in England and Wales
regulating the sea fishing within three miles of the shore. The largest
area of jurisdiction is about 490 miles; the smallest about 80 miles.
The chief powers are as follows :—
To control, restrict, or prohibit any particular method of sea
fishing.
To prohibit or regulate the deposit of any substance likely to hurt
sea fish.
To fix the sizes at which shell fish may not be taken from a fishery.
To protect shell fish laid down for breeding.
These local authorities include practical fishermen, or persons
chosen by them as their representatives.
In Scotland all the fisheries are controlled by the Fishery Board
for Scotland.
In Ireland fisheries are administered by the Department of
Agriculture and Technical Instruction, while on the West Coast the
Congested District Board takes care of the development and
improvement of fishing.
The expenditure on fisheries for the United Kingdom during the
year ended March 31st, 1913, was as follows :—
Board of Agricul- Department of Agri-
ture and Fisheries culture and Technical
(England and Fishery Board tor Instruction for Congested Districts
Wales). Scotland. Ireland. Board for Ireland.
£ £ £ £
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, 575
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
England and Wales are divided into eleven educational provinces,
each containing an agricultural college, where training can be
obtained in all matters connected with agriculture. In 1912-13 1,269
students attended full courses at these institutes, while 570 took shorter
courses. Technical advice is also given to farmers, and local problems
are investigated. Day courses and evening schools in counties where
there are no farm schools, and travelling dairy schools and instruction
in manual processes are other activities undertaken by the Board of
Agriculture.
SMALL HOLDINGS AND ALLOTMENTS.
The Small Holdings and Allotments Commissioners, in their latest
report, state that up to December 31st, 1913, 179,204 acres had been
actually acquired for small holdings by County Councils in England
and Wales, of which 124,917 acres had been purchased for £4,074,885,
and 54,287 acres leased for rents amounting to £65,442. Of this
land, 157,883 acres had been actually let to 11,021 individual small
holders and 476 acres sold to 42 small holders. In addition, 8,037
acres had been let to 61 Co-operative Small Holdings Associations,
who had sublet the land to 1,424 of their members, and 3,314 applicants
had been provided with over 44,000 acres by private landowners direct,
mainly through the instrumentality of the Councils. The land that
had been acquired, but which is not yet let in small holdings, will
probably provide for another 917 applicants, and the Councils of County
Boroughs have acquired 2,636 acres, of which 996 acres are let to
209 individual small holders and 97 members of Co-operative
Associations. It appears, therefore, that the Act has resulted in the
provision of land for 17,055 applicants in six years.
During 1913 fresh applications were received by County Councils
from 3,982 individuals and 15 associations. The total quantity applied
for was 69,622 acres, showing an increase on 1912. During the six
yeats since the Act came into operation applications have been received
from 43,245 individuals and 89 associations, and the total quantity
applied for amounts to 723,497 acres. A considerable number of the
applicants, especially of those who applied in the first year, proved
to be unsuitable for various reasons, mainly owing to lack of necessary
capital, but 25,567 applicants have been provisionally approved as
suitable, though it does not necessarily follow that it is possible to
obtain holdings for them at rents which they are prepared to pay.
A striking feature of the applications received is the continually
increasing demand in certain counties in which it has been encouraged
by an efficient County Council.
The average price of the land purchased in 1913 was £32 12s. 5d.
an acre, and the average rent of the land leased £1.4s. an acre.
Norfolk maintains the lead with 1,045 tenants, followed by
Cambridge with 931, the Isle of Ely with 870, Bedfordshire with 607,
Somerset with 569, and Worcester with 496. Every Council, except
that of London, has provided some holdings, but the following have
not succeeded in doing much in that direction, viz., Westmorland
with 9, Middlesex with 12, and West Sussex with 15. It is very largely
true to say that the demand increases in proportion to the activity
shawn in administering the Act.
476 IMPERIAL AND MATIONAL GOVERNMERT,
How TO Get A SMaLt HOLDING.
The County Councils vary very much in the way they deal with
applicants for land, but no one is likely to secure a holding from a
Council unless he has some experience of cultivation, and can find
capital up to somewhere about £5 an acre. This capital need not
all be in money; stock will be counted in according to its yalue.
Moreover, competent applicants, who have not sufficient money, would
be able to get land if they could obtain the money needed through a
credit bank or some other source. If a man who wants a small holding
has some experience, and can put his hand on the capital, he should
apply to the Clerk of the County Council of the county in which he
desires to take land. .A form asking for particulars of his requirements
and qualifications will then be sent him, and when he has filled this
in and returned it he will probably be interviewed by some members
of the Council’s Small Holdings Committee; if the interview passes
off satisfactorily he will be put on the list of approved applicants,
and land should be found for him. If the Council does not quickly
find him land, the applicant can appeal to the District Commissioner,
to his local member of the County Council, or to the local Member
of Parliament. The best course for applicants in any district is to
band themselves together into groups, for it is far easier for the
Council to deal with groups than with individuals.
How TO GET AN ALLOTMENT.
Any working man can apply for an allotment to his Parish Urban
District or Borough Council, or to the parish chairman in small
parishes where there are no Councils. These local Councils do not,
as a rule, hold special inquiries, nor ask the applicant about his capital
unless he needs a considerable holding of, say, four or five acres.
No one has yet persuaded a Parish Council to build cottages on
allotments as they have power to do, but it is to be hoped they will do
so in the near future. If the local Council is not favourable, difficulties
can be put in the way of applicants; so they also should, if possible,
form a group. It is worth knowing that any public elementary school
can be obtained free for a meeting to consider any questions relating
to allotments.
The Board of Agriculture have prepared leaflets on ‘‘ The
Administration of the Small Holdings Act,’’ ‘‘ How to Obtain an
Allotment or a Small Holding,” and ‘‘ Agricultural Credit Banks,”’
and have also published reports on the working of a number of
holdings.
AGRICULTURE— SCOTLAND.
BOARD OF AGRICULTURE FOR SCOTLAND,
29, St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh.
Minister responsible to Parliament, the Secretary of State tor
Scotland.
Chairman, Sir Robert P. Wright (41,200 to £1,500).
This department deals, for Scotland, with the same agricultural
business as the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries does for England
and Wales. There is a separate Fishery Board for Scotland.
IMPERIAL AND AATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 47
AGRICULTURE—IRELAND.
BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL
INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND,
4, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin,
Vice-President (Minister responsible to Parliament), Right Hon.
T. W. Russell, M.P. (£1,350).
Secretary, T. P. Gill.
Inspector for Irish Agricultural interests in Great Britain, R. M.
Bowen-Colthurst (£500).
CONGESTED DISTRICTS BOARD,
23, Rutland Square, Dublin.
This Board was established in 1891 to attend to the problem of
large congested areas of the West of Ireland, and to buy and deal with
land, especially very poor or neglected estates. It also constructs
‘roads and bridges, opens fish-curing stations, develops female
industries by means of training schools for lace, crochet, knitting,
weaving, and domestic economy, and provides lessons in practical
agriculture.
ARMY—UNITED KINGDOM.
THE WAR OFFICE,
Whitehall, S.W,
The War Office controls all matters in connection with the conduct
of war, the upkeep of the Army, pensions to retired soldiers, their
widows and children, and the manufacture of munitions and aircraft.
The executive authority is the Secretary of State for War, acting
by the advice of the Army Council.
The responsibility for organising the defence of the Empire, and
for co-ordinating the Army, Navy, and Colonial Forces, rests with the
Imperial Defence Committee. This body, first appointed in Mr.
Balfour’s Ministry of 1900-5, consists of the Prime Minister and such
other Ministers and high officials as may from time to time be invited.
It always includes the Secretaries of State for War and the Colonies
- and the First Lord of the Admiralty.
Secretary of State for War, Right Hon. Earl Kitchener (£5,000).
Permanent Secretary, Sir R. H. Brade (£2,000),
Parliamentary Under-Secretary, Right Hon. H. J. Tennant, M.P.
(£1,500).
Financial Secretary, H. W. Forster, M.P. (£1,500).
ARMY COUNCIL.
Secretary of State for War, Right Hon. Earl Kitchener (£5,000).
Chief of the Imperial General Staff (First Military Member),
Lieut.-General Sir J. W. Murray (£3,000).
478 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
Adjutant-General to the Forces (Second Military Member),
Licut.-General Sir H. C. Sclater (£2,500).
Quartermaster-General to the Forces (Third Military Member),
Major-General Sir J. S. Cowans (£2,000).
Master-General of the Ordnance (Fourth Military Member), Major-
General Sir S. B. von Donop (£2,000).
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State (Civil Member), Right Hon.
H. J. Tennant, M.P. (£1,500).
Financial Secretary (Finance Member), H. W. Forster, M.P.
(41,500).
Secretary, Sir R. H. Brade (Permanent Under-Secretary of State)
(£2,000).
ROYAL ARMY CLOTHING FACTORY,
Grosvenor Road, S.W.
Chief Ordnance Officer, Colonel R. W. M. Jackson (£826).
Medical Officer, Major H. A. L. Howell, R.A:M.C. (£493).
ROYAL AIRCRAFT FACTORY,
South Farnborough.
Superintendent, M. O’Gorman (£1,400).
ROYAL ORDNANCE FACTORIES’ CENTRAL STAFF,
Woolwich.
Chief Superintendent Ordnance Factories, Vincent L. Raven.
Civil Assistant, J. T. La Brooy.
Paymaster, C. Sendey.
ROYAL GUN AND CARRIAGE FACTORIES. —
Superintendent, Colonel C. P. Martel.
ROYAL LABORATORY.
Superintendent, Colonel Sir H. W. W. Barlow.
Officers in Charge of Danger Buildings, Captains G. F. B. Turner
and W. L. Browne.
BUILDING WORKS DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent, Major N. M. Hemming.
Traffic Manager, Lieutenant L. H. Becher (temporary).
Engineer (Railways), N. W. T. Gibson.
Surveyor, G. J. Burns.
Assistant Manager, H. G. Assister.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent, G. H. Roberts.
ROYAL GUNPOWDER AND SMALL ARMS FACTORIES,
Waltham Abbey and Enfield Lock.
Superintendent, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel F. T. Fisher.
IMPERIAL AND RATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 479
The following relates to the Army as before the European War,
and is here inserted for the purpose of comparison.
ARMY ORGANISATION, COST, AND ESTABLISHMENTS.
The British Army was organised by Lord Haldane in two lines
only: (1) The Regular Army, with its Reserve and Special Reserve
(the latter replacing the old militia); and (2) the Territorial Force,
constituted out of the Yeomanry and the former Volunteers. The
object of the First Line is to furnish garrisons and field forces for
India, Egypt, South Africa, and other places; to maintain at home a
sufficiency of troops to supply drafts for the troops serving abroad,
and out of the troops at home to constitute an Expeditionary Force,
to be completed to war strength by the Reserve, while the Special
Reserve takes up the work of making good the wastage of war. The
object of the Second Line is to provide a force for home defence, with
no obligation to serve abroad, but with the possibility that individuals
and units may volunteer to serve abroad in case of hostilities.
ARMY ESTIMATES, 1913 AND 1914,
EFFECTIVE SERVICES,
Net Estimate, Net Estimate,
1913-14. 1914-15,
Pay, eG. OR AVI os tanita cs nas kann tee): 78,022 000 8,705,000
Medical Establishments—Pay, etc. .... 440,000 437,000
Special Reserve (including Officers’
Training COrps) ‘ass2 ces) scedss A Piogl 715,000 724,000
LOrritOrgae Orns sd iddiscds decd etaadd™.. 2,885,000 3,086,000
Establishments for Military Education.. 146,000 156,000
Quartering, Transport, and Remounts .. 1,694,000 1,732,000
Supplies apd Clothing oo ee.cssscseaves 4,507,000 4,388,000
Ordnance Department — establishments
RUMP SOMCCREEIOEGS occ co's ones views s 720,000 : 621,000
Armaments, Aviation, and Engineer
DME WGA clapa'e pb $635 6 05% bee d.ed.\, AsOT TOO se 1,732,000
WVORR BO FIUUCINGS foc. se ccsessencins 2,495,000 ii 2,791,000
Miscellaneous Effective Services.......- 66,000 ip 59,000
WEE IOC Faery hc cece tv eviataeecivscs 443,000 +“ 457,000
£24,281,000 £24,888,000
a SSS
NON-EFFECTIVE SERVICES.
Net Estimate,
Net Estimate,
1913-14. 1914-15.
Non-effective Charges for Officers ...... 1,849,000 eS 1,846,000
Non-effective Charges for Men, etc. .... 1,950,000 ae 1,977,000
Civil Superannuation, Compensation, and
Compassionate Allowances ........ 140,000 134,000
Total Non-effective Services.... £3,939,000 £3,957,000
ne] See
Total Effective and Non-effective
PIOCVICED ae dss ia'd mpc t.6.9 9.9 9:9 3%4220j000
ess
£28,845,000
Bo ica oo a
460 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
ARMY PAY.
DAILY PAY (BRITISH ESTABLISHMENT), EXCLUSIVE OF ALLOWANCES.
From To
According to Regiment. s. d. s) ‘ad.
Colonel or Lieutenant-Colone); 06.6049 sawed» vane en ee Om 24 9
Major: s2iv2s unk. 2200 cot Ae ate fad aes Se 16 0 18 6
Gaptain Sis crenets. as is fa et stews anes itt bole, Me 15 0
LICUIGUADL Lass cadences ata e cab ele trtte se oeek, re 9 0
Second LACUICUOUl sce as mcs v ack c senkaae om A a 2. oe 7S
Fag ah CY 6 ana AS Sd a Ni wie ers Sern Ee ee | Oe 18 o
Riding Master iivsiy's «o7%e bles aielels per week,
+ Bis aire BY HO Lee sae aud rae qe
i 4 0 Be TK Dairy Le I 9g ue
” 5G se 7 Nb caiate micelle 2.1% nm
oe DS ee ee Ol Chee Dat pie alt 2-87 Ge
a A 9 aaa LOE One eee oe 3.6 -
59 AO FQ hey Fee ea ee seg O& ¥
A gE PS WE eh ee ee ee? ee 4 8 “
ai SEBAVOS Ser OS ee < 5 3 és
io ted i) Tore ee lodexcks 5 10 -
Limit for the dependent of a sergeant :~-
The limit is raised to 16s. 6d. in the case of a colour-sergeant, to
z2s. in the case of a regimental quartermaster-sergeant, and to 23s.
in the case of a warrant officer, Class 1.
PENSION FOR DISABLEMENT.
Men disabled through war service are eligible for pensions varying
according to rank and degree of incapacity. The rate for a private
soldier totally incapable of earning a livelihood will be 25s. a week,
with 2s. 6d. a week for each child (under age 16) born before discharge.
PENSIONS FOR WIDOWS, CHILDREN, AND DEPENDENTS.
Widows and children of men kilied in action or dying of wounds
or injuries received on military duty, or of disease contracted or
commencing on active service, are eligible for pensions. The private
widow’s rate is 10s. a week, with an addition of 2s. 6d. a week at the
age of 35s., and a further 2s. 6d. at 45. The first child (under age 16)
receives 5s. a week, the second 3s. 6d., and each other child 2s.
Motherless children receive 5s. a week each.
Pensions or gratuities will be payable in certain circumstances to-
other dependents of deceased soldiers, but the details are not yet
settled.
The Army in India consists of British Regular Forces, Indian
Regular Forces, the various local corps, British Volunteers, Indian
Army Reserves, Imperial Service Troops, and Military Police.
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 483
Recruiting is voluntary for three years, but the soldier usually
re-engages, and often secures a career for life.
During recent years Indian military expenditure has averaged about
#19,500,000 annually.
The Indian Forces of the second line are: the Volunteers, about
35,400 strong; the Imperial Service Troops, maintained by the Native
States; the Frontier Militia on the north-west frontier; and the
Military Police on that frontier and in Assam and Burma. The Militia’
and Police are under the civil power.
The Territorial Force—Establishment and Strength.—The following
figures show the establishment and strength, excluding permanent
staff, of the Territorial Force, all ranks, provided for in the 1914-15
Estimates :—
Establishment, 316,551; strength, 252,458.
THE DEFENCE FORCES OF THE DOMINIONS.
Colonial Military Systems are all framed primarily for home
defence, no man being liable for service outside his country.
Canada.—Under the provisions of the Canadian Militia Act, 1904,
every Canadian between the ages of 18 and 60 is liable to military
service, but. there is no compulsion.
The Australian Defence Acts, 1909 and 1910, amended the Acts
of 1903 and 1904, and were measures having for their object to enforce
compulsory service on all able-bodied males.
New Zealand.—The principle of compulsory military training was
adopted by the Defence Act of 1909.
South Africa.—A sum of £85,000 annually is contributed by the
Union of South Africa towards the general maintenance of the British
Navy.
By the Defence Act, 1912, liability to military service in any part
of South Africa is imposed upon the whole white male population
up to the age of 60.
Newfoundland.—Towards the maintenance of a branch of the
Royal Naval Reserve Newfoundland contributes £3,000.
AUDIT—UNITED KINGDOM.
EXCHEQUER AND AUDIT DEPARTMENT,
Victoria Embankment, E.C,
Comptroller and Auditor-General, Sir H. J. Gibson (£2,000).
The important work of auditing the public accounts is done by this
department.
The Treasury obtains its money through the agency of the
Comptroller-General, who, upon the Sovereign’s order, countersigned
by two Lords of the Treasury, gives the Lords of the Treasury a credit
upon the Exchequer account at the Bank of England. The amount
is then transferred by the Bank to the credit of the Paymaster-General.
The Paymaster-General makes all payments required by the various
Government Departments out of the money handed to him by the
484 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
Comptroller-General, as stated above. He is an unpaid official, and
acts through the Paymaster-General’s office.
The Comptroller-General examines and audits the accounts of the
various departments to see that the credit given to the Treasury is
spent in accordance with the Parliamentary grants, his report being
presented to the Public Accounts Committee of the House of Commons.
He occupies a position of great independence. He is not under the ©
control of the Treasury, or subject to any direction by the Cabinet.
He is responsible solely and directly to the House of Commons.
Estimated expenses of the department for 1914-15 were £68,235.
BRITISH MUSEUM.
Bloomsbury, W.C., and South Kensington, S.W.
Director and Principal Librarian, Sir F. G. Kenyon (£1,500).
The British Museum, subject only to the control of the Treasury
as regards expenditure, is under the separate administration of a
Board of Trustees, of whom the three principal are the Archbishop
of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, and the Speaker of the House
of Commons.
This is one of the few cases in which the Board, as a form of
administration, has remained a~feality. The trustees of the British
Museum really meet and give orders.
The British Museum contains one of the biggest and most valuable
collections of books, manuscripts, antiquities, and natural history
specimens in the world. It is open every day free to the public
(except Christmas Day and Good Friday). It is estimated that about
a million persons visit the Museum in the year.
The reading-room contains about four million volumes, occupying
over 40 miles of shelving, and the number of books is increasing at
the rate of 60,000 per annum.
Any person over 21 years of age can apply to the Director for a
reader’s ticket for the reading-room for any purpose of study, but
he or she must state the kind of work that it is wished to do there,
and must enclose a recommendation from a London householder.
The natural history specimens (mineralogy, geology, botany,
zoology, and anthropology) are in a separate building at South
Kensington.
The annual cost of the maintenance of the British Museum was
estimated at £195,273 for 1914-15.
CHARITY COMMISSIONERS.
Ryder Street, St. James’s, S.W.
The Charity Commission was created in 1853 ‘“‘for the better
administration of charitable trusts in England and Wales.’ Moneys
left by will for charitable purposes, without any requirement for
permanent investment,.are administered by the Commissioners. ~
Aggregate income for 1913, £9345533-
Chief Commissioner, Sir Charles Cook (£1,500).
Commissioners, A. F. Leach (£1,200) and Right Hon; GC.’ P.
Allen, M.P. (unpaid). |
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GGVERNMENT. 485
CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION,
Burlington Gardens, W.
Until 185 appointments to the Civil Service were made by
nomination only, but from that date qualifying examinations were
introduced. In 1870 the principle of open competition was adopted.
During the year 1914 60,643 candidates entered for examination.
Estimated Expenditure, 1914-15, £51,885.
First Commissioner, S. M. Leathes (£1,500).
Cemmissioner, H. W. Paul (£1,200).
COLONIES.
THE COLONIAL OFFICE,
Downing Street, S.W.
Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies, Right Hon. A. Bonar
Law, M.P. (£5,000).
Parliamentary Under-Secretary, A. D. Steel-Maitland, M.P. (£1,500).
Permanent Under-Secretary, Sir John Anderson (£2,000).
The salaries, etc., of the Colonial Office are estimated at £61,510
for 1914-15.
The Colonial Office is responsible for the administration of our
Colonies and dependencies (not including the Isle of Man and the
Channel Isles, as to which the Home Secretary is responsible; nor yet
India (with Aden:and Perim), which is under the Secretary of State
for India; nor yet the Island of Ascension, which is under the First
Lord of the Admiralty; nor yet the Egyptian Protectorate, which is
under the Foreign Office).
The Colonial Office is organised in three branches,
I. The Dominions Division, dealing with the affairs of the
self-governing dominions of the Empire, and with those Crown
Colonies and Protectorates in the Pacific and in South Africa, which
are intimately connected with the self-governing dominions.
Emigration questions are dealt with by this department. Linked to
it is the Secretariat of the Imperial Conference.
II. The Crown Colonies Division, dealing with the administration
and political work of the Crown Colonies and Protectorates.
IiI. The General Department, dealing with the general routine
business of the office and various matters common to all the Colonies,
especially the Crown Colonies, such as currency, banking, postal, and
telegraph matters, education, etc.
The total trade of the British Empire with foreign countries was :—
i a "904
DrpOPeNa sets. secs so 408,05 PORN esis 732,881,000 ...... 822,957,000
RXPOrtsy hs as closes. 3195795,000 ..... bia OE Gy 9S 8,000: 50.06 669,160,000
486 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
The trade of the United Kingdom with British Colonies and
possessions was :—
1890 IQII Igi2
£ £
Eimports:: 3246206020. 101,080,000 ...... 215,540,000 ...... 236,316,000
Exports) 22: . cas: 106,515,000 ...... 192,374,000 ...... 218,267,000
The Inter-Colonial trade was :—
r8a0 1QIt IgI2
iy b
Eraports |y.5 sep ~ nosed 34,697,000 ...... 77,531,000 faa 83,585,000
ESTIMATED CAPITAL WEALTH.
Uerted : Kingdom 9 2oocico snes san tedite- acces ee 15,000,000,000
Canada .., isas-b2s-cb bad=- ah heh canadienne 1, 350,000,000
PARSER ULSI G Se hace ae cea de ee 1, 100,000,000
Tihs... «on -cowab agape esunn te eee eee 3,000,000,000
Séuth ) Africa i hin aed 2a. et eee. De: 600,000,000
Remamder: of. Empire (227, 53sec 1,200,000,000
LOLA Vo bile) epee a ae ..+ £22,250,000,000
BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS.
The area of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, exclusive of
India, is 9,451,000 square miles—78 times the area of the United
Kingdom. The population at the r9rr census was 56,845,000, the
population of the United Kingdom being then 45,217,000.
COLONIES IN EUROPE.
Governor, Resident, Mail Transit Single Fares
Name of Colony. Commissioner, ‘trom ;
etc. England, England.
Gibraltar .......... Gen. Sir Herbert Miles 4days.. oe
(Governor and Com-
mander-in-Chief)
Maltatic isi foie te Gen. Sir Leslie Rundle 4days.. foto £14
(Governor and Com-
mander-in-Chief)
Cyprus . se yedan oss Major Sir J. E. Clauson 7days.. -
(High Commissioner)
COLONIES IN ASIA.
Aden (under India Major-Gen. Sir James A. todays.. {21 to £38
Office) Bell (Political Resident);
Lt.-Col. H. F. Jacobs
(1st Assistant)
Bahrein Islands Major S. G. Knox (Resi- as ae
(under India Office) dent in Persian Gulf,
Bushire)
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
487
Governor, Resident, Mail Transit singie F Fares
Name of Colony. Coinmissioner, fro
etc. Hagland, heed.
British NorthBorneo C.W.C. Parr (Governor) 24 days.. ‘as
Brubeiiive...beie . EF. W. Douglas (Resident) eatok a
Ceylon Sir Robert Chalmers 16days.. £14 to £52
(Capital: Colombo) (Governor)
Hong Kong........ Sir Francis Henry May 27-30dys £30 to £65
(Governor)
Sarawak eseeeesees Hon. I. Kirkpatrick Caldi- 25-30dys
cot, Hon. R.. Stair
Douglas (Residents)
Wei-hai-wei..... es. Sir J. H. Stewart Lockhart es
(Commissioner)
STRAIT SETTLEMENTS.
Singapore “is .lis.. R. J. Wilkinson (Colonial 22 days..
Secretary)
Labuan oF. 582, . Capt. Sir A. H. Young om
(Governor and Com-—
mander-in-Chief)
POUR sal ees aes os A. T. Bryant (Resident 2odays..
Councillor)
Malacts 2 fesse .. L.E.P. Wolferstan (Resi- 23 days..
dent)
THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
Perak +e aa
(Capital: Taiping)
Selaneor? 76% 005 ae as a
Negri Sembilan .... ee .
PAR ik sce s ae 7
Kelantan (Capital: W. Langham - Carter e
Kota Bharu) (British Adviser — act-
ing)
Trengganu (Capital: W. D. Scott (British ee
Trengganu) Agent)
Kedah (Capital: Alor W. G. Maxwell (British
Star) Agent)
Perlis G. M. Laidlaw (British es
(Capital: Kangar) Adviser—acting)
WOES Je es 3G Capt. Sir Arthur Young 21days
(High Commissioner) via
Penang
THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA.
Governor-General, Viscount Buxton (£10,000).
Premier, General the Right Hon. Lewis Botha.
High Commissioner in London, Hon. W. P. Schreiner.
ee
ee
£26 to {60
488 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
Secretary, T. Slingsby Nightingale, 32, Victoria Street, S.W.
Area, 473,100 square miles.
Population (census 1911), 5,973,394, Of whom 1,276,242 are
European, 4,019,006 natives, and 678,146 other coloured inhabitants.
By. the South Africa Act, 1909, the Colonies of the Cape of Good
Hope, Natal, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony were united
in a Legislative Union under one Government under the name of The
Union of South Africa. There is an Executive Council to advise the
Governor-General in the government of the Union. The Parliament
consists of a Senate and House of Assembly. Cape Town is the seat
of Legislature, Pretoria the seat of the Executive Government. The
membership of the Union House of Assembly (as adjusted in
accordance with the census of 1911) is: Cape, 51; Natal, 17; the
Transvaal, 45; and the Orange Free State, 17. The membership of
both Houses is limited to persons of European descent.
The control and administration of mative affairs and matters
affecting Asiatics in the Union is vested in the Governor-General in
Council.
Bills passed by the Union Parliament require the assent of the
Governor-General, and may be disallowed within one year by the
King. There is to be Free Trade within the Union as soon as the
Parliament shall have made provision for it. The Union assumed
the Colonial debts and the control of railways, ports, and harbours.
In each of the provinces an Administrator, appointed for five years
by the Governor-General in Council, represents the executive authority,
There is a Council for each province, consisting of 25 members, or as
many more as the number of members the province is entitled to send
to the Union Parliament. Four members are elected by each Provincial
Council to form, with the Administrator of the province, an executive
committee. The election of senators and of members of the executive
committees of the Provincial Councils is according to the principle
of proportional representation, each voter having one transferable
vote.
Resident Commissioners and
Colonies. Capitals. Administrators.
The Cape .......... Cape Town .... Hon. Sir Nicholas F. de Waal.
Natal ......ceeeee.. Pietermaritzburg Hon. C. J. Smythe
Orange Free State .. Bloemfontein .. De A. E. W. Ramsbottom,
The Transvaal...... Johannesburg .. Hon. J. F. B. Rissik.
Basutoland ........ Maseru........ Sir H. C. Sloley (Kesident
Commissioner).
Bechuanaland Protec- Mafeking ...... Lieut.-Col. Panzera (Resident
torate Commissioner).
Swaziland .......... Mbabane ...... R.T.Coryndon (Resident Com-
missioner).
Rhodesia ...ssscccs \ ecvccccscsescsee F. Drummond Chaplin (Ad-
ministrator of Southern
Rhodesia); L. A. Wallace
(Administrator of Northern
Rhodesia).
Mail transit to Cape Town 17 days.
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 7 489
ORDINARY FARES.
Third class.
Second class or
saloon, Open
Closed cabin. berths
(men only)
fue S baviS> ppetiderd ee
SMG LOM oes deecaen viens ecket: FOU 22010 ae 9 9].10 I0
(17 to 20 days
Mossel Bay and Port Elizabeth WUD: PTS a to18 18 | If If
(About 23 days)
East London...... re Se er js 28). 4:1 T3>239to.291 19}: Te 12
(About 25 days)
Durban «is... Se Sey eRe Pe ; os 20 3b ta 14 102050 Lotents
EMIGRATION TO SOUTH AFRICA.
Note.—Owing to the war the labour market in South Africa is
disorganised, and no one should go there now.
In 1913 10,919 emigrants left the United Kingdom to settle in
South Africa; and 10,534 persons left South Africa to settle in the
United Kingdom.
Assisted Passages.—On application by persons who are connected
with the farming industry and are dond-jfide residents of the Union,
the Minister of the Interior will be prepared, in his discretion, to
arrange passages to the Union for European agriculturists and farm
employees, together with their wives and children.
Nominated Passages.—The Union Government grants reduced or
assisted passages to the Union to the wives and children (excluding
male members over 18 years of age) of persons permanently employed
or established in the Union whose means are such that they require
assistance to enable them to bring their families to South Africa.
Working Out Passages.—Emigrants cannot work out their passages,
except by leave of the shipping companies, which is seldom given.
No Repayment Necessary.—Emigrants receiving assisted passages
are not called upon to repay their passage money, and are perfectly
free to work where and for whom they please, except when they have
already entered into agreements for service.
Best Time for Arriving.—In a climate like that of South Africa any
time of the year is suitable for arriving—September perhaps for
preference. December to February are the summer months, the
seasons being the opposite to what they are in the United Kingdom.
Demand for Labour.
Appointments and Employments.—The High Commissioner in
London cannot entertain applications from clerks, school teachers,
engineers, or others desirous of appointments in South Africa; nor
is he in a position to assist persons to obtain employment there.
Appointments can only be obtained by personal application in South
Africa.
QI
490 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT,
Farm Labourers.--The labour employed upon farms—whether
agricultural or pastoral—is almost exclusively that of Kaffir and other
coloured races. The men are paid ios. to 20s. a month, with food
and sleeping accommodation. Very few farmers are willing to offer
such wages or furnish such accommodation as would satisfy
Europeans, for whom, therefore, whether as shepherds -or farm
labourers, there is, generally speaking, little or no demand unless they
are willing to accept 2s. to 3s. a day, with board and lodging. British
emigrants must also remember that in many farming districts of the
Union the Dutch language is usually spoken.
Shares System.—There is, however, a fair number of vacancies for
experienced farm hands with a little capital on the “‘ halves’’ system,
by which the owner of the land provides the necessary land,
implements, and stock, and receives a half-share of all sales of
produce, etc.
Farmers.—There are fair openings in fruit growing, in stock
farming, and in general farming for farmers with capital, but it is
essential that everyone should have some experience of the country
and local conditions before investing in land. Intending settlers
requiring further information regarding agriculture should apply to the
Department of Agriculture, Pretoria.
General Labourers and Lads.—The same remarks apply to general
as to farm labourers. There is very little market for unskilled British
labourers; natives at 3s. to 3s. 6d. a day, and to some extent foreigners
are generally employed. There are, however, considerable numbers
of white labourers now employed on the railways doing work formerly
performed by coloured labour. There is no opening whatever for men
looking for work of a light nature, or for handymen, or for youths
without a trade; many such persons are out of work, and have no
prospect of getting any.
Miners.—At Johannesburg miners have an increasing difficulty in
finding work, and it must be remembered that only about 12 per
cent. of the employees are whites. The diamond mines in the Cape,
Transvaal, and Orange Free State Provinces employ many hundreds
of skilled miners when they are at full work; the supply of miners at
the present time is more than equal to the demand. At the coal mines
coloured labour is mainly used, and the demand for white men is
limited. Copper miners, when they are wanted at Ookiep in
Namaqualand (Cape Province), where the principal copper mines of
South Africa are situated, are procured from here on engagements
of three years, and no one should go there unless engaged, as the local
supply is quite equal to, or in excess of, the demand.
Mechanics.—Most of the industries in South Africa are still
undeveloped, and there is only a small margin between an under-
supply and an over-supply of skilled labour. At Johannesburg many
mechanics and others are out of work, and there is much distress.
At Pretoria there is no demand; new arrivals in search of work should
register their names with the Registrar Officer. In the Cape Province
the demand for labour is poor. In Natal and the Orange Free State
there is no demand for more labour. All mechanics, therefore, are
cautioned against going to South Africa now.
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 49t
Coloured Labour.—It should be remembered that large numbers of
Malays and other coloured men (not including natives), especially in
the Cape Province, now compete with whites as skilled mechanics at
lower wages. The best class of white competes successfully with the
coloured man, but the inferior classes of white workmen are not up
to the average of the coloured men. The shoemaking and tailoring
trades at Cape Town are largely in the hands of Malays and foreigners.
Many blacksmiths also in all parts of the Union are coloured men,
as well as large numbers of harness makers, brickmakers, navvies,
gardeners, coachmen, upholsterers, stonecutters, bricklayers, plasterers,
etc. As a general conclusion, it may be stated that competition
between white and coloured labour in skilled or semi-skilled trades
is greatest in the Cape Province, and, secondly, between white and
Indians in Natal; in the Transvaal and Orange Free State skilled
coloured men are relatively few.
Trades.—Emigrants should remember also that trades are not so
sharply defined as in this country; a carpenter, for instance, should
be ready to act as wheelwright or cooper; or a plumber as a slater;
or a bricklayer as plasterer, mason, or stonecutter.
Shopmen and Clerks.—Clerks, shopmen, storekeepers, and others
without a manual trade are warned against emigrating unless they
have situations to go to, or have special experience in a particular line
of business, or have means of their own.
Railwaymen.—Railwaymen should not go out unless they are
advertised for in this country. Wages per day are: Drivers, 1os. 6d.
to 15s.; firemen, 6s. to gs. 6d.; guards, 8s. to 11s.; porters, 6s. to
gs.; signalmen, 7s. 6d. to 12s.; and white labourers, 3s. to 5s.
Female Domestic Servants.—For thoroughly good female domestic
servants there is a demand at Cape Town, Kimberley, Johannesburg,
Durban, and other towns, but the fact of native competition and of a
strong prejudice held by European girls against this kind of service
must be kept in view, male coloured labourers being usually employed
as cooks and general servants and for laundry work. It may be
stated, however, that any female servant, if of good character and
industrious, especially if she is also a good plain cook, will have no
difficulty in getting employment. In most houses a native or other
coloured labourer is kept to do the more menial kind of domestic
work.
Governesses, Clerks, Shop Assistants, etc.—There is little demand
for women teachers who are uncertificated, governesses, lady clerks,
dressmakers, nurses, shop assistants, typists, working housekeepers,
ladies’ maids, companions, lady helps, or lady housekeepers. Women
emigrants, whether school teachers, governesses, clerks, etc.; should
not emigrate to South Africa without first communicating with the South
African Colonisation Society, 23, Army and Navy Mansions (No. 2),
115, Victoria Street, S.W.
COST OF LIVING.
As an offset against the high rates of wages in South Africa, it
must be noted that the average cost of living is double that in England.
EMPLOYMENT.
The Emigrants’ Information Office does not find employment for
emigrants.
492 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT..
FURTHER INFORMATION.
For further particulars as to crown lands, farming, mining, etc., see
the Union of South Africa Handbook, with map, published by and to be
obtained from, the Emigrants’ Information Office, price 1d., post free.
Or apply to the Chief Clerk at the Emigrants’ Information Office, 34,
Broadway, Westminster, S.W.; or to the High Commissioner of the
Union of South Africa, 32, Victoria Street, London, S.W.
BRITISH EAST AFRICA.
Protectorates. Capitals. Governors, Commanders-in-Chief, etc.
Egypt eoeeseosceewsenueane@ Cairo eeees ee
Nyasaland ......+. .. Blantyre.. Sir George Smith (Governor and
Commander-in-Chief).
East Africa .......... Nairobi... Sir Henry Conway Belfield
(Governor and Commander-in-
Chief).
Uganda.......see...5 Entebbe.. Sir Frederick J. Jackson (Governor
and Commander-in-Chief),
Zanzibar ....eeeeee+- Zanzibar... Sir Henry Conway Belfield (High
Commissioner); Major Francis
Barrow Pearce (British Resi-
dent).
Somaliland ...... «se. Berbera .. Geoffrey F. Archer (Commissioner
and Commander-in-Chief).
BRITISH WEST AFRICA.
Colonies. | Capitals. Governors, Governors-General, etc.
Gambia. d, ii'sa Feige Bathurst.. Edward John Cameron (Governor).
Gold Coast Colony. . Accra.... Sir Hugh Charles Clifford (Gover-
nor).
NIGGER a bre’ t nin ome ite Lagos .... Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard
(Governor-General and Com-
mander-in-Chief),
Sierra Leone ») . «0/050 . Freetown... Sir Edward M. Merewether
(Governor).
CANADA.
The Dominion of Canada consists of the northern portion of the
North American continent, except part of Labrador, which belongs to
Newfoundland, and Alaska, which belongs to the United States. Its
area is 3,729,665 square miles (nearly as large as Europe), of which
125,755 are water.
Federal Capital: Ottawa, in Ontario.
The population of the dominion at the 1901 census was 5,371,315.
At the 1911 census it was 7,206,643. The French-speaking part of the
population number 1,649,371, the large majority of them residing in
Quebec; the Germans, 309,741. The Indians number 111,043.
The Federal Parliament consists of two Houses. The Upper House
is called the Senate, and its members are nominated for life.
Twenty-four members are from Ontario, 24 from Quebec, 10 from
Nova Scotia, 10 from New Brunswick, 6 from Manitoba, 3 from
British Columbia, 4 from Prince E dward Island, 6 from Alberta,
and 6 from Saskatchewan. The House of Commons is elected every
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 493
five years; it will consist at the next election of 234 members, 82
coming from Ontario, 65 from Quebec, 16 from Nova Scotia, 11
from New Brunswick, 13 from British Columbia, 3 from Prince Edward
Island, 15 from Manitoba, 12 from Alberta, 16 from Saskatchewan, and
one from the Yukon Territory. Senators and repiesentatives are paid
#500 per annum, with a deduction of £3 for every day that a member
is absent. The Governor-General, representing the King, receives
410,000 yearly, and is assisted by a Privy Council chosen by himself.
The Prime Minister receives £2,400 and Cabinet Ministers and the
Leader of the Opposition £1,400 each. In each of the provinces a
Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the Governor-General in Council,
represents the executive authority.
Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, Field-Marshal H.R.H.
the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, etc. (salary £10,000), to be
succeeded when the European War is over by H.S.H. Prince Alexander
of Teck.
Premier and President of Privy Council, Right Hon. Sir
Robert Laird Borden.
High Commissioner for the Dominion of Canada, G. H. Perley
(acting), 17 and 19, Victoria Street, London, S.W. Secretary, W. L.
Griffith.
Imports, 1911, £109,470,000 ; 1912, £129,109,4303 1913, £135,960,00¢_
Exports, 1911, £63,000,000; 1912, £75,618,798; 1913, 486,317,931.
Public Debt, 1913, 459,511,619.
PROVINCES OF CANADA.
Province. Capital. Lieut.-Governor. Agent-General.
Ontario cai. +s Ottawa (Do- Colonel Hon. J. Richard Reid, 163,
minion Capi- S. Hendrie Strand, W.C.
tal, Toronto
(Provincial
Capital)
Ouebec!..)..'.'. Quebec Sir Francois Lieut.-Colonel P.
Langelier Pelletier 36,
Kingsway, W.C.
Nova Scotia .. Halifax Fon jis D: John Howard, 572,
McGregor Pall Mall, S.W.
New Brunswick Fredericton Hon.JosiahWood (Vacant), 37,South-
ampton Street,
Strand, W.C.
Manitoba .... Winnipeg Hon. Sir?D.. 'C. —
Cameron
British Victoria Thomas Wilson J. H. Turner,
Columbia .. Paterson Salisbury House,
Finsbury Circus,
EC:
Prince Edward Charlottetown Benjamin Rogers Harrison Watson,
islands... 73, Basinghall
Street, E.C.
Saskatchewan... Regina G..W. Brown —
Alberta ...... Calgary Hon."Ge ASV. fohn. Ao eur,
Bulyea
1, Charing Cross,
CH
494 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
TERRITORIES.
Territory. Commissioner,
The North-West Territories .... F. White, Ottawa.
The Yukon Territory .......... Hon. George Black.
Mail transit, seven to ten days.
ORDINARY FARES.
From Glasgow, Liverpool, and London to Quebec and Montreal
(from about April to November only), and to Halifax, Nova Scotia,
or St. John, New Brunswick :—
Third class or steerage... nan 46 10s. to £7
Second Gabinelt:. tac. Maslin mien ye £10
Children, in the second cabin, from 1 to 12 years, half-fare;
under 1 year, #1 10s.; in the third class or steerage, from 1 to 12 years,
half-fare ; under 1 year, 10s.
EMIGRATION TO CANADA.
In 1913 190,903 emigrants left the United Kingdom to settle in
Canada and Newfoundland, and 26,401 persons left Canada and
Newfoundland to settle in the United Kingdom.
There are no free, assisted, or nominated passages given by the
Canadian Government.
According to numerous reports received from all parts of Canada,
large numbers of skilled and unskilled labourers are out of work in
the dominion at the present time, and it is undesirable for any
emigrants, except competent farm labourers and female servants, to
go there now.
FREE GRANTS OF LAND.
A free grant of 100 to 200 acres of forest land is made on conditions
of residence and cultivation to any settler over 18 years of age by
the Provincial Governments of New Brunswick and Ontario, and of
160 acres of prairie land in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Yukon,
and some parts of British Columbia by the Dominion Government.
Land may also be bought at moderate prices. The settler should have
358. per acre for working capital. 272, ee 1263,479 14,435, 500 1 152,291 |561,841/35,568,581
DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION.
6a, Dean's Yard, Westminster, S.W.
Under the provision of the Development and Road Improvement
Funds Acts, 190g and i1gio, eight Commissioners, styled the
Development Commissioners, are appointed to advise the Treasury
in the administration of a national fund for the development of
agriculture, fisheries, and other analogous economic resources of the
United Kingdom.
The names of the eight Commissioners are :—
J. Bury.
Michael Andrew Ennis.
Sir William Stavell Haldane.
Alfred Daniel Hall.
Sidney Webb.
Lord Richard Frederick Cavendish (Chairman).
Vaughan Nash (Vice-Chairman).
Henry Jones-Davies.
H.. E. Dale (Secretary, £1,000).
The names are given in the order in which the Commissioners
retire when their appointments of ten years have expired. One
Commissioner (who, however, may be reappointed) retires every two
years. The Commissioners are unpaid (with the exception of the
Vice-Chairman and Mr. A. D. Hall, who each receive £1,500 a year).
