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ROP eO Rms ee ae “4 0 has tan o ot ‘ pe ae oka”, § ; ? . at eeu ae nos fs < bal Psd 8 Peo ey) t NOTICE. Secretaries of Trade Unions, Trades Councils, Co-operative Societies, Local Labour Parties, and other organisations are particularly requested to send, as they come out, duplicate copies of Annual Reports, Journals, etc., and all their other Publications and Documents to THE LABOUR YEAR BOOK PUBLICATION _ COMMITTEE, I, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W. All books, pamphlets, etc., mentioned in the “Year Book’’ can be ordered from The Fabian Book Shop, 25, Tothill Street, London, S. VV. LAE LABOUR YEAR BOOK. 1916 ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE OF THE TRADES UNION CONGRESS, THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE LABOUR PARTY, THE FABIAN RESEARCH DEPARTMENT. PRICES: Card covers, Is.; Cloth covers, 2s. 6d.; Postage, 4d. extra. 1, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W. LONDON : Co-OPERATIVE PRINTING Society LimitEeD, TuDOR STREET, NEW BRIDGE STREET, E.C,; AND AT MANCHESTER AND NEWCASTLE. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PREFACE PART I.— LABOUR AND THE WAR PART II.— THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT PART III.— THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT ... PART IV.— THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT .... PART V.— THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT PART VI.— IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT PART VII.— LOCAL GOVERNMENT PART VIII.— SOCIAL INSURANCE INDEX PAGE otk 93 393 383 ar uns 440 561 642 689 SPECIAL ARTICLES. WHY A LABOR YEAR BOOK ?—G. BERNARD SHAW ... LABOUR AFTER THE WAR.—ArtTHuR HENDERSON ... THE TRADES UNION CONGRESS.—J. A. SEppDon (President of the Bristol Congress, 1915) a THE GENERAL FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS. —W. A. AppLeton (General Secretary) THE TRIPLE INDUSTRIAL ALLIANCE. — RosBert SMILLIE (President of the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain) INDUSTRIAL VERSUS CRAFT UNIONISM.—ALBERT BrELLAmy (President of the National Union of Railway- men) and FRED BramMLey (Organiser of the National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association) NATIONAL GUILDS.—G. D. H. Coe (Executive Member of the National Guilds League) ‘ THE COST OF LIVING.—Joun A. Hozson, M.A. THE FUTURE OF WOMEN IN INDUSTRY. — Miss MARGARET BOoNDFIELD (Organising Secretary of the National Federation of Women Workers) ... THE FUTURE OF WOMEN IN POLITICS. — Miss CATHERINE MARSHALL... THE PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRATIC TAXATION.— PHILIP SNOWDEN, M.P. THE INTERNATIONAL.—M. EmILe VANDERVELDE (Bel- gian Minister of State and President of the International Socialist Bureau) 103 18k 187 204 253 376 380 402 PREFACE. There have been ‘‘ Labour Annuals’’ and ‘‘ Socialist Year Books ’” in past years, and their editors have earned the gratitude and appreciation of many for the ungrudging work they so freely gave. That gratitude, however, never materialised in sufficient circulation to encourage constant and regular publication. We urge a kinder fate for this, the first official Year Book that the Labour Movement has possessed. We are fully conscious of the inadequacy of our work; nevertheless, we feel confident that the pages that follow will prove of interest and usefulness to many readers who find in social service their contribution to national well-being. The first scheme of the Year Book was only conceived in the early months of the present year, and it will be readily conceded that the preparation of such a volume, even under ordinary circumstances, might have been expected to require a longer period than has been actually occupied. The Editors have realised, as never before, how wide are the interests with which Labour is concerned, how extensive is the field that its Year Book should cover. They regret that limitations of space have prevented a more detailed survey of Labour activity. However, thanks to the devoted work of numerous voluntary contributors, here our Year Book is at last. Its Editors crave an indulgent eye for its shortcomings, and they echo most heartily the demand made by Bernard Shaw in his article for criticism and helpful suggestions. We believe that both the Labour Movement and the general public, impressed now as never before with the importance of Labour, will welcome the Year Book and encourage the Committees responsible for its publication to continue the issue in future years. Each day brings forth fresh events—new Budgets, new taxes, administrative changes, novel legislation, the never-ending toll of industry, the ever-changing fabric of our national life, and a stream of new statistics—all these serve to make our Year Book, like others, an ephemeral volume. Despite the fact, however, we bespeak for our first number a place on the bookshelf of every worker in the Labour Movement, and of everyone interested in the social and industrial problems that face the nation. THE PUBLICATION: COMMITTEE. eee 9 16 23 30 CALENDAR FOR 1915. JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MaRcH. APRIL Ue) 9.10 17 4-31 1 Suv s.. 2th. ZT OB Sus. ac PLA OTT OS | neocon is es 4 11 18 25 WaT CED IG OS: Mk 8 TS os LM ie 8 ES aoe FOE ey. 5 12 19 26 Pas. 5, 82.39.00, flu... 2.9 16 23 Tak 2 9 36/93 304) Du... ws 6.13 20.27 Mae @ FS 00 eee OW ls to re oe vt Wo, FRO ee Sa GE | Wha y. 9 422-28 Deo g i480 eG eT Mec. goad 38 28)... | Tio 4) 22-98 265... 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Sat oe Salar Shah Sil..e etOel Ged sel Sin, sal Gf LAU er. 2B) Olan ote 5 12 19 26 Nicesger GEO Be Ne ce AeEE LOCOS) cos tele Een OalS, 22/20") Ml wan tome 6 13 20 27 tia ae ear or OR id ele TS 8O26' Se bh Pu. aq. 16 29°30 |, Ta... han 7 14 21 28 WE a Ee a2ea0 | Wea G 19-20. 276.5. | Wee 10 17 24 wih, Woah dB tS, 22 20 Dee ae mete se so) Li, | % 14 er 08) | TH. 0k TE TB 25.1.1 TH... 2 9 16,2330 Raieas £0 a7 OA 1 EF ite 8 152g cq Ben 8 IS 19 26... fH. 22) 9) YON47 24, 32 Sd Peet 25. PS Ie Ob IG 23-80 Seen O's 20, 27s elo base ay lial seein CALENDAR FOR 1916. JANUARY. ‘, FEBRUARY. Marcu. APRIL. Sly MMS e OF LOL-23 30) | Sth... vss2 6.13°'20°27 | Sis... §. 12.19.26 | SU's) 12) G.10'23° 30 Minos 20817 94.59F 1M) ?..X.. o tAeae OBNIUME sss 6 13 2027 | M.... 3 1017 24 «.. ine fete ge. | LU Pe) 6 asee on | Tab other. 28 by Ti 4 Tk TORS... Mi seks £0.96 0 Wu 2g 16 29 uk 4 Was -8 ts 23.29) Wo § 12 19: 26°. editors G9. 20127,.., ila, EATON Adi we pie 2 -' 9) 1623 Bo: (oi hes Gag Bore 7... Opts Pe 2F 282 Fae th ea fk ce. TG: 17°24 3t | Fu. FIA eee Siete 8. 25..22529q° Sckk BEES NO) 26-2 eS ia Aart TB a5 i yS)) BU S522 20... May. JUNE Juty. AvuGustT. Sikes ss TAO) SB, Wott. ee see APET US: 25 | SU. 2G 10°23. 300) ou. 6 13 3 27 Maite. SE? (8575.22 2071s M~. aces § 32/10. 96. (° MM: eg forte ag 3h} Mine wis 7 14 21 28 pte, 626.Q 1623 300) Ly. Ose GO. 20°27 Voit.) Ae tor25 ce Pky, al) he O51 221.20 MV eeeegtrolr7 24 srahiW v,%... 914 21 28) W... § 12 19 26 Woe) 72) +9) 10723 .30 Pee ANET 15025 2. le Beh, Di aS e5G2e0 960 |The 6 Eg 2087 Thieaa ant 1722403 Beate 19 20)... | P42 Ourares. 