During 1913-14 the Commissioners recommended advances
amounting in all to £767,387. Of this sum £472,793 was recommended
for the development of agricultural and rural industries. It includes
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. - 599:
advances of £28,650 for a veterinary laboratory for the Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries, £18,000 for buildings for the Edinburgh
and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, £28,675 in aid of a ten
years’ scheme of tobacco experiments in Ireland, £10,325 for buildings.
at Reading University College, and £10,000 for buildings at the
Midland Agricultural and Dairy College. Assistance was given to
the Sugar Beet Growers’ Society for the work of organising and
instructing farmers in the growth of sugar beet and its dispatch to.
the factory.
For the development of forestry £91,114 was recommended.
For the improvement of fishery harbours £134,070 was granted.
For the development of fisheries £36,385 was recommended; the
annual advances to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for research
were renewed, and advances made to the Sea Fisheries Committees
of Cornwall and Devon for experiments with motor-boats.
EDUCATION—ENGLAND AND WALES.
BOARD OF EDUCATION,
Whitehall, S.W.
This department of the Government controls all matters in
connection with public education, primary, secondary, and technical,
the provision of special schools for defectives, and of meals for
necessitous school children.
President, Right Hon. Arthur Henderson, M.P. (£2,000).
Permanent Secretary, Sir L. Amherst Selby-Bigge (41,800).
Parliamentary Secretary, Right Hon. J. Herbert Lewis, M.P.
(£1,200).
THE Cost oF PuBLic EDUCATION.
The total expenditure of the 318 Local Education Committees in
England and Wales for 1913-14 was £26,314,0908.
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION.
Elementary schools are of two kinds. ‘‘Council’’ schools are
wholly provided and maintained by the Local Education Committees ;
undenominational Bibie teaching only is given in these. In
** voluntary ’’ schools, the premises for which have been erected and
must be maintained by voluntary subscriptions, definite religious
instruction is permitted, provision being made for the withdrawal of
children whose parents object. In other respects the schools are
equally controlled by the Education Committees, and share equally
in the public funds. The latest revision requires as the minimum for
all new schools not less than ten square feet of floor space for each
older child and nine square feet for each infant.
The number of public elementary schools maintained by the locaf
education authorities on July 31st, 1913, was, in England alone,
19,100 schools, with accommodation for 6,399,809 scholars, Of these
7,140 were ‘‘Council’’ schools, while 11,960 were ‘‘ voluntary”
schools. During the year ended on that date there was a net increase
of 142 in the number of ‘‘ Council’’ schools, and a net decrease of 82
510 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
in the number of ‘‘ voluntary ’ schools. In Wales the total number of
schools was 1,867 (1,218 ‘‘ Council,’? 649 ‘‘ voluntary’’). During the
year the ‘‘ Council’’ schools increased by 22, and the “ voluntary ”’
schools decreased by eight.
“* HALF-TIMERS.”?
Of the 71,718 school children who are employed during part of
the ordinary school hours, and who receive instruction during the
remainder, 41,014 are from Lancashire and 19,679 from Yorkshire.
SPECIAL SCHOOLS.
There existed in England and Wales on July 31st, 1914, 47 special
schools for blind, with accommodation for 2,672; 48 for deaf,
with accommodation for 4,531; 179 for mentally defective, with
accommodation for 14,555; and 6 for epileptics, with accommodation
for 496. Open-air and playground classes are now conducted under
several authorities; children selected from congested areas are sent in
the summer for varying periods to country or seaside schools; while
permanent open-air schools have been established in various centres.
SCHOOL FEEDING.
The law providing meals for children attending public elementary
schools is contained in the ‘‘ Education (Provision of Meals) Act,
1906,’? and the ‘‘ Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1914.’ Below
are given in the briefest form the essential words of both Acts :—
WHO MAY BE FED?
‘‘A local education authority . . . . may take such steps as
they think fit for the provision of meals for children in attendance at
any public elementary school in their area, and for that purpose,”’ etc.
(Section 1 of Act of 1906.)
WHEN THEY MAY BE FED?
‘“When the local education authority resolve that any of the
children attending an elementary school within their area are unable
by reason of lack of food to take full advantage of the education
provided for them, and have ascertained that funds other than public
funds are not available or are insufficient in amourit to defray the cost
of food furnished in meals under this Act, they may spend out of the
rates such sum as will meet the cost of the provision of such food.”’
(Section 3 of Act of 1906.)
WHAT DAYS MAY THEY BE FED?
‘““The powers of a local education authority under the Education
(Provision of Meals) Act, 1906, as amended by this Act, shall be
exerciseable in respect of children attending a public elementary
school within their area, both on days when the school meets and on
other days.”’ (Section 2 of Act of 1914.)
WHO PAYS?
‘‘ There shall be charged to the parent of every child in respect of
every meal furnished to that child under this Act such an amount as
may be determined by the local education authority, and, in the
event of payment not being made by the parent, it shall be the duty
of the authority, unless they are satisfied that the parent is unable
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. S11
by reasen ef circumstances other than his own default to pay the
amount, to require the payment of that amount from that parent,
and any such amount may be recovered summarily as a civil debt.”
(Section 2 of Act of 1906.)
THE TEACHERS’ POSITION.
‘““No teacher seeking employment or employed in a_ public
elementary school shall be required as part of his duties to supervise
or assist, or to abstain from supervising or assisting, in the provision
of meals or in the collection of the cost thereof.”
(Section 6 of Act of 1906.)
Up till March, 1913, 101 local education authorities had been
authorised to spend money from the rates to provide food for
necessitous school children.
MEDICAL INSPECTION.
Most of the 324 local school authorities have undertaken a more or
less systematic inspection of scholars by their Medical Officers for
several years past. By the Education (Administrative Provisions) Act,
1907, inspection of each scholar on admission to a public elementary
school, and afterwards as the Board of Education may direct, was
made compulsory. In England and Wales 1,234 qualified officials are
in part or whole time medical service of the schools. One hundred
women doctors, of whom two are principal officers, are engaged in
this work, and 1,237 nurses (855 whole time) have been-appointed to:
287 areas. The total number of children estimated for inspection in
England and Wales was 1,900,000. .
NATIONAL UNION OF TEACHERS.
The National Union of Teachers was founded 1870. Objects: (1)
To promote the spread of education; (2) to bring practical knowledge
to bear on educational legislation; (3) to unite the school teachers
in a strong professional organisation; (4) to watch the interests and
advance the welfare of schools and teachers. ‘The union provides
legal advice, defence, and assistance for its members, professional
advice and protection against unjust management or inspection of
schools. Its organ is the ‘‘ Schoolmaster.’? Conferences are annually
held at Easter. The 45th annual conference was held at Lowestoft
April 13th to 16th, 1914, the president being Mr. W. B. Steer, of Derby.
The union now has 91,418 members; its income for 1914 was £53,969,
with a legal assistance fund of £9,346 and a Parliamentary fund of
Z11,512. The N.U.T. Examinations Board conducts commercial
examinations annually and issues teachers’ diplomas in various
subjects. There are a provident society, benevolent fund, orphan
fund, and orphan homes in connection with the union. Over £25,000
is raised yearly for benevolent purposes. Secretary, Sir James
Yoxall, M.A., M.P. Offices, Hamilton House, Mabledon Place,
Euston Road, W.C.
SECONDARY EDUCATION.
The secondary school branch of the Board of Education was formally
constituted on April rst, 1g03. It began in a very small way, but its
growth has been continuous and rapid. A strong body of secondary
school inspectors has. been created, and this inspects, besides the
532 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
grant-aided schools, a large number of others which seek recognition
for efficiency. The branch administers nearly three-quarters of a
million of public money, of which over half-a-million goes in direct.
grants to secondary schools as such. Grants are paid as follow: £2
for each scholar between 10 and 12 years of age, who had been for
at least two years previously under instruction in a public elementary
school; £5 on account of each scholar between 12 and 18 years of age.
On July 31st, 1913, there were in England alone 808 grant-aided
schools, of which all but 46 are free from denominational religious
restrictions, are under effective popular control, and are open as
regards a certain number of places (usually 25 per cent.) without
payment of fee to children from the public elementary schools. —
SECONDARY TEACHERS’ ORGANISATION.
The principal associations and societies of secondary teachers
are :—
The Head Masters’ Conference .. 12, King’s Bench Walk, Temple, F.C.
Incorporated Association of Head
Master's > i000, SSE? ..+ 37, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C,
Incorporated Association of Assis-
tant Masters in Secondary
WOHOOIS “Ass ser ecceges tas me -- 35, John Street, Bedford Row, W.C.
Association of Head Mistresses... 61, Great Ormond Street, W.C.
Incorporated Association of
Assistant Mistresses in Public
Secondary Schools .......... 23, Berners Street, W.
Teachers’ Guild........ re he ith FeOGower Streets ie:
Association of Teachers in Tech-
nical Institutions ........... . 55, Filey Avenue, Upper Clapton, N.
Federal Council of Secondary .
School Associations ...... soe» 37, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C.
TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS, SCHOOLS OF ART, EVENING
SCHOOLS.
There were in England and Wales in 1912-13 26 technical
institutions, and grant was made on account of 1,246 students. The
Board of Education holds examinations in science and technology.
These were held in 1913 at 446 centres; there were 2,164 candidates
for the higher examinations. For the lower examinations there were:
6,784 candidates.
EDUCATION IN LONDON.
By the Education (London) Act, 1903, the control of all education,
primary and secondary, passed into the hands of the London County
Council.
The London County Council spends annually about six millions
on education, £5,000,000 on elementary, and 41,000,000 on higher
education. The receipts from Government grant and other sources
amount to about 1,750,000; the rest of the cost falls on the
ratepayers. It is claimed that the ‘“‘ scholarship ladder” is broader
and more complete in London than in any other place in the world.
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 513
There are three main classes of scholarships, which number
altogether about 10,000, varying in value from free schooling up to
as much as £00 a year :—
(1) County scholarships.
(2) Technical and trade scholarships.
(3) Scholarships for those desiring to enter the teaching
profession.
SCHEME FOR ORGANISATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH.
The Government has recognised the special need existing at the
present time for the home production of certain articles and materials
(such as dyes) required in trade processes for which Great Britain
has hitherto been dependent on foreign countries and on Germany
in particular. A Committee of the Privy Council has, therefore, been
formed, and this will in turn be assisted by an Advisory Council of
scientific men, who will submit proposals for instituting specific
researches and for establishing or developing special institutions for
the scientific study of problems affecting particular industries or trades.
It is also proposed to award Research Studentships and Fellowships.
Twenty-five thousand pounds has been voted for purposes of the
scheme.
The first members of the Advisory Council are: Lord Rayleigh,
F.R.S.,. LL.D. ;0G...., Beilby, F.R.S., LL.D.;..W- Duddell, ¥.R.5,3
Professor B. Hopkinson, F.R.S.; Professor J. A. M’Clelland, F.R.S.;
Professor R. Meldola, F.R.S.; and Sir William S. M’Cormich, LL.D.
(Administrative Chairman).
EDUCATION—SCOTLAND.
In Scotland education is under the control of the Scottish Education
Department, which is under the Secretary for Scotland (Right Hon.
T. McKinnon Wood, M.P ).
Secretary, Sir John Struthers (£1,200 to £1,500).
Offices, Dover House, Whitehall, London, and 14, Queen Street,
Edinburgh.
The local authorities for elementary education in Scotland are
School Boards, popularly elected.
The total income of the 952 School Boards for the year ended
Whit-Sunday, 1913, was £4,278,062.
Primary and High Grade Schools.—)During the year ending August
31st, 1913, in these schools there were 845,879 scholars on the register.
For the second time the number showed a decline on the preceding
year, due to emigration and declining birth-rate. Of these 21,683
were between 14 and 15, and 8,138 above 15.
Secondary and Technical Education.—Secondary education in
Scotland is controlled by 6 Burgh and 32 County Secondary
Education Committees, who administer funds provided under the
Education (Scotland) Act, 1908. Their total income for 1912-13 was
£133,008. The amount received from the department was £110,186.
R
514 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
The expenditure is on bursaries to enable scholars in the thinly
populated districts to attend the secondary schools established at
various centres.
Attendance at a day school or a continuation class is compulsory
up to the age of 16.
Special Schools..—There existed on August 31st, 1913, 24 schools
for blind and deaf mute children.
EDUCATION—IRELAND.
In Ireland elementary education is under the control of 20
Commissioners of National Education, with an office in Marlborough
Street, Dublin.
Resident Commissioner, Right Hon. W. J. M. Starkie (£1,500).
Chief Inspectors, J. McNeill, B.A., and T. P. O’Connor, B.A.
(£750-£800).
Elementary Education.—The Commissioners of National Education
in Ireland, in the 79th report, state that on January rst, 1913, there were
§,289 schools in operation, with an average of 699,945 pupils on the
register, and an average daily attendance of 512,862, of whom 18,271
were above 15 years of age.
The aggregate expenditure on the schools from all sources was
41,668,424, giving an average of £3 5s. 7d. for each child in
attendance. Of this amount £139,578 was received from local sources.
The grants to training colleges amounted to £63,921. The National
Commissioners have complained for some years that the Treasury
grant is wholly inadequate, more especially in respect of the building
and improvement of the national schoolhouses. While the proportion
of trained teachers continue to increase, the number of schools and
of scholars still declines. During 1912 the Irish language was taught
in 2,576 schools, and bilingual instruction was given in 202. There
are no higher grade schools in Ireland.
EDUCATION—WALES.
The administration of elementary and secondary schools in Wales,
and also that of the Welsh University Colleges and the Museum for
Wales, is under the Board of Education, which has a distinct branch
for Wales. Secretary, A. T. Davies (£1,200).
ECCLESIASTICAL—_ENGLAND AND
WALES.
THE ECCLESIASTICAL (AND CHURCH ESTATES)
COMMISSIONERS.
Address: Millbank, Westminster, S.W.
Secretary, S. E. Downing.
There is no Government department for the Church of England,
though it is ‘‘ by law established.” The Archbishops of Canterbury
and York, and the 38 Bishops and 37 Suffragan Bishops, together with
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 515
the Deans and Canons, and some of the rectors and vicars of parishes,
are appointed by the crown on the authoritative ‘‘ advice’ of the Prime
Minister, whilst other rectors and vicars of parishes are appointed by
the crown on the authoritative ‘‘ advice ’’ of the Lord Chancellor. The
doctrinal creed, the prayer book, and the principal rites of the Church
are defined by Acts of Parliament. The Archbishops, Bishops, and
““proctors’’ or representatives of the clergy meet in Convocation,
which sits as an Upper and a Lower House, but has practically no
legislative powers. There is also a House of Laymen, elected by the
congregations, having no legal powers.
The only office in the nature of a Government department for the
church is the Ecclesiastical (and Church Estates) Commission, the
main function of which is the management of Church estates, out
of which are paid the stipends of the Archbishops, Bishops, Deans,
Canons, and many of the rectors and vicars of parishes. The balance
is applied to endow or increase the ‘‘ livings’”’ of the clergy.
Among the Commissioners are the Archbishops of Canterbury and
York, the 38 Bishops, the Lord Chancellor, the Lord President of the
Council (the Privy Council), the First Lord of the Treasury (the
Prime Minister), the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and certain laymen
belonging to the Church of England.
There is a separate Commission for the affairs of the Church in
Wales.
The gross income from Church estates for the year ended October
31st, 1913, amounted to £1,729,102 and the outgoings to £292,534.
The following are the principal payments and appropriations out
of the common fund :—
4
Annual payments to about 7,500 benefices ..................2.208- 9373304
Payments to Bishops from incomes of Bishops’ estates ...... 104,463
BME © TICS ES) CLG Jaca cess cis ole yskapdaap patune ass oaenesasnes 151,066
Amount appropriated to endow or increase benefices and
RIMSPOM CR DALGONECCSs CLCG cicicn cc starn nek dg sae fepnsene’s+veeren 404,027
£1;596,860
FINANCE—UNITED KINGDOM.
THE TREASURY,
Whitehall, S.W.
The Lords Commissioners of the Treasury control the expenditure
of all Government departments (except the India Office, which is
charged on the revenues of India), and are specially responsible for the
Post Office, Inland Revenue, Customs and Excise, and Stationery
Office.
The duties of the First Lord (who is usually Prime Minister) are
mainly political, as also are those of the Parliamentary Secretary
and the Junior Lords. The duties of the Chancellor of the Exchequer
are mainly financial; after agreement with the heads of the great
spending departments, he arranges for the great collecting departments
to provide sufficient moneys to meet the needs of the year. The
papers are laid before Parliament in the form of a Budget, which the
516 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT,
Chancellor expounds to the House, these plans being accepted,
modified, or rejected by the House. The Treasury exercises strict
control over the expenditure of every Government department (except
the India Office); and no expenditure-—especially no scale of wages or
salaries—can be decided on without its approval.
First Lord of the Treasury, Right Hon. H. H. Asquith, M.P.
(£5,000).
Chancellor of the Exchequer, Right Hon. Reginald McKenna, M.P.
(£5,000).
Lords Commissioners, G. H. Roberts, M.P., Hon. G. W. A.
Howard, M.P., W. C. Bridgeman, M.P., and W. Rea, M.P. (unpaid).
Financial Secretary, Right Hon. E. S. Montagu, M.P. (£2,000).
Joint Parliamentary Secretaries, J. W. Gulland, M.P. (£2,000),
Lord Fdmund Talbot, M.P. (£2,000).
Joint Permanent Secretaries, Sir Thomas I. Heath (£2,000), Sir
John S. Bradbury (£2,000).
Estimated Cost of Administration, 1974-15, £108,263.
THE THIRD WAR BUDGET: SEPTEMBER, 1915.
BALANCE SHEET, 1915-16, as proposed by the Chancellor of the
Exchequer :—
£
Revised estimate of revenue ..............2ccceeeceeeee 272,110,000
Revised estimate of expenditure ..................066 1,589,706,000
1,317,596,000
Bev ee
: &
Estimated yield of proposed alterations of
taxation, postal, telegraph, and telephone
RATES VER iousccs tur ics hace Osuna ioe eve Rea aL 32,904,000 *
TIOECIL ORE et oie ac danas Bacchi oe £,1,284,692,000
In 1914-15 the realised deficit was £334,000,000, giving ar
estimated combined deficit for the two years of £1,619,000,000.
Adding the amount of the pre-war debt, with an allowance for the
effects of conversion and for loss on stock issued at a discount, Mr.
McKenna estimated the Dead Weight Debt at the close of the financial
year at £2,200,000,000. There must be deducted from this total any
repayments on account of external advances made to the amount of
£,423,000,000.
CHANGES IN TAXATION.
An increase of the existing duties on tea, cocoa, coffee, chicory,
dried fruits, tobacco by one-half. The Customs duty on sugar to be
increased from 1s. tod. to gs. 4d. per cwt., and an excise duty of 7s.
per cwt. to be imposed. Proportionate increase on molasses, glucose,
saccharin, etc. An increase of 3d. per gallon for motor spirit. The
duties on patent medicines to be doubled. An import duty, without
and corresponding excise duty, at the rate of 33} per cent. ad valorem,
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 517
or at specific rates corresponding to that rate, on imported motor cars
and motor cyles, cinema films, clocks and parts, watches and parts,
and musical instruments. Rates of income tax payable for 1915-16
increased by 40 per cent. for the second half-year. Allowance of
relief from additional duty where income has fallen more than 1o per
cent. Limit of exemption from income tax reduced to £130. New
scale of abatement introduced. Basis of taxation under Schedule B
(charged in respect of the occupation of lands) changed from one-third
to the full amount of
incomes above £8,000.
the annual value. New rates of super-tax on
A tax of 50 per cent. upon excess of profits
over pre-war standards in the case of trades, manufactures, and
businesses. Changes in postal, telegraphic, and telephone charges.
ESTIMATED YIELD OF ALTERATIONS OF TAXATION.
1915-16, Full year.
£ £
ga ee ee Aa hse ene nese eave FxQGOG,DO0, ss.) (AinOOOGO
SUPAT cies s Cv eases e rere cen skein Pant HgsOO,000 © wal ES: 700,000
SSRI Cu dia a's « s otale thence oo decd bie ale 2,300,000 ee 5,100,000
Motor spirit ......
Tae So wd Aa outas «6 550,000 .. I,100,000
Newiimport D0Hes 255 side's cain gas , 4,000,000) 52)! '35950,000
Other Customs and Excise Duties .. 390,000 .. 720,000
Income Tax ......
SPCETIX Wcgican's
ag ota aw ete ow ie 11,274,000 .. 44,400,000
pavableesud weds ao )tyl FO,0O0 112% 2,685,000
excise Proute Lax vis oes cay xe aes 0); 0,000,000: i+. 30,000,000
£30,924,000 £102,155,000
REVENUE.
Receipts, 1914-15. pene 1915-16.
iff
CS real or tee ict cde AS OOOO S. 48°G30,060
Pe ROTORS. a ua tea ae ee
Estate Duties, etc.
Vadeees amass acsiitd2 473,000, s«'/ ds050;000
Peete acace ts ee. AO 402,000 “ss | 30000, 000
PMTs do a Vadis clb s «cn ass aes ss ~ 7,577,000 +. 6,500,000
weet tee ys kee
SR 4 Pe tral AF 1,930,000 .. 1,990,000
faouse’ Doty’... .
Peeve New here 630,000 .. 660,000
Income Tax (including Super-tax) . 69,399,000 .. 116,424,000
meecess FLONtS Tax Se. ee Pe Sh — -. 6,000,000
Land Value Duties
eS see ee 412,000 .. 350,000
Total receipts from taxes .... 189,305,000 .. 265,674,000
Postal Service® 2.8.6. aC A Ne » 20,400,000 .. 24,205,000
Mm BlePEADD /SEryine. 2 sh .cc's ci. adc 3,000,000 .. 3,370,000
Telephone Service. <.i.%..+ aes | 6,250,000 .. 6,705,000
Crown Landsi. i o2's.airaes See ha 545,000 .. 530,000
Snez Canal Shares, tc. occ eae oes 1,277 ;000 ©. 603) 2, £00,000
PRISOPRAREOUS: Oy oan ee ab tates st F&M QT, 006) AAS 30,606
Total receipts from non-tax
revenue ..-.
eS EmvEee eS 37,389,000 ..- 39,340,000
TOTAEUREVENUEN. oti. £226,694,000 £305,014,000
In 1913-14, the last year of peace, the total tax revenue was
#,163,029,000, and the receipts from non-tax revenue 435,214,000.
518 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT,
EXPENDITURE.
Payments, 1914-15. wang Ss 1915-16.
2
National Debt Services .......... 22,669,000° .. 67,085,000
Road Improvement Fund ........ 1,528,000 .. 525,000
Payments to Local Taxation Ac-
COUNts es Sa LT. kG. ake 9,529,000 .. 9,600,000
Other Conkdlidated Fund Services: 1,693,000 .. 1,800,000
ATOVY Ti td SSL SOS
Beloiume oe... HonySit PoG. Villiers 2.5.08 4. 2, Rue de Spa, Brussels.
Bulgarians e.i0:. Siri Oe Bax Lronsid@ piccscesassoad Sofia.
MIM A Serer perce Sede Mer MORGAT ars ccsccernstucnsonsy: Peking.
Denmark ......... Sir HCG Lowtherieses tania .. Bredgade, 26, Copenhagen.
GTOECCEN 6 eens NT ena) Plea PULILOLN Paar pcvareesc sees Athens.
Mexicdwtowtsdcss: CaO NGA TET Se eG abs ngny 3A, Calle de Lerma, Mexico.
Montenegro...... AU UIGE LEy OEMS aoe sire dincsh sen tncste Cettinje.
Netherlands ... Hon. Sir A. Johnstone ............... 12, Hooge, Westeinde, Hague.
NOPWa Yew seco ons Meme, CABindlay. 2: cceaiadsadeees ine Christiania.
Panama i scitadis mole oe Ga Miatlep oe ui. coat ote lat Panama,
OTSA kane clang: Sig Wika, LOWDICY cote Mosctecnoesees Tehran.
Portugal 2.2 .<:%. Hons! Di Carhegioriensuk ace 63, Rua de Sdéo Francisco de
Borja, Lisbon.
Rumania ..,....:. SIM DALGlAY. line iossenahacgenetet eas 21, Strada Jules Michelet,
Bucharest.
Sérpiakyt..1is as GES, Graz tAre,. AM atl he Belgrade.
Diana.) 3s seest CDSN eel d GPertctes SER TTT Eee eo ee ee Bangkok.
Sweden............ Fesine VV pHoward . cscs ccadaposcadhe .. Strandvagen 17, Stockholm.
Switzerland...... eres CrP AlatLUEL Seve cess socas soap veacees 50, Thunstrasse, Berne.
On the outbreak of the European War our Ambassadors were
withdrawn from enemy countries.
520 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT,
FOREIGN EMBASSIES AND LEGATIONS IN LONDON.
Embassies. Ambassadors. Consulate-General.
American......... Dr. Walter H. Page, 123, Victoria 42, New Broad Street, E.C. ©
Street, S.W.
PECRCH (302) cesars Monsieur Paul Cambon, Albert 51, Bedford Square, W.C.
Gate House, Hyde Park, W.
Talian ee Marquis Imperiali di Francavilla,
20, Grosvenor Square, W.
Japanese ......... Katsunosuke Inouyé, ro, Gros- 1, Broad Street Place, E.C.
venor Square, W.
Russian ............ Count Benckendorff, Chesham 30, Bedford Square, W.C.
House, S.W.
Spanish sissy Senor Don Merry del Val, 1, 40, Trinity Square, I.C.
Grosvenor Gardens, S.W.
Legations. Envoys, Ministers, etc. Consulate-General.
ASLENUNE 3)... Senor DonVincente J. Dominguez, 601, Salisbury House, E.C,
2, Palace Gate, W.
Belgian’ 27.3304) Count de Lalaing, 15, West Halkin 40, Finsbury Square, E.C.
Street, Belgrave Square, S.W.
Bulgarian ......... Monsieur P. Hadji-Mischev, 51, —
Queen’s Gate, S.W.
Chinese............ ae Ke Alfred Sze, 49, Portland 88, Fenchurch Street, E.C.
ace, W.
PAMISN eos ccmasccs Monsieur de Grevenkop-Casten- 8, Byward Sireet, E.C.
skiold, 29, Pont Street, S.W.
CATOOK I. eee rte Monsieur J. Gennadius, 14, De 40, Old Broad Street, E.C,
Vere Gardens, W.
Mexican .......... Senor Don Miguel Covaribias, 98, Finsbury Pavement House, E.C.
Cromwell Road, S.W.
Netherlands ... Jonkheer de Marees van Swin- 12, Blomfield Street, E.C.
Norwegian ......
deren, 45, Hill Street, Mayfair,
W.
Monsieur Benjamin Vogt, 25, The
Boltons, S.W.
22, Great St. Helens, E.C.
POLSIAN Gice aides Mirza Mehdi Khan, 22, Queen’s 82, Victoria Street, S.W.
Gate Gardens, S.W.
Portuguese ...... Senhor Texeira Gomes, 12, Glou- 6, South Street, Finsbury, E.C.
: cester Place, W.
Serbian 9 sic... Monsieur Boschkovitch, 195, oe
: Queen's Gate, S.W.
Siamese ......... Phya Sudham Maiiri, 23, Ashburn 5, Whittington Avenue, E.C.
Place, S.W.
Swedish ......... Count H. Wrangel, 73, Portland 63, Finsbury Pavement, E.C.
Place, W.
SWISS bie soiranoesees Monsieur Gaston Carlin, 3, Port- 3, Portland Place, W.
land Place, W.
PASSPORTS.
At the present time, during the war, it is practically essential to be
furnished with a passport before leaving the United Kingdom for any
foreign country.
Applications for Foreign Office passports must be made to ‘‘ the
Passport Office, Foreign Office, Downing Street, London, S.W.”’
_ Passports are granted to such persons as are known to the Secretary
of State, or recommended to him by some person who is known to
him; or (in the case of natural-born British subjects and persons
naturalised in the United Kingdom) upon the production of a
declaration by the applicant in the form to be obtained from the
Passport Office, verified by a declaration made by a member or official
of any banking firm established in the United Kingdom, or by any
mayor, magistrate, justice of the peace, minister of religion,
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 521
barrister-at-law, physician, surgeon, solicitor, or notary public,
resident in the United Kingdom. The applicant’s certificate of birth
may also be required.
Foreign Office passports are not available beyond five years from
the date of issue. Fresh passports must then be obtained.
Note.—Passports issued before the beginning of the war are not
available, and a fresh application must now be made.
N.B.—A statement of the full requirements of foreign countries
with regard to passports may be obtained upon application to ‘‘ the
Passport Office, Foreign Office, London, S.W.”’
FORESTS—GREAT BRITAIN.
WOODS, FORESTS, AND LAND REVENUES,
1, Whitehall, S.W.
Commissioners, Right Hon. the Earl of Selborne (ex-officio,
unpaid); George G. Leveson-Gower (£1,500).
The functions of this department are the care of the crown woods
and forests, the afforestation of uncultivated areas, and the training
of woodmen.
The extent of the crown forests and woodlands on the 3oth
September, 1913, was as follows :—
Naine. Area in acres.
pele TVG ed OTOSE sik. arcing. sonva~ was nes) i < MTs toe 235758
PACE ELOIE: WOKS 1) 8. .; deb dees sagt iieaeae ee bs dS 1,884
WY SPONIIOE AOROSEy oy 55 eet unis ss odes. aya sakes Feed « 856
PRET WN OTE Ss feud is Na ceuckvs. bxbagk seus ape th iode. «deen g ann 1,413
PEAT RMP) WOES 620. Po. Fy ee hukt eae tea hy dsr 1,050
PGCE ORI ek oo ap see ons Wa dhe Lda) « Avdoeea eK: Hp 2b 15,184
ware Meadow Woods ' 242 isi. Sesicis Pity eh 35349
NR NY COTE 5 4 5s Soh Daas ui is in edeb eb aiibien Pace p tele 618
MMII L A VNMONT Gd) bo iS ucrin ol waititastonie eb os 298
EMC ERTVELOGOSA icy. of, vies tage: hadd. sedi tees tees 35154
Bpelerrieee WV OOS /s.k6 belt ac ted ko da hee coated 2,105
RRMerE SORE sth. or fh ceri dn) sls walaeth. conta yin tin dy ol 1,258
Berisetporongn:. WO0dS)) i. sccssve.- ibs Lutes peda. Sener 487
RM WIL” VU COGS) iiacisiurie ow sc0uidy oes devatenkipm st. deere 845
inverliever! Estate: (Scotland): ii iiic2. eek ae giesiSdernty 1,004
Eiaiod Pawt :Mstatej sig... ci isus resis LARP a ek Socadanel 157
FP MRR SERE PSTN IONE aca y oon vat Peat es savin gun eee Mar araraacans 53850
ae)’ g eb ei Sati es RE ER ROL NORRIE 720
fsle' of Man’ Plantations 7/0 i 792
BMiscellaneotis. Woods 3. 121145 2.0. omen 978
PPC, eV Le RH yg ai ee oa at 65,766 acres.
Facilities for Instruction.—In January, 1904, the Commissioners of
Woods and Forests established a school of forestry in the Forest of
Dean, at Parkend. The school is for working youths and men only,
between the ages of 20 and 25. The course of instruction extends over
two years, beginning in October each year, and only twelve students
Ryd
522 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
can be admitted each year, preference being given to young men in
the crown employ. Students are paid 15s. a week. The subjects
taught include sylviculture, the protection and management of
woodlands, preparation of plans, measurement of timber, felled and
standing, forest botany, surveying, and accounts. Applications for
admission should be sent to the Deputy Surveyor, Forest of Dean,
Whitemead Park, Parkend, near Lydney, Gloucestershire.
United Kingdom Consumption of Timber.—In 1913 the United
Kingdom imported £33,788,884 worth of unmanufactured wood and
timber. Of this total £20,181,033 was sawn fir wood and £2,910,657
was furniture wood (mahogany and other sorts). In addition, there
was imported £3,583,187 worth of manufactured wood and timber
(including furniture), made up of £601,918 worth of cabinet and
joiners’ work, including house frames and fittings, and £2,981,269
worth of woodware, turnery, etc.
(See also Development Commission.)
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES— UNITED
KINGDOM.
THE REGISTRY OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.
Central Office: Dean Stanley Street, Westminster, S.W.
This is the department (subject to the Treasury, which is
responsible for Trade Union and Friendly Society rules. It is more
than three-quarters of a century old. 511,000 94,000 | 38,000 22,000
ny
Centralised Societies— | .
Mei 43 Binet « pee | 1,816,000 221,000 | 250,000 | 169,000
Women... ae ae 625,000 132,000 | 125,000 22,000
Trade Unions— 4
RCH oar oy oie oig:c ¢ 0 arate 949,000 | 140,000 54,060 |; 90,000
BVA CHITTOST 0 oa fa aso. ok pias | 206,000 | 14,000 | 8,000 6,000
Industrial. and Collecting | |
Societies— | |
INE CAT ane dsl ani twin a acai 2,559,000 315,000 |, 88,000 154,000
AN OMECR: ORE Eee 1,865,000 | 189,000 | 60,000 | 60,000
| | | |
Employers’ Funds— cy
MGM neue de nema e 52 |. - 79,000 3,000 i. °. 3.aa ae 600
WOME? Saree. Shes 25,000 3,000 | 189 | 45
Kingdom in receipt of Sickness Benefit at any one time is about
290,000; the number receiving the benefit in a year is 3,600,000, at a
cost of about £131,000 per week, i.e., 46,300,000 per annum.
Maternity Benefit.— Benefits paid per week, 17,000—i.e., 887,000 per
annum, at a cost of £1,472,000.. The number of women insured on
their own account is 4,077,000, and the wives of insured men are about
5,000,000.
Sanatorium Benefit, i.e., treatment for tuberculosis in every form
in special institutions or otherwise. There were at the beginning of
1914 available for cases, 1,139 beds in permanent institutions, 4,209
in provisional institutions, and 356 dispensaries. Only 7,870 out of
52,065 applicants have been rejected.
(For full particulars on National Health and other forms of
Insurance, see Part VIII., ‘‘ Socta, INSURANCE.’’)
(For particulars on Unemployment Insurance, see Unemployment
{Part II.) and Part VITI., ‘‘ Socrar INsuRANceE.’’)
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 533
LANCASHIRE.
THE DUCHY OF LANCASTER.
Office: Lancaster Place, Strand, W.C.
Chancellor, Right Hon. Winston L. Spencer Churchill, M.P.
Vice-Chancellor, D. Stewart Smith, K.C.
The Duchy of Lancaster was presented by Edward III. to his son,
John of Gaunt, and with the accession to the throne in 1399 of John
of Gaunt’s son as Henry IV. the Duchy became a crown possession.
It is now a valuable property in lands, royalties, fees, etc., and forms
part of the income of the King.
The revenue of the Duchy of Lancaster was £29,000 in 1847, and
amounted to £108,016 in the year ended 31st December, 1913. The
contributory items are: Rents and profits of courts, £61,050; Royalties.
and Dues, £37,874. Expenditure: £12,283, outlay for the benefit of the
estate; £1,266, restoration of ancient castles; £7,530, deducted under
various Acts and charities; £2,000, salary of the Chancellor; and
£6,251, expenses of management.
The sum of £61,000 was paid (for the King’s use) to the Keeper
of his Majesty’s Privy Purse, on which income tax is paid.
The Chancellor of the Duchy has practically no official duties, and
the post corresponds practically with that of ‘‘ Minister without
portfolio,’? common in other countries, where.such a Minister is.
available for assistance wherever required. The justices of the peace
for the county (Lancashire), and also the Vice-Chancellor of the
Palatine Court (a local court of justice), are, however, appointed by
the Chancellor of the Duchy instead of by the Lord Chancellor, and
the Sheriff of Lancashire is also appointed by him annually, instead of
by the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
LIGHTHOUSES AND PILOTAGE—
ENGLAND AND WALES.
THE SERINE PY: HOUSE
Tower Hill, E.C.
The Brethren of the Trinity House—incorporated in 1514 by
Henry VIII.—now act :—
1. As the General Lighthouse Authority for England and Wales,
the Channel Islands, and Gibraltar, dealing with the lighthouses,
light-vessels, buoys, beacons, fog-signals, and removal of dangerous:
wrecks from our shores. There are district stations at Blackwell,
Sunderland, Yarmouth, Harwich, Ramsgate, Cowes, Penzance,
Milford Haven, Cardiff, ‘and Holyhead.
2. As the Chief Pilotage Authority, having the management of all
matters relating to pilots and pilotage in the London, gies Channel,
and certain other districts on our coast.
3. As an Ancient Corporation possessing estates and almshouses,,
and awarding pensions and bounties to distressed mariners and their
widows.
534 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
4. As Nautical Advisers two of the Elder Brethren in turn assist
the judges in the Admiralty division of the High Courts of Justice in
determining marine causes tried at law. |
The Elder Brethren consist of members of the Royal Family and
statesmen, retired officers of high rank in the Royal Navy, and
commanders in the mercantile marine, as shown in the accompanying
list: Master, the Duke of Connaught; Deputy Master, Captain
Sir H. Acton Blake; Elder Brethren, King George V., Captain Sir
G. R. Vyvyan (retired), the Right Hon. Lord George Hamilton,
Rear-Admiral Hector B. Stewart (retired), the Earl of Rosebery,
Captain A. E. Bell, Captain A. S. Thomson, Captain A. W. Clarke,
Captain R. Hoare, Captain L. H. Crawford, Right Hon. A. J. Balfour,
the Earl of Selborne, Prince Louis of Battenberg, Captain O. P.
Marshall, Captain T. Golding, the Right Hon. H. H. Asquith, M.P.,
Prince Arthur of Connaught, the Marquess of Crewe, Captain G. R.
Mansell, R.N., the Right Hon. Winston Churchill, M.P., Captain
Owen Jones, R.N.R.; Scientific Adviser, Lord Rayleigh.
The income of Trinity House derived from light dues levied on
shipping entering and leaving British ports amounts to £300,000 per
annum, which is expended in the maintenance of the lighthouse and
coast-marking system of England and Wales under the financial control
of the Board of Trade.
LOANS—GREAT BRITAIN.
THE PUBLIC WORKS LOAN BOARD,
Old Jewry, E.C.
The Public Works Loan Board was created in 1817 for the purpose
of advancing money to municipal authorities for public works. It
lends also to ‘‘ public utility societies’ and to individual landowners
for lasting improvements to estates.
Chairman, E. Norman (unpaid).
In 1914-15 1,982 advances were made for sums amounting together
to £4,698,602. Of this £981,659 was employed to provide dwellings
for the working classes in various parts of England, Scotland, and
Wales, £646,375 was advanced for the purchase of small holdings,
and £10,514 for allotments. (See also Development.)
A municipal authority, when granted a loan, pays interest varying
from 43 per cent. to 5} per cent., and undertakes to repay the sum in
periods varying from 20 to 8o years.
LOANS—IRELAND.
Ireland has its separate Loan Board. In 1913-14 advances were
made for sums amounting to £402,224, of which £132,653 was
employed in the provision of dwellings for the working classes.
Address : Office of Public Works, Dublin.
(See also Agriculture and Development Commission.)
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 535
LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD—
ENGLAND.
Whitehall, S.W.
This department was established by the Local Government Board
Act, 1871, and superseded the Poor Law Board, which had dealt only
with Poor Law matters, and had existed since 1847, when it took
the place of the Poor Law Commissioners, created in 1834. The
Local Government Board is the central department for Poor Law, for
much of public health, and for some other local government matters for
England and Wales. The Board never meets, and the whole power
is exercised by the President.
The expenses of the Board for the year 1914-15 were estimated at
£5 302,356.
President, Right Hon. Walter H. Long, M.P. (£5,000).
Parliamentary Secretary, Right Hon. W. Hayes Fisher, M.P.
(£15500).
Permanent Secretary, Sir H. C. Monro (£2,000).
(For the LocaL ADMINISTRATION Bopires, their powers, duties,
revenues, and methods of election, etc., see Part VII., ‘‘ Local
Government.’’)
LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD—
SCOTLAND.
125, George Street, Edinburgh.
Ex-officio Members.—The Secretary for Scotland (President), the
Under-Secretary for Scotland, and the Solicitor-General for Scotland.
Appointed Members.—Vice-President, Sir George McCrae (£1,200
to £1,500); Legal Member, Ewan F. Macpherson (advocate) (£1,000
to £1,200); Medical Member, W. Leslie Mackenzie, M.D., D.P.H.
(£1,000 to £1,200).
This is a real Board, which meets, discusses, and decides on policy.
The President, as Secretary for Scotland, has, however, power to
overrule the other members if and when he chooses.
Secretary, John T. Maxwell (£700 to £900).
LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD—
IRELAND.
Custom House, Dublin.
Estimates, £109,728.
President, Right Hon. the Chief Secretary.
Vice-President, Right Hon. Sir Henry A. Robinson (£1,800).
Secretary, A. R. Barlas (£1,000).
(See also Agriculture.)
536 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT..
METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE.
South Kensington, S.W.
Director and Chairman of Committee, W. N. Shaw, LL.D., Sc.D.,
F.R.S. (£1,000).
Annual Expenses of Administration, £20,000.
The Meteorological Office was established in 1854, and is under
the management of a Committee appointed by the Treasury.
The office is charged with the duty of collecting meteorological
reports by telegraph from stations in the British Isles and their
immediate neighbourhood, including wireless messages from ships
of the Royal Navy and from liners, with a view to issuing warnings
and forecasts of the weather. It also collects for public use statistics
about the weather from land stations in the British Isles and elsewhere,
as well as from ships of the Royal Navy and mercantile marine.
This office also administers the Observatories at Kew and
Eskdalemuir, Dumfries.
MBE E ene OF WAR.
6, Whitehall Gardens, S,W.
This Ministry was established in May, 1915, for the purpose of
furthering the efficient manufacture, transport, and supply of
munitions for the present war, and for purposes incidental thereto.
Minister of Munitions, Right Hon. D. Lloyd George, M.P.
Parliamentary Secretary, Dr. C. Addison, M.P.
Parliamentary (Military) Secretary, Major-General Ivor Phillips,
L733.0).5) Me
General Secretary, Sir H. Llewellyn Smith, K.C.B.
Assistant General Secretary, W. H. Beveridge. ~
Labour Supply Department (6, Munitions Supply Department
Whitehall Gardens) deals with (Armament Building, Whitehall
Labour questions, controlled Place, S.W.) deals with all
establishments, limitation of questions regarding maufacture
profits, munitions tribunals, etc. and output.
The country has been divided into seven districts called munitions
areas, with a district office in each area.
The National Advisory Committee on War Output (6, Whitehall
Gardens: Right Hon. A. Henderson, M.P., Chairman, and Mr.
W. Mosses, Secretary) is a representative Trade Union Committee,
whose primary function is to assist in carrying out the agreement
entered into at a conference of Trade Union representatives, held
at the Treasury in March, 1915, with respect to relaxation of union
rules and trade customs in order to accelerate output, and also
generally to watch over the interests of Trade Unionists engaged on
munitions manufacture in so far as they are affected by the Munitions
of War Act.
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 537
NATIONAL DEBT OFFICE.
19, Old Jewry, E.C.
Comptroller-General, W. G. Turpin (£1,500).
The National Debt is administered by the Commissioners, who are
the Speaker, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Master of the Rolls,
the Lord Chief Justice, the Paymaster-General, and the Governor and
Deputy-Governor of the Bank of England. Expenses of administration
fer 1914-15, £13,056.
The total gross National Debt on March 31st, 1914, was
4707;654,110, against which must be set the value of the Suez Canal
shares (£34,929,000), other assets (£3,350,578), and Exchequer
balances (£10,434,519), a total of £48,714,097, leaving the net amount
of the debt at £658,940,013.
POLICE—SCOTLAND.