30.) Hi”... (% 14/27 28 Be ay tk Tc 25) ae S f° 613-2007 0S 1. 340 17°24 1.. | Soon 8 15 22:29 S ... 5 12:19 26... SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER. Slane) veers Gero Tea wa FO) F522. 20) | OU se ans 5 12 19 26| Su... 3 10 17 24 31 Naya s AT TSM. 2? og 16°23 90°) M. ons) os 613 2027; M... 4 11 18 25... Llpviatsss 5 Sn E2.1QRRO Dus e: Suto 17) 24,87 | Las a0 714,21 28| Tu... 5 12 19 26... Wr ae G13 20 O7 PW 4 Tr 16 25 5. | Wie 18 55 222901 Wow, O 23 20/2705. eR veraeen 7 t4 91 28: )°Th.s 6 12-19.26°....| Th. 2 9 16.23 30) Th..: 97 14 22°28)... F 5 Ge t5 20 20. a £520, 27s di Re oS FOOTF Sh uel, By Bee TS Ba 20 ven S OTe eh ee. Sas & TIS Bh. | SS 2 6 76..25-90. %.. WHY A LABOR YEAR BOOK ? By G. BERNARD SHAW (Chairman, Fabian Research Department). A Labor Year Book will not need any justification to those who have thought the matter out in the light of some experience of the difficulty of finding just the sort of facts they want. They all know the story of the cabinet minister who asked one of his officials to supply him with the statistics of a certain department. To which the young gentleman replied ‘‘ What is it you want to prove? ” In politics, all facts are selected facts. If you want a book of unselected facts you must buy a Ready Reckoner or the Post Office Directory. They deal with a class of fact that nobody wants to suppress Or misrepresent, and that nobody can overlook. The compiler of the Ready Reckoner does not tell you that twice two is four and then forget to tell you that twice three is six. The compiler of the Directory does not give you the name of his friend who lives at number nine and scorn to mention his enemy who lives at number ten. But the moment we come to books in which information is not only given but applied, take care! An election register is very like a directory: it consists of names and addresses only; but it is far from being so trustworthy a document. There are people who ought to be there who are not there: there are people who ought not to be there who are there. Statements of the proportion of taxation borne by the working classes, or of the distribution of income in the country, may be as sound in their simple arithmetic as the ready reckoner; but Mr. Mallock will bring out a very different result to Mr. Sidney Webb every time, This does not mean that one writer is less truthful than another. It means only that one writer notices things that another overlooks. The human mind is like the human eye. The eye makes a double image of everything except the object the owner of the eye is looking at; but he never notices the double images of all the other objects in sight: he notices only the single one to which he is directing his attention. Hie never sees a double image in all his life if he is a teetotaler, though he has dozens of them on his retina daily from dawn to dark. It is the same with his mind: he thinks of nothing except the things he focuses his mind on. The idle gentleman understands that the burglar who comes after his spoons is a thief; but he does not understand that he himself bought those spoons out of money stolen from the poor. He sees all the faults of the Labor Party, and none of the faults of the House of Lords. He thinks it splendid and heroic of his son to take a commission and go into the WHY A LABOR YEAR BOOK? II trenches, but takes it quite as a matter of course that his gardener’s son should go. To put it another way, the very honestest man has an unfair mind, and eyes that can see only one side of an object at a time. And that is why Labor must have its own Year Book. There are others, of course. The Statesman’s Year Book is as good in its way as the Labor Year Book, and ten times as dear. Whitaker’s Almanack has been the friend of man for many years. But the Statesman’s Year Book sees life from the social angle of an Oxford College; and Whitaker has to please everybody and offend nobody. A proper Labor Year Book ought to set all the Oxford Colleges clamoring for its prosecution on a charge of sedition, and to make half the purchasers of Whitaker go blue in the face with indignation. It ought to give all the information that our rich men and their caterers and retainers try to hide from themselves and everybody else, and signpost all the new political roads that democracy has opened to the public, and that used to be closed by boards declaring that Trespassers Will be Prosecuted. Labor has still a good deal to learn as to facts and ways and means. It does not know the facts. It does not know where to look for them. It could not always get at them even if it did know where to look. Many of its notions of democracy are too crude and general and old fashioned for practical use; and it often drops the substance in clutching at the shadow. In making Trade Unionism the most jealously democratic institution in the world, it made it in some tespects the most autocratic; for it is the simple truth that it used to be easier to turn the whole country against the Prime Minister than to turn a Trade Union against its officials; and the end of that has been a reaction in which officials are hampered in making industrial treaties ‘because they cannot answer for their Unions with sufficient confidence. The Labor world is stuffed with splendid principles; but principles by themselves are very little use. A cockney may wish to take a walk on Wimbledon Common on sound hygienic principles; but if he does not know the way to Putney he will not get there, and may have to take his constitutional in a slum. It is true that when there is a will there is a way; but the way is through knowledge; and it is surprising how often it lies just in the opposite direction to where we expected to-find it. Fortunately it is also sometimes much shorter than we imagined it to be. Very few people know how much has been done already; and we find well meaning people spending no end of their time and slender means in agitating for laws that already exist; founding schools to teach what is already better taught in the elementary school round the corner; and calling on Parliament to do things that the County Council or City Corporation has had power to do for the last fifty years. 