The police force in Scotland is wholly under the control of the
several local authorities. There is, however, a Scottish Constabulary
Office (Bellwood, Perth), through which the Secretary of State for
Scotland arranges for periodical inspection and for the distribution
of the grant in aid.
The approximate aggregate strength of all the forces for 1914 was
§,859, with 250 additional police employed privately.
Inspector, Major A. G. Ferguson (£750-£850).
Cost of Police.— £522,881, of which £342,881 falls on local rates.
Wages of Pelice Constables.—From 23s. 11d. to 37s. 11d. per week.
POLICE—IRELAND.
ROYAL IRISH CONSTABULARY.
Offices: Lower Castle Yard, Dublin Castle.
Unlike the police forces of Great Britain, that of Ireland is
centralised under Government control and wholly paid for from
national funds. The approximate strength of the Royal Irish
Constabulary for 1914-15 was: 236 head constables, 6,691 sergeants,
382 acting sergeants, and 8,177 constables; total, 10,486. It is a
semi-military force, drilled and disciplined as soldiers, living in
barracks, and armed with rifles, swords, bayonets, and revolvers.
Inspector-General, Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain (£1,500 to
£1,800). :
Cost of Police.— £1,369,292.
Wages of Police Constables.
From 23s. to 31s. per week.
538 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
THE POST OFFICE.
Chief Office: St. Martin’s-le-Grand, E.C.
The Post Office shows an annual profit of about 45,000,000. It
also receives large sums for duties and taxes on behalf of the Inland
Revenue Department, for certain licences for the Customs and Excise
Department and the County Councils, and for National Insurance
on behalf of the National Health Insurance Commissioners and the
Board of Trade. The Post Office also pays old age pensions. The
administrative expenses of the Post Office were estimated at
426,151,830 in 1914-15.
Postmaster-General, Right Hon. Herbert Samuel, M.P. (£2,500).
Assistant Postmaster-General, H. Pike Pease, M.P. (£1,200).
Secretary to the Post Office, George Evelyn P. Murray (£1,750).
Controller of the London Postal Service Department, Sir Robert
Bruce, C.B. (£1,000 to £1,200).
Controller of the London Telephone Service, G. F. Preston ({goo
to £1,100).
POST OFFICE STATISTICS.
The number of postal packets delivered in the United Kingdom
during the year ended March 31st, 1914, was estimated as follows :—
Letters va. asinesyast- cele teg dhe eter nies dete 33477,800,000
Postcards. . gish.:knscs spy dye beasau ten herel inemmmries te 926,500,000
Halipenny wnackets. iy cisices ots eee eee 1,172,300,000
INEWSPaPelS oo. ace. + <0 chen eeaeeeass pee ieee 207,100,000
PArCOls PIS Sali. 2. A fan neon Ore aes 132,700,000
The letters show an increase of 5.4 per cent., as compared with
increases of 3.5 per cent. in 1912-13 and 4.6 per cent. in 1911-12. The
increase shown by this year’s figures is the largest recorded for many
years.
The number of letters delivered per head of population continues
to increase, and has now reached the high figure of 75 per annum.
POSTAL RATES.
INLAND POSTAL SERVICES.
Within the United Kingdom, including the Orkney and Shetland
Islands, the Channel Islands, Isle of Man, and the Scilly Isles.
LETTERS.
NGREXCEGCINE "T0207... baseadh + AAO 1 OP
Getman Empire, 32,2... 32.0 se) $1.0 7... G0.8.'5% | One
RPPR CE he ea o IQD *.. | 20.1 “83. TO,5.) 4. TQsO”* ote pe ee
Italy sense eaees SIF ee 33.7) ve 32.7) oa) \SBISS ota
AGStiia oe liye 34.245 33.89.20 293.5 we QRIG I ee
United Kingdom -26.3.%.. 26.6 “i. 25.7 ..0°S500/)00 | aa
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 549
ROADS—UNITED KINGDOM.
THE ROAD BOARD. |
The Road Board (constituted under the Development and Road
Improvement Funds Act, 1909) have power to make advances to
highway authorities for the construction of new roads and the
improvement of existing roads. The Board have also power themselves
to construct and maintain new roads, but so far their powers in this
direction have not been exercised.
The following are the members of the Board: Sir George S. Gibb
(Chairman) (£3,000); Secretary, W. Rees Jeffreys (£1,000); Manager
and Engineer, H. P. Maybury (£1,500). Offices, Queen Anne’s
Chambers, Broadway, Westminster.
INCOME, 1913-14.
e
Prom MOlOr-spirit "Cuties fr). ae can ts 789,703
Prony Cattiape-licence Cuties 1... .5 1. .eisw gregh ses 605,248
Prom anterest from investments. |... ..... 6.0... 0.2 ee 171,162
Up to March gist, 1914, the Board had made or indicated grants
and loans amounting in the aggregate to 45,181,708, and, in addition,
had intimated their willingness to assist the construction of a new
western approach to London, which is to be five miles long and 8oft.
wide, and which will start from Chiswick and join the Bath Road at
Hounslow.
The mileage of public roads maintained by local authorities in
England and Wales in 1911 was 150,671, of which 118,642 were ‘‘ rural
roads.’’ The amount expended (otherwise than out of loans) upon
their maintenance and repair was £8,804,183, the average cost per
mile being £50. Loan charges amounted to £3,773,323. The mileage
in Scotland was 24,816, and the cost (including loan charges)
41,242,765. The Irish mileage was 58,334, and the cost (including
loan charges), £1,080,794.
The grants and loans made to March 31st, 1914, were apportioned
to the foHowing objects :—
-
Prpemvedient Of TOA CLUSts ....0 60. csecss eet en ses pect vankas 2,289,036
Road widenings and improvement of curves and
URE eho Ma betel alls hs eis ap on bag vaidd cies by aches ned opt 175,150
MURA TN GT SETS MAR EM oo 3b cccleed icq ntee tees eager tse aeas 56,939
Reconstruction and improvement of bridges. ......... 67,172
PRG Meee esti ANG, TIDE OS foto onan wen ehvnciedes aesmesn ane’ 83,498
Potal s% EMRE HAG pata GILG eG ar pit Meme poet £,2,639,691
The number of accidents caused by vehicles in England and Wales
in 1913 WaS 39,793, as compared with 34,186 in 1912.
There were 1,743 fatal accidents in England and Wales.
219 fatal accidents in Scotland.
137 fatal accidents in Ireland.
58°
BOARD OF
What are commonly called the ‘‘ King’s Taxes,” and also the
Stamp and Death Duties, are managed by the Commissioners of
Inland Revenue.
Functions include raising of revenue under the following heads :—
Income tax.
Super tax.
Land tax.
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
REVENUE: NATIONAL.
INLAND REVENUE,
Somerset House, W.C,
Duties on land values and
the following duties, viz. :
Estate.
Legacy.
Also the adjustment of sums raised on the Local Taxation Account,
compensation under Licensing (Consolidated) Act, rg10, and annual
Succession.
Corporation.
Stamp.
Inhabited house.
Probate (and Inventory) and |
Account.
licence value under the Finance Act, 1910.
Chairman, Sir E. Nott-Bower (£2,000).
Deputy-Chairman, N. F. Warren Fisher (£1,500).
Commissioners, J. P. Crawley, H. De la Bere (each £1,200).
This is a real Board, but much under the control of the Treasury.
Estimated cost of administration, 1914-15, £2,207,320.
DEATH (ESTATE) DUTY.
In 1904 Sir William Harcourt revised the Death Duties, and the
new Estate Duty was made applicable to property of all kinds, real
and personal, and whether included in a settlement or not.
were heavily increased by Mr. Lloyd George in ro09. The following
is the scale of duties in the case of persons dying after the 15th August,
1914, where the principal value of the estate—
£
Exceeds
ry) 500
ss 1,060
ry) 5,000
ms 10,000
me 20,000
9) 40,000
60,000
3 80,000
56 100,000
a 150,000
i 200,000
4 250,000
bs 300,000
si 350,000
re 400,000
ry 500,000
be 600,000
2 800,000
93 1,000,000
be)
ee J
100 and does not exceed
be)
33
e Estate duty.
01 MN oe ey I per cent.
1,000. “hy. ewe hak
ROOD. 3 «akin bale a ty
1050007"... cea Faas co
2000" isos ie ieee
GOQjS000" nde eee ee
60,000 tae P eet
80,0005 th..s 4 eae Si
100,;000:. eae Oren
TEQIOOO Huish eens TOs*sle
200,000! Fa ctics bie attaotl tl cary
260,000.) v.tn. cae 35.5 cee
300,000 © (anata £3 es
$50,000 1 se teaeee Td ore
ADO OOD e! ti a. poate ate 96 oe
EO0;000 "cin aee 9 gael
600,006. oie ee i ee
SO0jO00'", LATER Te s7F 5,
NOOO OOO TE Fon. OL ro
3°
The duties
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 551
Legacy Duty.—Where property is left to—
A husband, wife, or descendants (small legacies
SINE CMSESLES CREMIPEY co oh ce ar eih esc ts panhne ge ited mnie ee Duty 1 per cent.
Brothers, sisters, or their descendants.................. i. age
PREM OE DOTEOUS. «5, cuenaradso bere ear eeu ede eh ener te Adan ic aputy
INCOME TAX.
The income tax year ends on the sth April.
(1) RATES.
|
| Rates for Rates for
Rates 1915-16 Ig16-17
chargeable | (representing eebpeennite
ae under first | an addition | an addition
Finance Act, | of40percent. | of4opercent.
1915. for the second | for the whole
half-year). year).
General rate on unearned income | gs, d, Pane
and on all incomes exceeding
£O500- DEF BNNUM.. vib sso ke ks
Rate on unearned income where
total earned and unearned in- |
come— |
Deesot exceed’ £'300'. vir. S20 1
Exceeds £300 and does not
SROEE LOO. oi) esis eas SR PRN 279 B08 fo) Sago
Rate on earned income where total |
earned and unearned income—
Does not exceed £1,000. ..2.../1 6_..;,
Exceeds £1,000 and does not
exceed £1,500..s.secsaeeees! RG ca3 ig A 2 Se Sy
|
|
‘aes - i
ie
be
nN
Gin thef 3 ointhef£ | 3 6in the £
bo
>
oT
N
Ke)
OK
=
Ke)
ot
bo
He
Oye
Exceeds £1,500 and does not |
exceed £2,000......se000004/2 0 if a7 ae Ags, eS
Exceeds £2,000 and does not |
298 » 3 Bb Or:
OE ROO a sac A aig din noe eh A nies |
(2) ABATEMENTS AND ALLOWANCES.
RIAAG: £T30 gen ges esl + Ne Ge Pea Poe ear Be Soe we th Lg ay
Abatements on incomes— Abatement.
Exceeding £130 and not exceeding £400 .. £120
” £400 . £600 an £100
» £600 x PO egy
Allowances :—
Life Insurance Premiums up to one-sixth of total income.
£20 in respect of each child under 16 where total income
does not exceed {500,
See IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
(3) COLLECTION BY INSTALMENTS.
The tax is now collected by half-yearly instalments in the case
of individuals or firms engaged in trades, professions, or husbandry,
and by quarterly instalments (with quarterly assessment) in the case
of employees.
(4) SUPER-TAX ON INCOMES OVER £3,000.
Rates.
On the first three thousand pounds of the income—
OR L2rh0Gie | dase rim baietale ee ke Nil.
3 stds
Pie Aa BO i: ches nike dee oh ja a Re hiaiuaitise ro in the £
Oa the fourth thousands eas4 oss... Sek eka T tz *
3) whet the a: bai Nee Saree es €
ve ha BERLE Mit hak tomes Me ATURE NS ES I 10 Ny
xo bt EMISOA GLE. | bop 0! 07 a cg aah a lee eae aoa a BY oe 7
» eighth eh | oS) ial ea eae a cia 2. oy
sa marie sg ik oe) aaa aie aa Re RE athe ae 2 10 hi
», tenth RR ee ee ctr a ay aF
> Memainder. <. cde eee ee reat Be ¥
(5) EXCESS PROFITS TAX.
A tax of 50 per cent. on any sum by which the profits or gains
arising from any trade, manufacture, concern in the nature of trade,
or business (including agencies) in any business year ending on any
date between ist September, 1914, and ist July, 1915, exceeded the
profits on the income tax assessment for 1914-15 by more than £100,
The Chancellor of the Exchequer, in his speech introducing the
Budget on the 21st September, 1915, said that this general liability
may be adjusted on appeal on any of the following grounds :—
First, if the profits assessed to income tax for the year 1914-15 are
less than 6 per cent. on the capital employed by the proprietors in
their business on 5th April, 1914, that percentage of their capital may
be taken as their datum line.
Next, where, in the case of businesses mainly carried on before
the war for supplying under Government contracts munitions of war
and war materials, less than a fair return has been made on the
proprietors’ capital in the preceding three years, the datum line shail
be determined by a tribunal specially appointed.
The third condition of which account must be taken is where
additional capital has been invested during the war period. In such
a case an allowance will be made for the capital invested. In the
same way capital, invested in the three years prior to the war, which
has been unremunerative during that period, may be also a subject
of allowance. In ordinary circumstances the Chancellor said, 6 per
cent. would be the rate of interest applicable to the two last cases,
but, on appeal to a tribunal specially appointed, this rate of interest
may be exceeded for any special reason, such as rapid depreciation,
obsolescence, or the fact that the capital employed is useful for war
purposes only.
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 553
EXAMPLES OF INCOME TAX AND SUPER-TAX, 1916-17.
Where income wholly earned. | Where income wholly unearned.
Income. Tyg ee Ach et mae ont
Amount of tax. [Virtual rate. Amount of tax. Virtual rate.
£ / Fray Sea © d. 7 da ey d.
2 eee Lo tot 2.1 1,310.90 | 2.8
I40 Nee ee 3 3.6 2°360:.0 4.8
I50 gage CG 5.0 4546 | 6.7
160 Aas oO 6.3 5 12 0 8.4
180 iis als 8.4 | 8 8 o Lik
250 13 13 0 3.7 134 0 17.5
300 1S2S)"'0 15.1 26 arrg 20.2
400 29° 3) 19 17.6 45 14 8 27.4
500 42 0 O 20.2 65 6 8 Caer
I,000 I05 0 O 25.2 175 0 O 42.0
2,000 280 0 Oo 33.6 350 0 0 42.0
3,000 525 0 Oo 42.0 525 0 O 42.0
4,000 am oi 7195 Pee 40.7
7,000 ros — 1,579 3 4* 54.1
10,000 mo — 2,520). 31045 60.7
40,000 | — — 13,029. 3. 4" 78.2
75,000 | = _ 25,279 3 4° 80.9
100,000 — — 34,029 3 4* 81.7
* Income tax and super-tax.
INHABITED HOUSE DUTY.
On inhabited houses, occupied as farmhouse, public-house,
coffee-shop, shop, warehouse, or lodging-house of the annual value of—
£20 and not exceeding f{4o ...... ekuveras a. Doty) 2dpia tien
Over #40 and not exceeding £60 ......ssceceseses rh RE eens
Enh Gina ty si npilee wine ea 64s sa gcsye hip baiaaiate © shit, ae ars
Other houses of the annual value of—
£20 and not exceeding {40 ........ eleceiderwie's sp. Saree
Over £40 and not exceeding {60 ........ Aaiehnae bs xh: ORS
SME whi creas be ensies uy eh cach verse hee hs Fi, GOCE:
The gross assessments to income tax have risen from £601,450,977
in 188t-2 to £1,111,456,413 in 1912-13. Allowing for a corresponding
rise in the incomes not assessed and in the wages of manual labour,
we may estimate the national income for 1912 at not less than
£2,200,000,000. The population in 1911 being 45,221,615, the average
annual income is about £482 per head, or £195 per adult man. In
1840 it was about £203, in 1860 £26 1-5th per head, and for 1gos-6 it
was estimated at £46} per head.
Rent of Land and Houses.—The total profit from the ownership
of lands, houses, tithes, etc., as assessed for income tax in 1912-13,
SI
554
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
was £270,536,396; the rents of mines, quarries, ironworks, gasworks,
waterworks, canals, fishings, shootings, markets, tolls, etc., amounted
to £47,042,115.
STATISTICS OF
INCOME AND INCOME TAX IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM.*
During the past few years there has been a rapid increase in the
gross income reviewed by the Inland Revenue for income tax purposes.
The figures are as follow :—
Gross income
reviewed.
Taal
|
£
-1903-04 | 902,758,585
1904-05 912,129,680
1905-06 | 925,184,556
1906-07 | 943,702,014
1907-08 980,117,000
1g08—09 | 1,009,935,926
I9O9Q-IO | I,OII,100,345
IQIO-II | 1,045,833,755
IQII-I2 | 1,070,142,343
IQI2-13 | 1,111,456,413
| - Virtual rate of
Income on which Net produce | tax levied on
tax received. of tax. | . each: £ of
; taxable income.
: ae ees
| £ d.
615,012,373 | 28,188,067 9-24
619,328,097 | 30,966,404 10.07
632,024,740 | 31,601,237 10,06
640,048,238 | 32,002,412 10.05
671,313,000 | 32,380,000 9.72
693,323,082 | 33,408,754 9-73
686,812,104 37,679,902 11.00
697,074,032 38,344,767 10.98
| 720,640,587 | 39,631,630 10.98
|. 79919772947 | 4574477 4 110
/
SUPER-TAX, YEAR 1912-13.—Classification of incomes and number of ~
persons assessed to super-tax :—
Class.
Total incomes Number of
Exceeding. Not exceeding. assessed. persons,
f £ £
5,000 An 10,000 eis 53,650,399 7,796
I0,000 BS 15,000 26,172,805 2,166
15,000 Sie 20,000 14,453,302 840
20,000 be 25,000 10,371,341 466
25,000 si _35,000 11,644,083 399
35,000 45,000 715595339 193
45,000 55,000 5,431,099 ae 108
55,000 65,000 3,520,482 Fa 60
65,000 75,000 2,628,094 L, 38
75,000 100,000 5,423,001 ae 62
100,000 y — 12,744,342 gis 74
ROLL ce Phid'e uti £153,589,287 £12,202
* The Chancellor of the Exchequer estimated the number of income tax payers for
1913-14 at 1,190,000, as against 950,000 ten years ago, and the taxable income per income
tax payer at £780,
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 555
STATIONERY AND PRINTING—UNITED
KINGDOM.
STATIONERY OFFICE,
Princes’ Street, Storey’s Gate, S.W.
The duties of the Stationery Office include the supply of books
and stationery to Parliament and the various Government offices and
departments, and the supervision and control of the printing, etc.,
required by them. All ‘‘ Blue Books’’ and Parliamentary documents
are published by this office. The printing is at present given out by
contract to various firms of printers. Owing to the great expense of
this system a Select Committee recommended in July, 1914, that the
Government set up their own printing press for the printing of all
Government publications, as by this means considerable economy would
be effected.
Expenses of Administration, 1914-15, 41,069,272.
Controller, F. Atterbury (£1,200-£1,500).
Superintendent of Paper, W. G. Wightman (£500-£700).
Superintendent of Stores, I. A. H. Watson (£500-£600).
TRADE.
BOARD OF TRADE,
Whitehall Gardens and Gwydyr House, Whitehall, S.W.
The duties of the Board of Trade are to collect trade statistics,
control the issue of patents, keep the standards of weights and
measures, the non-legal machinery of bankruptcy, the registration of
joint stock companies, railway, tramway, water and gas companies,
electric lighting, harbours and lighthouses, and merchant shipping,
acting under the latter heading as auditor of the accounts of the
Trinity House and the Irish and Northern Lighthouse Authorities.
In addition, it administers the Conciliation Act (1896) for the settlement
of trade disputes, the Labour Exchanges Act of 1909, Part II. of the
National Insurance Act, 1911 (Unemployment Insurance), and the
Trade Boards Act, 1909. The Board never meets and the whole power
is exercised by the President.
The administrative expenses were £215,133 in 1914-15.
President, Right Hon. Walter Runciman, M.P. (£5,000).
Permanent Secretary, Sir H. Llewellyn Smith (£2,000).
Parliamentary Secretary, Captain E. G. Pretyman, M.P. (£1,500).
Chief Industrial Commissioner, Sir G. R. Askwith, K.C. (£2,000).
Five Assistant Secretaries (£1,000 to £1,200).
Railway Department, W. F. Marwood.
Commercial Department, G. J. Stanley.
Harbour Department, Garnham Roper.
Marine Department, E. G. Moggridge.
556 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
Labour Exchanges and Unemployment Insurance Department,
W. H. Beveridge.
Accountant-General, G. S. Fry (£1,000 to £1,200).
Comptroller of Companies Department, H. A. Payne (£1,000 to
Z£al,200).
Director of Labour Statistics Department, F. H. McLeod (£1,000).
Superintendent of London Traffic Branch, Colonel R. O.
Hellard, R.E.
Investigators and Labour Correspondents, Miss Clara E. Collett
and J. J. Dent (£450).
Clerk in Charge of Railway Accident Works, S. G. Spencer (£300
to £450).
Clerk in Charge of Electric Lighting Acts, M. J. Collins (4300 to
£400).
Staff Clerk for Trade Boards Work, S. L. Besso (£300 to £400).
Staff Clerk in Charge of Railway Plans, T. Lofthouse (£250 to
£350):
COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE BRANCH.
973, Basinghall Street, E.C.
Director of Commercial Intelligence, T. Worthington (£700 to £900).
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE.
This Committee was constituted in March, 1910, and its terms of
reference were ‘‘ to advise the Board of Trade (1) on the work of their
Commercial Intelligence Branch and on such matters relating to
foreign tariffs and other commercial questions as the Board may refer
to them; and (2) as to commercial missions abroad, or other means
of obtaining and diffusing information for the benefit of British trade.’
The information collected by the Commercial Intelligence Branch of
the. Board of Trade relates principally to names of firms abroad
engaged in particular lines of business in different localities; foreign
and Colonial contracts open to tender and other openings for British
trade ; foreign and Colonial tariffs and customs regulations ; commercial
statistics; regulations concerning commercial travellers and their
samples; laws affecting patents, designs, and trade marks in foreign
countries; certificates of origin; and trade conditions (terms of
payment, credit, agency conditions, means of recovery of debts, etc.)
in various countries.
Commercial Travellers—There are practically no special
regulations affecting commercial travellers in the British Dominions;
in some cases they are accorded certain privileges on the railways,
whilst in others they are subject to income tax on the sales effected.
In Cape Colony, Natal, Orange Free State, and Transvaal, however,
commercial travellers are required to take out a licence, under varying
conditions; also in the Argentine Republic, Bulgaria, Denmark, Haiti,
Norway, Paraguay, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Uruguay. In
Brazil there is no Federal tax, but taxes in some of the States, while
in Bolivia and Panama there are municipal taxes to be paid by
commercial travellers. No other countries than those mentioned
require licences, but regulations vary as to passports, etc.
IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 557
CENSUS OF PRODUCTION.
68, Victoria Street, S.W.
Director, A. W. Flux (£700 to £900).
Assistant Director, H. W. Macrosty (£500 to £600).
Superintendent of Staff, J. W. Verdier (£400 to £500).
Staff Officer, R. F. Taylor (£300 to £400).
Minor Staff Officers, G. A. G. Stanley, F. W. Leggett, H. J.
Phillips, S. A. Whetmore, and W. M. Hand.
LABOUR EXCHANGES AND UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE.
Queen Anne’s Chambers, S.W.
Director (£1,000 to £1,200).
General Manager, C. F. Rey (£1,000).
Principal Officers, S. G. Tallents and F. Davey (£700 to £900).
Chiefs of Sections, A. W. Basham, Lieut.-Colonel H. R. Beddoes,
Cc. W. Irons, J. S. Nicholson, T. W. Phillips, H. Smith, and U. Wolff
(£500 to £750).
Assistant Chiefs of Sections, W. W. Marsh, W. A. Colegate, J. M.
Glen, P. Y. Blundun, G. N. Hodgson, F. W. Charlton, C. B. Hawkins,
F. Lavington, and S. E. Court.
Principal Woman Officer, Miss L. M. Clapham (£400 to £450).
Travelling Inspectors, B. Wilson, R. C. Davison, and F. A. Norman
(£350 to £500).
Labour Adviser, C. H. Rouse (£350 to £500).
The number of Exchanges open in 1914 was 423. The total number
of registrations in 1913 on the general register of the Exchanges was
2,965,893. In addition, 7,296 individuals were dealt with on the casual
register.
The total number of individuals who at some time or another
during 1913 applied to the Exchanges was 1,877,221.
The number of applicants given work was 656,411, and the number
of situations filled was 921,853, of which 204,629 were temporary (i.e.,
less than a week’s duration).
The number of vacancies notified by employers was 1,222,828.
The sum of £2,900 was advanced during the year towards meeting
the expenses of workpeople travelling to places where employment
had been found for them by the Exchanges, the number of cases being
200.
; (See also Part II. and Part VIII.)
TRADE BOARDS OFFICE.
Old Serjeant’s Inn Chambers, Chancery Lane, W.C.
The business of this office is to administer the Trade Boards Act,
4909.
Chairman, E. Aves.
Secretary, G. T. Reid.
(See Part II.)
558 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
OFFICE OF INSPECTORS OF RAILWAYS.
8, Richmond Terrace, Whitehall, S.W.
Inspectors of Railways.—All accidents and casualties occurring on
railways have to be reported to this branch of the Board of Trade,
which inquires into the causes, as far as possible fixes the responsibility
for the accident, and makes recommendations to the railway companies
for the greater safety of traffic.
Chief Inspecting Officer, Lieut.-Colonel P. G. von Donop, R.E.
(£1,200 to £1,400).
Inspecting Officers, Colonel J. W. Pringle, R.E., and Lieut.-
Colonel E. Druitt, R.E. (£800 to £1,000).
Assistant Inspecting Officers, J. P. Ascot Main and J. H. Armytage
(£500 to £700).
Electric Adviser, A. P. Trotter (£800 to £1,000).
Electrician and Assistant to Electric Adviser, J. Rennie (£300 to
£450).
(See also Part IT.)
BANKRUPTCY DEPARTMENT.
Horse Guards Avenue, Whitehall, S.W.
Inspector-General in Bankruptcy, J. G. Willis (£1,000 to £1,200).
According to the report of the Inspector-General in Bankruptcy for -
the year ended December 31st, 1913, there were in England and Wales.
39358 cases of bankruptcy, with liabilities {5,091,265 and assets
41,790,463. There were 2,411 deeds of arrangement, with liabilities
42,765,929 and assets £1,512,919. As compared with 1912 there was
a decrease of 223 bankruptcies and 359 deeds of arrangement. In
Scotland there 262 cases during 1913, with liabilities £438,873 and
assets £92,055. Irish insolvencies were : Bankruptcies, 142; liabilities,
£143,598; assets, 35,034; deeds of arrangement, 145; liabilities,
£187,449 ; assets, £109,991.
By a deed of arrangement the debtor and creditors settle the claims
between themselves without resorting to legal proceedings, but the
transaction has to be registered with the Inspector-General of
Bankruptcy.
MARINE SURVEY STAFF.
+9, Mark Lane, E.C.
The main duties of the Marine Survey Staff are to supervise
emigrant and passenger ships, inspect crew spaces, light and signals,
life-saving appliances, the stowage of dangerous cargoes, etc. Its
work includes the prescribing of the number of boats, life belts, etc.,
to be carried by vessels.
Principal Officer for London District, R. C. Warden (£600).
Chief Inspector of Ships’ Provisions, W. L. Service (£650).
Chief Examiner of Engineers, W. T. Seaton (£520 to £600).
IMPER{AL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 559
MARINE CONSULTATIVE BRANCH.
54, Victoria Street, S.W.
The Marine Consultative Branch consists of a staff of technical
officers to advise the Board of Trade on matters arising out of the
duties of the Survey Staff on technical matters connected with
merchant shipping generally.
Engineer, Surveyor-in-Chief, and Inspector of Proving Establish-
ments under the Anchors and Chain Cables Act, A. Boyle (£600 to
£800).
Principal Ship Surveyor, W. D. Archer (£700 to £900).
Principal Surveyor for Tonnage, T. F. Jenkins (£520 to £600).
68, Victoria Street, S.W.
Principal Examiner of Masters and Mates, J. M. Harvey (£520 to
Nautical Surveyor, T. P. Marshall.
GENERAL REGISTER AND RECORD OFFICE OF SHIPPING
AND SEAMEN.
Tower Hill, E.
The Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen is charged with
certain duties under the Merchant Shipping Acts, which relate chiefly
to the registration of ships, the issue of certificates to officers in the
merchant service, the custody of official logs, agreements, and other
documents connected with British ships.
Registrar-General, C. H. Jones (£700 to £900).
OFFICERS APPOINTED UNDER METROPOLITAN GAS ACTS.
Referees, Augustus G. Vernon-Harcourt, F.R.S., C. V. Boys, F. R. ry
and j. S. Haldane, F.R.S.
Chief Gas Examiner, Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S.
STANDARDS DEPARTMENTS.
97, Old Palace Yard, S.W.
Deputy Warden of the Standards, Major P. A. MacMahon, F.R.S.
£800).
Comptroller-General of Patents, W. Temple Franks (£1,500).
PATENTS AND PATENTS OFFICE.
Patents for the United Kingdom are issued by the Comptroller:
General of Patents at the Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings,
London, W.C.
The Official fees to be paid before a patent is sealed (which must
be as soon as possible, and not after 15 months from the date of
application) amount to £5, of which £1 is paid on application and
43 on the filing of a complete specification (or £4 on filing complete
specification with first application), and £1 on sealing.
560 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
A patent is granted for a term of 14 years from the date of
application, subject to the payment of the prescribed fees. Further
fees of £50, on certificate of renewal before end of four years from
date of patent, and £100 before the end of eight years are payable; or,
in lieu of these further fees, annual payments of £10 may be made
from the fourth to the seventh year, £15 eighth and ninth years, and
#20 tenth to 13th years.
Under exceptional circumstances the patent may be prolonged for
a further period not exceeding 14 years.
The total number of specifications received during 1913 was 38,982,
as compared with 38,678 in 1912, an increase of 304.
The number of patents granted in 1913 was 16,599, as compared with
15,814 in 1912.
The applications received from women inventors numbered 497,
as compared with 636 in 1912.
The receipts from patent fees in 1913 amounted to £307,054, as
compared with £293,529 in 1912—an increase of £13,525. Renewal
fees amounted to £188,033, and sealing fees to £16,668.
Inventions were mainly concerned with motor vehicles and
aeronautical inventions; much attention was also given to the problem
of railway signalling.
COMPANIES (WINDING-UP).
33, Carey Street, W.C.
Senior Official Receiver, H. de Vaux Brougham (£1,200).
Official Receiver, H. E. Burgess (£800 to £1,000).
Solicitor, Sir R. Ellis Cunliffe (£1,800).
PART VII.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
CONTENTS.
‘The Structure of Local Govern-
ment :—
England and Wales (The
County Borough, the
County Council, the Ur-
ban Sanitary Authorities,
the Rural Parish, the
Rural District Council)..
The Promotion of Local
Authorities :
The London County Council,
Metropolitan Borough
Councils, the City Cor-
poration ..
Federalism in Local Govern-
ment
Courts of Sewers and Fishery
Boards ..
Poor Law Anthorities
Scotland é
Ireland
Summary of Statistics
The Three Main Functions
of Local Government:
The Care of the Children
The Maintenance of the
Public Health and the
Care of the Sick :
The Provision for the
Mental Deficient
Grants in Aid ae
Other Services of Local Cone
ernment :—
Abattoirs
Allotments ..
Page
501
505
566
568
569
569
571
572
573
574
578
582
586
a?
599
Art Galleries ‘ a
Baths and Washhouses sa
Births, Notification of ..
Bridges ae
Burial Grounds
Cinematographs
Cremation
Drainage
Electricity
Ferries
Fire Protection
Garbage Disposal ..
Gas'>2% ee
Health Visitors :
Highways and Streets
Hospitals
Housing . ws
Hydraulic Power .. ee
Infant Life Protection ..
Libraries .. ve ar
Markets ae
Museums and Gymnasiums
Notification of Disease
Police
Poor Relief .
Public Parke... ;
Theatres and Music ‘Halls.
Town Halls. ne
Town Planning oe oD
Water Supply i ma
Superannuation and Pensions
Fair Wages Clause ..
| Wages and Labour Condi-
tions
598
599
600
603
612
612
613
619
620
620
621
622
624
633
636
In many ways the most important part of the government of the
United Kingdom is that which we seldom think of as government at
all, because it is ‘‘ Local Government.”’
Our Local Government now
spends nearly as much as our National Government used to spend in
time of peace; it levies on us nearly as much in direct taxation, which
we call ‘‘rates’’ as the National Government used to levy as ‘‘ the
562 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
King’s Taxes ’’ ; it employs in its service nearly twice as many people
as, apart from the Army and Navy, all the centralised Government
Departments put together; it carries on far more enterprises than the
National Government; it even enacts, year by year, in its bye-laws
and regulations of all sorts, though we seldom realise it, almost as
great a volume of legislation which we are constrained to obey than
Parliament itself; it is incessant and all-pervading; for weal or for
woe it touches the life of every man, woman, and child more closely,
more potently, and more continuously than any other contemporary
influence.
THE STRUCTURE OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT.
We must consider, first, the various kinds of local authorities, of
which in all, there are no fewer than 30,000 at work. And we must
take separately the different parts of the United Kingdom.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
The essential feature of English Local Government is its freedom
in current administration from central executive control. Within the
limits of the statutory powers conferred upon it—subject at most to
an obligation to come up to a national minimum—the local authority,
directly responsible to the local electorate, may administer local affairs
as it pleases. Whilst assisted by such grants in aid from national
funds as may, upon certain conditions, be obtained towards particular
services, it can levy by methods prescribed by general law as much
taxation as it needs upon the local ratepayers. This Local Government
is seen in its most perfect constitutional form in our large cities or
boroughs, other than London, in which two-thirds of the population
now reside.
THE COUNTY BOROUGH.
In Liverpool or Manchester or Leeds, for instance, as in other
so-called ‘‘ County Boroughs,’’ nearly all local authority is concentrated
in the Municipal Corporation which acts by and through the Town
Council. The Council consists of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Councillors.
The Mayor is elected by the Council for one year from the Aldermen,
Councillors, or persons qualified to be such. He is the principal
executive officer and the chief personage within the borough. The
Aldermen are appointed by the Councillors for a term of six years,
one-half retiring every three years. The Aldermen are not necessarily
chosen from among the Councillors, though as a matter of practice
this usually happens in most boroughs, just as it also is the practice
for the retiring Aldermen to be re-elected, and for one to be taken
from each ward. By an Act of 1914 any person who has resided in the
borough for twelve months is now eligible for Councillor or Alderman.
In numbers the Aldermen must amount to a quarter of the whole
Council. The Councillors are directly elected in districts called
wards by the registered electors of the borough (including unmarried
or widowed women occupiers) for a term of three years, one-third
retiring annually.
Practically all the officers from the. Town Clerk downwards are,
without the necessity for sanction or approval by any superior
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 563
authority, appointed by or under authority from the Town Council,
which pays their salaries or wages, and through its various ~
committees supervises and directs their work. The Town Council
is thus, through its several committees, at once the Local Police
Authority, the Local Health Authority, the Local Education Authority,
the Local Pensions Authority, the Local Housing Authority, the Local
Hospital Authority, the Local Lunacy Authority, the Local
Unemployment Authority, the Local Highway Authority, the Local
Authority for Markets and the supervision of the food supply, for
cemeteries and the burial of the dead, for allotments and small
holdings, for baths and washhouses, for public libraries and museums,
and for fire protection; usually also the local authority for the
common supply of water, light, heat, and power, and occasionally also
the local port, dock, or harbour authority.
THE COUNTY COUNCIL.
Outside the County Borough, the organisation of the Local
Government is less simple, but not essentially different. Apart from
London, which has to be separately described, the power and duties
which the County Borough Council concentrates in itself are every-
where shared between the County Council and certain minor loca}
authorities for smaller areas. The County Council, dating from 1888,
consists of a Chairman, Aldermen, and Councillors, the number of
Councillors being fixed by the Local Government Board. The
Councillors are elected in county divisions, by all occupiers, for a term
of three years; the Councillors then co-opt Aldermen for a term of
six years, one-half of whom retire triennially, but are eligible for
reappointment. The County Council freely elects its own Chairman,
either from its own membership, or from outside, appoints its own staff
(including now the Clerk of the Peace, the County Coroners, and the
County Medical Officer), has general responsibility over the whole
county (outside the County Boroughs, and allowing for a certain measure
of local autonomy in the lesser bodies about to be described) for the
education of all grades through its partly co-opted Education
Committee; the provision of small holdings by its Small Holdings
Committee ; the provision for lunatics and mentally defectives through
its Asylum and Mentally Defectives Committees; the supervision of
the public health through its Public Health Committee; the upkeep
of the county bridges and main roads through its Bridges and
Highways Committees; the administration of Old Age Pensions
through its largely co-opted Pensions Committee; the administration
of the National Insurance Act through its largely co-opted Insurance
Committee; the county police through the Standing Joint Committee,
of which the Justices of the Peace in Quarter Sessions appoint half the
members, and now the determination of supplementary allowances and
other provision for dependants of soldiers and sailors and disabled
men through the largely co-opted War Allowances Committee. These
committees, which the County Council fills, wholly or partly, by its
own chosen members, have in most cases statutory powers and duties
largely independent of any revision by the County Council itself.
Through its Finance Committee ‘the County Council controls the
finances and levies the County Rate, which is collected, along with
the rates or ‘‘ precepts’’ of the other authorities that we shall describe,
by the local rate collectors as part of the Poor Rate.
3564 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
THE URBAN SANITARY AUTHORITIES.
The local bodies, more or less subordinate to the County Council,
with which it shares its various powers and duties are, in the first
place, the Local Sanitary Authorities, with whom the general
administration of each locality rests. These are either urban or rural.
The towns and thickly populated districts within each county (but
outside the County Boroughs already described) are classed as either
Non-County Boroughs or Urban Districts. Those which are Boroughs
have Mayors and Town Councils identical in constitution with the
County Boroughs. Those which are not Boroughs have Urban District
Councils, which are elected annually or triennially by all male and
female occupiers, together with owners and lodgers who are
Parliamentary electors. There is, in fact, very little practical difference
to-day between a Non-County Borough and an Urban District. The
governing body of the former, called a Town Council, elects a Mayor,
selects one-fourth of its number as Aldermen, appoints a Town Clerk,
and levies what is called a Borough Rate under the Municipal
Corporations Act. An Urban District Council elects a Chairman,
appoints only a Clerk, and has no Aldermen or other co-opted members.
Both alike derive their principal functions and powers from the Public
Health Acts, and levy what is called a General District Rate. Both
have generally the same powers of appointing officers, though their
titles may differ. The Non-County Borough administers the Shops
Acts, which for Urban Districts under 20,000 population are
administered by the County Council. The Non-County Borough may,
in certain circumstances, have the privilege of maintaining its own
police force instead of contributing to the county constabulary (though
half of the Non-County Boroughs do not in fact do so), whilst the
Urban District never has its own police. The Non-County Borough
has its own Auditors, two elected by the burgesses and one appointed
by the Mayor, who have little power except to reveal things to public
criticism, whilst the Urban District has its accounts audited by the
officers of the Local Government Board, who have power to
surcharge. A few Boroughs, County as well as Non-County, have
also been made subject to this provision. The Non-County Borough
may claim to administer its own elementary schools if its population
in 1g01 exceeded 10,000, whereas the Urban District does not secure
this privilege unless its population at that census reached 20,000.
According to statute a Borough may get a stipendiary magistrate
appointed merely by offering to pay the necessary salary, nominally
irrespective of its population; but this privilege can only be granted
to an Urban District (and would, in practice, only be conceded to a
Borough) when its population has reached 25,000.
THE RURAL PARISH.
In the rural parts of the county there is, in every parish of over 300
inhabitants and in many smaller places, a Parish Council popularly
elected, with a Parish Meeting at least yearly. Where there
is no Parish Council there is always a Parish Meeting. The Parish
Council and Parish Meeting have power to discuss all parish affairs
and make complaints, light the village, improve its water supply,
prevent nuisances, hire land for allotments, maintain footpaths, appoint
Overseers, manage the parish property, and conduct baths and wash-
houses or a public library, acquire a burial ground, provide public
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 565
recreation grounds or a fire engine, with authority, without seeking
any outside sanction, to levy a compulsory rate, which, though legally
restricted, is usually found in practice to allow more expenditure than
the Parish Councils actually attain.
THE RURAL DISTRICT COUNCIL.
But the Parish Council does not stand alone. Above the Parish
Council and below the County Council is the Rural District Council,
the members of which are also the members of the Board of Guardians.
in respect of the parts of the union that are not Boroughs or Urban
Districts. Thus, the Rural District Council is directly elected by all
occupiers, like the Urban District Council or Town Council, but its.
members are chosen principally for another purpose; the District
Council meeting, usually held at the close of the Board of Guardians’
meeting, interests them slightly; and the staff of the Council (with the
exception of the District Surveyor)—generally officers appointed for
Poor Law work—are seldom adequate to, or expert in, the diverse
duties thus imposed on them. In some places, however, the Rural
District Council takes a very proper view of the importance of its
work, and finds it then of considerable magnitude. The Rural District
Council is responsible for the maintenance of the public health; for
drainage, prevention of nuisances, and water supply; for the care of
all but the main roads; for the provision of hospitals and dispensaries,
and for housing. It has practically unlimited powers of rating, of
which it usually makes the smallest possible use; and it may also
enact bye-laws and regulations which the inhabitants are required,
under penalty, to obey.
THE PROMOTION OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES.
This series of local governing bodies from the Parish Meeting right
up to the Council of the County Borough has its own system of
promotion from grade to grade, granted upon application to the County
Council, Local Government Board, Home Office, Privy Council, or
Parliament, as the several authorities need and desire additional
powers and dignity. Thus, the small parish which finds the Parish
Meeting inadequate for its government may gain from the County
Council the privilege of having a Parish Council; the Parish Council
may press the Local Government Board to grant to the District Council,
by a Parish Committee, the right to exercise this or that ‘‘ urban
power ’’ conferred by the Public Health Acts on urban districts, and,
as its area becomes more and more built over and populous, may
eventually get either its whole district, or the specially urban part of
it, in which there is a population of at least a couple of thousand in
houses closely contiguous, equipped with an Urban District Council.
If the area is identical, the Parish Council will be superseded by this
latter body, which can look after its own sanitation, highways, and
housing free from the interference of the Rural District Council. For
the Rural District Council, destined in this way periodically to lose
the most populous parts of its territory, there is the alternative of
asking permission of the Local Government Board to exercise, over
those parts of its wide area which are becoming urban in character,
one after another of the ‘“‘ urban powers”’ already referred to, or any
of the powers of a Parish Council, levying upon the localities
concerned the cost of the extra administration thus afforded to them.
506 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
As the Urban District Council grows it may apply to the Privy Council
to be granted a charter as a municipal Corporation, a request not
usually acceded to until the population reaches at least 10,000 or
20,000, when it will become a Non-County Borough, with a Town
Council, Aldermen, and a Mayor; its Clerk will become a Town Clerk,
and its District Surveyor Borough Surveyor, but their powers and
duties will not be essentially changed. A Non-County Borough may,
however, as its population increases, obtain increasing autonomy in
various respects. Not unless it had in 1901 a population of 10,000
can it claim from the County Council the management of its own
elementary schools, the provision for its own defective children, or
the making of its own bye-laws as to school attendance and children’s
employment; not until it attains 20,000 will it have its own Pensions
Committee, nor can it claim to have a District Insurance Committee
appointed for its area. A Non-County Borough having in 1881 fewer
than 10,000 inhabitants—there are just over a hundred such—is not
permitted to have its own police force; a Borough is, indeed, strongly
discouraged from trying to get free from the county constabulary until
it grows much larger, but when a certain undefined magnitude and
importance have been reached (at least 20,000 population) the Home
Secretary will yield to its importunity, and eventually allow it not only
its own police force, but also its own Justices or Commission of the
Peace, its own Court of Quarter Sessions for the trial of offenders,
with a Recorder and a Clerk of the Peace, and even its own
Stipendiary Magistrate, for whom it will provide a suitable salary.
When the population of a Non-County Borough exceeds 50,000 it
may have its own Distress Committee under the Unemployed Workmen
Act, and its own War Allowances Committee under the War Pensions
Act, 1915. On attaining this magnitude it may put forward a claim to
be promoted by Local Government Board Provisional Order, needing
confirmation by statute, to the full status of County Borough, which
involves its becoming free from any supervision or control by the
County Council. It will then have power to deal with its own lunatics
and mentally defectives, its own education, secondary, technical, and
university, as well as elementary; if it is not already doing so, and if
outside the Metropolitan police area, it will begin to manage its own
police. It will be entirely independent as regards public health, it
will cease to pay to the County Rate, it will receive direct from the
Exchequer its own grants in aid, and it will have the duty of making
up its own deficiencies exclusively by its own rate.
THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL.
The Local Government of London, a city unique in size, has
naturally its own peculiarities. There is a County Council—
of 118 elected members and 19 co-opted Aldermen—elected on
practically the same franchise (except that lodgers and freeholders
can also vote) and for the same term as the Councils of other
counties, but with very different powers. The functions of the
London County Council are, in fact, more like those of the Council
of a gigantic County Borough than those of the Council of a rural
county. It administers the whole of the education of the Metropolis,
together with the whole of the tramway service; it maintains the main
drainage system, the fire brigade, the Thames embankments, bridges
{except those of the City Corporation), tunnels, and ferries; the
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 567
extensive parks and open spaces; it executes street improvements and
administers the Building Acts; it licenses the theatres and music halls,
common lodging-houses, servants’ registry offices and noxious trades:
it provides lunatic asylums, inebriate homes, and reformatory schools.
Unlike the ordinary County Borough Council, however, the London
County Council has nothing to do with the police, the stipendiary
magistrates, or the police courts, or with the licensing of cabs and
omnibuses, which are managed by the subordinate departments of
the Home Office; with the water supply, which is in the hands of the
Metropolitan Water Board; with the isolation hospitals and asylums
for imbeciles, which are maintained by the Metropolitan Asylums
Board; with the river that runs through the city, or its docks, which
are controlled by the Port of London Authority ;. or with the paving,
cleaning, and lighting of the streets, the house drainage and removal
of refuse, and the ordinary work of a Local Sanitary Authority (all
of which are looked after by the 28 Metropolitan Borough Councils,
lesser local bodies unknown in any other city), and the Corporation
of the City of London.
(See, for every possible information about London government, the
very valuable volume published annually by the L.C.C., entitled
“‘ London Statistics.’’)
THE METROPOLITAN BOROUGH COUNCILS.
These 28 Metropolitan Borough Councils have Councillors elected
triennially in wards by the same electors as the London County
Council, these elected Councillors choosing Aldermen for six years to
the extent of one-sixth of their number, one-half of such Aldermen
retiring triennially. These Metropolitan Borough Councils have not
the same independence and authority as the Councils of Municipal
Boroughs (they are, for instance, subject to Local Government Board
audit), but they are the Local Sanitary Authorities for their districts;
they are responsible for the streets and for sanitation; they provide
the libraries, the baths and washhouses, and the burial grounds; they
have power to enforce the laws against overcrowding, food adulteration,
excessive smoke, nuisances, and insanitary conditions. They have
concurrent powers with the London County Council as_ regards
housing, etc. They manage the valuation for the assessment of rates,
_ and the whole business of collecting the rates for all the other London
bodies, which issue ‘‘ precepts’? on them for their requirements, as
well as for themselves.
THE CITY CORPORATION.
The place of the 29th Metropolitan Borough is filled by the old
Corporation of the City of London, which has all these powers and
more. For its one square mile (with a sleeping population of less
than 20,000) it has its own police force, independent of Home Office
control. It supports its own lunatics and reformatory schools. It
maintains the city bridges. It has power to deal with its own housing
problem. It administers extensive trust funds. Alone among English
local governing bodies it claims to exercise immemorial powers not
derived from any Act of Parliament. It has its own petty debt courts
(the Lord Mayor’s Court and the City of London Court), and its
own police courts held daily at the Guildhall and the Mansion House
by the Lord Mayor and by the Aldermen sitting in turn.
568 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
The city electors choose annually in 26 wards 206 Common
Councillors. Each ward elects also an Alderman for life. The
Common Councillors, the Aldermen, and the Lord Mayor for the
time being form the Court of Common Council. The Aldermen, under
the presidency of the Lord Mayor for the time being, form the Court
of Aldermen, which is the only surviving example in England of a
municipal second chamber. The Lord Mayor is chosen annually by
the Court of Aldermen from among two of its own members (usually,
but not necessarily, the one of longest standing who has not already
‘‘ passed the chair’’), who have been formally nominated for this
purpose by the Court of Common Hall, an assembly of all the
‘‘liverymen’’ members of the City Companies (those much-changed
survivors of the ancient Gilds), which also elects the two Sheriffs, the
City Chamberlain or Treasurer, and some other corporate officers.
Many other quaint peculiarities distinguish the government of this
unique one square mile out of London’s 120 square miles.
FEDERALISM IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
Some of the local governing authorities for general municipal
purposes form federal unions for particular services. Thus, the County
Council of Lancashire and the Councils of all County Boroughs
geographically within that county (together with Stockport) unite
in the Lancashire Lunacy Board, consisting of representatives from
each of them, for the purpose of joint provision for lunatics. Various
other unions of County Boroughs and Counties exist for this purpose.
There are similarly joint Hospital Boards, joint Water Boards, joint
Drainage Boards, and joint Rivers Boards, of. different counties,
boroughs, and urban districts.
The water supply of London and many neighbouring districts,
including an area of nearly 800 square miles, is in the hands of the
Metropolitan Water Board, a body made up of representatives from
the County, Borough, and District Councils concerned.
For certain functions, notably the administration of the ports, the
conservancy of rivers, the protection of low-lying land from floods,
and the supervision of fisheries, special areas of administration are
required, and special bodies have, therefore, been established. Most
of the ports and harbours are under the administration of separate
Port Authorities, independent of the municipal organisation. Thus,
the Port of London Authority, with 27 million pounds of capital, and
a revenue from tolls and fees of £1,400,000, which controls the Thames
from Teddington to the Nore, including all the docks from the Tower to
Tilbury, is a board of 32 members, chosen mainly by the payers
of dock dues, shipowners, barge owners, and wharfingers, with four
representatives of the Government, four of the London County Council,
two of the City Corporation, one of the Trinity House—the foregoing
including several appointed to represent the dock labourers and
stevedores.
The scarcely less important estuary of the Mersey, with all the
docks of Liverpool, is administered by the Mersey Docks and Harbour
Board, elected by the payers of dock dues, with representatives
appointed by the Government and the Liverpool City Council. There
are Conservancy Boards charged with the protection of the water
from: sewage or manufacturing polution, the prevention of floods, and
the maintenance of navigation for various rivers. Thus the Thames
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 569
from Cricklade to Teddington is under the Thames Conservancy
Board, a body composed mainly of representatives of the riparian
local authorities.
COURTS OF SEWERS AND FISHERY BOARDS.
In about 300 low-lying districts there are bodies of Commissioners
of Sewers, often of great antiquity, nominally appointed by the
Crown, but practically renewing themselves by co-option, frequently
with special statutory powers of their own, which are responsible
for maintaining embankments and preventing floodings. These have
usually power to levy rates only up to a fixed limit and only on the
lands benefited by their work. Round the English coasts we find
eleven fishery districts under a central board, appointed by the Board
of Agriculture and Fisheries, charged with the making of regulations
for the protection of the local sea and river fisheries and the execution
of works for their improvement.
POOR LAW AUTHORITIES.
Parallel with the complete organisation of what may be called
the main scheme of municipal government described above there
survives in England and Wales from the Poor Law Amendment Act
of 1834 an equally complete organisation for a single public function,
the Board of Guardians, with its own separate offices and premises,
having the duty of providing, by its own paid staff, for the destitute
poor. The administrative area of the Board of Guardians is the Poor
Law Union, usually a congeries of mixed urban and rural parishes,
having frequently no relation to other areas of municipal government,
and in most cases not identical with them. The Board of Guardians
is elected, usually triennially, by practically the same electorate as
the County, Borough, or Parish Councillors, but has no connection
with the rest of the Local Government, and is often not even in close
communication with it. In marked contrast with what we have called
the municipal government of parish, district, borough, or county,
which is charged generally with doing all that the locality requires,
the Board of Guardians is restricted to a single function, that of the
‘‘relief of destitution,’’ which ‘it carries out partly in so-called
““workhouses,’’ infirmaries for the sick, homes or asylums for the
aged and the feeble-minded, and schools for the children, partly by
the services of a medical staff, and partly by its doles of ‘‘ outdoor
relief.”” Whilst the municipal authority provides its public services
for citizens as such—-whether the service be infant protection,
schooling, hospitals for the sick, asylums for the mentally defective,
work for the unemployed, pensions for the aged, paved and lighted
streets, parks and libraries, baths and washhouses, tramways, or fire
protection for all—-the destitution authority deals only with those
infants, children, sick or mentally defective persons, able-bodied
unemployed, or old persons who are technically ‘‘ destitute,’’ and only
for the period during which they are destitute. Whereas no disability
or disgrace is attached to taking advantage of what is provided by
the municipal authority, anything done by the Poor Law Authority
carries with it nearly always the stigma of pauperism and generally
certain legal disabilities.
The organisation of this destitution authority is relatively simple
and uniform. In every union area, whether London or ‘provincial,
§70 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
town or country, the Board of Guardians stands in immediate relation
to the paupers below and to the Local Government Board above.
But there are certain federal groupings of unions and their Boards of
Guardians into larger units of area and administration. These
federations, which are always for specific purposes, are administered
by joint boards, to which the various constituent Boards of Guardians
appoint representatives. Thus the 30 Boards of Guardians of London
combine to form the Metropolitan Asylums Board, which, by a
curious anomaly, maintains the isolation hospitals for London for
pauper and non-pauper alike, and also the asylums for imbeciles
(as distinguished from lunatics). This body, by exception, has
among its members 18 nominated by the Local Government Board,
and is practically subject to the control of that Government ~
Department. In various parts of the country other, Boards of
Guardians have combined for the provision of joint institutions for
the children, the sick, or the mentally defective.
RELATION OF NATIONAL TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
It is remarkable how little the National Government, for all that
it has some 300,000 officials (apart from Army and Navy), appears in
the various districts of the local governing authorities. Outside
London, where we see in the centre of the metropolis the great offices
of the different Government Departments, it is only with an effort that
we recall the existence of those whom we call specifically Civil
Servants. The National Government appears up and down the
country in (a) its Post Office officials; (4) its Customs and Excise
staff; (c) its Inland Revenue officers for Income Tax, stamps, etc. ;
(Zz) its inspectors, who report to it about education, the enforcement
of the law as to factories and workshops, mines, railways and trade
boards, health insurance, cattle diseases, and Local Government
generally; (e) its Labour Exchanges and Unemployment Insurance
and Trade Board officers ; (f) its mercantile marine offices and shipping
officers ; (g) in some places its coastguard stations, its forts, its ships
of war, its barracks for troops, its recruiting depdts, and its officers
commanding. None of these has any authority over the Town Council
and its work; nor (with the recent exception of the member of the
Excise Department who acts as inquiry officer to the Pensions
Committee) have they usually any necessary contact with either the
municipal government or the Poor Law administration, except in so
far as the inspectors of the several central departments inquire into
or watch over the work of the branches in which they are interested.
The entirely separate organisation and the uncontrolled responsibility
of local muncipal authorities for their own day-by-day local
administration is a cardinal feature of English government.
In connection with two subjects, however, which might be supposed
to fall within the sphere of Local Government—the administration of
justice (including the maintenance of prisons) and the licensing of the
sale of alcoholic drink—the central executive has either a large
measure of control or the exclusive appointment of the local
administrators, who exercise such control. :
THE COUNTY: JUSTICES.
The representative of the Crown in the county, so far as regards
the execution of justice and the protection of the rights of the
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. Roe
Exchequer, is nominally the High Sheriff, who is ‘‘ pricked’’ or
appointed annually by the Chancellor of the Exchequer from a list
of substantial landowners in the county, which is prepared by the
Judges of Assize. But the functions of the High Sheriff have become
little more than ceremonial. The Judges of Assize come down to the
county twice a year on their circuits, and ‘‘ deliver’? the gaols by
trying all those committed for trial, and the various paid officers of
the courts look after the fines belonging to the Exchequer. The titular
head of each county is the Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum
(keeper of the records), filling an office of great dignity and antiquity,
once of great importance, but now exercising only the function of
appointing Deputy Lieutenants, whose office is purely honorary. He
is still, however, largely influential in filling the ‘‘ Commission of the
Peace’’ for the county. This,is made up of the Justices of the Peace,
unpaid magistrates, who are appointed nominally by the King,
actually by the Lord Chancellor (in Lancashire by the Chancellor of
the Duchy), practically on the suggestion of the Lord Lieutenant,
assisted by a small Advisory Committee named by him for this
purpose. The Justices of the Peace sit as magistrates in Petty and
Quarter Sessions, where they administer justice. They formerly
managed all the business of the county, but in 1878 the administration
of the prisons was transferred to the Prisons Commissioners, a
subordinate department of the Home Office; and in 1888 nearly all
their other administrative duties were transferred to the newly formed
County Councils. The Justices of each county in Quarter Sessions
assembled nominate half the members of the Standing Joint
Committee (the County Council appointing the other half), which
controls the County Constabulary. The Justices sitting in special
licensing sessions exercise the important function of licensing the
public-houses and beershops. But though appointed by the Crown,
the Lord Lieutenant, the High Sheriff, and the Justices are far from
being submissive agents of the central bureaucracy. In fact, they
act, almost always, as representatives of the county, sometimes even
stiffneckedly in resistance to what they consider encroachments upon
local liberties.
SCOTLAND.
The functions of Local Government are very much the same in
Scotland as in England and Wales, but there are differences in structure
and nomenclature. Thus, while we may usually assume what is said
for England and Wales in the matter of actual work performed to hold
good for Scotland also, it must be remembered that the functioning
bodies sare not the same, either in designation, in historical
development, in statutory origin, in composition, in the method of
election, in powers, in demarcation of work, or in appurtenances.
The Scottish system in the Municipal Burghs is that the Provost—
equivalent to Mayor—and the Bailies—equivalent to Aldermen—must
be first elected as Councillors in the ordinary way, and are afterwards
appointed to their respective offices by the Council. From the electoral
point of view, their status is the common status of Councillor. The
Provost, the head of the municipality, holds office for three years.
The Bailies, during their term of office (which lasts only to the date
at which they would retire as Councillors) are magistrates, and as
72 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
OA
such sit in the police courts. In towns of over 7,000 they constitute
the licensing bench.
The Chairmen of Committees of the Council are termed Conveners,
except only the Dean of Guild, Chairman of the Dean of Guild Court,
by which the Building Acts are administered, which is at once a
Committee of the Council and an ancient court of the realm. This
outline of structure applies to the three general types of Scottish
burghs—the Royal Burghs, the Parliamentary Burghs, and the Police
Burghs. Royal Burghs are ancient municipalities, frequently of small
population, which were created by Royal Charter. Parliamentary
Burghs are those which, under the Reform Act of 1832, received the
right of sending members to Parliament. Police Burghs consist of
towns of 7,000 and upwards, formed under the Police Acts.
The Town Council is the plenary authority in all matters of
Local Government, save two. Elementary education is everywhere
under the control of the School Boards; in burghs the administration
of the Poor Law (and that alone) is under the Parish Council. These
single-function bodies are usually termed ad hoc authorities.*
The County Council, on which, together with the Landwar
Parish Councils, there falls the governance of the county, is elected
under the same general system as the Town and Parish Council.
The Chairman is termed the Convener, and there is no other honorary
office.
The School Board, of which there is nearly always one for each
parish, however small, is elected en d/oc for a term of three years on
the cumulative vote system.
IRELAND.
Local Government in Ireland follows generally on the lines of that
in England and Wales, having nearly the same structure, functions,
and nomenclature, but usually subject to more supervising and
controlling powers in the hands of the Local Government Board at
Dublin. There are only five County Boroughs. Along with the
smaller boroughs (called ‘‘ absorbed boroughs’’) and urban districts,
there are still some towns under bodies of Commissioners, for which
the County Council levies the rates. There are no Parish Councils or
Parish Meetings, and outside the towns the whole local administration
is in the hands of the Rural District Councils. Above them stand
the 32 County Councils, which (besides their own duties) levy the rates
required by the Rural District Councils. All the expenses of Local
Government in Ireland, in so far as they are levied on the ratepayers,
are included in the one ‘“‘ Poor Rate,’’ which is levied by the County
Councils. The relief of the poor, together with the administration of
the free service of medical treatment (which is not part of the Poor
Law, and is available for non-paupers), is in the hands of the Boards
of Guardians, who are the same persons as the Rural District
Councillors. There are no School Boards or Local Education
Authorities, the schools being under managers, and supervised direct
from Dublin. The franchise for all local authorities in Ireland is
the same as for Parliament, except that peers and women occupiers are
*It should be made clear that, while the Parish Council inside the burgh is an
ad hoc authority, the Landward (that is, rural) Parish Council is not confined to the
administration of the Poor Law, and is, therefore, a general authority.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 573
not disqualified. Clergymen cannot be elected to any body. A woman
is, since 1911, not disqualified by sex or marriage from being a
Councillor or Alderman.
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
Altogether more than 25,000 separate local authorities are known
to the Local Government Board for England and Wales; several
thousands more to the corresponding Boards for Scotland and
ireland, making a total for the United Kingdom of about 30,000.
The number varies siightly from year to year owing to amalgamations
and divisions. They have in their direct employment over 600,000
persons—over two-thirds men and less than one-third women—and
cities like Glasgow and Manchester have each over 20,000 employees
oa their municipal pay rolls, representing one in six or seven of all
the households. They have a total revenue, apart from loans, of
neatly £160,000,000. Something like 50 millions a year come from
public property and reproductive public undertakings. Thirty
millions come from Government grants, and are thus simply drawn
from national revenues. Eighty millions have to be levied in rates.
Of the total expenditure of /£160,000,000, apart from expenditure out
of loans, something like 35 millions go for education, 19 millions for
poor relief and lunacy, nearly as much for highways, eight millions
for polite, and five millions for sewerage, whilst the public
undertakings (including gas, water, electricity, tramways, harbours
and docks) cost, including interest and sinking fund on the municipal
capital thus invested, about 45 millions. General administration and
miscellaneous items account for the balance.
The capital thus administered by the local authorities, represented
by the public undertakings already mentioned, together with other
land and buildings in use for public objects, is estimated at more
than £1,000,000,000, or perhaps one-fifteenth of the aggregate capital
wealth of the kingdom. Against this stands the indebtedness of local
authorities, now amounting to about 600,000,000, two-thirds of it
being for reproductive public undertakings which produce a net
revenue more than equal to the charge for interest and sinking fund.
For further information on Local Government, see Fabian Tracts
Gop Oe eS ty NFOS) 122515 25 90 E949 W387 845584085 4y TSO, 1725. 173, etc, 5
the historical and descriptive manuals of the whole system, by Dr.
Blake Odgers, Percy Ashley, E. Jenks, and R. C. Maxwell. ‘‘ The
Municipal Year Book’’ affords a mass of statistical information.
For Town and District Councils, see ‘‘ The Municipal Manual,’’ by
A. E. Lauder; for District Councils, see ‘‘ District Councils : a Concise
Guide to their Powers and Duties,” by H. D. Cornish; for Parish
Councils, see ‘‘ Practical Ready Reference Guide to Parish Councils
aud Parish Meetings,’’ by J. H. Stone and J. G. Pease. The best
single book on the relation between the local and central authorities
is ‘Local and Central Government,’’ by Percy Ashley; or, on the
financial side, ‘‘ Grants in Aid,’’ by Sidney Webb, and ‘‘ National and
Local Finance,’ by J. W. Grice. The best books on the historical and
constitutional development are ‘*‘ The Parish and the County ’”’ and
‘¢ The Manor and the Borough,”’ both by S. and B. Webb, and ‘‘ Loca!
Government in England,’’ by J. Redlich and F. W. Hirst.
For Scotland, see ‘“‘ Local Government in Scotland,’? by Mabel
Atkinson. For special subjects, see under the several heads.
574 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
THE FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT.
The work done by these 30,000 separate local authorities is
bewildering in its extent and its variety. We can deal only with the
principal functions.
THE CARE OF THE CHILDREN.
By far the most important function of the local authorities, as it
is the most costly and the most onerous in administration, is the one
that they did not assume until less than half-a-century ago, namely,
Education.
In England the School Board (which was established under the Act
of 1870 and abolished by those of 1902 and 1903) was commonly under-
stood to have as its task one form only of child development, namely,
education of the mind. Only in the legislation of the past decade do we
find at all clearly the conception that the Local Education Authority is
concerned as definitely and as directly with the body of the child
as with the mind; and that that which it ought to prevent, with regard
to the children of school age within the district, is not illiteracy alone,
but every form of neglect likely to impair their healthy development.
‘‘It is cheaper,’’ observes Sir Lauder Brunton, ‘‘to spend pence on
children than pounds on paupers.’’ This statutory transformation of
the Local Education Authority, by the Acts of 1902-3, from a
mere scholastic agency into the local organ of the community for
nearly all that concerns the child of school age, is not yet commonly
appreciated. ‘
The first ‘‘education authority’? in England was the Parish
Overseer, who (under the Elizabethan Poor Law) had to ‘‘set to
work’? and apprentice all orphans or neglected children. The Poor
Law Authority remained the only ‘‘ Local Education Authority ”’
down to 1870. By the Elementary Education Acts, 1870 to 1911 (which
badly need codifying), it is now the statutory duty of the Local
Education Authority to provide and maintain in efficiency enough
elementary schools for all the children of school age resident within
its district, and to take whatever steps it deems desirable to supply or
aid the supply of every other grade of education, including secondary
and university, day and evening, with or without board and residence.
It must, in particular, deal suitably with mentally defective children,
and supply efficient education for all blind and deaf children up to
the age of 16. It must make arrangements to search out every child
‘within its district liable to attend school and secure its attendance.
It must arrange for the periodical medical inspection of all children
in attendance at all the public elementary schools, provided and
non-provided, so as to become cognisant of the physical condition of
every child.
WHAT THE EDUCATION AUTHORITY MAY DO.
So much is statutorily obligatory on every Local Education
Authority, and to the Board of Education is committed the
responsibility for seeing that all these duties are performed, as a
condition precedent to its paying over any grant in aid. But the Local
Education Authority has also large optional powers. It may, if it
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 575
thinks fit, provide throughout its district anything whatever that can
be included within the term education, without restriction of age, sex,
kind, grade, subject, or amount. Subject to any necessary sanction
by the Board of Education, the Local Education Authority may, in
particular, establish and maintain residential boarding schools for
children or hostels for aduit students; it may establish and maintain
day feeding schools, vacation schools, and open-air schools; it may
provide for criminal children, for truant children, for children
suffering from serious parental neglect; it may give in all its day
schools, even on Sundays and holidays, meals for necessitous
children; it may establish and maintain school clinics, or otherwise
provide medical attendance to all the children requiring it. It may
appoint not teachers alone, but doctors and nurses, and any other
officers necessary to its work. There is no statutory limit to its
expenditure in the aggregate (though there is on some items), and it
rests only with the members of the Council to put the law in force.
For the complete performance of these duties Parliament has
endeavoured to ensure that the Local Education Authority shall have
daily under the eyes of its officers, as a matter of course, practically
the whole child population under its jurisdiction. This puts the Local
Education Authority (and that authority alone) im a position to take
notice of the first patent beginnings of neglect in any of its forms, but
only so far as children of school age are concerned. Efficient
elementary education is compulsory for all children, and attendance
at an efficient school is compulsory for all within the school age
(fixed by bye-laws, but not beyond the statutory limits of 5 and 14)
who have no reasonable excuse for non-attendance.
SCHOOL EXEMPTION.
‘‘ Partial exemption’’ (popularly known as ‘‘ half-time’’) may be
allowed by local bye-laws, approved by the Board of Education and
subject to conditions as to educational proficiency or previous due
attendance, at 12 or upwards, and for children to be employed in
agriculture at as young as 11. Total exemption may be allowed
subject to similar conditions for all children at 12, except those above
referred to, who cannot obtain total exemption till 13. Blind, deaf,
dumb, and defective or epileptic children are required to receive
instruction up to 16, and are not entitled to total or partial exemption
before that age. The local authority may, within statutory limits,
restrict by bye-laws, to be approved by the Home Secretary, the
employment of children of school age outside school hours. The
Factory and Workshop Acts forbid the employment in factories and
workshops of children unless they have satisfied the requirements of
those Acts as to attendance at school, or unless they continue to attend
school half time. (See also Part II.)
The administration of the law is committed in England and Wales
to the Local Education Authority, which is generally the same Council
that administers the other Local Government services. The Council
is in all cases required to appoint an Education Committee, which
may include a minority of co-opted members and must contain some
persons of educational experience and at least one woman. The
Council must consult this Committee, and may delegate to it as
much as it likes of the work, except the raising of a rate or the
borrowing of money. Everywhere there must be _ voluntary
576 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
‘“managers’’ for each non-provided school, and, in administrative
counties, for each provided school. In London and elsewhere similar
voluntary machinery is made use of also for every evening continuation
school, secondary school, and training college.
ARE ALL THE CHILDREN CARED FOR?
The children of school age in Great Britain (with the exception of
the children of canal boat men, of a few of the travelling showmen,
of some gipsies, and of habitual vagrants), so far as regards those of
families under about £150 a year, as well as an increasing proportion
of families above that income, are now almost all on the school
registers, or at any rate on the school attendance officers’ lists, and
thus actually within the purview of the Local Education Authority.
The attendance of nine-tenths of the children is surprisingly regular,
whilst even the one-tenth, who are frequently absent, are nearly all
at school on one-half or two-thirds of the days that it is open.
Systematic medical inspection now takes place nearly everywhere,
though as yet often to a very limited extent, and any child suffering
from neglect in any form can be thus specially examined. But-we
are still far from the position of preventing child neglect. It is in
England and Wales not obligatory on the Local Education Authority
to take action, though it is obligatory on the School Board in Scotland.
It is not yet clear how far the Local Education Authority in England
and Wales can spend money on enforcing its requirements on negligent
parents. We are now officially informed by the Board of Education
that, of the six million children in the public elementary schools,
‘about 10 per cent. suffer from serious defect in vision, from 3 to
5 per cent. suffer from defective hearing, 1 to 3 per cent. have
suppurating ears, 8 per cent. have adenoids or enlarged tonsils of
sufficient degree to obstruct the nose or throat and to require surgical
treatment, 20 to 4o per cent. suffer from extensive and injurious decay
of teeth, 4o per cent. have unclean heads, about 1 per cent. suffer from
ringworm, 1 per cent. are affected with tuberculosis of readily
recognisable form, and 3 to 2 per cent. are afflicted with heart disease.’’
Steps are everywhere being taken to remedy these defects. Various
authorities have now set up complete school clinics, and several have
even well-organised dental clinics, whilst there are many voluntary
school clinics which the Local Education Authority aids in one way
or another. Nearly all the authorities now provide medical attendance,
and are seeing that the children get spectacles where necessary. Nearly
all the towns in England and Wales have arrangements for providing
meals for those in need of food, and 420,000 children were last year
so fed. Other forms of neglect are provided against, here and there,
by the use of day industrial schools (where the children of parents
unable or unwilling to provide proper parental supervision can be
kept all day, properly fed and looked after, without breaking up the
family), or by the residential schools, to which children can be admitted
voluntarily as well as by order of a magistrate. 1
With regard to (a) promoting the attendance of children at
continuation schools, and (4) directing them into suitable situations,
many Local Education Authorities are now beginning to take action,
in more or less intimate relation with the Labour Exchanges, and
joint committees are being formed with this object in connection with
every ‘‘special school’? and every secondary school and training
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 577
college. In London and many other. towns there is also a voluntary
‘‘ Children’s Care Committee’? or ‘‘ School Canteen Committee,’’
made up of men and women who devote much time to (a) supervising
the arrangements as to weakly or ailing children, (4) managing the
supply of meals, and (c) visiting the homes. There are also committees
for “country holiday ’”’ funds, for the provision of spectacles, boots,
etc., for ‘‘ after-care,’’ for apprenticeship, etc.
THE SCOTTISH SCHOOL BOARDS.
In Scotland the local authority remains, as in 1872, the School
Board, elected ad hoc for each parish or burgh. There are 970 Boards,
of which 82 are for combinations of small parishes. Election is
triennial and on the cumulative vote system. The larger Boards work
through committees, but the great majority are for relatively small
masses of child population, and accordingly deal directly with their
business. ‘There is no area of the country uncovered by a School
Board.
In Scotland the law is much the same as in England, but the
following particular points of difference may be noted :—
1. The provision of meals, clothing, boots, and personal attention
is not left optional to the Local Education Authorities, but is a duty
which must be performed if the parents or guardians are unable
through poverty or ill-health to attend to the matter, provided always
that the resources of voluntary agencies are first exhausted.
2. On the other hand, though medical inspection is a duty of the
local authority, medical treatment is not yet even a power.
3. The Local Education Authority, which in Scotland is the School
Board, has not the same range of control over all grades of education
as in England. This duty of general co-ordination is exercised to a
considerabie extent by Secondary Education Committees, appointed
by the County Councils.
SECONDARY EDUCATION COMMITTEES.
The Education (Scotland) Act, 1908, defines the various duties and
confers the various powers appropriate to the extended conception
of education referred to above. It has also sanctioned a
comprehensive re-arrangement of various grants previously in force
and instituted the ‘“‘ Education Fund’’ for the general promotion of
all grades of education. This fund is administered through the
Secondary Education Committees.
The Secondary Education Committee, which is found in each
county and in certain of the larger burghs, is appointed by Minute
of the Scotch Education Department. Each Committee is made up
of representatives of the various educational bodies in the area—
School Boards, Managers of Secondary Schools, governing bodies of
central institutions, etc.—and of the local authority (Town or County
Council). There are 37 such Committees. They have no power of
rating. School managers practically do not yet exist, although they
are sanctioned by the Act of 1872. In Edinburgh Local Care
Committees are, however, in course of establishment.
The voluntary schools are in a much lesser relation to the Local
Education Authority than in England, but the local authority does
si
578 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
enforce attendance, must provide medical inspection, must deal with
child neglect, may provide books and apparatus in such schools.
In Scotland the number of children on the rolls of public schools
is 714,899, of voluntary schools 109,770. The number of teachers
is, in the former, approximately 16,678, in the latter 2,383.
PHYSICAL CARE.
The Act of 1908 provided for medical inspection and the systematic
dealing with child neglect. In Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen,
Dundee, Govan, Leith, and some other towns the problem is
being vigorously attacked. The following lines of action may be
mentioned: Searching out of children who are underfed, in need of
boots or clothing, affected with vermin or dirt, or in want of medical
treatment; warning and prosecuting the parents responsible for such
neglect; dealing with all these types of neglect (except by medical
treatment); extending and developing the continuation class system
(bye-laws for compulsory attendance at such classes up to 17 years
of age may be made); instituting employment agencies in conjunction ©
with the Labour Exchanges, etc.
IRELAND.
In Ireland educational organisation is extremely backward. There
are no Local Education Authorities, but elementary schools have
managers, who are subsidised and supervised by Government
departments (styled Boards) at Dublin.
School attendance has been made obligatory only in the towns
and more populous parts of the country. Over a large part of Ireland
it is still unnecessary for any child ever to enter a school, and legally
permissible to set children of any age to work, or to employ them
(outside a place that is a factory or pe b within the scope of the
Factory Acts).
THE MAINTENANCE GF THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND
THE CARE OF THE SICK.
After Education, the most important function of British Local
Government is the maintenance of the Public Health and the care of
the sick.
It is interesting to note that it was primarily in order to prevent
destitution that the Local Health Authority in England was called
into existence. It was as Secretary of the Poor Law Commission that
Edwin Chadwick in 1838 drew the attention of the Government to the
need for what we should now call Public Health powers, and described
s ‘‘the most prominent and pressing ”’ of all Poor Law reforms, ‘‘ the
means of averting the charges on the Poor Rates which are caused by
nuisances by which contagion is generated and persons are reduced
to destitution.’? From this impulse sprang the four great Reports of
the Poor Law Commission on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring
Population (1842), the Royal Commission on the Health of Towns
(1842-5), the Removal of Nuisances Act of 1846, and the Public Health
Act of 1848. Now it is the duty of the Local Health Authority to
prevent all disease, however caused, in any part of the population.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 579
PUBLIC HEALTH LAW.
By the Public Health Act of 1875 (for London, the Public Health
Act of 1891), together with the Acts amending the same, Parliament
has made it everywhere obligatory for a periodical inspection of the
whole district to be made in order that no unhealthy conditions may
be suffered to exist; for whatever sewers and house-drains are
necessary to be compulsorily and universally provided and kept in a
proper state; for every dwelling to be properly constructed, not
overcrowded, and kept without any nuisance injurious to health;
for the universal provision of at least a minimum of sanitary
accommodation ; for a proper water supply to every dwelling wherever
this is reasonably practicable; for systematic removal of house refuse
and filth, and the cleansing and disinfecting of any dwellings found
to be in an unwholesome state; for the insistence upon special
requirements to prevent disease with regard to all underground
dwellings, common lodging-houses, houses let in tenements, factories
and workshops,. bakeries and slaughterhouses, and all unhealthy
trades; and for steps to be taken to prevent the continuance anywhere
or under any circumstances of any nuisance injurious to health.
Wide powers of inspection and enforcement of sanitary conditions are
given with regard to meat, milk, and other food, and for the making of
bye-laws imposing sanitary regulations upon the whole population.
Food is inspected at its source by Local Sanitary Authorities,
and at its port of entry by Port Authorities; in its distribution by
Local Sanitary Authorities and police. Births and infancy are looked
after by Local Sanitary Authorities under the Midwives Act and by
Health Visitors ; health at school by Education Authorities; and health
in factories and workshops by the Home Office and Local Sanitary
Authorities. Extensive powers are given for the provision, at the
public expense and for common use, of sewers, pavements, water
supply, lighting, cleansing and scavenging of every description, public
baths and washhouses, parks and Open spaces, playgrounds, markets,
mortuaries, cemeteries, sanitary conveniences, ambulances, disinfection
places, hospitals (including out-patients’ departments or dispensaries),
for any or all diseases, and even (but only temporarily) a supply of
medicine and medical assistance for the poorer inhabitants.
Similar powers as regards Scotland are contained in the Public
Health (Scotland) Act, 1897, and the Burgh Police (Scotland) Acts,
1892 and 1903.
In Ireland the administration of the Health services is extremely
backward, but the law is generally on the lines of that of England
and Wales.
PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE.
So far as general words can go in statutory form, the powers
available to prevent the occurrence of disease, and to deal with it
effectively when it does occur, appear to be ample. There is no
limitation to diseases regarded as infectious. There is no restriction
to any class or age or sex. There is no limit to the expenditure that
may be incurred. But experience proves the legal powers of the local
authority to fall short, in this or that detail, at many points. Much
of what is merely optional is not put in force. Even what is nominally
obligatory and compulsory is, here and there, not in existence.
Unfortunately few local authorities are even willing to make adequate
use of the powers that they possess.
580 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
Everywhere in England and Wales the authority for putting the
law in force is a Council directly elected by the ratepayers of its
district (including women householders), either annually by thirds
or triennially en éloc. This elected Council, referred to as the Local
Health Authority, is, in all the 76 ‘‘County Boroughs,” the
entirely autonomous County Borough Council. In London the Public
Health powers are shared between (a) the London County Council,
(4) the Metropolitan Asylums Board, which is essentially a Public
Health Authority, and (c) the City Corporation and the 28 Metropolitan
Borough Councils. Outside London and the County Boroughs the
County Council has now certain responsibilities and powers with
regard to the health of the whole county. But, subject to a supervision
by the County Council—which is, notwithstanding the provisions of the
Housing and Town Planning Act of 1g10, still somewhat vaguely
defined—the Local Health Authority is the Council of either (a) the
Non-County Borough, (4) the Urban District, or (¢) the Rural District.
In the service of every Local Health Authority (including now every
county) there must be a qualified Medical Officer of Health, with
whatever sanitary and administrative staff is necessary. The Local
Health Authorities—apart from part payment of the salaries of the
Medical Officer of Health and Inspectors of Nuisances in certain
cases—receive from the Exchequer practically no grant in aid of their
Public Health work. They can, however, now get up to 50 per cent.
of their expenditure on schools for mothers or baby clinics from the
Local Government Board. They are responsible to no Minister of
Health, though their sanitary work is more or less supervised by the
four or five separate divisions of the Local Government Board which
deal with the subject.
HEALTH VISITORS.
In many towns in England, and in a few in Scotland, more or less
elaborately organised voluntary agencies, working in conjunction
with the Medical Officer of Health, exist. Over 300 towns have Health
Visitors or Health Societies in active work, visiting (a) all notified
births, (2) sometimes also houses where deaths are notified, and (c)
following up cases discharged from hospital or specially reported.
The number of Health Visitors definitely appointed by the local
authority, paid out of the rates, and working under the M.O.H., now
exceed soo. In addition, there are over 1,000 volunteer Health Visitors
at work in nearly 1co different towns. There are now scores of
municipal, and hundreds of voluntary baby clinics, usually acting
more or less in co-operation with ‘‘ schools for mothers’? and the
Medical Officer of Health.
WANTED, A PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEY.
No general survey of the Public Health service exists, and such a
survey is badly needed. ‘The 1,800 separate Local Health Authorities
in England and the 313 in Scotland—which are, under the statutes,
jointly responsible for preventing disease, and, therefore, for keeping
the whole population in health—vary indefinitely in their activity.
In some districts almost the only sign of a Public Health service is
the payment of an annual fee of ten or 20 guineas to a local medical
practitioner to walk through the part of Medical Officer of Health,
and a corresponding fee (in England and Wales) to the Poor Law
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 581
Relieving Officer to pretend to be Inspector of Nuisances; and the
whole Public Health expenditure of a Rural District Council
responsible for the good health of tens of thousands of people
sometimes does not exceed £100. At the other end of the scale stand
cities like Liverpool and Manchester, where the Town Council provides
elaborate drainage systems, water supply, parks and open spaces,
baths and washhouses, workmen’s dwellings, and municipal hospitals,
whilst the Public Health Department is a highly organised and all-
pervading influence, maintaining a vigilant supervision of the sanitary
condition of the dwellings, the streets, the workplaces, and the food
supply, and carrying on a persistent campaign not only against the
ordinary notifiable zymotic diseases, but also against infantile
mortality, tuberculosis, measles, whooping-cough, and the minor
ailments of children at school. We know that the 1,800 Local
Sanitary Authorities of England and Wales, together with the County
Councils, have among them about 1,500 Medical Officers of Health,
and that out of these about 350 (including those of London, the County
Councils, and the County Boroughs) are salaried ‘‘ full timers,’’ whilst
about 4oo are private practitioners to whom the Local Health Authority
pays a stipend of from £3 to £30 per annum. We know that out of
these 1,800 Local Health Authorities only about 1,000 have any sort
of hospital provision of their own for infectious diseases, and it is
uncertain how many of the 700 without hospital accommodation can
effectively secure isolation by arrangement with more energetic or
more provident neighbours. We know that the 950 municipal hospitals
have over 40,000 beds, or more than those provided in all the endowed
or voluntary hospitals put together; that they must receive about
100,000 patients a year; that (as they can legally provide for all
diseases, infectious or not) they are here and there widening the scope
of their work, admitting patients suffering from accidents, from
tuberculosis, from measles, from whooping-cough, and so on, and
that they are beginning to open out-patients’ departments or
dispensaries (for tuberculosis, for ringworm, for various skin
affections, etc.).
PUBLIC HEALTH IN SCOTLAND.
In Scotland, the local authorities, for the purposes of the
administration of the Public Health Acts, are in counties (exclusive
of burghs) the County Council where the county is not divided into
districts, the District Committee where the county is divided into
districts, and in burghs the Town Council. There are eight counties
not divided into districts, 99 District Committees, and 206 burghs,
making a total of 313 local authorities for 5,000,000 people. Each
of these local authorities has a Medical Officer of Health and a
Sanitary Inspector, and the Medical Officer of Health must possess
a diploma in sanitary science, public health, or State medicine. An
important fact is that no Medical Officer of Health or Sanitary
Inspector can be removed from office except by or with the sanction
of the Local Government Board for Scotland.
It should be noted that many of the smaller burghs have made
arrangements by which they obtain the services of the County Medical
Officer of Health and Sanitary Inspector, and practically all the
District Committees have appointed the county officials to act also as
their local officials. Uniformity of administration throughout the
552 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
county is thus, to a great extent, secured. In a few cases two counties
have combined to appoint the same Medical Officer. In addition,
almost all the local authorities have appointed a veterinary surgeon
for the purposes of meat inspection and the inspection of cattle in
dairies. With the exception of a contribution to the salaries of
Medical Officers and Sanitary Inspectors, local authorities receive no
grant in aid from the Exchequer. Their work is more or less
supervised by the Local Government Board of Scotland, which (unlike
that of England) is a real Board, composed of the Secretary for
Scotland, the Solicitor-General for Scotland, and the Under-Secretary
for Scotland as ex-officio members, and three appointed- members,
viz., a vice-president, a legal member, and a medical member.
In Scotland, as in England, there is no survey of Public Health
available. The 313 local authorities have among them about 120
Medical Officers of Health. Of these, about 40 devote all their time
to their duties, whilst about 80 are engaged in private practice and
receive salaries varying from £2 2s. to £200. With but one or two
exceptions, every local authority in Scotland is provided with hospital
accommodation for cases of infectious disease. As already stated,
the work of the local authorities is more or less supervised by the
Local Government Board for Scotland, but with a staff of only two
Medical Inspectors an adequate systematic survey of the Public Health
service is impossible, and it has been revealed by evidence that in
many places--notably in the Hebrides and in the Highlands, but also
in some of the Lowland districts—the provision for the prevention of
disease is little more than nominal, whilst the percentage of uncertified
deaths is large.
IRELAND.
In Ireland the Health services are in the hands of the Borough
or District Councils as in England.
See Fabian Tract, ‘‘ What a Health Committee can do’’; the
valuable Annual Report of the Medical Officer of the London County
Council; such scientific treatises on ‘‘ Hygiene and Public Health ”’ as
those by Parker and Kenwood, Stevenson, and Murphy, or Sir B. A.
Whitelegge. For history, see ‘‘The Public Health Agitation,” by
B. L. Hutchins; ‘‘ English Sanitary Institutions, by Sir John Simon;
and ‘‘ The Sanitary Evolution of London,’”’ by H. J. Jephson.
THE PROVISION FOR THE MENTALLY DEFICIENT.