12 , WHY A LABOR YEAR BOOK? The reason people don’t know these things is that nobody tells them. Our governing class mostly does not want them to know. They teach a child the population of China (which they don’t know themselves) but take good care to leave him in ignorance of the fact that by sending a postcard to the Home Office or to the local sanitary authority he can strike down tyrants, and dig up drains, and fence in machines, and add years to the lives of women and pounds to the weight of children. The Labor Year Book is a move in the direction of dispelling this ignorance, and shewing the workers the world from their own point of view instead of from that of their present masters. It is not yet so good as the editors wish and intend it to be. It is not possible to think of everything, and still less possible to do everything that is thought of. You have first to find the right man to do it, and pay him fairly for the job. The war has upset the Year Book as it has upset everything else. Without a good deal of valuable unpaid work it could not have been done at all. No commercial publisher would have ventured on sO magnanimous a table of contents. It is not what it will be after a year or two: still, it is a beginning, and not so bad a one, all things considered. Its improvement will depend largely on those who use it. To them I say, Do not waste time admiring what you find in it: spend a few hours in the year complaining of what you miss in it. The man who writes up to the office to say that it is the rottenest Year Book going because he cannot find the name of his grandmother’s third husband in it is the man who will really help us. If he thinks that his grandmother’s third husband has nothing to do with the Labor Movement, he may be making a great mistake. What he wants to know, another man may want to know; and if we find by the letters we get that there is a need in the Labor Movement for a table of the third husbands of the grandmothers of the Labor Movement, we shall compile such a table without stopping to ask the use of it, because men neither want nor ask for things that are of no use. ‘‘ Ask and it shall be given unto you ”’ is our editorial principle. We will guess all we can about your wants; but our main standby must be the men who teil us of the bits of information they needed in the Trade Union or Co-operative office and in the Labor candidate’s committee room, and which they could not find anywhere. The world is full of books telling us what. we do not want to know: the ideal of the editors of the Labor Year Book is a book that will tell its purchasers what they do want te know, and what no other book will tell them. LABOUR AFTER THE WAR. By RicHt Hon. ARTHUR HENDERSON, M.P. (President of the Board of Education). From the commencement of the war the forces of industrial democracy rallied in support of the cause of the Allies with unprecedented unanimity and determination. To-day, generally speaking, their one concern is to see the war through and not to fritter away their opportunities in futile discussion as to its causes or as to the conditions on which an insecure and artificial peace might be obtained. They are convinced that the war was none of our country’s seeking, and they are confident that if civilisation is to be delivered from the tyranny of an oppressive brute force it must only end one way. This attitude is good, so far as it goes. But there is a danger that all sections of the great Labour and Socialist movement may concern themselves too much with the effects of this world struggle, as we now see them, and fail to give sufficient thought to the position in which the wage-earners may find themselves on the termination of hostilities. Yet it needs little reflection to see that the wholesale destruction of wealth which is going on before our eyes must profoundly affect the position of Labour and the future of the workers. When the war is over Europe will be faced with a gigantic task of reconstruction, and it is the duty of the workers to ensure that in the carrying out of that task their rights are safeguarded and their just demands satisfied. This will not happen if, as the result of an unsatisfactory peace, this country finds itself, with diminished resources and a vast accumulation of debt, forced to maintain for its defence a larger Navy and an Army on the Continental scale. It will not happen if we are beaten. And it will not happen if, through impatience, or shortsightedness, or sectional jealousy, organised Labour compromises that unity which has been so nobly manifested under the stress of war, but which will be even more required in the coming years of peace. For, unless all experience is misleading, the first years of peace will be a time of grave depression, affecting not one or two trades, but the whole of our industrial system. Machinery has been diverted from productive to unproductive uses; the savings of past years are being absorbed in the cost of the war; the whole economic system, under which Labour produces capital and capital in turn maintains Labour, has been violently disturbed. The labour has gone into other channels, and the capital is being consumed in indispensable but anremunerative manufactures. 14 LABOUR AFTER THE WAR. The utmost economy that can be practised in war may alleviate but cannot wholly avert the distress that is bound to follow it. There are indeed economies that may aggravate the evil. Every penny that is wisely spent on the care and upbringing of children, and on the health of the people, will shorten the period of depression by increasing our capacity for productive industry when the war is over. And every penny which, in response to ill-considered appeals for economy, is unwisely saved will postpone the return of prosperity. In the interests of the coming generation and their welfare organised Labour has a duty to protest against misplaced parsimony by public authorities as much as against untimely extravagance. m Both politically and industrially, the next few years will be a time of trial for organised Labour. For a national object the unions have been willing to abandon many of the safeguards which have been devised by the experience of generations for securing the rights of the workers. The most definite pledges have been given and received; the unions will have to see that on both sides they are scrupulously observed. During the past twelve months organised Labour has established its right to be regarded as an integral element in the national life. After the war it will have to retain the position it has achieved. A period of depression imposes a great strain on the resources and coherence of Labour. The return of peace will mean the renewal of many old struggles. If Labour is to face them victoriously it must be animated after the war by the spirit it has shown during the war, by unfailing loyalty to its principles, and by a firm resolution to maintain its unity unimpaired. PART I. LABOUR AND THE WAR.* CONTENTS. Page Page The Outbreak of War :— The Organisation of Labour (a) The Political View .. 15 and the Ministry of (b) The Industrial Truce .. 