One of the most serious of the duties of the local authorities is that
of providing proper care and treatment for the lunatics, the idiots,
the imbeciles, and other persons who are mentally deficient. Prior
to 1808, when the County Justices were first empowered to establish
county lunatic asylums, the only institutions in England for the care
and custody of the mentally defective, other than the poorhouses of
the time, were a few endowed or voluntary ‘‘ madhouses.’’ Apart
from the inmates of these charities, all that was done for the mentally
defective was to ‘‘relieve”? them, when destitute, by the Parish
Overseer. Only very slowly and gradually was any general institutional
provision made even for dangerous lunatics; and not until 1845 did
it become obligatory on the Local Lunacy Authority to make the
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 583
necessary provision for all persons certified as of unsound mind and
unable to pay for the necessary care.
LUNACY LAW.
By the Lunacy Act of 1890 (a convenient codification), which
applies only to England and Wales, as amended by the Lunacy Act
of 1891 and by the Mental Deficiency Act of 1911, it is the duty of
the Local Lunacy Authority, acting through the Visiting Committee
(of its own members), which that authority must appoint, and either
alone or by arrangement with some other Lunacy Authority, to
provide and maintain asylum accommodation for all the persons of
unsound mind belonging to its area who, by reason of being unable
by themselves or their legally liable relatives to provide for their full
maintenance and necessary care, are wholly or partly chargeable to
public funds, whether or not they are chargeable as paupers to any
Poor Law Authority. These are termed pauper lunatics. If the
Board of Control, which is the central authority, reports any
Local Lunacy Authority to be ‘in default the Home Secretary can
peremptorily require it to provide what he directs. The Local Lunacy
Authority may also, if it chooses, provide (a) separate asylums for
patients on whose behalf the full cost is paid, or admit such “‘ private
patients ”” to the general asylum; and (2) separate asylums for idiots or
patients suffering from any particular class of mental disorder. The
Local Lunacy Authority may make provision for ‘‘ boarding out’’ with
relatives or friends on payment not exceeding the institutional cost.
But though the Local Lunacy Authority may make provision in
separate asylums for ‘‘ patients suffering from any particular class
of mental disorder,’’ this is subject to the limitation that all such
persons must be certifiable and certified as of unsound mind. Under
the Mental Deficiency Act of 1911 it has the further duty of providing,
subject to the approval of the Board of Control, for persons duly
certified as feeble-minded from birth. No person not certified can
lawfully be received, even as a voluntary inmate entitled to leave at
will, in any institution of the Local Lunacy Authority; and no persons
not so certified can lawfully be in any way provided for at its expense.
Hence, whilst certified lunatics, idiots, and imbeciles are provided for,
no provision is or can be made by the Local Lunacy Authority for
other persons, notably for (a) sane epileptics, or (4) persons classed as
morally deficient who cannot be certified as of unsound mind or as
mentally deficient.
The law in Scotland is essentially similar to that of England and
Wales, and has practically the same limitations.
It should be added that the Idiots Act, 1886, makes separate
provision for idiots and imbeciles, who are also specially dealt with
as regards London by the Metropolitan Poor Act, 1867. With regard
to children between 3 and 16, who, without being certified as of
unsound mind, are found to be mentally defective, provision is made
by the Elementary Education (Defective and Epileptic Children) Acts,
1899 and 1914, for requiring local authorities to establish and maintain
special schools for such children and to enforce attendance up to 16.
Provision is also made by the Inebriates Acts for certified institutions
for the reception and detention of inebriates, who may either be
committed by a magistrate or voluntarily agree to their own detention.
554 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
THE LUNACY AUTHORITY.
The local administrative body with regard to persons certified
as of unsound mind or mentally defective (the Local Lunacy Authority)
is, in England and Wales, everywhere the County Council or County
Borough Council acting through its Asylums Committee and its Mental
Defectives Committee, to which (appointed annually by the Council
exclusively from its own members) the statutes give great executive
powers, independent of the Council, with regard both to asylum
administration and asylum provision. The Council may, however,
give directions to the Committee as to which method of providing
asylum accommodation it shall adopt, and the Council must itself
provide the necessary funds by loan or rate. The Corporation of the
City of London and the Councils of some other cities or boroughs
(in 1890 30 in number, but now reduced to a very few), though not
County Boroughs, still retain their old rights as independent Local
Lunacy Authorities, but tend more and more to merge in the county.
In Lancashire all the County Boroughs have united with the County
Council to form a single Lunacy Authority for the geographical county
under a federal ‘‘ Lancashire Lunacy Board.’’ London has two such
authorities: the London County Council, dealing under the Lunacy
Act, with 20,000 lunatics and imbeciles, and, under the Mental
Deficiency Act, with the mentally defective, and the Metropolitan
Asylums Board, under the Metropolitan Poor Act, 1867, with about
7,000 imbeciles and idiots; whilst the statistical returns indicate that
the practice differs widely in the different parts of the Metropolis as
to which classes of patients are remitted to these two authorities.
In Scotland the Local Lunacy Authorities are the 22 District
Boards of Lunacy, which are in 14 cases committees of persons
nominated by the various County Councils in the lunacy district for
which the Board acts, and in the eight largest towns the members
of the Parish Councils.
The duty of taking charge, of getting certified she of conveying to
asylum all lunatics, idiots, and imbeciles who are certifiable as of
unsound mind, and who are not being properly provided for, is,
however, placed not on the Local Lunacy Authority but on the Local
Poor Law Authority. Thus, in practice, it is, in England and Wales,
the Relieving Officer of the Board of Guardians who is called in to a
lunatic or who discovers his need of food or care. It is the Relieving
Officer who, in practice, gets the patient certified, removes him
temporarily to the workhouse, arranges for a reception order, and
conveys him to the county or borough asylum. In Scotland the
Inspector of Poor and the Parish Council have similar duties.
On the other hand, the local administrative body with regard to
epileptic and mentally defective children between 3 and 16, not being
certified as of unsound mind, is, in Scotland, the School Board, and
in England and Wales the Local Education Authority, for the purposes
of Part III. of the Education Act, 1902—that is to say, in rural and
small urban districts, the County Council; in urban districts over
20,000, and in Non-County Boroughs over 10,000 (except in seven,
which have ceded their powers to the County Council), the District
or Borough Council; and in County Boroughs the County Borough
Council. In London some of these children are in the special schools
of the London County Council as Local Education Authority, and
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 585
others in the Metropolitan Asylums Board’s homes for feeble-minded
children.
The local authority for the administration of the Inebriates Act
is the County or County Borough Council, and as the subject does not
fall within the statutory sphere of either the Asylums Committee or the
Education Committee, it is usually dealt with by a separate committee
for the purpose.
WHO PAYS FOR LUNATICS?
The cost of maintenance of the lunatic asylums is curiously shared.
The Local Lunacy Authority determines annually the average cost
of maintenance of the patients in its asylums, other than the paying
patients and apart from loan interest and repayments, and levies this
sum per patient per week upon the Poor Law Authorities of the unions
in which the patients have respectively their settlements. Where no
settlement can be established no charge can be made on any union,
and the Local Lunacy Authority charges the cost of such patients,
together with loan interest and repayments and other charges incidental
to asylum provision, to the County Rate. A similar procedure is
followed by the Metropolitan Asylums Board in the asylums of which
there are no patients who are not chargeable to any union. The Poor
Law Union then obtains from the County Council out of the Exchequer
grant a sum equal to half the net cost of the union of each person so
provided for after deducting the sums recovered from the patient or
his relatives, but in no case exceeding 4s. per head per week, the
balance becoming a charge on the Poor Rate. In London, moreover,
the balance left to fall on the union funds is recouped from the
Metropolitan Common Poor Fund raised by an equal rate throughout
London. The result is that, as each Metropolitan Board of Guardians
pays in effect the same proportion of the total cost of Metropolitan
lunacy, whether it sends few or many patients, either to the London
County Council asylums or to Metropolitan Asylums Board asylums,
or to both, it has the utmost pecuniary inducement to transfer from
the out-relief lists to these asylums as many mentally defective persons
as possible. As between the London County Council asylums and
the Metropolitan Asylums Board asylums, it is to be noted that a fee
is legally payable to the certifying Medical Officer and Relieving Officer
in respect of patients sent by Poor Law Authorities to the London
County Council institutions, whereas no fee is payable in respect of
patients sent to the Metropolitan Asylums Board institutions, which
are technically those of another Poor Law Authority. On the other
hand, outside the Metropolis, the Poor Law Authority incurs
additional expense for most of the patients sent to the county asylums,
as the charge per week, even after deducting the 4s. Government
grant, usually exceeds the cost of maintenance either in the workhouse
or the amount allowed in outdoor relief.
The cost of maintenance of the Local Education Authorities’
schools for mentally defective and epileptic children is borne by the
Education Rate, which is assisted by extensive grants in aid. In
London, however, the cost of the mentally defective children in the
Metropolitan Asylums Board homes (equalised tor all London) falls
on the Poor Rate. That of inebriate asylums is partly provided by the
Government by a special grant in aid, the balance falling on the
County or Borough Rate,
ae
586 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
HOW MANY MENTALLY DEFECTIVE PERSONS ARE THERE?
The investigations of the Royal Commission on the Care and
Control of the Feeble-Minded led them to the conclusion that, in
England and Wales, there were about 271,000 mentally defective
persons, or 0.83 per cent. of the whole population. This total includes
(i.) lunatics; (ii.) persons mentally infirm through age or decay; (iii.)
idiots; (iv.) imbeciles; (v.) feeble-minded; (vi.) moral imbeciles ; (vii.)
mentally defective epileptics; (viii.) mentally defective inebriates ;
and (ix.) mentally defective deaf and dumb or blind. There exists
at present adequate public provision for 122,000 certified lunatics of
class (1.), who (apart from a very small number suitably looked after
at home, and a dwindling little minority in a few certified private
asylums) are maintained in the County or County Borough Asylums,
some as private patients refunding directly to the Asylums Committee
the charge for maintenance. For the 150,000 persons of classes (ii.)
to (ix.) no systematic provision is made—that is to say, they come
under public control, if at all, only in some other connection than their
mental deficiency; for instance, as paupers, criminals, inebriates, or
children at school. In Scotland the position is much the same as in
England and Wales. Thus, the Commission reported that mentally
defective persons (probably over 60,000 in number) were to be found
in Poor Law institutions, including workhouses, casual wards, and
infirmaries, and ‘some even in the special homes for children and the
aged. Others are chronically in and out of prison for petty offences.
Others, again, are living in the slums upon pittances of out-relief,
often under grossly insanitary and demoralising conditions. It is
said that no small proportion of the 15,000 births that take place
annually in the workhouses of the United Kingdom are cases in which
distinctly feeble-minded mothers come into the institution almost every
year to be delivered of a (frequently) feeble-minded child.
VOLUNTARY BODIES.
In connection with the local authorities there are various voluntary
agencies, such as ‘‘ After-Care’’ Committees, acting with the Asylums
Committees, special committees under the Local Education Authority
for ‘‘ mentally defective ’’ schools, and bodies of governors or managers
of homes for inebriates under the committees of Councils administering
such homes. A few endowed or voluntary institutions or homes
receive idiots, inebriates, or feeble-minded women, some of whom are,
paid for by public authorities. The National Association for
Promoting the Welfare of the Feeble-Minded and the Lancashire and
Cheshire Society for the Permanent Care of the Feeble-Minded are
prominent examples of such voluntary bodies, and have acquired
valuable experience as to what is needed.
GRANTS IN AID.
The most important part of the constitution of British Local
Government is really the grants in aid. This is a new thing.
The grant out of the National Exchequer of annual subventions
towards the expenses of local governing bodies was unknown before
1832, and can hardly be said to have become a part of our financial
system until 1846. But especially in the past quarter of a century
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 587
grants in aid have steadily grown. At present, out of an aggregate
expenditure by the local authorities in the United Kingdom of about
160 millions sterling, the National Government contributes about 30
millions, or about 18 per cent. It is not too much to say that the
eficiency of our Local Government depends to an enormous extent
on these grants in aid and how they are made.
THE GOSCHEN FINANCE.
The complications of the statutory provisions with regard to these
grants in aid in each part of the United Kingdom cannot be unravelled
in this brief summary. We must note the effort made in 1888 by Mr.
(afterwards Viscount) Goschen to simplify the relation between central
and local finance by substituting a single Local Taxation Account for
all the multifarious grants in aid then existing (with the exceptions of
the Education Grant, the grants to industrial and reformatory schools,
and the contributions in lieu of rates on Government buildings). By
the Acts of 1888 and 1890, which set up this Local Taxation Account
and determined of what it should consist, there was to be paid into it
the proceeds of certain licence duties, of part of the estate duties,
and of certain sur-taxes on alcoholic liquors, etc., less tithe rent-
charge rates (1899), which are deducted by the Commissioners of
Inland Revenue out of the sums payable by them to the Local Taxation
Account in respect of the Estate Duty Grant. To these revenues were
added, by the Agricultural Rates Act, 1896, a fixed sum annually in
respect of the deficiency in local revenues then created by the
provisions of the Act. Out of the Local Taxation Account has to be
paid (@) practically all the multifarious grants in aid which had been
instituted down to that date (except the pre-existing education grants
to industrial and reformatory schools); (4) certain additional grants
towards police superannuation and education other than elementary ;
(c) the fixed grant to make up the deficiency in rates caused by the
Agricultural Rates Act, 1896. By subsequent Acts various other
payments made by the Government (such as the expenses of measures
taken against swine fever) have been charged to the Local Taxation
Account and the grants in aid correspondingly reduced. Somewhat
similar provisions have been made with regard to Local Taxation
Accounts for Scotland and Ireland respectively.
Apart altogether from these arrangements stand the direct grants
_ in aid of Local Education Authorities, which rest upon the Education
Acts and the regulations of the Board of Education for England and
Wales, the Scotch Education Department, and the Irish Government.
There remain apart also the grants made by the Home Office under
the Industrial and Reformatory Schools Acts (now codified in the
Children’s Act, 1908).
Quite a new addition are the grants made under the Unemployed
Workmen Act, 1905, by the Local Government Board.
In England and Wales an attempt was made under the Local
Taxation Account to make the County and County Borough Councils
the sole recipients of the grants payable from that account. The
County and County Borough Councils were required to pay over to
Boards of Guardians, Councils of Rural Districts, Urban Districts or
Non-County Boroughs, and other local authorities any sums that they
had been accustomed to receive. The Board of Education grants in
England and Wales are paid direct to County and County Borough
588 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
Councils, with the addition, however, of those larger Non-County
Boroughs and Urban Districts which administer their own elementary
schools. In Scotland and Ireland all grants have continued to be paid
direct to the County, Burgh, or Parish Council, Board of Guardians,
School Board, or District Board of Lunacy whose finances were to
be aided. The same course has always been followed with the grants
in aid of industrial and reformatory schools, which are paid direct
to the managers of such schools, whether these are voluntary
committee or Local Education Authorities.
Of the 30 millions sterling of grants in aid over four millions go
to local authorities in England and Wales, four millions to those of
Scotland, and one and three-quarter millions to those of Ireland.
Between eleven and twelve millions sterling come through the Local
Taxation Accounts of the three kingdoms, and over 18 millions do not
come through those accounts.
WHAT ARE NOW THE GRANTS IN AID?
We may most usefully classify grants in aid according to whether
or not they are (a) so far fixed in amount as to be independent of any
action of the local authority receiving them; (4) varying in some
relation to the amount spent by the local authority; (c) dependent
on certain specific services being undertaken by the local authority,
but not increasing in proportion to the amount spent.
Among the fixed grants may be included such items as the
deficiency grants under the Agricultural Rates Acts, the proceeds of
taxes on alcoholic liquors (or the grants in lieu of these under the
Finance Act of 1907) now definitely assigned to higher education, the
grants to Boards of Guardians based on the amount of certain
expenditure in a particular year long past, etc. But, in a sense, all
the sums paid through the Local Taxation Accounts are part of one
fixed grant, as the aggregate sum is independent of any action by the
local authorities, and any increase in some items is little more than a
matter of bookkeeping, as it merely diminishes the unallotted margin.
The aggregate amount of the fixed grants, including on this ground
all the payments through the Local Taxation Accounts, is between
eleven and twelve millions.
The grants dependent on the performance of certain services, but
not varying in proportion to the expenditure of the local authorities,
are mainly the Education Authorities’ grants and those to industrial
and reformatory schools, amounting in the aggregate to about 154
millions sterling.
The principal instance of the class of grants varying directly with
the expenditure of the local authorities was the police grant, which
is still nominally made on the basis of half the local expenditure on
the service, subject to a certificate from the Home Secretary as to
efficiency. Other instances are the moieties of salaries of Medical
Officers or of the cost of medicine and drugs. But these have been
in effect merged in fixed grants by the operation of the Local Taxation
Accounts.
THE EFFECT ON THE RATES.
The net result on the finances of the several local authorities of
a simultaneous receipt of these heterogeneous and varying grants in
aid, some distributed on a valuation basis, others on a population
basis, and others again on an expenditure basis, can only be described
LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 589.
as extraordinary. The amount of relief to the ratepayers of different
places is (as the Report of the Poor Law Commission declares)
‘‘entirely irrespective of their circumstances, whether the test be
population, area, poverty, amount of pauperism, efficiency of service,
or economy of administration.’’ We may give an example—not worse
than others that could be cited from Great Britain—from Ireland.
** Throughout the whole of Ireland the Government grants are arranged
almost as if it had been deliberately designed that those districts which
needed help most should receive the least assistance, whilst those
which require the least aid had this aid heaped upon them in
profusion. We have worked out the figures for six of the richest and
six of the poorest unions in Ireland :—
‘2 |
rey a -| w A] | z
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Union. County. PeieslBOl sel ge | Ft ‘ome sd
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Is & Meee Sy | a, at 4e) 3
i) BO Ory cas heat 3 © uu
ee |< Bae ik aes Alle > O
ee FAI Cites oh es £ 1g sis a.
Dunshaughlin | Meath ....| 399/332/2,383/3,114| 7,979/105,242|13 417 9
"Eniiiaiaseuth Meath .. 485/408}3,568/4,461/13,973|109,054| 7 16/6 4
Celbridge ....| Kildare....} 579)453|2,122|3,157|14,225|106,057| 7 914 5
Dele irs se vies Westmeath | 316)250/1,717/2,283} 8,477| 53,200] 6 615 4
CEOOR Hi vse Limerick ..| 597/402|2,677|3,676/10,806| 63,836} 5 1816 9
Kilmallock ..| Limerick ..|1,477)/757|6,104/8,338125,551|140,273| 5 I0j6 I
Glenties .| Donegal 669]530/1 ,059/2,267/33,191| 22,314] O 13|/r 4
Dunfanaghy ..; Donegal 364/194} 392| 850|15,781| 12,036] 0 I5|r oO
Belmullet ....| Mayo 504|304| 765/1,573/13,845] 10,942] 0 16/2 3
Oughterard ..| Galway 393/306} 921|1,080/17,732| 16,053] o 18]/r Io
Swineford ....| Mayo 7581490|2,123/3,371|44,162| 42,374] 0 Ig/I 6
5) GL re Galway 507/370|1,020/1,897/18,768| 19,010] I o|2 Oo
‘In the Dunshaughlin Union, amid the rich grazing lands of
Meath, where the valuation amounts to no less than £13 4s. per head
of population, the Government relieves the occupier from his burden
of local expenditure to the extent of as much as 7s. od. per head.
In the Dunfanaghy Union, amid the bare rocks of Donegal, the
Government relieves the occupier of his local burden to the extent of
no more than 1s. per head.”’
See Fabian Tract 172, ‘‘ What About the Rates?’’; ‘‘ Grants in
Aid,” by Sidney Webb; ‘‘ National and Local Finance,’’ by J. W.
Grice.
§90 LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
OTHER SERVICES OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT.
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The provision of these, in substitution for the less sanitary and less
humane private slaughterhouses of the butchers, is very desirable.
Public slaughterhouses are the rule in France, Germany, Austria, and
Denmark. Without them there is great difficulty in systematically
inspecting meat and preventing the sale of diseased meat. Under the
Public Health Act, 1875 (sec. 169 and 267), any Borough or Urban
Council, and, with the consent of the Local Government Board, any
Rural District Council, may establish an abattoir (which may include
a refrigerator and cold storage) and borrow the necessary funds. This
is usually done in connection with the public market, but the abattoir
may be set up independently, and more than 100 Boroughs and
Councils have taken this course. The object is not profit, but some
towns find the receipts from the charges made for slaughtering
sufficient not only to pay all the working expenses, but also to pay
interest and sinking fund. Here are some typical examples of abattoirs
in towns large and small :—
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PART Vill.
SOCIAL INSURANCE.
CONTENTS.
Page Page
Introduction .. 642 | The Provision for Unemploy-
The Provision for Accidents. 643 eae 1 8
The Provision for Maternity... 656 The Pros fe Old. a és
The Provision for Sickness .. 659 e Provision for Bey* OOr
The ProvisionforTuberculosis 675 The Provision for Fire -» 683
The Provision for Invalidity.. 677 | The Provision for Death .. 684
INTRODUCTION.
An important feature of our time is the development of Social
Insurance in many varied forms. It is recognised that, whilst the
ordinary wage-worker may be able to provide for his own immediate
needs so long as things go well with him, the present wage system
makes no provision for the future and leaves him and his family
specially liable to be reduced to destitution by any contingency that
interrupts his work or increases his requirements. By ordinary
Insurance is meant a voluntary arrangement by which payments are
made by or in respect of large numbers of persons in normal circum-
stances, in order to provide funds out of which such of them as find
themselves in abnormal circumstances may be succoured in their
hour of need. Social Insurance is a compulsory arrangement by
which payments are made by everybody to provide against all —
the contingencies, normal or abnormal, which the income of
‘the wage-worker is too small and precarious to cover. So far
as the great mass of the people are concerned, this Social Insurance
is of very recent growth. A century and a-half ago there was
practically no such provision in this country apart from the Poor
Law. Seventy-five years ago there was none except what certain
sections of the wage-earners had voluntarily created for themselves
in their Friendly Societies and Trade Unions. During the past
half-century this Social Insurance has, in nearly all civilised States,
been increasingly taken up by the Government, extended to new
kinds of need, and made applicable to the greater part of the
working population. This organisation of Social Insurance by nearly
all Governments, which took its real start from Bismarck’s far-
reaching proposals in 1881 for German State Insurance, was not
initiated on the demand of the wage-earners themselves or on that
of the Socialists, though some of its progress has been due to their
agitation. In this country the organised workers have had considerable
influence in securing the development of Workmen’s Compensation and
Non-Contributory Oid Age Pensions; but here, too, State provision
against sickness has been made on the initiative of others.. Voluntary -
Insurance, on the other hand, was largely developed by the wage--
earners themselves, and their efforts served as the model for
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 643
subsequent developments of State Insurance. The past half-century
has seen, too, the establishment, especially in connection with
Government and Municipal employment, mining, and the railway
service, many accident, sickness, and superannuation schemes, partly
on a voluntary and partly on a compulsory contributory basis.
THE GAIN FROM SOCIAL INSURANCE.
It is plain that, under the conditions of wage-earning employment,
the collective organisation of Social Insurance, though still very
incomplete, must have mitigated much suffering and helped to main-
tain the standard of life of the wage-earning class. In so far as the
cost has been levied, directly or indirectly, on the wage-earner’s
income, it has meant, we may believe, on the whole, a specific
allocation of his resources advantageous to himself and his family
as well as to the community. And even allowing for the contributions
thus exacted from the class to be benefited, it is probable that most
of the developments of Social Insurance have represented a real
addition to the gains of Labour.
The contingencies in the wage-earner’s life against which he needs
to be socially ‘‘insured’’—that is to say, in respect of which he
requires some supplementary provision to be collectively arranged,
are, mainly, Accident, Maternity, Sickness, Invalidity, Old Age,
Unemployment, Fire, and Death.
THE PROVISION FOR ACCIDENTS.
Ve do not commonly realise the extent to which modern industry
maims and kills those who are harnessed to its car. It is estimated,
on the basis of the officially recorded statistics of typical countries
that, year by year, in Europe and the United States* alone, between
four and five millions of manual workers meet with an accident at or
in connection with their employment. There were half as. many
industrial accidents to workmen during the year of peace 1913 as the
total number of casualties in the armies of all the belligerents during the
first twelve months of the Great World War, 1914-15. These industrial
accidents are not easy to classify, but a large proportion of them are
evidently serious enough. From the exact statistical data published
in some countries it has been calculated that about 7 per cent. of
them all are fractures of limbs or other bones, representing, for Europe
and the United States, at least 300,000 actual breakages every year.
About 6 per cent. result in the loss either of a limb or hand, or fingers
or toes, or one or both eyes, representing at least a quarter of a-million
manual workers thus crippled each year. In actual deaths, indeed,
the workmen’s accidents in peace are not so destructive as the soldier’s
wounds in modern war. Yet each year more than 50,000 manual
workers are killed by industrial accidents in Europe and the United
States—a death toll actually greater than that of most of the wars
of history. These accidents are, for the most part, the result of
modern capitalist industry. Everywhere they accompany, as a dark
shadow, the power-driven machinery, the manifold developments of
mining and metallurgy, the construction of gigantic works and
*For statistics of accidents in the United Kingdom, see page 233 seq.
644 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
buildings, the use of high explosives, and the going and coming at |
great speed which are characteristic of the present age. So far as
accidents are concerned, the most dangerous trades are everywhere
mining and quarrying, smelting and metal working, works of con-
struction and building, seafaring and railway working, stevedoring
and dock labour, the chemical and pottery industries, and the running
of power-driven machinery. In the home industries, in workshops
not using power, and in peasant agriculture, arts that survive from
the eighteenth century, the proportion of accidents is relatively
insignificant.
THE MONEY LOSS THROUGH ACCIDENTS.
Everyone of these four or five millions of industrial accidents in
each year—seeing that this total omits the merely painful bruises
and burns and scalds that do not cause suspension of work—entails
to the community a loss of production, and to the suffering wage-
earner, if not death, at any rate pain and impaired vitality, and—
what can be measured in cash—the need for medical attendance and
a more or less prolonged stoppage of the income on which he and
his family depend for their living. Moreover, the manual workers
are also subject, like the members of other social classes, to accidents
unconnected with their occupations; and these, when they occur, are
equally destructive of their standard of life. Accordingly nearly every
State has found it necessary to organise some form or other of Social
Insurance for part or the whole of the persons employed in industry
against all or some of the accidents to which they are liable.
FORMS OF SOCIAL INSURANCE.
This provision may be made either (1) primarily on the lines of
Compensation by rendering the employer legally liable to pay com-
pensation to the injured workman, either whether it is left optional
for the employer to insure, or such insurance is made obligatory,
with the State or in a prescribed office; or (2) primarily on the lines
of Insurance by providing a common fund out of which the cost of
accidents shall be met, whether the whole cost falls on the employer
or whether the fund is partly subsidised by the State, or by deductions
from wages or by a combination of these methods. Such funds are
managed in some cases by the State and in others by joint boards
or committees of a more or less public character. In the United
Kingdom, the United States, and the British Dominions the idea of
Compensation and Employers’ Liability has been primarily acted
on, though latterly the idea of Insurance has become more prevalent.
In the rest of the civilised world reliance has been placed primarily
on Insurance, though the liability of the employer has also been
increasingly recognised.
HISTORY OF PROVISION FOR ACCIDENTS.
The history of provision for accidents in the United Kingdom is
the record, first of a struggle to amend an inequitable system of law
which denied compensation for injuries even when they were caused
by employers’ wrongdoing ; secondly, of the almost general adoption of
a system of voluntary insurance by employers; and, finally, of the
institution of a publicly administered insurance fund to supplement
workmen’s compensation. ;
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 645
The story clearly indicates what happens when government is
left in the hands of the upper and middle classes to the exclusion of
the workers. It is hard to believe to-day how utterly inequitable
and unreasonable was the English law, even within living memory,
as regards the workman who suffered injury. The idea of the lawyers
was always to discuss the matter as one of personal wrongdoing,
and then, in the interests of ‘‘ freedom for industrial enterprise,’’ to
find reasons for exempting the wrongdoer from pecuniary liability
if he was the employer of labour. An employer, like anybody
else, was liable in damages for any personal injury clearly due to
his negligence or wrongful act. But if the employer used what the
lawyers regarded as ‘‘ordinary care’’ they ruled that he was
not liable for any injury suffered by his employees. Moreover,
‘ordinary care’’ meant for the lawyers only the care that was
ordinary among employers, and the more or less dangerous nature
of the occupation was taken for granted. Hence, the employer
was never held liable for a real accident in the strictest sense of
the word. The justice or the social expediency of making provision
for the injured workinan was not taken into consideration. The judges
preferred to lay down arbitrarily and without warrant in the Statute
Book, or in equity, or in commonsense, that every workman who
took a job must be deemed to have agreed to suffer all the consequences
and the risks attaching to it without any consideration other than his
wages. This was to hold good even if he had not seen the place of
work, or the tools or tackle, or the other men whom the employer
had enlisted, and though the matter had not so much as_ been
mentioned in his contract or in his bargaining with the employer.
Moreover, even when the employer clearly failed in his duty and
provided faulty tools or machinery, weak scaffolding, etc., if the
workman stayed on at his job while knowing of the defect, he was
deemed to have accepted the extra risk and the employer was let off.
The worker’s only remedy was to throw up his job.
THE DOCTRINE OF COMMON EMPLOYMENT.
Again, the accident might happen, and very often did happen,
wholly or partly through some act of a fellow worker which could
be described as negligent or faulty. In that case the worker was
met by the quite arbitrary legal figment called ‘‘the doctrine of
common employment,’’ which declared that when the worker accepted
the wages contract he accepted with it all the consequences of working
with negligent or unskilful fellow employees; and so once again the
employer was relieved from pecuniary responsibility. Moreover, even
where the employer himself had clearly committed a wrong, and so
himself had caused the accident, yet if the injured employee could be
shown to have helped in any way by his own neglect or default, the
lawyers decided that this was a reason for letting off the employer.
Even this was not sufficient protection for capitalist enterprise.
If the neglect or default of the employer were so serious that
the accident was fatal, the wrongdoer for a long time got off scot-free
on the purely arbitrary ruling that the wrongful injury was
a personal one to the victim, and on the no less arbitrary rule, not
peculiar to actions against employers, that after a victim’s death
a personal injury could not be made the ground for any action. A
further scandal was that the whole burden of proof was put on the
646 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
injured party when the employer might far more justly have been
called upon, in every case of accident, to show cause why he should
not compensate the injured. As by the nature of the case the injured
workman found witnesses against an employer hard to get, and in
practice none the less so when the employer was glaringly in the
wrong, the sufferer was often non-suited for sheer lack of evidence.
Finally, the victim, even when legally entitled to compensation, could
not get it at the time when he and his family most needed it—when
his weekly income was stopped, and there was a doctor’s bill to pay—
but only subsequently, at the cost of expensive, troublesome, and
often protracted legal proceedings in which there were many
chances that he would be worsted. It is hard to refrain from anger
when one realises that, whilst accidents were happening annually
to many tens of thousands of workmen, this, in general terms, was
the state of law in the United Kingdom as recently as the middle of
the nineteenth century; that the hardship and injustice to which the
maimed and crippled workmen were daily subjected, and the misery
in which they and their families were plunged, appealed, during the
half-century of middle-class rule that followed the Reform Bill, neither
to Melbourne nor to Peel, neither to Cobden nor to Bright, neither
to Disraeli nor to Gladstone; and that successive Ministries, Whig
and Tory, Liberal and Conservative, in successive Parliaments from
which Labour representatives were excluded, saw no need for any
change.
HOW THE LAW GOT CHANGED.
To-day the ordinary person of the upper or middle class can hardly
believe that the law could have been so unjust and so callous to human
suffering. But, hard as it is to credit to-day that any responsible person
could have been found to defend the iniquitous law that the judges had
elaborated, yet it was only very slowly and reluctantly that alteration
was secured. In 1846, indeed, by what is known as Lord Campbell’s
Act, the widow and orphans of a deceased workman, along with other
sufferers through wrongful deaths, were given the same right to sue
for damages as the injured person had whilst he lived. This, however,
as we have shown, was in most cases of workinen’s accidents almost
illusory. Not until after many years’ agitation by the coal miners’
unions, the railway servants’ union, and the Trades Union Congress
was any attention paid to the workmen’s grievances. Even then it
was not until Alexander Macdonald and Thomas Burt, after
an electoral campaign in which the Trade Unions all over the
country first made their weight strongly felt, forced their way into
Parliament as Labour Members in 1874 that any serious attention
was secured for the subject, though the Government in 1873 had got
so far as to promise a bill. During the next few years eight
different Bills were introduced without success. At last, after the
exercise of no little electoral pressure by the Trade Unions, and on
the election in 1880 of additional Labour Members, the Liberal
Cabinet brought forward an Employers’ Liability Bill. This was a
very inadequate reforin, but it was bitterly opposed by the capitalists
on both sides of the House, and it needed all Henry Broadhurst’s
skill and pertinacity, and all the weight of the organised Trade Union
movement outside the House, to get it passed into law. This Act,
passed in 1880, whilst not otherwise altering the law which the judges
had made, rendered the employer liable whenever the accident resulted
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 647
from the negligence of any superintendent, manager, or foreman, from
the carrying out of any improper order or rule, or from the default of any
person in charge of railway signals, points, or engines. Such a reform,
whilst it left the great majority of industrial accidents still uncom-
pensated, applied to many of the worst disasters, especially on railways
Or in mines.
“CONTRACTING OUT.”
The obstinate employers met it by the device of ‘‘ contracting out,”
and the wage-earners were compelled, as a condition of employment,
to sign away the rights the Act had given them, and to receive in
exchange whatever chance of compensation might be afforded them
from the benefit club which most employers instituted, partly at
the worker’s expense. Against this evasion of the law the Trade
Unions vehemently protested; but not until yet another electoral
campaign had been fought, and still more Labour Members had been
returned, was any redress even offered. In 1893 the Liberal Government
brought forward a Bill to improve the law and make it apply to
employers in nearly all trades. It was strenuously resisted in the
House of Commons without distinction of party; but the Government,
with the Trade Unionists behind them, forced it through that House
only to find that the House of Lords ruthlessly insisted on an
amendment to permit contracting out under new safeguards. On
the demand of the workmen’s representatives, the Cabinet dropped
the Bill rather than accept this amendment. For four years more
the agitation went on, another election was fought, and in 1897
the Conservative Government, at the instance of Joseph Chamberlain,
met the workmen’s demands by carrying through the Workmen’s
Compensation Act, which, as amended by a subsequent Act of 1900,
extended the liability of the employer to practically all accidents
in manufacturing industry, and even in agriculture, and swept away
many of the technicalities by which the lawyers had hitherto baulked
the injured workmen. Contracting out was indeed still legal, but
the safeguards were made so stringent that it was no longer worth
the employer’s while. One-fourth of all the wage-earners were,
however, still left outside the scope of the law. Finally, after yet
another election, the entry of still more Labour Members into the
House of Commons, and the formation of a definite Labour Party,
the Workmen’s Compensation Acts of 1897 and 1900 were amended
by the Liberal Government in 1906, so as to bring within their scope
seamen, fishermen employed at wages, domestic servants, and, indeed,
practically all employed manual ‘workers, and also all other persons
in employment under £250 a year; and to put certain “industrial
diseases’ (such as anthrax and lead poisoning) on the same footing
as accidents.
ACCIDENT INSURANCE TO-DAY.
What inspired Alexander Macdonald to press for compensation
for accidents, and induced him to keep the whole Trade Union move-
‘ment solid for this demand, was his belief that this was the best
way to prevent accidents. It was argued that if the employer had
to pay for all accidents he would take pains to reduce them to a
minimum. The argument was fallacious, because human life is so
cheap. Experience proves that it often costs an employer much more
to prevent accidents than to pay for them! But any effect that the
648 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
new liability for compensation might have had on the employers was
promptly neutralised by their action in commuting the liability for a
fixed annual payment. In deference to Alexander Macdonald and
the Trade Unionists of 1880-1897, Parliament adopted the principle
of compensation instead of State Insurance. Yet what we have to-day
is neither the one nor the other, but a muddle which combines some
of the disadvantages of both. Immediately after the passing of the
Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1897 employers of all sorts, large
and small, contracted with joint stock insurance companies to relieve
them from all liability for accidents on payment of a fixed annual
premium, which in the great majority of cases is now settled by a
common tariff agreed to by all the companies with respect to each trade.
WHY ACCIDENTS GO ON INCREASING.
Thus compensation is, in fact, paid from an insurance fund which
is not under public direction or control. Again, it is not compulsory
for the employer to insure himself, so that the workman has no
security that the employer will be able to pay. The result is that,
whilst here and there an employer who becomes notorious for excessive
accidents may find the premium raised against him, the common ruck
of employers have practically no greater pecuniary motive to take
costly precautions against accidents than they had before they were
liable at all, and, in fact, the number of accidents, which the Trade
Unions hoped to diminish, goes on steadily increasing.
THE DEFECTS OF THE LAW.
Nor do the injured workmen, or their suffering families, or their
widows and orphans, find that the provision made for their needs
is what it ought to be. In the first place, the law is still unsatis-
factory in that (a) ‘‘ out-workers,’’ or persons to whom the employer
gives out work to be done at home, are wholly excluded, even if an
accident occurs whilst they are on the employer’s premises, or if
infectious materials are supplied to them ; (4) fishermen paid on shares
are excluded, though this is a very usual method of employment in
this industry; (c) the compensation is unduly limited, viz., to a
maximum of half-wages in total disablement or £300 at death, which
sums may be insufficient to provide proper maintenance for
dependents; (d) this limitation is specially hard on the poorly paid
labourer or woman worker who is permanently incapacitated, the
compensation being based on the low wages, with a maximum of
one-half of their inadequate amount, a sum quite insufficient for
maintenance; (e) the workman’s right to recover compensation is
dependent, when the employer is not insured, upon the solvency of
the employer; (7) the legal technicalities regarding notice of the
accident and the claim have too frequently disentitled a workman
through a very natural ignorance of his rights and duties under the
statute; (g) it is found to be a serious disadvantage that the workman
has to make his claim against his employer. The claim made against
the employer is in nearly all cases met by a profit-making insurance
company of great wealth and power, having no sense of responsibility
for the accident and no compunction for the sufferers. They are
simply concerned to reduce to a minimum the amount that must
be paid, and are served by a staff specially skilled at making ‘‘ good
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 649
settlements,’’ especially by the offer of a small lump sum, when the
injured workmen or their relatives do not know how to insist on
their rights.
HOW THE WORKMAN IS ‘ DONE.”
As soon as notice of a claim on an accident is given the insurance
company, without tendering any travelling expenses, directs the
injured workman, if he can get about at all, to call on the company’s
doctor, whose surgery is usually at a considerable distance from the
workman’s home. The sufferer from an accident is legally bound
to submit to reasonable medical examination, but he is not bound to
go to the doctor, still less to do so without the necessary travelling
expenses being paid to him. It ought to be obligatory on the company
to pay these in advance. After the company’s doctor has seen the
sufferer the company’s ‘‘claim officer’? sees him, and does his best
(unless there is a Trade Union to look after the workman’s interests)
to induce him to settle the matter for a lump sum down. Some
protection is afforded by the fact that a lump sum settlement may be
subsequently repudiated, unless it is registered in the County Court.
This, however, does not in practice avail much in the less serious
cases, as the insurance companies prefer to run the risk of non-
registration wherever they can settle for less than £5. Some com-
panies do this whenever they can settle for less than £10. When a
larger sum is paid the employers or the insurance company usually
think that it would not be safe to withhold the agreement from
registration, but even then the insurance company often manages
to obtain a settlement at an inadequate amount. The agreement is
always drawn up by the insurance company, and the description of
the workman’s injuries is deliberately made in the vaguest terms. A
medical report is not obligatory. If the Registrar chooses to call for
one it is usually given by the insurance company’s own doctor!
Independent medical testimony ought always to be insisted on, to
be paid for as part of the costs in the case. Even if the Registrar is
dissatisfied, and induces the County Court judge to take his view,
they cannot increase the compensation unless the insurance company
consents. All the. County Court can do is to refuse to record the
agreement, which only happens in the most glaring cases. The result
is that there are still a considerable number of inadequate settlements.
Moreover, the award of a lump sum to a permanently injured work-
man, even if it is £100 or £200, is not a suitable form of provision for
himself and his dependents. In most cases the amount is promptly
lost or dissipated, the family frequently sinking to destitution and
pauperism. In the case of widows and orphans, some further pro-
tection is given by the County Court controlling to some extent the
investment of the money for the benefit of the children, and requiring
the widow to show that any purpose for which she wishes to draw
the balance is a useful one, but even this practice, which has now
become almost universal, does not always ensure adequate provision
for the children.
THE INSURANCE ACT.
Five years after the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1906 came
the National Insurance Act of 1911. This purports to provide, so
far as employed manual workers are concerned and all other
employed persons under £160 a year, for all sufferers from accidents
wi
650 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
who fail to get compensation from the employer; it supplements the
compensation where it is less than the benefits of the Act; and it adds
medical attendance. Thus it meets the cases of (a2) accidents other
than ‘‘industrial,’’ or arising outside the scope of the worker’s
employment; (4) industrial accidents or diseases suffered by employed
persons excluded from the previous Acts, such as out-workers; (c)
accidents involving suspension from work for less than a week (which
the previous Acts had wholly disregarded), or more than one week
and less than two (in which the Workmen’s Compensation Act only
provides for the second week), though only in so far as concerns
the period after the first three days. But it provides for them
in quite another way. Instead of asking compensation from
the employer, the sufferer may claim attendance by the ‘* panel
doctor,’? and Sickness Benefit, and eventually Disablement Benefit,
from the fund under the Act to which he himself, together with the
State and the employer, is a contributor. This fund is administered
by Approved Societies, under Government direction and control.
It has been decided that the ‘‘ panel doctor ’’ is not to be called upon to
deal seriously with any grave surgical cases, with injuries to the
eyes, or with anything requiring an important operation, but the
Government has not yet made provision for the more skilled
medical or surgical attendance required in such cases, or for the
necessary hospital accommodation. The Sickness Benefit of tros.
a week (or 7s. 6d. for a woman) is often much less even
than the standard of ‘‘half-wages’’ set up by the Workmen’s
Compensation Act, whilst the provision for the permanently and
totally incapacitated workman is, after six months, the ludicrously
inadequate sum of 5s. a week. Moreover, between the Workmen’s
Compensation Act and the National Insurance Act the injured
workman may for some weeks be left unprovided for. The
Approved Society withholds Sickness Benefit, because it thinks he
ought to claim against the employer, and the stronger the claim looks
the less disposed is the society even to lend the money; on the other
hand, unless the employer chooses to consent to pay a weekly
allowance meanwhile, no claim against the employer’s insurance
company yields anything meantime for the family to live on! The
Approved Society has power to take action on behalf of a member,
but is not compelled to do so (as it might well be).
WE FAIL TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS.
The result of all this muddle is, first and foremost, that we still
fail to prevent accidents. In 1913 nearly 200,000 men, women, and
young persons met with industrial accidents in the United Kingdom—
more than in any previous year. Five thousand of them—16 every
working day—were killed. We have, however, begun to pay for
accidents. The total amount paid by the employers and the insurance
companies—together with the comparatively small charge yet placed
on the National Insurance Fund as the result of accidents is estimated
at between five and six millions sterling annually. This represents
a considerable advantage to the manual working class, as it is almost
a net gain since Alexander Macdonald started the agitation 60 years
ago, at which time practically nothing was paid to the victims of
the already numerous accidents. But owing (a) to the lack of clear
thinking in our law makers, (4) to the failure of the manual workers
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 651
themselves to demand what was necessary, and (c) to the stubborn
resistance of the capitalists to any increase on the ‘‘cost of pro-
duction,”’ the provision for the sufferers from accidents is still very
imperfect and inadequate.