22 Munitions .. -* “+ 59 Unemployment.. oe -» 23 | Labour and Recruiting wa PO The Relief of Distress.. ee ‘29 Mining and the War .. Ps bi acca, ecient Bie age oe Women and the War .. an ie) ria fanin tal Diieae ei. et Child Labour and the Factory Acts.. = es eet oo The Committee on Produc- tion :— National Labour Newspapers (a) Wages .. son hae during the War .. os OF (0) Organisation of Labour 53 | Protection in War Time va 1 OE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR. (2) THE POLITICAL VIEW. It is not proposed in this section to discuss any of the general political questions raised by the war. All that will be attempted is to show what had previously been the recognised view of Labour about a European War, what was the attitude taken up on the outbreak of war, and how that attitude was subsequently modified. The recognised view of Labour, both national and international, on the question of a European War was expressed in the resolution passed in 1907 at the International Socialist Congress, to which the Labour Party, the British Socialist Party, the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society are all affiliated. The resolution runs as follows :— If war_threatens to break out it is the duty of the working class in the countries con- cerned and of their Parliamentary representatives, with the help of the International Socialist Bureau as a means ot co-ordinating their action, to use every effort to prevent war by all the means which seem to them most appropriate, having regard to the sharp- ness of the class war and to the general political situation. Should war none the less break out, their duty is to intervene to bring it promptly to an end, and with all their energies to use the political and economic crisis created by os war to rouse the populace from its slumbers, and to hasten the fall of capitalist omination. * For most of the material of this part we are indebted to Mr. G. D. H. Cole. whose book, ‘‘ Labour in War Time,” deals with the subject more ully and from a less restricted standpoint. 16 LABOUR AND THE WAR. In July, 1914, the two-fold policy thus prescribed to Labour was put to the test, first by the threat of war and then by its actual outbreak. Austria declared war against Servia on Saturday, the 25th of July. Immediately the International Socialist Bureau met at Brussels. After deciding that the International Socialist Congress, which was to have been held in Vienna late in August, should be held in Paris on August 9th, the Bureau issued the following declaration :— In assembly of July 29th the International Socialist Bureau has heard declarations from representatives of all nations threatened by a world war, describing the political situation in their respective countries. With unanimous vote, the Bureau considers it an obligation for the workers of all concerned nations not only to continue but even to strengthen their demonstrations against war in favour of peace, and of a settlement of the Austro-Servian conflict by arbitration. The German and French workers will bring to bear on their Governments the most vigorous pressure in order that Germany may secure in Austria a moderating action, and in order that France may obtain from Russia an undertaking that she will not engage in the conflict. On their side the workers of Great Britain and Italy shall sustain these efforts with all the power at their command. The Congress urgently convoked in Paris will be the vigorous expression of the peaceful will of the workers of the whole world. Things moved rapidly, and this proved to be the last expression of the united voice of the International. The Congress at Paris was not held. It now remained for the national sections individually to carry out the first clause of the 1907 Resolution, which dealt with the prevention of war. With Germany’s declaration of war on France and Russia, and the consequent developments, we cannot deal for reasons of space. In Great Britain the Labour Members of Parliament unanimously passed the following resolution on July 30th :— That the Labour Party is gratified that Sir Edward Grey has taken steps to secure mediation in the dispute between Austria and Servia, and regrets that his proposal has not been accepted by the Powers concerned; it hopes, however, that on no account will this country be dragged into the European conflict, in which, as the Prime Minister has stated, we have no direct or indirect interest, and the Party calls upon all Labour organisations in the country to watch events vigilantly so as to oppose, if need be, in the most effective way, any action which may involve us in war. On August the 1st the British Section of the International Socialist Bureau issued its manifesto over the joint signatures of Keir Hardie and — Arthur Henderson :— MANIFESTO TO THE BRITISH PEOPLE. The long-threatened European War is now upon us. For more than 100 years no such danger has confronted civilisation. It is for you to take full account of the desperate situation and to act promptly and vigorously in the interest of peace. You have never been consulted about the war. Whatever may be the rights and wrongs of the sudden crushing attack made by the militarist Empire of Austria upon Servia, it is certain that the workers of all countries likely to be drawn into the conflict must strain every nerve to prevent their Governments from committing them to war. Everywhere Socialists and the organised forces of Labour are taking this course. Everywhere vehement protests are made against the greed and intrigues of militarists and armament-mongers. We call upon you to do the same here in Great Britain upon an even more impressive scale. Hold vast demonstrations against war in every industrial centre. Compel those of the governing class and their Press who are eager to commit you to co-operate with Russian despotism to keep silence, and respect the decision of the overwhelming majority of the people, who will have neither part nor lot in such infamy. The success of Russia at the present day would be a curse to the world. There is no time to lose. Already, by secret agreements and understandings, of which the democracies of the civilised world know only by rumour, steps are being taken which may fling us all into the fray. LABOUR AND THE WAR. 17 Workers, stand together, therefore, for peace! Combine and conquer the militarist enemy and the self-seeking Imperialists to-day, once and for all. ; en and women of Britain, you have now an unexampled opportunity of rendering a magnificent service to humanity, and to the world! Proclaim that for you the days of plunder and butchery have gone by. Send messages of peace and fraternity to your fellows who have less liberty than you. Down with class rule! Down with the rule of brute force! Down with war! Up with the peaceful rule of the people! On Sunday, August the 2nd, a great demonstration representative of all sections of the working-class was held in Trafalgar Square, under the auspices of the British Section; the following resolution was carried :— That this demonstration, representing the organised workers and citizens of London, views with serious alarm the prospects of a European War, into which every European Power will be dragged owing to secret alliances and understandings which in their origin were never sanctioned by the nations, nor are even now communicated to them ; we stand by the efforts of the international working-class movement to unite the workers of the nations concerned in their efforts to prevent their Governments from entering upon war, as expressed in the resolution passed by the International Socialist Bureau; we protest against any step being taken by the Government of this country to support Russia, either directly or in consequence of any understanding with France, as being not only offensive to the political traditions of the country but disastrous to Europe,and declare that, as we have no interest, direct or indirect, in the threatened quarrels which may result from the action of Austria in Servia, the Government of Great Britain should rigidly decline to pee in war, but should confine itself to efforts to bring about peace as speedily as possible. Thus all sections of the British Labour Movement were united in their desire and their efforts for the prevention of war. In this they were carrying out the first clause of the 1907 resolution. But the attempt tailed. Two days later (August 4th) Britain declared war on Germany. The declaration of war at once altered the situation and brought into prominence the more disputable and less determinate part of the 1907 resolution. This declared that: ‘‘Should war none the less break out, their duty is to intervene to bring it promptly to an end, and with all their energies to use the economic and political crisis created by the war to rouse the populace from its slumbers and to hasten the fall of capitalist domination.”’ That this second part of the internationalist policy would have held water is unlikely even if nothing further had occurred. But before this policy had been adequately considered a new factor had entered. This was the violation of the neutrality of Belgium. This violation was a determining cause in the change of attitude which shortly manifested itself. Almost equally important was the decision of the German Social Democratic Party to vote for the war credits in the Reichstag. Still fora few days matters hung in the balance. On August 7th the Executive Committee of the Labour Party issued the following letter to its con- stituent bodies :— . We beg to inform you that a special meeting of the National Executive of the Labour Party was held on August 5th and 6th to consider the European crisis, when it was decided to forward to each of the affiliated organisations the following resolutions : — “That the conflict between the nations of Europe in which this country is involved is owing to Foreign Ministers pursuing diplomatic policies for the purpose of maintain- ing a balance of power; that our own national policy of understandings with France and Russia only was bound to increase the power of Russia both in Europe and Asia, and to rendanger good relations with Germany. “That Sir Edward Grey, as proved by the facts which he gave to the House of Commons, committed, without the knowledge of our people, the honour of the country to supporting France in the event of any war in which she was seriously involved, and gave definite assurances of support before the House of Commons had any chance of considering the matter. ‘That the Labour movement reiterates the fact that it has opposed the policy which has produced the war, and that its duty is now to secure peace at the earliest possible moment on such conditions as will provide the best opportunities for the re-establish- ment of amicable feelings between the workers of Europe. 18 LABOUR AND THE WAR. ‘That without in any way receding from the position that the Labour Movement has taken in opposition to our engaging ina European War, the Executive of the Party advises that, while watching for the earliest opportunity for taking effective action in the interests of peace and the re-establishment of good feeling between the workers of the European nations, all Labour and Socialist is Dagens re should concentrate their energies mean- time upon the task of carrying out the resolutions passed at the conference of Labour organisations held at the House of Commons on August 5th, detailing measures to be taken to nitigate the destitution which will inevitably overtake our working people while the state of war lasts.’’ Your attention is specially called to Clause 3 of the attached resolutions, agreed upon at the Labour and Socialist Emergency Conference. Citizen committees are being formed in county and urban areas, and every effort should be made to secure a fair and adequate representation of Labour, including woman, upon these committees. We also urge the great importance of all Labour organisations giving every possible assistance in the relief work organised by these citizen committees. Yours very sincerely, W. C. ANDERSON, Chairman. ARTHUR HENDERSON, Secretary. The Labour and Socialist Emergency Conference referred to in this letter, called by Mr. Arthur Henderson, M.P., then Secretary of the Labour Party, had met on August 6th and formed the War Emergency Workers’ National Committee* This Committee was afterwards to play no small part both in concentrating working class attention on social and industrial issues arising from the war, and in holding together the forces of Labour. On the 7th of August, when the Labour Party decided to make no pronouncement on the Vote of Credit, Mr. J. Ramsay MacDonald resigned the chairmanship, and Mr. Arthur Henderson took his place. By the end of the first week a division began to show itself between those who thought that Labour should sink all differences before the national danger and those who, while not opposing the war, still thought ' that Labour should maintain complete aloofness from the other parties. Needless to say, this view of entire independence was supported by the further section which was against the war itself. ‘This last section is best represented in the manifesto published by the Independent Labour Party on August 13th. It begins with an indictment of British foreign policy, of the armament race, and of secret diplomacy ; it dwells cn the horror of war, and ends as follows :— The war conflagration envelops Europe; up to the last moment we laboured to prevent the blaze. The nation must now watch for the first opportunity for effective intervention. ‘ As for the future, we must begin to prepare our minds for the difficult and dangerous complications that will arise at the conclusion of the war. ‘ he people must everywhere resist such territorial aggression and national abasement as will pave the way for fresh wars; and throughout Europe the workers must press for frank and honest diplomatic policies, controlled by themselves, for the suppression of militarism and the establishment of the united states of Europe, thereby advancing towards the world’s peace. Unless these steps are taken Europe, after the present calamity, will be still more subject to the domination of militarism, and increasingly liable to be drenched with blood. We are told that International Socialism is dead: that all our hopes and ideals are wrecked by the fire and pestilence of European war. It is not true. Out of the darkness and the depth we hail our working-class comrades of every land. Across the roar of guns, we send sympathy and greeting to the German Socialists. They have laboured unceasingly to promote good relations with Britain, as we with Germany. They are no enemies of ours, but faithful friends. In forcing this appalling crime upon the nations, it is the rulers, the diplomats, the militarists who have sealed their doom. In tears of blood and bitterness the greater democracy will be born. With steadfast faith we greet the future; our cause is holy and imperishable, and the labour of our hands has not been in vain. Long live Freedom and Fraternity! Long live International Socialism ! See page 37. LABOUR AND THE WAR. Ig