THE LABOUR POLICY WITH REGARD TO ACCIDENTS.
What is required is that we should look upon every accident, not
merely from the standpoint of the employer’s personal wrong—he
may not be personally to blame—but from the triple standpoint of (a)
how to prevent such accidents for the future; (4) how to make the
requisite provision in the wisest possible way for the sufferer and
all his dependents ; and (c) if there is a wrongdoer, how to bring home
to him the gravity of his fault, so that he does not repeat it. The
present law is terribly defective.
WHERE THE LAW REQUIRES AMENDMENT.
(2) It does not cover all the workers—not even all those in receipt
of less than £160 or £250 a year. The great army of ‘‘ out-workers ”’
need to be provided for, on the scale of the Workmen’s Compensation
Acts, when injured or incapacitated, just as much as the other
wage-earners. So do the multitude excluded even from the obligatory
scope of the Insurance Acts, such as jobbing craftsmen ‘‘on their
own,’ hawkers, pedlars, and many other types of independent workers.
IT DOES NOT EXTEND TO ALL ACCIDENTS.
(4) All accidents are not at present included, though it is equally
essential to the community, as to the sufferer, that proper provision
should be made in all cases. Thus all non-industrial accidents—all
incurred not in or on the employer’s service—together with all those
in which it can be said that the employee has contributed by his
** serious and wilful misconduct,’’ are excluded from the Workmen’s
Compensation Act. These, together with accidents to out-workers
and to cabmen who pay for their vehicles, and accidents involving
no more than a week’s suspension of work, are covered only by the
National Insurance Act, with its quite insufficient scale of benefits.
IT IS FAR TOO STINGY.
(c) The provision is far too small. Even where the Workmen’s
Compensation Act applies, the maximum is 50 per cent. of the wages
or £300 for death. The recent law of the Netherlands makes the
maximum 70 per cent., and the latest Swiss law gives 80 per cent.
For lump sums in case of death, four American States now make
the maximum 3,ooodols. (£600), whilst two more make it 3,50o0dols.
and 3,60odols. respectively (f700 and £720); and Washington has a
maximum of 4,oocdols. (£800).
IT FAILS TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE MEDICAL AID.
(Z) It is as vital to the community as it is to the sufferer that the
best possible medical and surgical treatment, the best available
institutional care, and all necessary appliances should be given to
every victim of an accident in order to restore him to productivity as
quickly and completely as possible. Yet there is, in nearly all work
652 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
places, no certainty of proper ‘‘ first aid,’? and no systematic provision
of ambulances. Nowhere in the United Kingdom is there anything
like adequate provision of hospitals and convalescent homes. The
medical attendance guaranteed by the Insurance Act is restricted
to treatment of little use to most sufferers from serious accidents.
The surgical appliances provided under the Act have similarly been
limited by the Commissioners, quite arbitrarily, so that what is often
needed by such sufferers (such as a truss) is not allowed to be supplied.
IT. 1S “LOOMSLOW:
(ec) The money payment given is not given with sufficient
promptitude. What is wanted when a workman is actually forced
to stay away from his work by any accident is a payment in lieu of
wages on the following Saturday. At present this is often not so
provided, because the Approved Society hopes that compensation will
come under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, and the employer, or
his insurance company, is in no hurry to pay any claim.
IT CREATES ILL-FEELING AND LITIGATION.
(f) The workman should not be obliged to claim against his
employer. Such a claim does not improve the relations between them,
still less incline the foreman to give the claimant another job. An
accident should be regarded as a matter of public concern, to be
dealt with as soon as notified by a public official—such as the local
Medical Officer of Health or local representative of the Insurance
Commissioners—whose duty it should be to see that all requisite
medical and surgical treatment is at once provided, and the needs
of the sufferer’s family attended to that very week-end, on whomsoever
the burden might ultimately be cast.
IT DOES NOT PREVENT ACCIDENTS:
(g) At present the provision for preventing accidents is far
from adequate. There is little done to bring responsibility for taking
further precautions home to those whose faulty machinery or tackle,
or lack of precautions, have been the cause of accidents. At
present machinery must be fenced (under the Factory Acts), mines
worked as safely as possible (under the Mines Regulation Acts),
and railways, docks, quarries, etc., must be safeguarded. But
similar requirements are not yet made on all places where, people
work; they are still limited to a few of the more obvious safe-
guards; the inspectors are too few in number to get the regulations
everywhere enforced, and, above all, there is (except where a death
occurs, or in some other mining and railway accidents) no official
inquiry into the causes that have led to the accident—not even when
a particular factory or employment becomes notorious for a continual
stream of accidents which result not in death but in serious incapacity.
Wherever inquiry shows not only that statutory safeguards have been
neglected, but even that reasonable precautions against accident have
not been taken, the employer should be criminally prosecuted and
made liable to imprisonment as well as fine in proportion to the
measure of his guilt, and irrespective of the amount of injury actually
inflicted.
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 653
IT DOES NOT ALWAYS SECURE THE WORKMAN’S FUTURE.
(2) No commutation of the worker’s claim—wno settlement for less
than the maximum statutory provision—should be allowed without
the consent of the County Court judge. It is emphatically not merely
a private matter in which the injured sufferer can do as he likes.
The community has also to be secured against having the victim
subsequently on its hands. For this reason no lump sum settlement
should be permitted (in lieu of weekly pension), except under special
circumstances and subject to proper investment of the capital sum.
The County Court judge should be required always to obtain
independent medical testimony (other than that of the doctor paid
by the employer or the insurance company) as to the sufferer’s
condition and likelihood of recovery, and to have the agreement in all
cases drawn up by the Registrar of the Court. It should be made
compulsory for the insurance company to be openly cited as a party
in all cases in which it is concerned.
WHAT TO DO WHEN AN ACCIDENT HAPPENS.
It may be well to append some advice on how to make the best of
the present imperfect law.
No matter what other medical attendance has been provided at
the works or elsewhere (if the accident is to an insured person) always
consult the ‘‘ panel doctor’ at once—the injured person going to him
if well enough to do so or else asking him to call. The doctor’s
certificate of incapacity to work should be always obtained at once
(he makes ‘no charge for this) and sent to the Approved Society.
His evidence as to the extent of the injury and his advice as to the
likelihood of recovery will be subsequently required.
No matter who witnessed the accident, or whatever verbal notice
has been given, always give notice in writing to the employer as soon
as possible. No special form is required. Let a short letter be written
(by the patient if well enough, or by wife or child, or any friend)
informing the employer that an accident has happened, stating the
place, the day, the hour, the name of the injured person, the nature
of the accident, and the apparent extent of the injury suffered. Do
not mention the Workmen’s Compensation Act, or give any particulars
of the claim. You cannot at this point be sure in what way the claim
can best be made; and if you are rash enough to mention one Act
of Parliament, you may find difficulty in claiming under another. The
law requires notice to be given as soon as practicable after the
accident and before the workman has voluntarily given up the
situation in which he was injured. Notice should, therefore, be sent
immediately (remember, it must be in writing). Even if some time
has elapsed, the employer does not necessarily escape liability, and the
notice should be sent all the same, adding an explanation of the delay.
If there is any doubt as to which employer is liable (as in the case of
working for a sub-contractor, or when a man is sent by his own
employer to work on the premises of another employer) let the notice be
sent to both. No matter how clever an injured person thinks himself
he ought never to deal with his own claim for compensation, least of
all agree to any settlement, without seeking advice. This applies even
more strongly when the sufferer is a woman or under age. A member of
a Trade Union should consult the Union officials. A member of a
Friendly or other Approved Society ought to consult its officials.
654 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
Failing these, consult the ‘Poor Man’s Lawyer’’ at a neighbouring
** settlement ’’; consult the doctor, if he is friendly (your own doctor,
of course—not the one paid by the insurance company or the employer) ;
consult any working-class official; consult the local Labour or
Socialist organisation or club; consult the minister of the church or
chapel—never act without some consultation and advice. If the injury
is serious and the claim is disputed, it may be necessary to consult
a solicitor, but don’t incur this expense without taking somebody’s
advice first.
When notice of the accident has been given, the employer (or more
usually the insurance company which has assumed his liability) will
send a doctor to examine the sufferer. The sufferer must submit
to any reasonable medical examination even more than once. He
is often summoned to attend at the doctor’s home or surgery. This
he is not legally required to do, but if he is able to walk easily,
and if the distance is quite small, he may as well go. If, however,
he is not well enough to walk, he should simply write to that effect.
If the distance is beyond a mile or two, he may properly write saying
that he will come if his travelling expenses there and back are sent
to him in advance. No charge may be made to him for this medical
examination or travelling.
NEVER ACCEPT THE FIRST OFFER.
After the doctor may come the claims agent of the insurance
company, full of sympathy for the sufferer, and really eager (though
this will not appear in his manner) to ‘‘settle’’ the case at once
for a lump sum down. However tempting are the golden sovereigns
that he may display do not accept them or make any kind of settlement
with the claims agent when he calls. This applies even more strongly
when the sufferer is a woman or a boy or girl, but not even the
cleverest man ought to “‘ give himself away.’’ Wait to think it over
and take advice. The lump sum offered is hardly ever equal in value
to the weekly annuity to which you may be entitled.
One of the points on which to take advice is whether it may not
be better to claim under the Common Law (when there is no limit to
the amount that may be recovered) or the Employers’ Liability Acts
rather than under the Workmen’s Compensation Acts (when there
is a limit of half-wages for life or £300 down in case of death).
The possibility of claiming under the Common Law is specially worth
considering when the accident has been caused by a third party, for
instance, when a carman at work is injured through the negligence of
another carman. Accidents caused by tramcars, motor vehicles, and
runaway horses often give ground for such claims. Usually no
claim can be made with success under the Employers’ Liability
Acts unless (a) the accident was caused by some act or default
of the employer himself, or of a person definitely authorised by
him, or a person in charge of railway signals, points, or engine; or else
caused by some proved defect, known to the employer and unknown to
the sufferer, in machinery plant, tackle, or in railway signals, points,
or engine; and (%) unless also there was no contributory negligence
on the part of the sufferer.
In any fatal or otherwise serious accident in a mine, or on a railway,
the possibility of a claim under the Employers’ Liability Acts is
specially worth considering.
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 655
NEVER ACT ON THE BELIEF THAT YOU WILL: SOON
BEY, WELE.
Remember that a person totally incapacitated by accident is
entitled to half-wages during the whole period of the incapacity.
Who can tell how long the incapacity will continue? Even tos.
a week for a year is better worth having than {£20 down. It
is safer to assume that the incapacity will be permanent. Never
re anything in the way of recovery except on your ewn doctor’s
advice.
Do not be satisfied merely with the fact that the employer, perhaps
out of kindness, without any definite undertaking in writing, is paying
a pound, or some other sum, week by week, waiting to see how the
injured man gets on. If the employer takes this course, a letter should
be written stating that any such payments are accepted, under protest,
-without prejudice to the claim, and that a formal undertaking to
continue to pay the compensation for the whole period of either total
or partial incapacity is requested; failing which proceedings must be
taken.
The injured workman who accepts any settlement is entitled to an
unqualified undertaking by the employer for payment of compensation
during tetal or partial incapacity, or until the same is ended,
diminished, increased, or redeemed in accordance with the Act. He
must never accept a settlement which leaves it to the employer to
decide when total incapacity has come to an end, or how much shall
be payable when the incapacity has become partial, or leaves it in
doubt how or when these points are to be settled.
In the case of a fatal accident, the widow and children should
always refuse to accept anything less than the statutory maximum of
three years’ full wages of the deceased, not exceeding £300 and in
no case less than £150, however low the weekly wage. They should
stipulate for this to be safely invested under the direction of the
Registrar of the County Court.
Be very careful, when the accident has happened to a young person
under 21, in not agreeing to any compromise or final settlement based
on the sufferer’s low wages as an apprentice, a learner, or a youth.
The law provides that such a person may from time to time apply to
the County Court to have the amount of compensation increased up
to half the wage that he or she might have expected to be able to
earn by that time if the accident had not occurred. Thus an apprentice
earning 38. Or 4s. a week who meets with an accident which
incapacitates him can get at once compensation at the rate of full
earnings (not exceeding 10s. a week). But this 3s. or 4s. a week will
not be enough to support him throughout life. When he reaches the
ages at which he would normally have been earning 25s. or 3os. a
week he may obtain an order to have the allowance increased to
12s. 6d. or 15s. a week for the rest of his life. Never agree to forego
this.
ALWAYS CONSULT THE CLUB.
Any person insured under the National Insurance Act is required
if incapacitated from work by accident to take all steps necessary to
recover any compensation that may be due under the Workmen’s
Compensation Acts, Employers’ Liability Acts, or the Common Law
before he can get the Sickness Benefit and Disablement Benefit to
656 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
which he would otherwise be entitled. Hence he ought never to
compromise or settle his claim without consulting the officials of his
Approved Society (or if he is a deposit contributor, not in any society,
the Clerk of the local Insurance Committee). If for any reason
no compensation is eventually obtained from the employer, the insured
person incapacitated from work by an accident is entitled to draw from
his Approved Society Sickness Benefit at the rate of 10s. a week
(7s. 6d. for a woman) commencing on the fourth day of such incapacity.
Hence the importance of at once consulting the ‘‘ panel doctor,’’ whose
certificate of incapacity is required.
INDUSTRIAL DISEASES.
What has been said about accidents applies also to industrial
diseases. Certain illnesses, such as anthrax poisoning (‘‘ wool sorters’
disease’’) and ‘‘ miners’ worm,” entitle the sufferer to claim com-
pensation from the employer just as if they were the result of accidents.
The following is the list of the diseases in which this right to
compensation has been given :—
Poisoning by certain derivatives of benzine.
Poisoning by carbon bisulphide.
Poisoning by nitrous tumes.
Poisoning by nickel carbonyl.
Arsenic poisoning.
Lead poisoning.
Poisoning by African boxwood.
Ulceration by dust, and liquids, chrome, tar, and oils.
Chimney sweeps’ cancer.
Miners’ nystagmus.
Glanders.
Compressed air illness.
Beat hand.
Miner’s beat knee.
Miner’s beat elbow.
Inflammation of the wrist joint (miner’s).
Cataract in glassworkers.
Telegraphist’s cramp.
Writer’s cramp.
This list is added to from time to time.
Ask the doctor whether the illness is one of these. It may be noted
that the Act provides that if the workman, at the time of entering the
employment, wilfully and falsely represents himself as not having
previously suffered from lead poisoning, compensation shall not be
payable if he then suffers from lead poisoning.
THE PROVISION FOR MATERNITY.
Of the 1,100,000 babies born annually in the United Kingdom it is
estimated that at least 950,000 are born in families below the Income
Tax level of £160 a year. In all these households at any rate the event
involves a great strain on the financial resources, for which some
provision must be made.
Down to 1911 the only provision for maternity by way of insurance
was that afforded by a few Friendly Societies (such as the Hearts
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 657
of Oak and the Royal Standard), which paid 30s. on the confinement
of a member’s wife. Now, under the National Insurance Acts, 1911
and 1913, when a woman (being a British subject) gives birth to a
child within the United Kingdom, she is, whether married or not, if she
is an insured person, or if her husband is an insured person (whether
or not he is at the time of the birth within the United Kingdom),
entitled to receive Maternity Benefit to the amount of either 3os.
‘or £3 from the Approved Society. She (or her husband) has
to make private arrangement with the doctor or midwife for medical
attendance. If the doctor is summoned for an emergency, at the
instance of the midwife, no deduction may now be made by the
Approved Society from the Maternity Benefit for his fee. If the
woman, being a British subject, is herself an insured but unmarried
person, or if she is not herself an insured person but has a husband
who is, the Maternity Benefit is 30s. only. If she is herself an
insured person, a member of an Approved Society, a British
subject, and an employed contributor, and is legally married,
then the Maternity Benefit will be doubled, and will amount to £3,
whether her husband is also an insured person or not. But this extra
payment is conditional on the woman abstaining from remunerative
work for four weeks after the birth of the child. If not herself
suspended from benefit for arrears, she is entitled to the full
£3, even though her husband has fallen into arrears, or has
not paid 26 contributions, or, being a deposit contributor, has not
so much standing to his credit. If the child is born after her husband’s
death she is nevertheless entitled to the £3. In all cases, whether
or not she is married, the whole Maternity Benefit is her property,
and will normally be payable only to her. But she may authorise
her husband to receive it on her behalf, in which case he is bound
to pay it to her.
If the mother is not a British subject because she was born outside
the British Empire of a non-British father and has not been naturalised
(under the amending Act of 1913 a British woman who marries an
alien retains her British nationality for the purpose of benefit) then
the Maternity Benefit may be less than 30s. or £3 respectively.
If she is a deposit contributor, and not a member of any Approved
Society, the amount payable will only be what may be standing
to her credit, not exceeding 22s. 6d. (instead of 30s.) or 45s. tod.
(instead of £3). If she or her husband is a member of an Approved
Society it will be such a sum as the society may have fixed (probably
the same as above). The Maternity Benefit is payable not only in
respect of labour resulting in the issue of a living child, but also
labour after 28 weeks of pregnancy resulting in the issue of a
child whether alive .or dead; and whether or not the father is
still alive. It is (except as regards aliens and deposit contributors)
always payable in full, without deductions for arrears or anything
else. It cannot be refused on the ground of misconduct. It
is administered by the Approved Societies, subject to the super-
vision and control of the Commissioners, to whom immediate
complaint should be made if payment is refused. Almost the only
ground on which it can legally be withheld by the Approved Society
is complete suspension from benefits, either for some offence (which
must not be that of her husband only) under the rules of the Approved
Society (when there is always a right of appeal), or for being
658 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
suspended for a year from November by reason of arrears amounting
to more than 26 weeks of ‘‘ penalty arrears’’ (arrears less reserve
contributions) during the preceding year ended in July. Even in this
case there may be arrangements for payment of arrears at a reduced
rate, to aid in which a Benevolent Fund has been provided. The
benefit will not be payable whilst the mother is an inmate of any
institution supported wholly or principally out of public funds (such
as workhouse, Poor Law infirmary, or municipal hospital). No charge
may be made upon her or her husband by any such institution in such
a way as to encroach on the Maternity Benefit. In such cases the
benefit may be paid to the mother herself (or to her husband with her
authority for transfer to her) on her coming out of the institution,
or where only one Maternity Benefit is payable, it may be applied to
the relief of dependents, if any. If there are no dependents, and if
the woman, whether married or unmarried, is a member of an
Approved Society, and becomes an inmate of any hospital, asylum,
convalescent home, or infirmary that is supperted by charity or by
voluntary subscriptions, then it may be paid to that institution. If
the double Maternity Benefit is payable, payment to dependents may
be made out of the one-half, whilst the other may be paid to the
voluntary institution.
DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME.
From the standpoint of the community this Social Insurance is
defective in the following respects :—
NEARLY A MILLION MOTHERS ARE LEFT OUT.
1. It falls far short of being universal, even as regards the
households under £160 a year. Thus it entirely excludes the wives
(not being themselves insured persons) of ‘‘exempted”’ and
‘‘excepted’’ men in employment, who, but for their exemption or
exception (which is granted on the husband’s application, without
consultation of the wife, and without any requirement as to provision
for maternity) would be insured under the Acts. Maternity within
six months of entering into insurable employment, or within six
months of the husband entering insurable employment, is unprovided
for. The Acts also exclude from their compulsory scope the wives of
hawkers, pedlars, costermongers, jobbing craftsmen of all sorts, and
cthers ‘‘on their own,’’ together with those of the little dealers, carriers,
and shopkeepers. All women themselves working at these occupations,
and those not in employment and without any occupation, are also
left unprovided for unless they happen to be married to insured men.
Altogether only about nine-elevenths of all the mothers in each year
actually find themselves entitled to Maternity Benefit, these being
probably less than 95 per cent. of the mothers in households below
the Income Tax level of £160 a year. At least 5 per cent. of these
are still unprovided for at childbirth by any form of Social Insurance.
DEPOSIT CONTRIBUTORS GET VERY LITTLE.
2. Unmarried women deposit contributors and women deposit
contributors married to uninsured men and the wives of deposit
contributors will often fail to get any appreciable Maternity Benefit,
if any at all. The occasions when this is needed are spread only
over a short period of life, but the income out of which the benefit
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 659
is provided is spread over the whole period from 16 to 70. Hence,
what with expenses, and what with withdrawals for Sickness Benefit,
there will often be no sufficient amount standing to the credit of a
deposit contributor to permit of the payment of 30s. or £3 when a
birth occurs.
PENALISING THE MOST HELPLESS.
3- The insured unmarried mother gets a Maternity Benefit of only
30s. instead of £3, though just as much is paid by her into the
Insurance Fund as by a married woman whose husband is not insured,
and though she probably needs the help more. Owing to the costly
and stringent divorce law many thousands of wage-earners, whose
husbands have deserted them, and who are for all practical purposes
divorced, cannot enter into a legal marriage. The Maternity Benefit
should be the same, and at least £3, in all cases.
NO SECURITY FOR PROPER MEDICAL ATTENDANCE,
4. Even where the Maternity Benefit of 30s. or £3 is available,
the mere gift of money does not secure to all women adequate medical
attendance and treatment in their confinements. Skilled assistance
is often sadly to seek; in some rural districts and in the slums of the
cities there are not enough practising doctors and midwives; in case
of emergency the competent man sometimes cannot be got for hours;
hardly anywhere are there maternity hospitals available even for
difficult cases; only in a few cities has there been developed anything
approaching to an organised maternity department of the work of the
Medical Officer of Health, with a proper system of health visiting,
systematic provision for midwives and doctors, a nursing service,
a ‘‘maternity clinic,’? and whatever hospital accommodation is
required. Such systematic public provision for maternity is an
essential part of any effective Social Insurance, and it ought to be
made by every Borough and Urban District Council and, by developing
and co-ordinating the work of the rural districts, also by every County
Council. These local authorities, and not the Approved Societies,
ought to have the administration of the Maternity Benefit in
conjunction with their organised provision for all childbirth. The
provision for maternity might very well be separated altogether from
the Insurance Act as it is in the Australian Commonwealth.
THE PROVISION FOR SICKNESS.
When illness comes to a wage-earning family provision is required
of (i.) medical attendance and medicine for the sick person (ii.) extra
nourishment and care during the illness and suitable environment for
convalescence; (iii.) when the sick person is a wage-earner, also a
weekly income to replace the wages ceasing during incapacity to
work; (iv.) when the sick person has been doing the household work
or looking after young children, also any necessary substitute during
her incapacity. It seems that, with our present knowledge and our
present customary habits of life, men and women in the prime of life,
say, between 20 and 45, may expect, on an average, to be incapacitated
from work by illness (apart from the wife’s confinements) at the rate
of between one and two weeks for each year, whilst the children,
660 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
young and old, may each need the doctor at about the same rate.
After 45 the amount of illness steadily rises. Out of the 15 millions
between 16 and 7o working for wages or for salaries below £160 a
year probably nearly half-a-million are on any given day away from
work owing to ill-health. At least as many non-wage earning members
of their families will be found to be under the doctor.
THE MONEY LOSS FROM SICKNESS.
Of the whole 40 millions of men, women, and children below the
Income Tax limit of £160 a year it is estimated that the number
suffering from illness so as to require medical attendance amounts
at all times to between three-quarters of a million and one million.
The amount lost in wages from this cause alone exceeds 50 million
pounds a year. It is rarely possible, at any rate for the mass of
manual working wage-earners, to provide at all adequately for this
illness out of individual savings. What, then, is done by Social
Insurance ?
HOW WE HAVE MUDDLED THE MATTER.
Down to 1911 the wage-earners were left to make what provision
they could for sickness by the voluntary institutions they themselves
invented and built up to a high degree of efficiency: their
Friendly Societies and Trade Unions. These were supplemented, on
the one hand, by a partial and inadequate supply of hospitals and
dispensaries, some municipal and public, others voluntary and
philanthropic, together with a scanty array of convalescent homes
generally charitable in character; and, on the other hand, by the
pauperising medical service of the Poor Law. In 1g11 there was
added to this confused medley, without any attempt to sort it all out
into any kind of a system, the vast compulsory organisation of the
National Insurance Act. The total annual expenditure on sickness
in the United Kingdom out of collective funds of one sort or other—
national or local government, ‘‘ medical charities’ of all kinds, mutual
benefit societies of various types, and the Insurance Fund—cannot
be put at less than 40 millions sterling. Yet the provision is very far
from being adequate to the need. To understand how much is lost or
wasted through our lack of system we must briefly describe each part
of this unco-ordinated Social Insurance.
THE FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.
The oldest and in some respects the most characteristic provision
for sickness of the British wage-earners is that of the Friendly Society,
which dates from the very beginning of the 18th century. At first
entirely unrecognised by the Government and unprotected by law,
the workingmen’s Friendly Societies have now a whole series of Acts
of Parliament largely framed to suit their own requirements, and a
special Government Department (the Registry of Friendly Societies)
to help them in the adjustment of their. affairs. We cannot here
describe the almost innumerable varieties of these democratically
self-governing mutual benefit societies dealing with sickness. Great
and small, registered and unregistered, they are believed to number
as many as 30,000. They vary in size and importance from the
humble little association of the men of a particular workshop or the
inhabitants of a village up to such leviathans as the Manchester Unity
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 661
of Oddfellows with more than a million members. Always professedly
democratic, their constitutions range from the simple autonomy of
the members’ meeting to the most centralised autocracy of a nominally
elective headquarters’ executive. They differ, in fact, in complexity
from the simple ‘‘ Slate Club,’”’ sharing out at the end of the year
all that is left, up to what are, in effect, the most complicated
permanent life assurance societies, having invested funds running
into millions sterling. They may be narrowly local, centred round
a particular factory or mine, a particular church or chapel, or even
a particular public-house. They may be geographically unrestricted
but confined to persons of particular occupation, particular races,
particular creeds, particular ages, or a particular sex; on the other
hand, some are national or even world wide, and open to any person
whatsoever. What is common to all of them, so far as they deal
with sickness, is that, in return for a weekly, monthly, or quarterly
payment—varying from 1d. a week to something like £1 a quarter—
they give, besides other benefits, Sickness Benefit of between 5s. and
20s. during each week that the member is incapacitated from work
and unable to earn wages. It is this sick pay which has always been
their great attraction. Many of them still provide, in addition, the
free attendance of the ‘‘ club doctor,’’ who has been appointed by the
members, together with the medicines that he prescribes and usually
himself dispenses. Occasionally the member has a right to go to a
convalescent home at a small weekly charge. Provision is sometimes
made, in return for an additional payment, for medical attendance and
medicines for wife and children whenever they are ill. Instead of
having each its own ‘‘club doctor,’’ the different Friendly Societies
in a given locality may’ combine in a Friendly Societies’ Medical
Institute (of which there are in existence 50 or 60), which has
for the service of the combined membership and managed by a
local joint committee, its own staff of doctors, and its own dispensary,
and even it may be (as at Swindon) its own consulting physician and
surgeon, and its own little hospital for operations.
THE TRADE UNIONS.
Trade Unionism, as a whole, is described elsewhere. Here we
need only mention the part it plays in insurance against sickness.
A. large proportion of the Trade Unions, covering more than 50 per
cent. of the total number of Trade Unionists, offer Sick Benefit to
their members. In some cases this benefit is compulsory upon all
members, in others voluntary, but often full membership is open
only to those who are insured against sickness. It may be estimated
that more than two million members, out of an aggregate Trade Union
membership of nearly four millions, are thus insured. Sick Benefit
varies, roughly speaking, from 5s. to 15s. a week. Only very
occasionally, as in the Boilermakers’ Society, is a doctor provided.
Sometimes the union pays Sick Benefit out of its General Fund,
but sometimes, especially where insurance against sickness is
optional, a special fund is set aside for it. Generally speaking, the
unions make no elaborate actuariai calculations of the liabilities which
this benefit involves, and build up no invested fund to meet the
increasing sick claims of their members as they grow older. But
as new members join for other reasons than a desire for Sick Benefit,
and as, therefore, the average age remains, as a rule, practically
662 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
stationary, it is enough if, with a small reserve for times of stress, the
current rates meet the current outgoings. However, some unions
which are paying a higher rate of benefit than they can afford are
compelled to resort frequently to special levies to make both ends
meet.
HOSPITALS AND CONVALESCENT HOMES.
It is computed by the most expert authorities that in a modern
industrial community from five to six beds in medical institutions
should be available, apart from the provision for lunacy, for every
1,000 inhabitants if those patients who imperatively need institutional
treatment are to obtain it. It seems as if no city or county in the
United Kingdom has yet come near attaining this standard of hospital
accommodation. Apart from the Poor Law buildings, which cannot
be deemed fit places for the sick, England and Wales has not so many
as two and a-quarter sick beds per 1,000 population.
The medical attendance provided by the Friendly Societies and
Trade Unions, or paid for out of their Sickness Benefit, is
supplemented by a motley collection of hospitals, dispensaries, and
convalescent homes, under all sorts of management, with all sorts
of conditions of admission, dotted about the country more or less
haphazard, without any close relation to the particular local needs.
They are under no public inspection or general control. There is not
even any official account of what exists, and no complete list of these
institutions is published by any Government Department or medical
organisation, or can be compiled from published materials. No one
knows—not even the Government Department supposed to be
responsible for public health—how inadequate is the provision in any
particular county. After 44 years of complacent ignorance on the
subject, the Local Government Board for England and Wales has,
at last, in 1915, compiled a bare list of institutions for the sick, which
is not yet published.
THE MUNICIPAL HOSPITALS.
Contrary to the common impression, something like one-nalf of our
existing hospitals are provided and maintained out of public funds
and managed by elective public authorities. These are the hospitals
of the Town and District Councils, over 1,000 in number, having
altogether over 40,000 beds, or nearly as many as all the endowed and
voluntary hospitals put together. These essentially public hospitals
‘“vary in size and elaboration from the cottage or shed set aside for
an occasional smallpox patient, up to such an institution as the
Liverpool City Hospital, divided into seven distinct sections in as
many different parts of the city, and having altogether 938 beds,
served by six resident and seven visiting doctors, and treating nearly
5,000 patients a year for an average period of seven or eight weeks.’’*
All the 1,807 Local Sanitary Authorities of England and Wales are
empowered and directed by the Public Health Acts to provide and
maintain such hospitals out of the local rates, but only 1,034 have
yet done so; and most of the Rural District Councils, many of the
Urban District Councils, and some even of the Borough Councils have
so far neglected their duty in this matter.
*“ The State and the Doctor,’’ by S, and B, Webb, roro, p. 157.
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 663
THE COUNCIL MAY PROVIDE FOR ALL ILLNESSES.
These municipal hospitals, where they exist, have nearly always
been established with special reference to smallpox or cholera, and
they have gradually come to take in cases of scarlet fever, enteric
fever, and sometimes diphtheria, in addition to any stray cases of
plague or typhus that occur. It is very commonly assumed that these
hospitals are only for infectious cases and that the local authorities
cannot provide hospitals for other diseases. This is a mistake. The
Public Health Acts do not prescribe the kind of diseases to be treated
in the hospital which they authorise, and whatever may have been
the primary object for which it was established, there is nothing to
prevent the local authority from admitting any sick patients
whatsoever. As a matter of fact, more and more kinds of diseases
are constantly being added to those dealt with in the municipal
hospitals, such as puerperal fever, erysipelas, chickenpox, whooping
cough, and measles. The Borough or District Council has only to
give the order, on a report from its Health Committee, for any other
cases to be admitted. There is, in fact, nothing in law to prevent a
Borough or District Council transforming its hospital into one taking
all cases whatsoever. It may even start a hospital out of the rates
exclusively for non-infectious cases. The Barry Urban District Council
(Glamorganshire) did so in 1900, actually on the advice of the Local
Government Board. The Widnes Borough Council (Lancashire) runs
not only a fever hospital and a smallpox hospital, but also another
for non-infectious cases, chiefly accidents.
Besides residential hospitals, general or special, the Borough and
District Councils are equally authorised to provide dispensaries for
the medical treatment of out-patients at the public expense whatever
their diseases. It has been held officially that the word hospital in
the Public Health Acts includes dispensary. The Widnes Corporation
Hospital treats several hundred out-patients annually. In only a few
cases (as at Willesden and temporarily at Barking) has this yet been
done elsewhere.
THE VOLUNTARY HOSPITALS.
Apart from infectious diseases, the institutional provision for the
sick is largely in the hands of the multitude of ‘‘ voluntary”’ or
‘* charity’’ hospitals, administered under committees of trustees,
governors, or subscribers, mainly by the medical staff. Of these
institutions there is no official inspection, no general control, and not
even any published list.*
They appear to number a little over 800 in all, and to provide, in
the aggregate, nearly 45,000 sick beds. They differ among themselves
in every conceivable respect. Some are large institutions, with medical
schools, resident staffs, and extensive out-patients’ departments.
Others are just cottages to which the local doctors send their own
patients, so as to be able to treat them under better conditions than
_at home. In fact, only about 275 have a resident doctor. Some
{like St. Bartholomew’s, Guy’s, and St. Thomas’s hospitals in
London) have large endowments, but most of them are supported,
wholly or mainly, by donations, annual subscriptions, and a
* The most complete lists published are those in Burdett’s ‘‘ Hospital Annual’’ and
Churchill’s ‘‘ Medical Directory,’’ but these omit many institutions.
664 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
continual stream of legacies. Some are maintained by large firms,
principally for their workpeople. Payments are often exacted from
patients, sometimes of small amounts, but often of substantial sums,
and this is now a large and increasing source of income. Regular
subscriptions are often collected from the workmen in large
undertakings for the support of some local hospital to which, when
ill, they gain admission. The fees for instruction paid by medical
students and probationer nurses amount to no small sum. Church
and chapel and street and factory collections, under royal or mayoral
or socially influential auspices—together with the proceeds of bazaars,
concerts, etc.—eke out the total, which must exceed three millions
sterling per annum.
Unfortunately, though these 800 voluntary hospitals play in
the aggregate a large and valuable part in our Social Insurance,
they have come into existence owing largely to local accident, to the
whim or caprice of particular donors or testators, or to the preference
of the skilled surgeons and physicians for the Metropolis or the county
town, and they are, consequently, by no means always situated where
they are most wanted. Nor are they all generally available. Many
of them restrict themselves to particular kinds of illness. All of them
reject merely ‘‘ chronic’’ cases, few deal with maternity, and scarcely
any will admit persons suffering from tuberculosis or syphilis. Many
of them, too, are barred to the very poor by making a charge or
requiring special recommendations for admission:
CONVALESCENT HOMES.
The convalescent homes that exist are all under private manage-
ment and more or less charitable in their nature. The larger voluntary
hospitals maintain some into which to discharge a certain proportion
of their own patients. Others are maintained as independent
institutions by the voluntary subscriptions of the charitable. Others,
again, under working-class control, are provided through such agencies
as the Co-operative and Friendly Society movements or the Working
Men’s Club and Institute Union. Admission is generally dependent
on a weekly payment, which is sometimes only a nominal sum, but
in other cases rises up to nearly the whole cost of board and lodging.
WHERE NO HOSPITAL IS AVAILABLE.
Over a considerable part of the kingdom, especially in the rural
parts, there is often no hospital, municipal or charitable, to which
the sick person can gain admission. This is one of the worst
scandals of the 20th century—yet no Government has yet put any
proposal before Parliament to remedy it. In some parts not even an
accident case can get to a hospital. In many rural districts there is
no chance of any ‘‘ medical’? case getting to hospital. Hardly
anywhere can admission for other than urgent cases be gained without
prolonged waiting for a vacant bed. There is frequently nothing in
the shape of a maternity hospital available. There is hardly ever
any chance for a ‘‘ chronic ’”’ case, whatever the illness, or for a case
of venereal disease, however innocent the sufferer. The deficiency of
hospital beds is specially marked as regards the special diseases of-
women, together with most non-surgical cases requiring assiduous
nursing. Moreover, there is no public ambulance service or other
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 665
method of conveyance within the means of the poor available to carry
the patient to any distant hospital.
“LET THEM GO TO THE WORKHOUSE.”
For all who cannot get to hospital, and for whom institutional
treatment is imperative, there is available—assuming that the sufferer
can be regarded as legally ‘‘ destitute ’’—the Poor Law ‘‘ workhouse.”’
In at least half the Poor Law unions this is nothing but a general
mixed workhouse, setting aside one or more rooms as a sick ward,
without resident doctor, often without even a trained nurse other than
the Matron. In about a third of the unions the sick are in a separate
building, but are still under the Workhouse Master and Matron, and
there is no resident doctor. In the large towns this sick ward has
often developed into a separate Poor Law infirmary, often with
resident doctors, which may be, in the best cases, little inferior to a
voluntary hospital. The Poor Law, with its stigma of pauperism,
thus provides in workhouse sick wards or infirmaries 95,000 beds,
or twice as many as ail the endowed and voluntary hospitals put
together. Such as they are, they are in most places all that is
available for the ‘‘ chronic’ case, the sufferer from venereal disease,
the person discharged from hospital as incurable, even for the woman
in childbirth, often even for the workman stricken down by sudden
accident.
THE NATIONAL INSURANCE ACT.
‘Upon this very miscellaneous array of diverse agencies the
National Insurance Acts of 1911 and 1913 have superimposed a
compulsory and professedly universal State system of sickness
insurance with uniform contributions and benefits. This is based
on a combination of central control with local administration by
voluntary Approved Societies. The existing work of the voluntary
organisations, whether societies or hospitals, is left practically
untouched. Both Trade Unions and Friendly Societies, whatever their
type, are encouraged to develop ‘‘ Approved Societies’’' as separate
new sections of their old organisations, and thus to add to their other
duties the administration of the new State benefits, for which a definite
capitation fee is allowed them. As, however, the existing Friendly
Societies and Trade Unions did not effectively cover the whole country,
the formation of new ‘‘ Approved Societies’? was also encouraged,
and many such came hurriedly into existence, especially to cater
for domestic servants, laundresses, nurses, men and women teachers,
etc. The Act itself created a society of special type for seamen, and
authorised (in Scotland and Ireland only) the formation of county
societies in connection with the County Councils, of which only a few
have yet been established. But the most important of the new Approved
Societies have proved to be those established by the industrial
insurance offices in order to work the new State insurance in profitable
connection with their own business. The great Prudential Assurance
Company Limited has established no fewer than six separate
‘* Prudential’ Approved Societies for men, women, miners, laundry-
workers, agricultural and rural workers, and domestic servants
respectively, with over three million members, all completely under
the control of the Prudential Company’s own directorate, and managed,
at a fixed charge per member, by the Prudential Company’s own
clerical and agency staff of 25,000 persons. Ten other industrial
666 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
insurance offices, headed by the Pearl and the Refuge, the next in
magnitude to the Prudential, have similarly established under their
joint control and management the National Amalgamated Approved
Society. This society, which has over one and a-half million members,
is served, with the least possible pretence of democratic control, by the
combined staffs (numbering over 30,000) of the dominant companies.
Other industrial insurance offices (such as the Liverpool Victoria, the
Blackburn Philanthropic, the Royal Liver, and the Salvation Army)
have started their own ‘‘ State sections,’’? ranking as Approved
Societies.
HOW TO TRANSFER FROM ONE SOCIETY. TO ANOTHER,
It is now not easy to transfer from one Approved Society to another,
and the insured person should not attempt it unless there are good
reasons for the change. Such a change means trouble to the National
Health Commission in connection with the transfer of the necessary
reserves or ‘‘ transfer value’’ from the old society to the new, and
also trouble to both the societies. In fact, many societies now
habitually refuse consent to their members to transfer to other
societies. This they are entitled to do only when they can prove that
there is not a good reason. They even refuse to accept transfers from
other societies with which they have entered into a mutual agreement
to prevent transfers Insured persons have, however, legal rights in
the matter, and, in spite of the difficulties placed in the way, it ought
practically always to be possible for a persistent person to arrange
for a transfer, if he has real grounds.
FIRST ASK .CONSENT,, OF. YOUR, .SOCIBTY.
The first step is to obtain the consent of the member’s Approved
Society. Its agent should be asked to furnish, without delay, a copy
of a form of application for consent to transfer (A.S. No. 73). This
form, which cannot legally be withheld, states ‘‘ that the member,
being desirous of transferring to another society, applies for the consent
of the present society to the termination of membership.’? The reason
for transferring should then be fully stated, together with the member’s
signature, membership number, postal address, and the date. Transfer
will only be arranged for, in normal cases, so as to take place at the
end of the half-year. But the insured person has a right to have the
transfer made without delay if he can give a good reason for urgency,
and in that case he should add the words ‘‘ at the earliest possible
date.’ If thus exceptionally accepted for prompt transfer the change
will be made at the end of the quarter, instead of at the end of the
half-year. When the form of application for consent is filled up it
should be sent to the secretary of the member’s present society at its
head office.
VALID REASONS FOR TRANSFER.
In due course the society will reply, either consenting or refusing
consent to the transfer. The society is not legally bound to give
reasons for refusing to consent to the transfer, but such consent must
not be unreasonably withheld. As examples of what have been held
to be good reasons for transferring, we may mention the case of an
insured person belonging to a Trade Union which has an Approved
Society connected with it, or that of an insured person obtaining
employment in an establishment supporting an Approved Society of
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 667
its own. Any insured person who belongs to a Trade Union or to a
Friendly Society, but who has joined some other Approved Society,
may at any time find it more convenient to have all his benefits,
voluntary as well as State, from a single organisation. Moreover, the
Commissioners, in their Circular A.S. 167, of June, 1915, expressly
mention as valid reasons, not only for transfer, but even for specially
urgent transfer during war time, the case of an insured person who
removes to a place in which his old society has no convenient agency,
and the case of a member whose membership is being terminated
according to the rules.
On the other hand, when a member has merely become annoyed
with the management of his society, perhaps owing to some delay
which is frequently quite unavoidable, it has been considered that
this is not a sufficient reason for transferring.
GET CONSENT OF THE SOCIETY YOU WISH TO. ENTER.
Should the present society agree to the transfer, the form of consent,
together with the insurance card and book, should be sent to the
secretary of the new society, whose consent to accept the transfer
should have been previously obtained. This is of importance, because,
- as already mentioned, transfers involve the societies in a great deal
of work, and there is actually an agreement amongst some of the
largest Approved Societies (other than those connected with Trade
Unions) not to accept transfers from each other. If, however, the
consent of both societies has been obtained the new society will issue
a fresh book and card, and the matter is then at an end.
In the event of the present society refusing consent to the transfer,
or not replying within one month of the application, this refusal,
together with the member’s book and card, should be forwarded to
the secretary of the new society. The new society should then
communicate with the National Health Commissioners—in case
of its refusal the insured person may himself do so—stating that
consent to withdrawal from the present society has been withheld, or
else that (a month having elapsed from the time the application for
consent was sent to the old society) no reply has been received by the
member. The Commissioners will then communicate with the old
society, calling upon it to give its reasons for refusing its consent.
These reasons will then be considered by the Commissioners, and in
the majority of cases the matter is finally decided by the Commissioners
informing the new society that a transfer value in respect of the
member will be credited to them, and in that event membership of the
new society is granted, and the necessary forms issued.
The Commissioners only refuse to compel the carrying out of the
transfer when it is obvious that the member has no reason beyond the
mere desire to change, or perhaps none except dissatisfaction with the
agent, or with the society, over some unimportant matter of procedure.