Thus by the middle of August the lines of distinction had been drawn on the political side of Labour. On August 29th the question of taking part in a Parliamentary recruiting campaign came before the National Executive of the Labour Party: the Parliamentary Labour Party had already met and agreed to join in the campaign. It was decided :— That, in view of the serious situation created by the European War, the Executive Committee of the Labour Party agrees with the policy of the Parliamentary Party, in joining the campaign to strengthen the British Army, and agrees to place the Central Office organisation at the disposal of the campaign, and further recommends the affiliated bodies to give all possible local support. About the same time an agreement was reached between the political parties, that in the case of a Parliamentary bye-election ihe seat should be filled without a contest by the party in possession. This political truce, since periodically renewed, still holds good. ‘The death of J. Pointer, Attercliffe, and A. H. Gill, Bolton, left vacancies which were filled by W. C. Anderson and Robert Tootill in accordance with this. arrangement. The pronouncements of the industrial side of Labour came in the beginning of September. First came that of the General Federation of Trade Unions, termed a ‘‘ Manifesto to its Members and to its Affiliations in Europe and America.’ After dealing at some length with the origins of the war, in which it declares that ‘‘ the responsibility for the war does not rest upon the policy or conduct of Great Britain,’’ it proceeds to the economic problems affecting the State. It describes the relief measures of the Government as utterly inadequate. It presses for greater sums of money to be expended in payment oi soldiers, sailors, and their dependents, for reform and democratisation of the Army itself, and generally for State control as opposed to unco-ordinated voluntary activities. Finally, it demands increased subsidies for Trade Unions, whose magnificent efforts to meet the distress consequent upon unemployment had been made from funds raised on a peace basis to meet peace emergencies. It is to be noted that by this time the policy of the Government was wholeheartedly supported. This is also shown in the manifesto of the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress, which runs as follows :— MANIFESTO TO THE TRADE UNIONISTS OF THE COUNTRY. Gentlemen,—The Trades. Union Congress Parliamentary Committee, at their meeting held yesterday, had under consideration the serious position created by the European War and the duty which Trade Unionists, in common with the community in general, owe to themselves and the country of which they are citizens. They were especially gratified at the manner in which the Labour Party in the House of Commons had responded to the appeal made to all political parties to give their co-operation in securing the enlistment of men to defend the interests of their country, and heartily endorse the appointment upon the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee of four Members of the party, and the placing of the services of the national agent at the disposal of that Committee to assist in carrying through its secretarial work. The Parliamentary Committee are convinced that one important factor in the present European struggle has to be borne in mind, so far as our own country is concerned— namely, that in the event of the voluntary system of military service pee the country in this its time of need, the demand for a, national system of compulsory military service will not only be made with redoubled vigour, but may prove to be so persistent and strong as to become irresistible. The prospect of having to face conscription, with its permanent and heavy burden upon the financial resources of the country, and its equally burdensome effect upon nearly the whole of its industries, should in itself stimulate the manhood of the nation to come forward in its defence, and thereby demonstrate to the world that a free people can rise to the supreme heights of a great sacrifice without the whip of conscription. Another factor to be remembered in this crisis of our nation’s history, and most important of all so far as Trade Unionists and Labour in general are concerned, is the fact that upon the result of the struggle in which this country is now engaged rest the preservation and maintenance of free and unfettered democratic government, which in 20 LABOUR AND THE WAR. its international relationships has in the past been recognised, and must unquestionabl in the future prove to be the best guarantee for the preservation of the peace of the world. The mere contemplation of the overbearing and brutal methods to which people have to submit under a government controlled by a military autocracy—living, as it were, ‘continuously under the threat and shadow of war—should be sufficient to arouse the enthusiasm of the nation in resisting any attempt to impose similar conditions upon countries at present free from military despotism. But if men have a duty to perform in the common interest of the State, equally the ‘State owes a duty to those of its citizens who are prepared—and readily prepared—to make sacrifices in its defence and for the maintenance of its honour. Citizens called ‘upon voluntarily to leave their employment and their homes for the purpose of under- taking military duties have a right to receive at the hands of the State a reasonable and assured recompense, not so much for themselves as for those who are dependent upon them, and no single member of the community would do otherwise than uphold a Government which in such an important and vital matter took a liberal and even generous view of its responsibilities toward those citizens who come forward to assist in the defence of their country. We respectfully commend this suggestion to the favourable consideration of the Government of the day. Long life to the free institutions of all democratically governed countries! Yours faithfully, the Parliamentary Committee, J. A. SEDDON, W. MossEs. Chairman. J. W. OapEn. W. J. Davis, J. SEXTON. Vice-Chairman. A. SMITH. A. EVANS. H. Smiru. H. GOSLING. J.B. Wiiviams. J 4c J. E. WILuIaMs. J. JENKINS. C. W. BOWERMAN, W. MArkKIN. Secretary. There are two other documents of importance. On October 15th the following manifesto was issued, signed by most of the Labour Members of Parliament, by the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress, by the Management Committee of the General Federation of Trade Unions, and by other Labour Leaders. The British Labour Movement has always stood for peace. During the last decade it has made special efforts to promote friendly relations between the peoples of Great Britain and Germany. Deputations of Labour representatives have taken messages of goodwill across the North Sea despite the obstacles to international working-class solidarity which existed. In turn, German Labour leaders on similar missions have been eloonied in this country by the organised workers. A strong hope was beginning to dawn that out of this intercourse would grow a permanent peaceful understanding between the two nations. But this hope has been destroyed, at least for a time, by the deliberate act of the ruler of the military Empire of Germany. The refusal of Germany to the proposal made by England that a conference of the European Powers should deal with the dispute between Austria and Servia, the peremptory domineering ultimatum to Russia, and the rapid preparations to invade France, all indicate that the German military caste were determined on war if the rest of Europe could not be cowed into submission by other means. The wanton violation of the neutrality of Belgium was proof that nothing, not even national honour and good faith, was to stand between Germany and the realisation of its ambitions to become the dominant military power of Europe, with the Kaiser the dictator over all. The Labour Party in the House of Commons, face to face with this situation, recognised that Great Britain, having exhausted the resources of peaceful diplomacy, was bound, in honour, as well as by treaty, to resist by arms the aggression of Germany. “The Party realised that if England had not kept her pledges to Belgium, and had stood aside, the victory of the German army would have been probable, and the victory of ‘Germany would mean the death of democracy in Europe. Working-class aspirations for greater political and economic power would be checked, thwarted, and crushed, as they have been in the German Empire. Democratic ideas ‘cannot thrive in a state where militarism is dominant; and the military state with a subservient and powerless working class is the avowed political idea of the German ruling caste. The Labour Party, therefore, as representing the most democratic elements in the British nation, has given its support in Parliament to the measures necessary to enable this country to carry on the struggle effectively. It has joined in the task of raising an army large enough to meet the national need by taking active part in the recruiting LABOUR AND THE WAR. 21 campaign organised by the various Parliamentary parties. Members of the Party have addressed numerous meetings throughout the country for this purpose, and the central machinery of the Party has been placed at the service of the recruiting campaign. This action has been heartily endorsed by the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress, which represents the overwhelming majority of the. Trade Unionists of the country. The Committee in a manifesto on the war states :— ““The mere contemplation of the overbearing and brutal methods to which people have to submit under a government controlled by a military autocracy—living, as it. were, continuously under the threat and shadow of war—should be sufficient to arouse the enthusiasm of the nation in resisting any attempt to impose similar conditions upon countries at present free from military despotism.” The policy of the British Labour Movement has been dictated by a fervent desire to save Great Britain and Europe from the evils that would follow the triumph of military despotism. Until the power which has pillaged and outraged Belgium and the Belgians, and plunged nearly the whole of Europe into the awful misery, suffering, and horror of war, is beaten, there can be no peace. While the conflict lasts England must be sustained both without and within ; combatants and non-combatants must be supported to the utmost. The Labour Movement has done and is doing its part in this paramount national duty, confident that the brutal doctrine and methods of German militarism wilk fail. When the time comes to discuss the terms of peace the Labour Party will stand, as it has always stood, for an international agreement among all civilised nations that disputes and misunderstandings in the future shall be settled not by machine guns but. by arbitration. Another important document is a series of resolutions passed at a. conference of the Socialist and Labour parties of the Allied Nations convened by the British Section of the International Socialist Bureau, and held in London on February 14th, 1915. The Socialist organisations of France, Belgium, Russia, and Great Britain affiliated to the I.S.B. were represented. (1) This conference cannot ignore the profound general causes of the European conflict, itself a monstrous product of the antagonisms which tear asunder capitalist society and of the policy of colonial dependencies and aggressive imperialism, against which international Socialism has never ceased to fight, and in which every Government has its share of responsibility. The invasion of Belgium and France by the German armies threatens the very existence of independent nationalities, and strikes a blow at all faith in treaties. In these circumstances a victory for German imperialism would be the defeat and the destruction of democracy and liberty in Europe. The Socialists of Great Britain, Belgium, France, and Russia do not pursue the political and economic crushing ot Germany; they are not at war with the peoples of Germany and Austria, but only with the Governments of those countries by which they are oppressed. They demand that Belgium shall be liberated and compensated. They desire that the question of Poland shall be settled in accordance with the wishes of the Polish people, either in the sense of autonomy in the midst of another State, or in that of complete independence. They wish that throughout all Europe, from Alsace-Lorraine to the Balkans, those popula- oer ae have been annexed by force shall receive the right freely to dispose of themselves. While inflexibly resolved to fight until victory is achieved to accomplish this task of liberation, the Socialists are none the less resolved to resist any attempt to transform this defensive war into a war of conquest, which would only prepare fresh conflicts, create new grievances and subject various peoples more than ever to the double plague of armaments and war. Satisfied that they are remaining true to the principles of the International, the members of the conference express the hope that the working classes of all the different countries will before long find themselves united again in their struggle against militarism and capitalist imperialism. The victory of the Allied Powers must be a victory for popular liberty, for unity, independence, and autonomy of the nations in the peaceful federation of the United: States of Europe and the world. (2) On the conclusion of the war the working classes of all the industrial countries must unite in the International in order to suppress secret diplomacy, put an end to the interest of militarism and those of thearmament makers, and establish some international authority to settle points of difference among the nations by compulsory conciliation and arbitration, and to compel all nations to maintain peace. (3) The conference protests against the arrest of the deputies of the Duma, against the suppression of Russian Socialist papers and the condemnation of their editors, as well as against the oppression of Finns, Jews, Russian and German Poles, 22 LABOUR AND THE WAR. (2) THE INDUSTRIAL TRUCE. It has been shown that one