TRANSFERS. DURING THE. WAR.
In their Circular A.S. 167, of June, 1915, the Commissioners
deprecate any transfers not urgently required, in order to diminish
trouble during war time. But there is no real saving of trouble by
stopping those transfers that are called for by the genuine needs of
insured persons—it would only mean putting them to the trouble,
instead of the Approved Societies—and consequently those who have
668 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
valid reasons for wishing to transfer may properly persist in their
demands. It would be a very strong step for the Commissioners to
compel an insured person to remain in an Approved Society which he
wishes, for good reasons, to leave, and in which he can only remain
at inconvenience to himself. Any insured person who fails to get
justice should get a Member of Parliament to press his or her case.
DEPOSIT CONTRIBUTORS.
Those persons who find themselves compulsorily insured and have
not become members of any Approved Society—either because of
apathy or ignorance, or because they are in such bad health that no
society will accept them, or because they have been expelled—are
called deposit contributors. Their interests are nominally looked
after by the Local Insurance Committee. But they get very little.
They are not really insured, and can draw only the amount
standing to their credit. The Insurance Commissioners charge
them each year in advance with an arbitrarily fixed sum for the
ensuing year’s expenses, in return for which they are allowed the right
to choose a doctor for Medical Benefit and they are eligible for
Sanatorium Benefit; they are allowed to draw out the money only
when certified as incapable of work, and then only at the rate of 1os.
‘a week (7s. 6d. if a woman); if there is any over, it may be drawn for
Maternity Benefit. When the deposit contributor dies his next-of-kin
does not even get the unexhausted balance, whatever_it-may be, but
cnly four-sevenths (or in the case of a woman one-half) of it, the rest
being forfeited, thus losing all paid in for him by his employers and the
State. No one should continue in the disadvantageous position of
deposit contributor. He or she ought at once to join an Approved
Society.
The administration of this huge and complicated machine of State
insurance—the mere expenses of which are believed to amount
altogether to three or four millions sterling a year—is in the hands,
partly of separate Boards of Commissioners for England, Scotland,
ireland, and Wales respectively, and of a Joint Committee of all four
of them; partly of the County and Borough Councils through their
Health Committees; partly of the Local Insurance Committees set
up in each County and County Borough area, representing the
Approved Societies, the medical practitioners, and the local public
authority; partly in those of local committees of the medical
practitioners and chemists; and partly in those of the Approved
Societies (these financially independent societies, branches, courts, and
lodges being over 20,000 in number) into which the 15 millions of
insured persons have been brigaded.
HOW THE MONEY IS RAISED.
With the income side of the new State insurance the Approved
Societies, whether grafted on old Trade Unions or Friendly Societies,
or independently created, have nothing to do except in so far
as they exact fines and extra levies. The State Insurance
Fund, entirely governed by statute and by the regulations of
the Government Insurance Commissioners, is fed by contributions
compulsorily levied on all employed manual workers and all other
employed persons under £160 a year, and also on their employers,
supplemented by fixed subventions from the Exchequer. These -
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 669
contributions are collected by means of stamps, which must be affixed
and cancelled at all payments of wages. The stamp for each week’s
employment is of the value of 7d. for a male and 6d. for a female
employee, the whole amount being payable by the employer, who is,
however, authorised to deduct from the wages in the normal case
4d. for a male and 3d. for a female employee. It is important that
the provisions for the benefit of very low paid workers should be
better known. Where persons over 21, men or women, are paid at a
lower rate than 2s. per day the Government contributes a special 1d.
towards the weekly premiums and the employer an extra ad.
(if his wage exceeds 1s. 6d. a day), or even an extra 3d. (if he is
paying actually less than 1s. 6d. a day). The employer has also to
contribute an extra 1d. for men to whom he pays between 2s. and
2s. 6d. a day. The result is that persons over 21 earning at the rate
of less than 1s. 6d. a day are insured without any deduction from their
wages; those earning between 1s. 6d. and 2s. a day need suffer
deduction only of 1d. a week; whilst men earning less than 2s. 6d.
a day have to be stopped 3d. instead of the normal 4d.* Care should
be taken to see that all these low paid workers do not suffer larger
deductions from their wages than are legally due from them. At
present, it is feared, owing to the neglect or indifference of their
employers and to their own ignorance or timidity, a vast number of
them are charged the full 4d. or 3d. per week.
THE PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM THE ACT.
A considerable number of persons are left outside the scope
of the Act, except in so far as they may choose to come in, on
onerous terms, as voluntary contributors. There are, first of
all, the wives and children who are not in wage-earning employ-
ment. There are all those who work ‘‘on their own’’ and are
not employed by a master for hire. These two great classes the Act
ignores. Next come those whom it specifically ‘‘ excepts ’’—persons
employed under the National or Local Government (including
elementary teachers) or by any statutory company, who have already
advantages in sickness and disablement not less favourable than those
given by the Act (note that in estimating these advantages Maternity
Benefit is ignored and is, therefore, lost in many cases); agents paid
by fees or commission not mainly under a single employer; persons on
farms maintained by the farmer and paid no money wages; casual
workers employed by private persons; persons employed for
maintenance and without money wages; persons engaged in duly
scheduled employments merely subsidiary to their main livelihood;
‘‘share’’? fishermen, who are not regarded as in wage-earning
employment; persons engaged by their husbands (or wives); persons
earning more than £160 a year otherwise than as manual workers.
Special arrangements are made for the Army and Navy.
*In Ireland, because no Medical Benefit needs to. be provided, the normal weekly
stamp is 14d. per Dpto lower, the payment by the employer being 24d., that by the
male employee 3d., and that by the female employee 2d. The State contribution,
where wages are under 2s, per day, is the same as in Great Britain, namely, rd. The
result is that where employees receive less than 1s. 6d. per day, as in Great Britain, no
deduction is made; between ts. 6d. and 2s. a day, a deduction of a halfpenny only and
between 2s. and 2s. 6d. a day, a deduction of 2d. only, whether male or female.
670 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
The ‘‘ exempted ’’ persons are in a peculiar position. The employer
in these cases has to pay his part of the weekly tax, normally
3d., the intention being that he should have no motive for
giving them preference in employment. But the ‘ exempted”’
persons themselves pay nothing, and are not entitled to Sickness
or Disablement Benefit. They can get (after 26 payments) Medical,
Maternity, and Sanatorium Benefit by applying to the Insurance
Commissioners. Persons of either sex who are either in receipt of
an income of £26 a year not dependent on their personal exertions,
or who are ordinarily and mainly. dependent for their livelihood on
some other person, or on some occupation within the Act, may obtain
certificates of exemption by applying to the Insurance Commissioners.
MEDICAL BENEFIT.
In return for the compulsorily exacted payment the insured person
is given by statute the right to Medical Benefit, that is, to ‘‘ adequate ”
medical attendance and treatment in all diseases or whenever incapable
of work from any cause whatsoever except childbirth, “a due
supply of proper medicines, and the surgical appliances prescribed
for him so far as included in a list drawn up by the Insurance
Commissioners. Unfortunately, the funds under the Act proving
insufficient, medical attendance has been cut down from that promised
by Mr. Lloyd George, the supply of medicines has been administratively
limited in various ways, and the list of surgical appliances is a very
narrow one.
What the insured person now gets is the right once a year to choose
one doctor from the ‘‘ panel’’ drawn up for his County or County
Borough and to consult that doctor, but that one only, whenever he
feels ill, either by calling at the doctor’s surgery within the prescribed
hours—in emergency at any time—or, if the patient is too unwell to
do this, by asking the doctor to attend at the patient’s home. The
doctor is only required to give the attendance and treatment that
falls within the scope of a general practitioner of ordinary skill and —
capacity. When the case requires something more than this (even
if it is within the doctor’s own capacity) he is, in accordance with the
contract made by Mr. Lloyd George with the medical profession, not
required to give the attendance and treatment which is “‘ adequate ”’
to the need, but only to ‘‘ advise’”’ the patient how he might possibly
obtain it elsewhere from some medical charity.*
Medical Benefit is not given for childbirth. In those cases of
miscarriage for which Maternity Benefit is not payable, the woman
insured person, whether married or not, is entitled to Medical Benefit.
*In Ireland, where a gratuitous State Medical Service has existed since 1851, it was
naturally thought unnecessary to provide Medical Benefit under the Insurance Act.
In Ireland any ‘‘poor person,’’ not necessarily a pauper, has a statutory right to
free medical attendance and medicine, quite apart from Poor Relief. The whole
country is divided into 840 dispensary districts, each with its salaried doctor, who is
also Medical Officer of Health under the local Public Health Authority. The “ dis-
pensary doctor” is required to attend without fee, and to supply with medicine, any
person presenting a ‘dispensary ticket.” Such tickets are given away freely by
Guardians of the Poor, local wardens, relieving officers, etc., to any ‘ poor person ’’ who
asks for them; the custom being for them to be used, as a matter of course, not only by
all wage-earners, but also by many of the small farmers and shopkeepers.
The weekly contribution under the Insurance Act from wage-earners in Ireland
was accordingly fixed at 14d. less than in Great Britain,
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 671
Medical Benefit cannot be refused in cases of venereal disease, even if
due to personal misconduct.
The 15,000 doctors on the several panels of the County and County
Borough Insurance Committees in Great Britain are thus now
available, day and night, to give free of charge to all insured persons
in their ordinary ailments (except at childbirth) the medical attendance
and treatment that is customary. In addition, they are required to
prescribe whatever medicine they think the case requires. This
medicine will be dispensed without charge (beyond a deposit of 1d.
for any necessary bottle) by any of the thousands of chemists with
whom the Insurance Committees have contracted for this purpose. The
doctors may also prescribe any surgical or other appliances needed
by the patient (such as bandages, splints, etc.), and these will also
be supplied free of charge by the same chemists, but only if they have
been included in the very limited list drawn up by the Insurance
Commissioners. Thus trusses are not included, nor elastic stockings
for varicose veins, nor surgical boots for flatfoot, nor crutches nor
spectacles. The doctor must also give free of charge all the
certificates required for the purposes of benefit under the Act.
WHEN THE DOCTOR MAY MAKE A CHARGE.
The doctor may if he chooses—many of them do not—make a
charge for the services which are not included under the terms of
contract with the medical profession, namely, any treatment outside
the scope of the practice of the doctor of ordinary skill and capacity
(for instance, all dentistry; all treatment of any but the slightest
affections of the eye or ear; any serious surgical operation),
attendance at childbirth, any certificates required for other purposes
than the National Insurance Act (such a charge is seldom made unless
an exceptional number are required), and any quite exceptional
attendance or treatment specially asked for and agreed to by the
patient. The insured person may (and always should) submit any
such doctor’s bill to the local Insurance Committee before paying
it. The doctor is not allowed to make a charge on the insured
person for calling to see him, however great may be the distance
or however frequent his visits, or for coming at night, or for seeing
the patient outside the stated hours, or for treating, so far as is within
the scope of the general practitioner, any disease or accident or
ailment whatsoever (apart from childbirth), or for supplying medicine
or appliances himself instead of writing a prescription for the
chemist, or for giving any certificates required by the Approved
Society, or for recommending the patient to a hospital or other
institution, or for facilitating admission thereto.
The administration of this ‘‘ Medical Benefit’’ is not in the hands
of the Approved Societies, but in those of the Insurance Committees,
to whom, as well as to the Insurance Commissioners themselves,
complaint should be made of any neglect or malpractice of doctor or
chemist.
SICKNESS BENEFIT.
The Act entitles every insured person (who has been in insurance
for six months and has made at least 26 weekly payments, who is not
penalised for past arrears, and who has not been lawfully suspended
from benefit by his Approyed Society) to receive from that society
672 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
Sickness Benefit for every whole day that he is incapacitated from work
either by specific disease or by any mental or bodily disablement.
Benefit begins with the fourth day after the incapacity began—that is
to say, no benefit is payable under the Act for the first three days of
incapacity, unless it is in continuation of a previous illness. Hence
the importance of going at once to the doctor and getting a certificate
on the very beginning of incapacity. The payment will be, in the case
of British subjects over 21, normally at the rate of 10s. a week for a
man and 7s. 6d. a week for a woman.* Where, in the case of a woman,
the incapacity is due to confinement at childbirth Sickness Benefit is
not payable, being merged in the separately described Maternity
Benefit. Where the incapacity is due to the misconduct of the insured
person himself, the rules of the Approved Society may prevent his
receiving Sickness (though not Medical) Benefit. This is often
understood as disqualifying all persons suffering from venereal disease.
But this is incorrect. Innocent sufferers from diseases due to other
persons’ misconduct are legally entitled to full benefit.
WHEN SICKNESS BENEFIT IS PAYABLE.
Questions arise as to the kinds of illness or disablement during
which Sickness Benefit is payable. A certificate by the insured
person’s panel doctor is practically always required, though the fact
that the certificate is by some other doctor is not a valid ground for
refusal of benefit. The certificate must state in so many words that
the doctor has seen the patient on a stated day, and that he is
incapable of work. But the doctor’s certificate, though evidence, is
not conclusive. It is for the Approved Society to satisfy itself
that the claimant is legally entitled to Sickness Benefit, and some
societies reject many claims. Attempts have been made to refuse
the benefit to women incapacitated by normal pregnancy, to blind
or crippled persons, and to persons suffering merely from extreme
weakness on the plea that this is not ‘‘ sickness.’? Such a refusal is,
however, illegal. Benefit is payable, not for sickness, but for
incapacity to work, whether due to specific disease or any other
mental or bodily disablement, transient or permanent (except only
childbirth, in which case it is replaced by Maternity Benefit). Sickness
Benefit is payable just as much when the incapacity for work is caused
merely by pregnancy, even without complications, or by blindness or
loss of limbs, or by some quite inexplicable weakness which the
doctor calls ‘‘ anzmia,’’ as it is when the incapacity is caused by
bronchitis or fever. In those cases of miscarriage in which Maternity
* Less than the full Sickness Benefit (of 10s. per week for a man and 7s. 6d. fora
woman) will be paid to (a) Unmarried Minors—that is, persons under 21 years of age—
who will get, if males, only 6s. a week for 13 weeks, followed by 5s. a week for the next
13 weeks; and if females 5s. per week for the first 13 weeks and 4s. a week for the
second 13 weeks. (6) Women who were insured whilst unmarried, and who, on
marriage, élect to become voluntary contributors, get only 5s. a week for 13 weeks
and 3s. a week for 13 weeks. (c) Aliens joining after 1911 who get only the special
reduced rate of Sickness Benefit that has been. fixed by the Approved Society that
they have joined; or if they are deposit contributors only 7s. gd. a week if men, or
5s. 72d. a week if women. And, most frequent case of all, (d) Persons penalised for
arrears of contributions in the year preceding that in which they fall ill. Relief in
respect of arrears can be obtained from the Approved Society, which has at its disposal
for this purpose a fund provided by the Government; provided that application is made
before 4th October in each year, that more than six contributions are in atrear, and that
the arrears are due to genuine unemployment.
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 673
Benefit is not payable, Sickness Benefit may be claimed for the period
of incapacity.
“INCAPACITY TO WORK.”
But it must really be incapacity to work. Some societies have
attempted to argue that this means incapacity to perform any kind
of work, even knitting or ‘‘ picking peas,’’ or putting the kettle on
the fire. This is nonsense, and illegal nonsense. The Insurance
Commissioners now advise that, so far as temporary incapacity is
concerned, the Act means by ‘‘incapacity to work’’ exactly what
most Friendly Societies meant by ‘‘incapacity to pursue his usual
occupation ’’’ or ‘‘incapacity to go to his usual work.’’ Thus, if a
miner cannot go down the pit, he is not to be regarded as ineligible
for Sickness Benefit merely because he is capable of carrying in the
coals from the coal shed; if a woman is incapable of attending to
her looms or working at the laundry she is not to be deprived of her
Sickness Benefit merely because she is able to set out the meals, boil
the kettle for tea, or attend to her children. Nor can any insured
person be expected to change to ‘‘a light job’’ whenever he has an
illness which incapacitates him for his more onerous employment.
The case is different when it comes to be a question of permanent
incapacity, as in the case of Disablement Benefit, payable for
incapacity lasting longer than six months.
THE “BEHAVIOUR RULES.”
The insured person must, of course, obey the rules of the Approved
Society to which he has chosen to belong, and these always include
rules as to behaviour during sickness. Any breach of these rules is
punishable by a fine, and, in extreme cases, by suspension from
benefit. But the breach of rule must be proved and the disobedient
member condemned to the appropriate penalty in strict accordance
with the rules. It is not enough for a secretary to say that, because
a woman has been found doing her household work, which may be
contrary to the rules as to behaviour during sickness, she is thereby
shown not to be incapacitated from work, and accordingly not entitled
to any Sickness Benefit whatever. Yet such cases have occurred.
Administration of Sickness Benefit is entirely in the hands of the
Approved Societies, subject to the supervision and control of the
Commissioners, who send down, week by week, the money required
by the society to pay its claims.
Any insured. person whose claim to Sickness Benefit, though
supported by a doctor’s certificate of incapacity to work, is refused
by his Approved Society would do well to appeal, either according to
the forms prescribed by his society’s rules or by letter to the
Chairman of the Insurance Commissioners, asking for an inquiry into
his case. A letter asking the intervention of the local Member of
Parliament or other influential person is often found useful. Many
claims that are refused in the first instance are paid by the Approved
Societies if persistently followed up, especially if other people take
up the case.
DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME.
It will be seen that, from the standpoint of Social Insurance, the
provision for sickness falls very far short of what is needed. We may
note some of the principal shortcomings.
x
674 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
THE VOLUNTARY SICK CLUBS ARE INADEQUATE.
1. We saw that the Friendly Societies and Trade Unions (apart
from weaknesses of constitution and management and occasional
financial unsoundness) do not secure for their members anything like
enough income in sickness to maintain the household; they provide
either medical attendance quite inadequate for serious illnesses, or
even none at all; and they only occasionally and inadequately provide
for the illnesses of wife and children. It does not seem possible for
self- -supporting societies to make by themselves alone anything like
adequate provision for sickness.
THE HOSPITALS ARE INADEQUATE.
2. In particular the institutional provision for the sick in hospitals
and convalescent homes must practically be made out of public funds
of one sort or another. The existing hospitals and convalescent homes,
whether provided under the Public Health Acts or from charitable
funds, are, even if we confine ourselves to the class under £160 a year,
hopelessly inadequate to the needs of the sick. ‘The result is that a
large proportion of sick for whom, in the public interest, hospital
treatment is required have to wait many weeks or months for
admission—now at great and unnecessary expense to the Insurance
- Fund—or altogether fail to obtain it. The shortage of convalescent
homes practically available for the very poor, and sak ao for
working women, is appalling.
THE POOR LAW IS UNFIT FOR THE SICK.
3. Those for whom hospital accommodation is not available often
have to resort to the workhouse or Poor Law infirmary, though they
are ‘‘ destitute ’’ only of that medical treatment which the community
has failed to provide. The great majority of workhouses, never
intended for the sick, are entirely unfit for this purpose. Neither
the buildings nor the equipment, neither the medical attendance nor
the nursing, are suitable for the tens of thousands of gravely
diseased persons for whom no better refuge is available. Even
those Poor Law infirmaries which, in London and some other
large cities, have developed into something like hospitals are far
inferior to then, as regards specialist treatment and nursing, for
any but slight and simple cases. The provision for the sick needs
to be wholly dissociated from the Poor Law. It is an indignity that
suffering men and women should be driven to the workhouse. The
Government should see to it that the whole institutional provision for
the sick should be concentrated in the hands of the County and
Borough Councils, and should contrive by means of official pressure,
coupled with adequate grants in aid, that every County and Borough
Council, whilst making full use of whatever already exists, should
provide hospitals and convalescent homes adequate to the require-
ments of its population.
THE NATIONAL INSURANCE SCHEME EXCLUDES HALF
THE POPULATION.
4. Whilst the National Insurance Act has ensured some sort of
medical attendance and a modicum of weekly income to about one-third
of the population, it leaves outside its compulsory scope (even if we
SOCIAL INSURANCE. | 675
confine ourselves to incomes under £160 a year) actually more than it
includes. For the children, whose adequate medical treatment is of the
greatest importance to the community, nothing is provided by means of
the Act. For the illness of the homekeeping wife apart from her
confinements the Act makes no provision whatever, neither medical
attendance nor substitute to do the housework (except in the cases in
which a previously employed contributor agrees, on marriage, to
become a voluntary contributor at 3d. per week). Even from the
Maternity Benefit it is calculated that nearly a million wives (whose
family income is under £160 a year) are excluded. The manual
workers, ignored by the Act, and left entirely outside its operation
{except for the permission to become voluntary contributors on
onerous terms), are estimated to number over two millions. Besides
these, there are the various classes ‘‘excepted’’ and ‘‘ exempted,”’
whose numbers run into/hundreds of thousands. The position in which
the hundreds of thousands of deposit contributors are left is very
unsatisfactory.
MEDICAL BENEFIT INADEQUATE.
5. Those for whom the Act does provide find the provision very
far from what the public interest requires. The medical attendance
which the Insurance Commissioners have arranged for is admittedly
very short of being adequate to the needs of the patients in all
serious cases.
SICK PAY INADEQUATE.
6. The income provided in sickness when the breadwinner is
incapacitated for work is inadequate to the maintenance of himself,
let alone the family. It needs imperatively to be in some way
supplemented or increased.
THE PROVISION FOR TUBER-
CULOSIS.
There is one contingency to which the manual working class is
specially subject, and against which they are usually quite unable to
make individual provision. This is tuberculosis or consumption,
which specially attacks the underfed, the dwellers in dark and crowded
rooms, those who work long hours in badly ventilated workplaces,
and especially all trades in which there is a grinding of iron or steel
or stone, the filecutters, the stoneworkers, and others constantly
breathing dust. It is estimated that there are at least 150,000 men
and women to-day who are suffering from this disease, and of these
five-sixths belong to the working class. Every year something like
75,000 men and women get the disease. More families are reduced to
destitution through tuberculosis than through any other disease. The
Ancient Order of Foresters declares that 25 per cent. of its Sick Pay
is due to tuberculosis. It is essential that this should be met by
Social Insurance.
WHAT THE NATIONAL INSURANCE ACT PROVIDES.
The National Insurance Act accordingly makes separate provision
for sufferers from tuberculosis, whether phthisis (‘‘ consumption ’’)
or non-pulmonary tuberculosis (such as hip-disease). The insured
676 SOCIAL INSURANCE,
person found to be suffering from tuberculosis is entitled not only to
medical attendance and treatment by his ‘‘ panel’’ doctor, and, when
incapacitated from work (if a member of an Approved Society),
to Sickness Benefit, but also to specialist treatment by the
Tuberculosis Medical Officer appointed by the County or County
Borough Council; to the advantages of any tuberculosis dispensary
that the Council may establish; to any extras that the doctor
may prescribe for him, such as additional nourishment in the
shape of milk, eggs, or meat, or the means to make for himself
an open-air sleeping place; or, in the alternative, to admission to
the sanatorium provided by, or at the expense of, the County or
County Borough Council, when he will be boarded and lodged free,
and his Sickness Benefit will be available week by week for his
dependents. If he has none, the amount will be confiscated by the
Insurance Committee, and added to its balances. Unfortunately, only
a small proportion of the cases are yet being adequately treated. Only
36,000 people (two-thirds men) were admitted to sanatorium in 1913.
Many County and County Borough Councils have not yet appointed
sufficient tuberculosis officers, established enough tuberculosis
dispensaries, or provided enough sanatorium accommodation. Many,
moreover, have stringently cut down the provision of medical extras.
It is for the ‘‘ panel doctor’’ to report the tuberculous-patient to_
the proper Committee of the County or County Borough Council or
to its tuberculosis officer, as well as to the County Medical Officer,
and to recommend his patient for the special treatment required. It
is for the County or County Borough Council, through its Health
(or Tuberculosis or Sanatorium) Committee to provide the sanatorium
and the tuberculosis dispensary, to admit the patient to the
sanatorium for treatment, or, if thought fit, to provide him with
treatment at the dispensary and with extra nourishment, etc., at
home. It is for the Approved Society to pay Sickness Benefit, either
to the patient at home or to his dependents if he is in a sanatorium,
or, if there are no dependents, to the Insurnace Committee.
THE STRANGE MUDDLE OF AUTHORITIES.
Thus the treatment of tuberculous insured persons in England and
Wales is under a strange medley of authorities, with the result that
very inadequate results have yet been obtained. It may be added that
the County or County Borough Council may, if it likes, resolve to extend
the advantages of its tuberculosis sanatorium, dispensary, and medical
staff to (a) the dependents of insured persons, and (4) non-insured
persons. Most Counties and County Borough Councils have taken
this course. What is needed is the concentration of all the work and
responsibility connected with the provision for the sufferers from
tuberculosis upon one authority.
In Scotland and Ireland somewhat different iio ge are
sa Hie Wk © far from adequate.
°
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 677
THE PROVISION FOR INVALIDITY.
Every year sees tens of thousands of workingmen and women
wholly invalidated long before the pensionable age of 70, so crippled
by accident, so permanently stricken by incurable disease, even so
debilitated by premature old age, as to be unable any longer to earn
their living. Yet till quite recently no public provision other than
the Poor Law was made for them. Trade Unions and Friendly
Societies did their best for their own members, sometimes in the form
of accident grants, sometimes in the form of an early superannuation
allowance, sometimes in the form of ‘“‘ permanent sick pay.’? For
the most part, however, such broken-down workers became a burden
on their children or else were driven to pauperism. Under the
National Insurance Acts of 1911 and 1913 public provision is (for the
first time apart from compensation for those invalidated by accident)
ann ee the prematurely invalidated under the name of Disablement
enefit.
DISABLEMENT BENEFIT.
When incapacity to work continues for more than 26 weeks
Sickness Benefit ceases, and (provided that 104 weeks’ contributions
have been paid) the insured person, who has been two years
insured, whether man or woman, so long as he continues incapable
of work, is entitled to receive from his Approved Society, up
to the age of 70, Disablement Benefit at the rate of 5s. per week.
No special definition of ‘‘incapable of work’ is given, but
incapacity from any cause whatsoever is included, except. that
disablement arising from the personal misconduct of the sufferer,
may be excluded by the rules of the Approved Society for a
period not exceeding twelve months, and that it must be assumed
that Disablement Benefit cannot properly be drawn unless the
insured person is, and continues to be, incapacitated from _ getting
employment at wages, even at low wages, at some ordinary
occupation within his reach. It would be only reasonable for the
Approved Society to require him or her to go through any special
treatment, or to use any kind of appliances that the society chose to
provide, in order to fit him or her for earning a living. Nor can the
insured person in receipt of Disablement Benefit reasonably object to
being medically examined at regular intervals, say, once a year or
so, in order that the society may be assured both that the insured
person is still alive and that the incapacity continues. The insured
person who is unfortunate enough to be a deposit contributor ean
never have enough to his credit to be able to get Disablement Benefit.
The administration of Disablement Benefit is entirely in the hands
of the Approved Societies, subject to the supervision and control
of the Commissioners.
DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME.
Social Insurance with regard to premature invalidity is defective.
1. It is not universal even as regards households under /160 a
year.
2. It does not secure any adequate examination and _ specialist
treatment even for invalidated insured persons.
3. It provides only 5s. a week for the sufferers.
678 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
THE PROVISION FOR UNEMPLOY-~
MENT.
For the last two centuries a certain proportion of the workers have
made provision against unemployment through their Trade Unions.
The latest complete figures relate to 1908, when returns were
received from unions with a total membership of 2,359,867, or more
than 99 per cent. of the total membership of all unions at the end
of that year. Out of this number 1,473,593 were insured against
unemployment, and an additional 1,524,091 were entitled in cases of
unemployment to Travelling Benefit, or to total or partial remission
of contributions, or to occasional allowances.
Since that time the total membership of Trade Unions has risen
to nearly four millions, and the rise in the numbers insured
against unemployment is probably almost in proportion to this.
There is considerable variation in the conditions under which
Unemployment Benefit is payable, according to the circumstances of
the various industries. For instance, in the textile industry and in
coalmining depression of trade is usually met by working short time,
and in these industries many of the unions insure their members
not against every form of unemployment, but only against mill
stoppages, pit stoppages, and the like. In other industries benefit
usually covers all forms of unemployment.
There is considerable variation also in the period for which benefit
is available and in the amount of the benefit paid. Sometimes it
continues for an unlimited period, but there is often a limit of
between twelve and twenty-six weeks, and there are cases in which
benefit is paid only for four weeks. The amount varies as a rule
between about 16s. and 4s., but often a higher rate is paid during the
first weeks of unemployment than in subsequent weeks. Only in
some cases does out-of-work pay extend to those who are thrown out
of work by disputes in another branch of the trade or in another
industry. The Trade Unions which make least provision against
unemployment are those in the mining, textile, and transport
industries.
By Part II. of the Insurance Act of 1911 this form of Social
Insurance was extended in two ways. Any Trade Union undertaking
to give out-of-work pay to its unemployed members, on complying
with the conditions laid down by the Board of Trade, may obtain
from the Board of Trade a subvention equal to not more than one-sixth
of the amount so paid, except where payments are only so made to
workmen employed in insured trades (see below), in which case it must
not exceed three-fourths. This has enabled some Trade Unions which
did not previously give out-of-work pay to institute it and others to raise
their rates of benefit without raising contributions. During the special
stress of the autumn of 1914 the Board of Trade issued special
regulations under which increased subventions could be paid to unions
specially affected by the war. For an account of these see page 36.
INSURANCE ACT (PART II.).
The other form in which Social Insurance is now applied to
unemployment is the compulsory and universal insurance by the
Government of all manual workers in engineering and ironfounding,
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 679
shipbuilding, building, sawmilling, the making of vehicles, and works
of construction. A contribution of sd. is levied weekly, by means of
a stamp affixed by the employer, in respect of the two and a-half
million persons (including about 10,o0o0 women) employed in these
industries—about one-sixth of the total number of wage-earners.
Half of this sd. is deducted by the employer from the wages paid.
In addition, the State contributes 1d. per head per week, and all the
expenses of administration. Out of the fund so formed the Board
of Trade pays, through the Labour Exchanges, Unemployment
Benefit at the rate of 1s. 2d. per day (7s. per week) to all persons
thus insured who have been involuntarily unemployed, so far
as work at an insured trade is concerned, for more than
a week. Trade Unions may arrange to receive this sum from the
Board of Trade, so that they may themselves make the payment to
their own members, in addition to or wholly or partly in place of
Trade Union out-of-work pay. Unemployment due directly* to a strike
or a lock-out is excluded.
HOW TO GET UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT.
Unemployed men in the insured trades ought, as soon as they can,
to lodge their unemployment insurance books at the local Labour
Exchange and to attend there daily for registration. They are not
paid Unemployment Benefit if they unreasonably refuse to accept a
suitable situation when it is offered to them. The situation must,
however, be in their own trade, and must be at wages and conditions
not worse than those usually prevailing in the trade in the place where
the work is to be done. Nor can the unemployed workman be called
upon to accept a situation under unreasonable conditions. Thus he
cannot be expected to move his family to another place unless the
employment offered is likely to last some considerable time, or to
leave his family to go to a distant situation unless the pay offered is
sufficient to enable him to maintain both himself and them apart.
The amount of his railway fare to a situation can, however, always
be advanced to him by the Labour Exchange, and unmarried men,
and also married men when it is reasonable for them to do so, are
expected to move freely after vacancies. The local officers of the
Board of Trade pay all claims which are, in their judgment, strictly
within the regulations. In any case in which they doubt, or there
is even the slightest failure to comply with the most technical.
regulation, the claim is rejected, and the claimant is told that he
has a right to appeal. This ought always to be done whenever the
workman thinks himself unjustly treated. The appeal, for which no
fee is charged, and in which no expense need be incurred, is heard
in private by a little committee, the Court of Referees, which sits
usually on Saturday afternoons, consisting of one representative of
the wage-earners (taken from a panel constituted out of those who
got the highest votes from the insured workmen), one representative of
the employers, and a chairman appointed by the Board of Trade.
The decision of the Court of Referees is nearly always accepted as
* Thus it is clear that where a strike or a lock-out of one craft in a works throws other
crafts in the same works out of employment no State benefit is due. On the other hand,
if a dispute in one industry (for instance, coalmining) throws workers in a quite distinct
industry (say, engineering) out of employment, it is clear that the latter are entitled to
State benefit. Naturally there are many doubtful marginal cases.
680 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
final, but, in order to provide against any serious divergence in
matters of principle, the Board of Trade may, if it thinks fit, appeal
against its decision to a permanently appointed Umpire (Mr. AW. Es
Yates, K.C.).
By the Act of 1914 a workman is not disqualified from receiving
Unemployment Benefit by reason only of his being still employed at
some work which he ordinarily followed outside the working hours of
his trade, in addition to his employment in an insured trade, provided
that his income from such work does not exceed £1 a week. This
covers the case of the branch secretary.
DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME.
Social Insurance against unemployment falls short in the following
respects :—
FAR FROM UNIVERSAL.
The Government’s compulsory insurance is very far from belie
ciivareal SE BRiee indeed, at present only to one in six of the
wage-earners and to hardly any women. It can at any time be
extended by the Government by mere Order to any other trades,
provided that the extra expense involved would not, in the opinion
of the Treasury, entail an increase in the sum contributed by the
State of more than one million pounds a year within the ensuing three
years.
FAR FROM ADEQUATE.
2. The Government provision of 7s. per week is insufficient for
the proper maintenance of the family, and, moreover, there is nothing
to save the unemployed man from the deterioration that prolonged
unemployment almost inevitably produces. It is suggested that
during his periods of unemployment the manual worker should have
the option of putting in his time at self-improvement, and that he
should be able to attend, free of charge, the trade schools and day
technical and other classes that the Local Education Authority should
provide.
NOT SUFFICIENTLY ENCOURAGING TO TRADE UNIONS.
3. Many Trade Unions in certain industries pay no out-of-work
benefit or pay only in certain contingencies, or on a very low scale,
or for a very short period. The effect of Clause 106 of the Insurance
Act has been in a few cases to cause such benefit to be instituted,
but the Government subvention of one-sixth of the amount paid in
out-of-work pay is far too small to have any widespread influence,
and, in addition, the conditions imposed by the Board of Trade as
regards registration at the Labour Exchange, etc., prevent some
unions from coming under the clause. In some foreign countries
(Belgium, Norway, Switzerland, etc.) as much as half of their
expenditure on out-of-work pay is given to the Trade Unions out of
public funds,
SOCIAL INSURANCE, 68%
THE PROVISION FOR OLD AGE.
Until quite lately there was very little organised provision for
old age. The great majority of old people were driven inevitably into
pauperism. Nearly all the larger Trade Unions among skilled workers,
except in the mining and textile industries, the Government Service,
and the railway clerical service, provide superannuation allowances
generally of rcs. or 12s. a week for their aged members. The
exceptions are generally accounted for by the existence outside the
unions of special superannuation funds in connection with the
industry. Of these the most important are the various railway
superannuation funds, which are largely confined to clerical workers,
and the various district associations for the relief of aged miners. A few
Friendly Societies have long had superannuation funds, but have
found hardly any of their members prepared to subscribe to them.
The old members drew ‘“‘ permanent sick pay’’ to such an extent
as seriously to jeopardise the solvency of some societies.
OLD AGE PENSIONS.
Now we have in the Old Age Pensions Act of 1908 the most
genuinely universal of all our forms of Social Insurance. On reaching
7o years of age every man or woman who has not a regular income of
12s. a week (£31 10s. a year), whether derived from earnings, regular.
gifts, or property, can apply to the Pensions Committee of the County
or County Borough Council for an old age pension. Claimants must
be resident in the United Kingdom, and must have resided (or at
least had their home) somewhere within the United Kingdom for at
least 20 years prior to their application. Holiday trips, occasional
travel, even long spells of employment out of the United Kingdom
do not disqualify, provided that it can be shown that the claimant
retained a home in the United Kingdom. Service on board a British
ship, however long continued, also does not disqualify. The claimant
must be a British subject, though not necessarily born in the United
Kingdom or even within the British Empire. A naturalised British
subject will be eligible if he has been naturalised for 20 years, and
has so long resided in the United Kingdom. A woman married to an
alien ceases to be a British subject even if he and she reside in the
United Kingdom, and hence she has, at 70, no right to an old age
pension. But by a special provision in the Act of 1910 she can get
a pension if she has been left a widow, or has been divorced, or has
been actually deserted by her alien husband, if she is qualified by
residence and otherwise. Previous receipt of Poor Law relief or
residence in the workhouse does not disqualify, and paupers arriving
at the age of 70 may give up their outdoor relief or workhouse
residence and get an old age pension instead. They cannot receive
both pension and outdoor relief, though the wife (or husband) of an
old age pensioner, not himself (or herself) in receipt of an old age
pension, perhaps because not yet 70, may receive outdoor. relief if
the facts are not concealed. An old age pensioner (and also his wife)
is entitled to receive medical relief and to be admitted in sickness to
the workhouse or Poor Law infirmary if he or she cannot otherwise
get the medical treatment that their condition necessitates—they are
then technically ‘‘ destitute’ of such medical treatment—and this does
not disqualify them from drawing their pensions. The pension will
X I
682 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
not be paid whilst they are actually in an institution, but the arrears
can be drawn when they come out. The claimant must also be so
far of good character as not to have been in prison during the
preceding ten years, and not to have habitually failed to work so that
his wife and children became dependent on public funds. Persons
actually in prison or under detention as lunatics are not eligible for
pensions, whilst those who are permanently inmates of institutions
are excluded because their board and lodging amounts to an income
above the pensionable limit.
HOW THE PENSION IS FIXED.
The pension will be of 5s. a week if the claimant has nothing
coming in, or at any rate not so much as £21.a year, or 8s. a week;
4s. a week if the pensioner’s income is between £21 and £23 12s. 6d.
a year, or not more than gs. a week; 3s. if it is between £23 12s. 6d.
and £26 5s. a year, or not more than ros. a week; 2s. if it is between
426 5s. and £28 17s. 6d. a year, or not more than 11s. a week; and
1s. if it is between £28 17s. 6d. and £31 a year, or not more than
12s. a week. The possession of property yielding no income does not
disqualify, but a house is reckoned at its rental value and cash lying
at a bank is reckoned as if it was yielding 2} per cent. interest.
Incomes of husband and wife are added together, and each is reckoned
as possessing half the total. Besides rents or interest and earnings,
even if occasional or casual, of the claimant (and of his wife or
husband) there will be reckoned as income any regular allowances
either in money or kind made by relations, friends, or charity (even
if not legally secured or permanent), but not irregular or occasional
gifts. If the income changes, so as to make the pensioner eligible for
a pension at an increased rate, a new application may be made.
The claim is investigated by the local Pensions Officer (who is an
officer of the Customs and Excise Department), and his report has to
be considered by the Pensions Committee, which determines the
amount payable. There is such a Committee for each County and
County Borough and for each Non-County Borough or Urban District
having a population of 20,000. There is an appeal to the Local
Government Board. The pension is payable weekly by the National
Government through the Post Office.
DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME.
This provision for old age falls short in the following respects :—
THE PENSION IS TOO SMALL.
1. The maximum pension of £13 a year is too small and the income
limit for eligibility (£31 10s. a year) is too low, especially as the price
of food, fuel, and other necessaries has risen considerably since 1906.
In New Zealand the old age pension is as much as £30 a year, and
it is payable to all who have less than £150 a year.
THE AGE IS TOO HIGH.
2. The pensionable age of 70 is too high. A large proportion of
men and women become incapable of earning a living in the
competitive labour market long before 70. The compulsory retirement
age in the Civil Service is 65, and men may claim to retire
at 60. The old age pension ought to begin on the setting
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 683
in of proved incapacity to earn a living, whatever the age. This
is now recognised in the Australian Old Age Pension Law. The
case is only partially met by the Disablement Benefit under the
Insurance Act. This benefit only applies to insured persons, who
number fewer than one-half of the population over 16, and from whose
ranks some millions of persons below the Income Tax level of £160
a year are excluded.
WHY NOT HOUSE THE LONELY PENSIONERS?
3. There is need of many more suitable habitations for old age
pensioners. What is needed is something in the nature of the old
endowed ‘“‘ almshouses ’’—a group of cottages round a garden or green,
in which such old men or women as choose might have their separate
homes and yet live together.
THE PROVISION AGAINST LOSS BY
FIRE.
Hardly any Social Insurance exists in this country, so far as
concerns the six-sevenths of the community who are below the level
of £1609 a year income, against loss or damage by fire, though such
less or damage is presumably as common among them, and relatively
quite as disastrous, as among those who have greater resources. Fire
insurance is in the United Kingdom, unlike various other countries,
left entirely to private enterprise, and, though the 150 joint stock
companies doing this business secure a good profit out of the ten or
twelve million pounds a year that they charge in premiums on property
in this country alone, they make practically no attempt to insure
working-class homes. More than eleven hundred million pounds of
property (buildings and theircontents) are insured against fire in London
alone, and probably six or seven times as much in the whole United
Kingdom; but only an infinitesimal part of this belongs to individual
manual working wage-earners. Their joint property in building and
friendly societies, and in Trade Unions, is commonly insured, and
much of the cottage property in which thrifty workmen have invested
their savings. But the furniture and little stocks of household goods
of the eight and a-half million families below the £160 a year income
level, including the plant and stock-in-trade of the hundreds of
thousands of little shopkeepers, hawkers, and pedlars, jobbing
craftsmen, and others ‘‘ on their own,”’ are very rarely insured. Now,
though the average working-class family may not possess much in
furniture and clothes, their destruction by fire is an awful calamity.
The household possessions of these eight and a-half million families,
however little they might realise on a forced sale, certainly could not
be replaced under an aggregate expenditure of five hundred or perhaps
even a thousand millions. Seeing that the average annual loss by fire
of insured property is about 1s. per £100 value, the losses by fire of
the mass of the people of the United Kingdom who are not. insured
must be reckoned, each year, in hundreds of thousands of pounds.
We have here a great gap in our Social Insurance.
WHAT IS NOW PROVIDED.
Very little is yet being done to fill this gap. Some Trade Unions,
such as the General Union of Operative Carpenters and Joiners, pay
684 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
up to £15 when tools are destroyed by fire, but no Trade Union,
Friendly Society, or Co-operative Society yet includes insurance of
household goods in its benefits as a matter of course. There is nothing
to prevent a. workman taking out a policy for £100 in one of the
ordinary fire insurance companies, but these do not care about such
small business, and sometimes even put difficulties in the way. The
Co-operative Insurance Society issues some policies of this kind
through the stores, which act as its agents.
Neither the national Government nor the local authorities have
yet done anything to fill the gap. Even in the way of preventing the
spread of fires, it is only in London and the large towns that there
is any effective fire brigade. Most villages do not enjoy eyen the
protection of proper building regulations.
SOCIAL INSURANCE ABROAD.
Other countries have not been so backward or so unmindful of the
wage-earner’s needs. In Germany there are 52 different Government
fire insurance departments, run by municipalities, provinces or States.
At Hamburg and various other places the co-operative society makes
it part of its systematic propaganda to see that its members have their
furniture insured. In France many of the provincial Councils run
successful fire insurance funds for the benefit of the peasants. The
New Zealand Government has, since 1905, its highly successful fire
insurance department. But Switzerland goes furthest in this line. In
17 of the cantons the insurance of houses against fire is a Government
service, in some places legally obligatory on all, the premium being
collected as part of the taxes. Insurance of household furniture also
is compulsory in four cantons, two of which themselves undertake the
risk. In canton Vaud everybody must insure both house and furniture
in the Cantonal Fund—that is to say, the local government refunds
all loss or damage from fire, and charges the cost in the annually
levied taxation. This is the only completely effective form (and by
far the most economical) of Social Insurance against fire.
THE PROVISION FOR DEATH.
The financial dislocation caused in any wage-earner’s home by
death is always considerable. The illness and suffering which usually
precedes a death will, by the expense that it involves, have consider-
ably narrowed the available means. Death brings funeral expenses
of anything between a few pounds (for an infant) up to £20 or more.
There may be a doctor’s bill to discharge. There are black clothes to
buy, sometimes travelling expenses of relatives to pay, always meals
to be provided. Then, if death carries off the breadwinner of the
family, provision has somehow to be made for their maintenance.
The personal services in the household of the wife and mother have
somehow to be replaced.
FUNERAL BENEFIT.
The provision for death, scanty and inadequate as it may be, is
always the first to be made by working-class associations. In the
aggregate it seems. as if the British workman pays three times as much
for a meagre Funeral Benefit as for all the advantages of his Trade
Unions ; twice as much as for all the benefits of his Friendly Societies ;
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 685
more than twice as much as for all that he gets out of the Insurance
Act—he pays, in fact, more for this one Death Benefit, which in three
deaths out of every eight fails to be paid, than for all other kinds of
Social Insurance put together.
At present provision for death is, in the United Kingdom, entirely
optional, and practically uncontrolled by Government. For over two
centuries a multitude of Friendly Societies have striven to provide
Funeral Benefit as an adjunct to their sick pay. A large proportion
of Trade Unions have, in connection with their other functions,
followed this example. Occasionally the £5, £10, or £20 will be
paid also on the death of a member’s wife; in a few instances even
on the death of a member’s child. In some unions half-benefit is paid
on the death of a member’s wife.
These mutual societies have, however, failed to make anything
like an adequate provision for death. The membership that they
have been able to cover in this way falls far short of half the
wage-earners in the kingdom, whilst the proportion of wives and
children for whom they ensure Funeral Benefit is inconsiderable.
INDUSTRIAL INSURANCE.
Since 1854 the work has been taken up with more success by the
industrial insurance offices, which employ canvassers to induce people
to insure, and collectors to call weekly for the premium. An army of
70,000 such agents is now engaged on this work, and no less than
18 million pounds a year is collected in this way in the United
Kingdom from the working class. These industrial insurance offices,
about 80 in number, are of two kinds. The largest and most successful
(such as the Prudential, the Pearl, and the Refuge) are joint stock |
companies, earning large profits for their shareholders. Others (such
as the Liverpool Victoria, the Scottish Legal, and the Royal Liver)
are either collecting Friendly Societies or ‘‘ mutual’’ companies, in
which there are no shareholders, so that all the net profits benefit the
members or policyholders. There is, however, no practical difference
between these two kinds of industrial insurance offices in their methods
of working, in the conditions of their policies, in the relative amounts
of premium. and benefits, or in the control of their managers and
officials. Whether there are shareholders or not, the older and more
extensive offices are usually more successful, and can offer better
terms, than the newer and smaller concerns. Of all alike it may be
said that the management is practically in the hands of a little knot
of principal officials, that the members or policyholders have
practically no control, and that the way in which the business is
carried on (chiefly the weekly collection of premiums at the homes)
makes it terribly costly. The rate of expenses to premiums is, in fact,
about 43 per cent. Out of every £1 contributed by the policyholder,
no less than 8s. 7d. goes in expenses (chiefly in salaries, commission,
and wages to the huge staff employed). The great majority of those
who are induced to insure do not go on with it, and lose the weekly
premiums they have paid. In fact, seven out of every eight policies
are allowed to lapse through failure to keep up the premiums, and
thus never become the subject of a claim. Nevertheless, so incessant
is the recruiting by the canvassers that about 40 million industrial
insurance policies are now in force in the United Kingdom, in the
So different offices, averaging about £10 each. These are believed to
686 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
cover about half that number (or 20,000,000) of separate lives. It
is estimated that about five out of every eight persons under the
Income Tax level of £160 a year who died last year were covered
by industrial insurance policies averaging about £20 each. The total
paid annually (including 10 or 15 per cent. of endowment policies
maturing at a fixed date as well as at death) is over seven millions
sterling.
4 POST OFFICE INSURANCE,
The Government has so far done nothing in the way of Social
Insurance for death beyond issuing insurance policies through the
Post Office to anyone who applies for them. This business has been
done in such a half-hearted way that, after 50 years, the Post
Office has only 12,247 policies in force, of a total value of £692,810.
In 1913 it issued only 238 policies, for £11,199. It issues, indeed,
from all its tens of thousands of post offices fewer than half-a-dozen
policies a week.
DEATHS FROM ACCIDENT.
For the wives and families of the 5,000 persons who each year
meet their death by industrial accidents, some provision is, indeed,
made by law, in the way that we have already described (Workmen’s
Compensation Acts). The amount of three years’ wages, with a
minimum of £150 and a maximum of £300, thus secured to the
survivors, insufficient as it is, stands in marked contrast to the Funeral
Benefit of £10 or £20, which is all that the wage-earner has usually
been able to provide by his own organisations.
DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME.
Thus our Social Insurance against death falls even more lamentably
short of what is required than that against the other contingencies
of the wage-earner’s life. Its defects and shortcomings are glaring.
NOTHING FOR THE WIDOW AND ORPHANS.
1. Only in the rarest cases is there any adequate provision for
the widow and orphans from whom the breadwinner is prematurely
withdrawn. If there is any ‘‘ insurance money ’”’ to draw from Trade
Union, Friendly Society, or industrial office it hardly ever does more
than cover the expenses of the funeral—at most, discharge the doctor’s
bill and pay for mourning clothes for the family. The widow, who
may have devoted herself to keeping the home, finds herself
encumbered by young children, who need all her care, and is often left
without income. She has a distinct claim on the community. We
have chosen so to organise our society that the income for the
maintenance of the home is paid normally through the man’s wages.
The young woman entering on marriage is encouraged to give up her
independent occupation, to devote herself to her home and children,
relying on the maintenance in return for her housekeeping work being
supplied week by week through her husband’s wages. Suddenly these
wages cease through his death, and she is left, without any
remunerative occupation, without income, with a home and children
on her hands for which society has failed to supply the weekly
maintenance on which she had been encouraged to depend.
In the United States during the last few years laws have been
passed establishing, for widows of good character left with young
SOCIAL INSURANCE. 687
children unprovided for, ‘‘ Mothers Pensions ”’ of 10s. to 30s. a week,
payable out of State or municipal funds, granted, quite apart from any
poor relief and without any stigma of pauperism, by special public
boards or committees, and destined at ‘‘ maintaining all the homes that
are worth maintaining.’? Denmark has now a similar law. Germany
has added pensions for orphans to its great insurance scheme. This is
the proper Social Insurance as regards the calamity of death.
NOT EVEN UNIVERSAL FUNERAL BENEFIT.
_ 2. Even in the way of provision of Funeral Benefit, which is of
much less importance than provision for widow and orphans, the
existing provision is terribly unsatisfactory. In at least a quarter of
all the deaths each year in the United Kingdom below the Income
Tax level of £160 a year there proves to be no Funeral Benefit
available either from Trade Union or Friendly Society or industrial
insurance office. In these 150,000 households every year the whole
burden is cast on the struggling survivors. Probably in not more
than a tenth of them is the body buried by the Poor Law authority,
but in thousands of cases the hated pauper funeral is only escaped
by stripping the family of all resources, by pawning the furniture,
by begging and borrowing from neighbours nearly as poor, and by
incurring a dragging load of debt. Funeral Benefit ought to be added
to the other benefits under the Insurance Act (as Mr. Lloyd George
originally intended and as has now been done in France) and extended
to cover the deaths of wives and dependents of insured persons. This
could be done best through the Local Health Authorities, which are
already responsible for providing a burial ground (in which all the
fees: now charged ought to be abolished), with the assistance of a
grant in aid from the Exchequer of five or six million pounds a year.
Such a grant would be enough to provide a universal Funeral Benefit
of from £2 (for an infant) up to £20 (for an adult), which any family
would be entitled to claim without paying any further contributions
or premiums.
It might be desirable to consider whether the whole business of
insurance against death should not be under Government control.
CONCLUSION.
Thus, whether we consider the need for provision for accidents or
provision for maternity, provision for sickness, tuberculosis and invalidity
or provision for unemployment or old age, provision for fire or
provision for death, we see how very far from complete or adequate
to working-class requirements our social arrangements yet are. We in
the United Kingdom spend on this Social Insurance, in all its various
forms, from all sorts of funds, public and private—counting here only
what is provided from the rates and taxes and other obligatory
payments, the income of charitable institutions, and the individual
contributions of the wage-earners alone—probably not far short of a
hundred millions sterling per annum. Yet because the work has
never been properly organised—never, indeed, systematically surveyed
—there is a scarcely conceivable muddle of authorities, with the result
that a large part of this great sum is wasted in overlapping and
unnecessary expenses. At the same time, there remain great gaps
in our Social Insurance by reason of which, and of the muddle in
which we leave the matter, each year sees many tens of thousands
688 SOCIAL INSURANCE.
of workingmen and women, together with many thousands of infants
and children, pressed down to destitution, degradation, and death.
The systematic co-ordination and completion of Social Insurance, in
respect of all the contingencies of the wage-earner’s life, is one of
the greatest political problems of the century.
Further information on the different branches of Social Insurance
will be found in ‘‘ Social Insurance,’”’ by I. M. Rubinow (Holt, New
York), 1913; ‘‘ Workingmen’s Insurance in Europe,’’ by L. K. Frankel
and W. M. Dawson (Charities, New York), 1910; ‘‘ Twenty-Fourth
Report of United States Commissioner on Labour on Workingmen’s
Insurance and Compensation Systems in Europe’’ (Washington},
1911; ‘‘ The Prevention of Destitution,’’ by Sidney and Beatrice Webb,
1911; ‘‘ Misery and its Causes,’”? by E. T. Devine, 1907; ‘* Industrial
Insurance in the United States,’ by C. R. Henderson, 1908;
‘‘Unemployment,’’ by W. H. Beveridge, 1909; ‘‘ Unemployment
Insurance,’ by I. G. Gibbon, 1911; the reports of the Fabian Research
Department on the Working of the Insurance Act, 1914, and on
Industrial Insurance, 1915.
%
INDEX.
PAGE
OA BOT Roe co pod cules suidiaaiseneunhs seawaeassiy $3 590
Accidents, Claims for Compensation 653-5
Sheath DETNCTIS. cyiscisleshesscsarcdces 686
SERINE ST on ta fi aaadet aes 233, 643-4
Be ONOMAINGUSEFIAL:. sosdssecesedecadease Separation Allowances .. 38, "480, pike
», JLerritorial Force ...... Sus oamaE Paes 479
pa VV AE SOC: ie 663 Sian ccs dicanwadaeasodp Aa 47%
», and Navy Allowances ...cccuseeees
PAGE
Ait GAMeries: ohs0)2.4s occ ebeouipnaoens ivakoe + 5Q1
¥y SOCHOOIS °..,..conpacnvecnaben teasers capedive 512
PNBSIZES. J akcchs acces sbacenede tere? dosage Gates 463
»,. Judges of ...... Ai hia emcades Rea ht 571
PSY LUIS, 5 5s cs scdcsssauiupe Srcleceeeen ee 583, 584
Asylums Board, Metropolitan...567, 570, oo
Audit, United Kingdom seahagteee iT geaeaure 483
Auditors silcudapodaabec cooherlacbieneateeenen 564
Australia, Commonwealth of ...,........ 497
» LabourandSocialistMovement in 422
oe raae: UMOonism i jew acumen 439
Austria-Hungary, Constitution ......... 414
» Czech-Slav Social Democratic
PATO oii, 5 aes seep eeen cco a ee 415
» Social Democratic Labour Party 415
yy, keade Unionism im | isi csere ie ae 434
BABY. FARMING iu..is..cos>esersccuscncsteaions 613
Balkans, The, Trade Unionism in...... 437
Bankruptcy Department ...........0.0008 558
Banks, Co-operative ....s..ccccecssvscnesees 384
Baths and Washhouses ...........-ss0e0-008 591
Belgium, Constitution ..............sc0s00 4II
,» Labour and Socialist Movement 411
as eolitical Parties .i.sj0ibaeanee AIL
yy .crade Unionism in <2 cae 436
Benefits, Trade Union © .......csccecesisceest 120
Bibliographies, see ends of sections.
Births, Registration of...... 544, 592, 612, 614
Blast Furnacemen, National Federa-
CLOT: Of isc disc essai cen tees Goes rane 117
Bnd Persons ysis) c052gnned lhe ara 330, 574.
Blue Books, Printing of .............00.005 . 555
Board of Cottrobi.: s,s vepuceneeteeteanios 583
Lunatics, Care of ...... sah otaee Gadde . 528
Feeble-minded............00sececcssseses 528
Local Authority for Lunacy ...... 584
Mental Defective: Auch .sieenkds ens 584
Number of Lunaties i003 ” Railwa , IQIT see eeeeeereeaeeerseeeene ess 329
Facuiance », south Wales Miners.....-...css00es 76
Contagious Diseases .......c.eecceeesseees 604 1», Todmorden Co-operative Em-
Continuation Schools .............0.068 302, 576 4 DIOYEOS oo sveereceyersssurananasen tenans 390
Contracts, Government War ............ 38 », Yorkshire Miners ....+.:-0+.sssseseee ive
Control, Board Of .cccesscssscsscesccscsecseees 528 Tables. ......+s»- +++-47; 48, 189, 191, 192
Co- -operation aad Agriculture. 332,340, 384, Distress OS .a0se cagduesegnesegeaamaad 566
389, 306, 397, 398, 73 * Ste oF Suny 20, 31, 33.
* , Education et) ccc, 1, Relief o CaleS . ssastase side culgaens
Labour Party ........, se Divorce, Court fot ccsc-cnecen eae 405
4 dhe Wate ace 386 ;, Women’s Co-operative Guild and 385
~ dh Beldlaie oy Guteey cern 2 kes 412 ee deere Peres, Lagasewas 227
Producers’ Organisations...... ” TIKE, LONGON -.,. ccseseatenthobe wanes 330
Co-operative Bake: BATA ‘ fs ° Rts : ¢ 384 pees. Employes, Aiea ies eid
As Congress fs eee eee 8 : 8 88, 6 z nda sips$9.0660\'5s's be Oteaam Ree eH eee eee eeeeee 594-
| Employees, Amal. Uzion ai Sent pede ee ee dvscaeecnsenis Sone tadereseeeeoes 353
% Wages of -cscsaiia tiene 3900, 399 Dublin Strike and Co-operation ......... 384
, Guilds (Men’sy @..ndat.vneoe 384, 396 ie pe hes Cornwall... .sss-ssccsages bodepsceese 506
” ” (Women’s)...384, 389, 390, 396, Aik fe) tore PE 53 < Sa naatyanioumpe ted 533
399, 400, 40! ae é yaa ssenecedenneasuaceecusseeneneen +. 507
,, Insurance Society ......... 383, 380, 684 5, Principal Customsi gy .cnsusee weve 507
yy Newspaper Society...../....../.. 383, 386
», Productive Federation ......... 383, 393 EARNINGS, AVERAGE, Female ............
5) Statistics Cc aehe 391, 392, 393, 396 95 7 Effect of Political
15 Supplies Limited .i.ic ccc 349 Disability......... 271
by ORION ele Shies et ca EL 302, 383, 384 Education, Agricultural ............cseceee0 475
», Wholesale Society ......... 383, 387, 389 Board OL is 00 edd dear ber even eueeueneie 509
” ” » Scottish ...383, 390 ,, Children’s Care Committees « Gexe OT”
INDEX. 691
P PAGE
Education, Committee of Parlia- Bever Hospitalsi ys oiccasc toes ensketancnce see dea 604
MONtALY PALLY. “yc. -cs00ssseresenene 22 Finance of Labour Party .............000. 310
» and Co-operation ............ccee 388, 401 se vade) UNIONS Peis ee ecec ete 120, 123.
Bet POE ee capciscsicnrysnncnnvecksass 509 Biies iia Gascete aeoroeneres 216, 217
pis RECTAN toe cesses Ries cusaluians pnd saea ves 514 Finland, Constitution io orrioiie3e) ccs. one 420.
pap CE DOMES AIE on cveus sin che ceuincees I, 338 », LabourandSocialistMovement in pi
», Local Education Authority .. Re, = yy -deadée Unionisnr in. faves
er A ENEL CII ees Coes Sai clues eh essthe ans Fire Protection vise ees 596, 683, oi
,, Medical Inspection ............... 511, ai Piscal Tariffs 77, vtucseaen cou tereaae eee
», Mentally Deficient ............... 574, 584 BESREPIES oi, S33 ocicataaca eae aes toe eens : sy
,, National Union of Teachers ...... 511 Fishery Boards ii2-.cscec ees ceo teres 569
i SCUOOL Attendance, -ii....cca0lt scence 575 Food, Inspection-wf v:....s.senrssere sentra 579
fr Met AIG Se Suri ev dsscebastocnswss 575 Hitt PPICES Tt Oh Aisi os eve oa ee eee 210, 386
Ri Bs EEXEMPtON Scisdecdnesssssesyse 95 Foreign’ Office, The oc cicieceestpseceares 518
Bs 95 Feeding...... 302, 322, 323, 324, Forestry, Advances for Development of 208
334, 510, 575 FD CDOON OR sec itee tee ates 521
» Scientific and Industrial Research 513 France; Constitution: 2:9. :.0.ssccnreesoees Mee wie
PT SCOMAM toes Note scserasacosttepsons 513 Trade Unionismdmyt).ceceeee 434
Pe COMMA VS cus anche secetcaciate ooe oes 51T, 597 » Socialist Movement in.............0 413,
a », Teachers’ Organisations 512 Friendly Societies, Early History ...... 660.
pee, POMINGAl INSHIUITIONS ...0 serccece. 512 nae el uneral Benefits & Life liautonde 684
ERTS Reale ge Gol apa gale Addi rn a NRE 514 ,», Pensions and Invalidity Grants... 677
Educational Organisations, Central We REPIStTY “OF oi. ascantee muerte 522.
Rabour College v.ois)ei.s.<.cconsses 356 ¥, Bilines Benefits, etc, ..........s.00s 660:
ie CO-Operative Unioll: ........c.siessons 333
», Ruskin College, Oxford ............ 359 CRM ES esate kG Sh cae cee eae 619
», Socialist Sunday SCHOGISH..s. cuca 360 cee Disposal Uverevonseederteeetoniceesean 597
,, Workers’ Educational Assn. ...... SGA. Gast Nec icichauaianar gate ac vateica/inexasumeeneee etees 598.
‘‘ Efficiency Engineering’””.................5 249 ce Wet Federation of Trade Unions
FOUSTICPETOUIS AC veot sc eas cuss otccia tes aoas 92 19, 97
BiH OWING Son cs asscoccta tes 323 PH SSALIGLICS atct oe Liles duce Cece eae 120
Electoral Labour Committee ............ o4 | General Labourers’ National Council 119
Embassies and Legations Abroad, German Social-Democratic Party ...... 408
PSDILISE, xe seee cet ee calivwa rod ones 519 Wy PRCULESS Of cassie csvonansesiatensheumelnoes 411
Re Ondo, FOVeGi en, © cack. cdcosuesee League sna mseeumetehg nds anase Mecano nena ear
Heraldry and Ceremonial Precedence 523
Hermes Cliab..c Sabeiereaae tenet noumses 357°
Highways and Streets ....,.......06. 0+ 563, 600
Flotlanidie ieee iheesecse eine) 416
,, Labour and Socialist Movement 417
», Irade Unionism in 436:
Sor eoreesersereges
692 INDEX.
PAGE | PAGE
Hollow-ware Trade Board ......:..... eat Insurance, Unemployment ........000. 557.
THiasie Off © i... s.paectescenuetindegendeaeed es 524 International, the Modern......... deotesen 405
;, Board “of Conprolu kc na vascavercaen ees 528 930, THOOOU GS CAs genes ccents coe an 404
GOTONETS: INGUESES: fs .sdecseentipe nde 527 vg Association for Labour Legisla-
4, Pactory. DepaxtMent 54. cv rcresndorens 524 F103 a Reena E EMME Me SEL eae Sy
», Inspectors of Coal and Metalli- » Association of Working Men ... 404
ferous Mines ....... vécadeyeeee O25 », Federation of Trade Unions ...... 427
5, Inspectors of Explosives.. saakooad’ wee 525 ,, Labour Movement: Industrial... 426
phn SONOS sec cg eae aupanoas cnn nuacencatncnvaers 527 ,, Organisation, First Attempt e, ini 4
vy. Prison. COMMISSION |... so sesessioacen 525 5). mocialist Bureau... ..ersaesues
,, Reformatory and _ Industrial ee es ,, and Labour Party Te
SEROOIS 2211s inst he tenes eee ee 527 me 7 », (British Section). 16,
Home Rule, Conference on ...........206 336 406, 407
FROME WOLMETS A wssereernattiecacacsaasboees scans 23 | pe a CONSTESS ve nae deoed 405, 407
Hospital Boards, etc. 568 Be Rescionon on
PaGpitals cous eecce-en pata ‘603, 662, 664, 5 Wear 1007-0: cccabs iat ouaeieae Aes
Ko. MID ICI DAL ons scans we remavanen tty tage eet 581 | », Lrade Union Secretariats...... 432, 433
» Private and Municipal. saddens sieeve OO Invalidity and Disablement Pensions. 677
Se): VQUUIDLALY ea’ 5 Sestve captet kiesie cence Rs te | Ireland, Board of Agriculture ....... ARI yoo
Hours of Labour (Table) ........ leat Rca | 4, Congested Districts Board......... 477
Youse of Lords aise easset ys 327, 328, “3 » Cédntrol of Fisheries <2.......:5- inn Ak
yu Par ament Bul cn vite crasecacwae 328 py SOUCATION ccnp coche canneteiet eineaead - 514
Hause RES iss coy10 spas ee vast cera venodogaee 598 ». Local Government..4.c.ccetecmes . 572
Housing, Private Enterprise, Failure of 605 Me ae Board cu - 535
* Rehousing jpelushaepuaice pe dhae's epeanca top 609 oe Police ....... gle natin «latex noua hates Sonaspe SSF
sui. Working Classes o7o wsitoasene 605 3. Privy Coupes. 4.022,-.42 sae ators aie 542
is PUbLS Health. c..ac.ik iectes saan 582
{DIOTS ACT, 1880 %..scccnsenes SPIE eae Fes ae 583 bias Registration of Births, Marriages,
income. Lak. icctavactscuea vane ecbacs 517, 551, 554 anid, Deaths |... i eseus meses ern, § 7;
ape cere Labour Party...... 305, 310; 344 State Medical Service ............... 670
5, and Fabian Society............0+. 346, 352 Irish Co- -operative Movement ............ 384 -
EN gS. ReIOUL PALEY Ue sass aia tee oabac 310%} a AW COULS ions rust ange oahie maces 465
s> 3, Labour Representation Com- } 5, ‘Lrade Union Congress.............-. 96
SOULOC (25 Uo nesctaasae epadeana 305 | Ti oy NHANES ..7 0c... scars ada amern a Be
+ 9) Scottish Advisory Council... 312 Iron and Steel Trades Federation ...... 117
$y the Ward: .n sabato tacen credo 347 | Isolation Hospitals Acts, 1893-1gor ... 605
Nae Lae "Labour Leader”? ..0....s.-0.- cones’ 348. | Italy, Constitution 5.1.2, .0 54 547
Neen =i Bet Dns chapwecataaues gees 445 RES ks Marriages ...... 545, 546, 342
Re es Demolishment of : Nursery, Fabian” ...s,-cidu eee 353
RNa cored atisan ton icnraemanacs I
», Employees (Wages and Condi-
tions of Labour) ......... 606, 636 OLD AGE PENSIONS, 323,324,321530;503004
yo Vegetales tale Ween 603 Open Air Schools... ..:si eR pPenditure On-s5cew etn ses 660
Slaughterhouses, see Abattoirs ......... 590
SDBS “aise eter eer ae 606, 608
Small Dwellings Acquisition Act, 1899.. 611
Small Holdings and Allotments
397; 475; 590
Social Democratic Federation............ 304
1p) LR EMMALLON ceca tioks acer svedercoadenss cans 304
,, and Labour Representation Com-
Peettee 1c /cgsh ess Sobawu sabes eevee 305
See also Social-Democratic Party
British Socialist Party
Socialist Party of Great Britain
Social Democratic Party | c..3:..c0<.c0000s 349
Socialism
See British Socialist Party
Central Labour College
Church Socialist League
Democratic Federation
Fabian Research Department
Fabian Society
Independent Labour Party
International Sociatist Bureau
Labour Party
Labour Representation Com-
mittee
Local Labour Parties
National Guilds League
Socialist Press
Social-Democratic Federation
Social-Democratic Party
Socialist Labour Party
Socialist League
Socialist Party of Great Britain
University Socialist Federation
PAGE
Socialist Labour Party ciyadvecnp sheers oe 359:
47. SeCABUG o. ..ceten sudeheccoeseaseneenmepeaes 304
», Party of Great Britain pa vbcccaeakons 359
o9 | WYESS (FOVSION ye aya cane caeeae 409, 424
4 FREVIGW. sis.cusec lacueee aiunenaanneeeee ee 346
7. SUndAY SChOOlS’ co. suse eeenee 360
4. WOtE (GELMAN) , suttacencecane eearemee 411
Statistical Bureau of Labour Party ... 312
South Wales Strike.) jacesecueseeeeaees 6
Spain, Constitution ., aio. cconnseraiteamnenes 418
,, Labourand SocialistMovementin 418
+9. Lxadé. UNIGNISM 11.2... eseeneeeneeens 437
Special Schools RPE ati cate sisal Ts. 510, 514
1 Speeding Up” .i..20yscacvas ony aenneeees 220, 233
South Atrios, Labour and Socialist
Movement in .......... Repdee centr eed 423.
Trade Unionism in ........... stipes ao
South Wales Miners’ Strike..............
Standards Department ....,......ecesaveeee
Standing Joint Committee ..... 563, 571, ae
State Medical Service in Ireland ...... 670
Stationery Office ii. / eos. aman 554
Statutory School Age ........c.seesnsensers 575
SSIPECES Siiises pevsbans tes cieeee seamen amen 600, 602
Strikes, see Disputes.
Students’ Felig wSHip: unc geevesscesestene 384
Subsidies to Trade Unions (Tables)... 36
Sugar Confectionery and Food Pre-
serving Trade Board ....,........ 215,
Sunday Schools, Socialist ...........ss00008 360
Superannuation, ....4cdcashacewesies vane sewineues 624
SUpPCr-Ta x 6. .esos.+ronasgugnntasien 517, 552, pee
Sweden, Constitution ............seceesseoees
», LabourandSocialistMovement in 45
1, Lradé Unionism) imc oli, ismuees 435 -
Sweéated Industries ..s.s..sc:-vemeaananeecs 215
Swimming Baths <.)..1..desed cae renee 591
Switzerland, Constitution ..... ......sse0e 419
ee Labour andSocialist Movement in 419
., Jtade Untonism ime {yu cccecuer 436
TARE VALE JUDGMENT )a,yesesesns aneeueeae 322
Tailoring Trade Board ........:.sesssseeese 2I4
Taxation, Labour Conference and...... 326
‘Taxes, Death Duty:.:ccccessnmmuncnsuateaerenee 550
jy oeome Lax! Uline eres esee 517, 551
», Inhabited House Duty....... bicocakte 553
5), se@gacy Duty ou onc cpeessecmeeenea 551
| 23. Upper 1 OX 5..ceves bemswee aaa 517, 552, 554
T ohare National Union of \isiieen 511
Technical Institutions........-.+. speeaeenees 512
Temperance Reform -.....,.sssssssesncass «0s 528
TEBNEMODES. . eyscaneaa ei sknesia oti eaete aera «+» 608
cL CXTitOLial TF OLCe:: ...csandecetaeeee eee 479
Textile Federations ..........scsscsssseecseone Ii7
Thames Conservancy Board............... 568
Theatres and Music Halls, Licensing of 620
"TOW Clerk csicssccosedenotepseeaenara meee 562
49 Re QUUN CHS joka sc sivs seccoheeehereeeen 562, 564
Vy. LATIN i cres nasctsian ene save 621
Trade, Board Of. o....i. jicnecesabeh teeaee caren
Trade Boards .);..» Unionism Acree ENE Rar 433 » Men & Women Compared (Table) ar
», Unions and Admiralty.......... seve 474 », Municipal Employees (Tables)... 636
+5 Pre Or OA. oy aclecscne Seiten. Bea LER OUEE sWAl.: i nye ta gentenred SESE 2)
Ne Se APONE LUTE grapattcanenanevecsicves rie 412 ROP ISates OF. cese sete cee yk 193, I04, 390). 636 -~
Re », and Joint Board ...... Re ss 353 », Réluctance of Employers an
Br xy. NGPIStratON. OF 65.63 ck 105, III Government to Raise .. ......... 49
ys VS Statistics... CEP ances eertieennes 180 gue VN OMENS. ous. tee Reece phn anf Ey ad
WERE BI 025... cas sernvaess 2205 Wales, Education... pekuag STA
Trades Councils, Directory ..........000. 165 » South Wales Miners’ Strike ...... 76
and Labour Representation Com- War POON Sees Vo nsvnece crews opeeea heeae tea 50, 389
WE act sahectci ch tuo eeteasses 06 yy Budget sssscsssssssrssesssererseeseees 516
and Scottish Advisory Council of , Emergency: Workers’ National
BaPOnE Part yancioss esse sxseveceenes 312 Committee, see Workers’
RRR E RIE FUIRE nse cecdoweanenocnseeostiin 322 National Committee 3
Trades Union Congress............... 19, 93, 94 A -pnnee Peaertpadan Wekian peak abil: fo' 5
and Labour Representation cat a8 2 Manifestoes, Soc ialists and the we
oy? iy, | penn ELEE. B03 gg Meanitions 1506.) c.c.cccs eee Sg6
Sgn Reece ware wea) OG Office 79
ar iamentary ommittee ED RSS: 305 ” Polic OfB SPH aoe eer eressressseeresenes veers
; Ns yo British Socialist Party... 349
Se0llishinssnnensrnesecs 6 |” ” mindependentLabourPartys47
Transport Workers’ Federation, Water Board, Metropolitan 567,568, 622 ps
INALIOUA Nose, op Sohas se raver tedetnestote 118 SOUND Scio. «ea vater eoeat ase 622
Traffic, Regulation Of ............sesseesees Gis GMinvanyers oh re Cuca 28
Treasury, the Budget. 5.0s..:s:.ncaptenpeesses 516 MWe eatSh cake! oi. ging aesigds cite. caiveayeadcanobe 86
», Chancellor of Exchequer ......... 515 | Widows, Children, and Dependents,
Wy UOOTALOE CIOS oto jcc ii does ine Wes A oeiha 59 Pensions for .......66..cee005 rat. 482
” Lords of eevee eec cere nsvoereecsesesessterene 515 Women in Industry PARES AS MERI ie aloe sh 275
», Parliamentary Secretary of.....,... 515 Abroad..
js At ‘ OAS sci vcs eucke tons 277
Timekeeping, Irregular ............ ppiaees 56 Low Wages pionin 271
‘Tribunals, Munitions ......0....... Labour League.......cccese0 310, 354). 355
Unemployment ......... 24, 221, 23%, 323, 326 i OCCUPATIONS (LaDIG) . cossorenc scoters 257
Insurance age eis Mies tensekestsh pene 557, 678 », Suffrage...... 331, 345, 336, 358, 363, 364
PUB OME ESS se es dias dncasdvenes ca 322, 334 see ERAGES cscsinaricorasvtoe erase eae 271
Percentages (Charts) ...... 25, 230, 231 | Trade Union League................5 268
Retief of sia. Bs cgaleaein ook 322, sid 334 Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues.. 521
REL EIN aay te ev ycou see squcesee> + 223 Workers’ Educational Association,..... 362
Under-employment ........ Rogbhngecs 223 » National Committee 18,32,37,38, 82, 336
Union of Democratic Control ......... aie QOT WV OFKNOUSES icetinnuieesseneacocertegtarees 569, 618
ewe. EMCRIS(EIAL iis cckessneatave Abeierees LOL Workmen’s Compensation ...644, 645, 646
DEEN nosis Gshew dedcovh'n up aneh seleonaiee gaa sor Ld, 647, 649, 654, 655
United erates: Constitution ............... See also Accidents and Employers’
2 » Labour and _ Socialist Liability.
Movement in ............ 419 World Order of Socialism,................. 364
Trade Unionism in ...... 437
University Socialist Federation ,........ 361 MORKSHIRE MINERS cae cccpsektces rcanoncede 7
Ugban Districts ce paccessdes. ssesersseseeee 504 | Young Socialist Education Bureau...... 365
698 ADVERTISEMENTS.
All Members of the Clerical Staff employed
on Railways
SHOULD JOIN THE
Railway Clerks Association
fits Principal Aims are :—
To Raise Salaries to a Standard not lower than that adopted by the
Postal Authorities.
To Reduce Excessive Hours of Duty and Limit Night
Work to not more than three consecutive hours.
To obtain Payment for Overtime and for all Duty performed on
Sundays and Bank Holidays.
To bring Railway Offices within proper Statutory Regula-
tions as to air-space, ventilation, cleanliness, sanitation, etc., and
thus assistin Ghecking and Preventing Consumption
amongst Railway Clerks.
To Abolish Patronage and Nepotism, and to have Promotion
decided by Seniority and Efficiency.
To secure a better method of granting Annual Holidays, and the
provision of an Adequate Relief Staff to cover absences
due to holidays, sickness, and other causes.
To maintain Payment of Salary during Sickness, Pep-
manency of Employment, and other old-established
beneficial conditions of service.
To defend and promote the interest of the general body of members in
Railway Superannuation Funds.
To furnish Legal Advice to Members in any matters connected with
their employment, and to protect them from unjust suspension,
reduction, or dismissal,
To watch Legislation affecting the welfare of Railway Clerical Workers ;
to give Evidence on their behalf before Government
Committees; to put forward Protective Clauses safe-
guarding their interests in any measures likely to cause changes in
railway administration, and to represent them generally in all
Parliamentary Matters. .
To provide Financial Assistance in cases of Legal Defence,
Unemployment, Disputes, Convalescence, Disablement, or Death.
Entrance Fee, One Shilling; Contribution, One Shilling
per month, qualifying members for all Benefits.
Official Organ: “The Railway Clerk,” published on the 15th of each month.
Price One Penny.
Further particulars and Mem berahip Application Forms can be obtained from any ot the
Branch Secretaries, or from the General Secretary, Railway Clerks’ Association,
25, Euston Road, London, N.W.
ADVERTISEMENTS, 699
Scientific Neti aiiu Makers’
Crade Society.
Registered Office: 41, COWCROSS STREET, LONDON, E.C.
Established 1886.
GEN. Sec. = L “ps d. WW, CLARK,
STO
Ail metal workers engaged in the Optical, Telegraph,
Flectrical, Surgical and Mathematical Instrument making
branches of the trade, and men employed generally in the
electrical industry should join the above society.
OBJECTS.
To uphold and improve the conditions of the trade,
to safeguard as far as possible the interests of all workers
by industrial and political action.
BENEFITS.
Gut-of-Work Benefit, 14s. per week; Dispute Pay, 24s. per
week; Total Disablement, £20 to £100; Free Legal
Assistance on all trade matters; Accident Benefit,
10s. per week; Benevolent Grants up to £2; Funeral
Benefits, £10 member, £5 member's wife.
Entrance Fee: Full members, 5s.; other sections at
reduced amounts.
Contributions: Full members, 9d. per week; junior
members, 6d. per week. :
BRANCHES IN ALL IMPORTANT TOWNS.
Any information in connection with the society can be
obtained from the Generali Secretary, 41, Cawerose. Street,
London, E.C.
70O ADVERTISEMENTS.
= THE
National Society of Operative
Printers and Assistants.
ESTABLISHED SEPTEMBER, 1889.
NATIONAL INSURANCE APPROVED SOCIETY
26 Branches. No. 292. 7000 Members.
The Trade Union for all males and females over 16 years
of age who are employed as Assistants in the Composing,
Stereotyping, Machine, Binding, Publishing, and Paper Bag
Printing departments of any printing offices. Also persons
employed by Ink Makers, Roller Makers, Wholesale News-
agents, ete.
owe
OBJECTS.
To increase wages; to reduce hours of employment to 48 on
day work and 42 on night work; to obtain and maintain fair
conditions of employment; to ensure decent and sanitary work-
shops; and to provide the following
BENEFITS.
Unemployed, Dispute, and Victimisation Pay, Incapacitation
Grants, Death Benefits for member and wife, Marriage Dowry
for women members, Free Legal Advice, Surgical Aid and Con-
valescent Home Treatment, and in addition Compensation sought
in all cases of injury to members and their families. No con-
tributions payable during illness.
A postcard to the General Secretary will secure all particulars
of entrance fees, contributions and benefits, also information
showing the result of the Society’s efforts and its present position
financially and industrially.
All Printers’ Assistants are invited to communicate with the
General Secretary: GEORGE A. ISAACS.
HEAD. OFFICE:
“Caxton House,’ 26, Blackfriars Road, S.E.
ADVERTISEMENTS. Jor
Teleg.: Brassaries, Tele.: 1062 Cen..
Birmingham. NATIONAL |
Brassworkers and Metal Mechanics,
Pattern Makers, Brass Finishers, Fitters, Turners,
Oxy - Acetylene Welders, Machine Operators,
Polishers, Strip Casters, Sand Casters, Moulders, Core
Makers, Trimmers, Firemen, and Metal Mechanics
SHOULD JOIN THE ABOVE SOCIETY SO AS TO
MAKE POWERFUL OUR COMMUNITY OF INTEREST.
Employers Respect Unity. Therefore, those who are
not in a Trade Union have now an opportunity to join and
strengthen the Forces of Labour.
W. J. DAVIS, Gen. Sec., 70, LIONEL STREET, BIRMINGHAM.
THE NATIONAL UNION OF CLERKS
Seeks to unite Clerks of both sexes and
of all grades in a common effort for
the Maintenance and Betterment of the
Standard of
Remuneration and Office Conditions.
ee
Every Clerk should apply for particulars to the
General Secretary, National Union of Clerks, 13, Brunswick Square, London, W.C..
——
READ “ THE GLERK.’ MONTHLY, 1d.
702 ADVERTISEMENTS.
Books on Trade Unionism
HENRY H. SLESSER,
BARRISTER-AT-LAW; PARLIAMENTARY LABOUR CANDIDATE FOR THE
City oF YORK. -
sve
TRADE UNIONISM: An Historical and General
Exposition of Trade Union Matters.
(Methuen: 2s. 6d.)
(With W. SmitH Cvrark, M.A., LL.B.)
THE LEGAL POSITION OF TRADE UNIONS.
znd Edition. Containing the Trade Union Act, 1913, and latest
judicial decisions.
(P. S. King & Son: tos. 6d.)
King’s Latest Books on Labour Questions.
INTERNATIONAL SOCIALISM AND THE WAR.
By A. W. HUMPHREY. Author of ‘A History of Labour Repre-
sentation,’’ ‘‘ Robert Applegarth,’’ etc. Crown 8vo. Cloth, 3s. 6d.
net. Inland postage, 3d.
Times.—'‘A compact, non-partisan history, first of the growth of Internatianal
Socialism, and then of the views and action of Socialist bodies in Europe and Britain
in connection with the present war. It is a review worth study, supported throughout
by authentic documents and utterances.”
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING.
By N. B. DEARLE, M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.
Demy &vo. Cloth, ros. 6d. net. Inland postage, 5d.
Times.—' Presents a valuable detailed survey of conditions. based on careful
investigations. . . Its importance is that certain pressing problems are here repre-
sented in their most acute form."
THE TINPLATE INDUSTRY.
With Special Reference to its relations with the Iron and Steel
Industries. A Study in Economic Organisation.
By J. H. JONES, M.A., Lecturer on Social Economics in the
University of Glasgow. Demy 8vo. Cloth, 7s. 6d. net. Inland
postage, 4d.
Cambria Daily Leader.—‘‘ The first serious attempt to deal with the Tinplate
Industry with any degree of thoroughness. . . We are glad that the pen of such an +
influential critic has drawn attention to a serious educational need.”
P. S. KING & SON, Ltd., Orchard House, WESTMINSTER.
ADVERTISEMENTS. 703
THE METHODS OF TO-DAY—SURPASS THOSE OF YESTERDAY !
IF YOU WILL—YOU WILL—IF YOU WON'T—YOU CANT! !
THE PRICE OF PROMPTITUDE—IS PLENTY OF PAYING BUSINESS ! !
VWVho Holds You Back
VVho Keeps You Down
VVhy Are You Poor
WHO IS TO BLAME e
ee et ED epee ree
TRY THE NOBLE ART OF SELF-DEFENCE
BY JOINING THE
WORKERS’ UNION
SEE HOW IT GROWS!
Year. Total Income.
POR ie est. Gis £5,220 12s. 4id.
th a SELO26 Ju. Ttid.
1912... =. was $22,066 108. Id.
1915... Swe wss)S £49,161 128. 8d.
1914.5 7... > S91, 580. 175... Lid.
YOUR SALVATION es HORS
lies along these lines | #*™
Hampstead, London, N.W.
Jump in Quick Now!
YOUR BOB—ACTS LIKE A TORPEDO!
General Secretary.
704 ADVERTISEMENTS.
The Labour Annual ana The Reformers’ Year Book
(1895-1900) (1901-1909)
form an interesting set of Reference books on the Labour, Land, and
Socialist movements throughout the world. They were issued for fifteen
years, at the cost of much labour and with heavy loss.
There are still some sets reserved for those who appreciate useful
records of pioneering work on advanced political lines. Every volume was
original and distinct. The 15 vols. together contain between 3,000 and
4,000 pages of valuable special articles by experts, several hundred por-
traits and biographies of men and women now making history, biblio-
graphies and directories, and a mass of useful material, historical and
statistical, that should be of enduring interest to every radical reformer.
I shall be glad to send single copies of any of these volumes, post free,
for 2s. bound, or 1s. paper. Sets of the complete series, 15 vols., in
designed paper covers, will be sent free in the United Kingdom for 12s. 6d.
The set would form an interesting nucleus for a small reference or
lending library which every branch of a Labour, Land, Co-operative, or
Socialist organisation should possess. Theset might also be recommended
for purchase by all existing Public, Lending, Reference or Societies’
Libraries throughout the Kingdom,
All communications should be addressed and remittances made payable
to the Editor and Publisher—
JOSEPH EDWARDS, 88, Anerley Park, Anerley, LONDON, ‘S.B.
Reg. No. 1487. Telephone: Park 2055.
DOMESTIC WORKERS’ UNION OF GREAT BRITAIN.
APPROVED SOCIETY, i157.
ALL DOMESTICS WHO DESIRE
A Compulsory Character Note, Better Conditions, and Shorter Hours
MUST JOIN THIS UNION
DELAY IS DANGEROUS. JOIN AT ONCE.
ENTRANCE FEE, Is. SUBSCRIPTION, ts. MONTHLY.
Write for full particulars—
Miss GRACE NEAL, General Secretary, 66, Queen’s Rd., Bayswater, London.
YOUR ATTENTION IS DRAWN TO
THE ADVERTISEMENT ON PAGE 2
OF THE COVER.
Se
ee eT a
Monn
i, het
thal ets Pre!
Ye
“ange
~~
“tty,