result of the national crisis was the agree- ment for a political truce. A further result was a general desire for the cessation of all industrial hostilities, and this cessation was also extended to-many industrial activities, whose furtherance was felt to be incom- patible with complete industrial harmony. Thus on August 13th the Parliamentary Committee issued a notice postponing the September meeting of the Trades Union Congress. Then on August 24th a special conference called by the Joint Board of the ‘Trades Union Congress, the General Federation of Trade Unions, and the Labour Party passed the following resolution :— That an immediate effort be made to terminate all existing trade disputes, whether strikes or lock-outs, and whenever new points of difficulty arise during the war period a serious attempt should be made by all concerned to reach an amicable settlement before resorting to a strike or lock-out. From the moment war was declared there had been a general move on the part of the Trade Union officials and Labour leaders towards industrial peace. Strikes were terminated, demands submitted to arbitra- tion, trade movements stopped. The number of new industrial disputes fell from 99 in July, 1914, to 14 in August. The general effect of the truce can be seen from the fact that during the first seven months of 1914 there were 836 disputes, involving 423,000 workers; whilst during the last five months there were only 137, involving 23,000. By December there were only 17 disputes as contrasted with 56 in December, 1913. Besides the cessation of disputes, there was also a general slackening of industrial activities. The railwaymen’s Executive withheld their new national programmee, the transport and general labour amalgamation scheme lapsed, and the great triple alliance of the miners, railwaymen and transport workers was left incomplete. It can never be said that Labour was not prepared to make heavy sacrifices for the national cause. By its acceptance of the industrial status quo it surrendered any attempt to carry out the second part of the 1907 resolution, with its demand for the undermining of the capitalist system. There never was any express agreement, but there certainly was a tacit understanding that the main- tenance of the truce depended on equal sacrifices on both sides. But, with the piling up of profits and the rise in food prices, there came among the workers a growing irritation, increasing in force until, with the occurrence of specific grievances, the Industrial Truce came to an end, It had never been a stipulated agreement, and the fact that employers ‘showed little willingness to cease from ‘‘ profiteering as usual’’ made it a one-sided bargain. It left the workers practically undefended against the rapacity of private enterprise. Nor were they guarded by the action of the State: to the failure of the Liberal Government must be attributed the breakdown of that vague general harmony in the world of Labour which was known as the Industrial Truce. BIBLIOGRAPHY. * International Socialism and the War,’’ A. W. Humphrey (King, 2s. 6d.); ‘‘The Socialists and the War,’ W. English Walling {Macmillan, 6s. 6d.); ‘‘Labour in War-Time,” G. D. H. Cole, 1915 {Bell, 2s. 6d). . LABOUR AND THE WAR. 23 UNEMPLOYMENT. At the outbreak of war everyone not preoccupied with military or political questions was immediately concerned with the social and industrial crisis through which they were convinced the country would have to pass. Unemployment was perhaps the most dreaded of all the contingencies. No one foresaw the enormous expansion of our military system which, apart from removing millions of men from industry, was to demand a corresponding expansion of production in certain staple industries, and thus confine the problem of unemployment for the most part to the lesser luxury trades. Certainly no one anticipated that, after six months of war, this country would be faced with the problem of a shortage of labour side by side with that of unemployment, especially in women’s occupations. In the first months of the war, however, the problem was one of unemployment alone. The shock to our financial system had the most adverse effect on industry. Local conditions made this particularly bad in the case of the cotton trades. Then the closing of all enemy markets brought many works to an immediate standstill. Iron and steel were dislocated, and the effect of this dislocation was conveyed to coal. The services transporting these goods were next affected, and, by the second week in August, Liverpool had practically ceased to function as a seaport and an industrial centre. The resort to a panic economy hit the luxury trades especially hard, while all sorts of voluntary organisations, finding their occupation gone, dismissed their employees. Women’s employment was more adversely affected than any other. Much subsequent difficulty was caused by the mad rush of employers to cut down their wages bill. . For purposes of statistics the month of August may be neglected as being exceptional in every way. The figures which follow show the state of affairs in September and October :— EMPLOYMENT, ENLISTMENT, ETC., IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER, 1g14. September. October. i Males. | Females. Males. | Females. Stb POM FAL TMS oi cos ces Riek codestouebes 4,214,000 1,203,750 || 4,676,000 1,392,750 RO VRE ae a ee eiw sass wasecudiedeces 252,000 47,250 || 364,000 132,750 COUNTS Tor a 5062 ee 1,820,000 810,c00 |} 1,211,000 585,000 Contraction of employment............... | 714,000 189,000 749,000 139,500 Known to have joined the Forces...... 616,c09 Me \| 742,000 NGtmisplacement \.c25..csctestsvewseacucds 98,000 Xs | 7,000 « The displacement of women’s labour was enormous—almost half the total number of women employed in industry had their wages reduced by short time or were thrown into unemployment—and the problems of relief of distress thus created were in no way mitigated, as in the case of the men, by army enlistment. 24 LABOUR AND THE WAR. The following gives the figures as percentages of the employment in July :— STATE OF EMPLOYMENT AT VARIOUS DATES SINCE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR COMPARED WITH STATE OF EMPLOYMENT IN JULY, ro14. | Males. | Females. Sept.| Oct. | Dec. | Feb.*|| Sept. | Oct. | Dec. | Feb.* 1914. | 1914. | I9I4. | 1915. || 1914. | IQI4. | IQT4. | 1915. Employed im July isis eiv.cze- too |100 | 100 |x00 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 SEM 9 fill Pie]: ooo. sed canes > duepemaane 60.2| 66.8] 65.8} 68.4]| 53.5} 61.9) 66.6! 75.0 COIVGWRETINAG eur at Sut cssits.s eee. 3.6 5.2)" T2680 |. eros Qt 5.9| 10.8] 10.9 Cy BhOFt GRIEG) Wetec crested 26.0} 17.3 | 10.5 6.0 || 36.0] 26.0! 19.4] 12°6 Contraction of numbers employed...| 10.2] 10.7| 10.9| 11.8 8.4.) G2 weg L.5 Known by employersto have joined} 8.8] 10.6] 13.3} 15.4|] .- bee Ba Hie the Forces Net displacement (-) or replace-| -1.4| -o.1 | +2.4] +3.6|| -8.4] -6.2) -3.2| -1.5 ment (+) | * Provisional figures. This influx of new male labour—3.6 per cent., or nearly 250,o00o—into certain industries came partly from those who were unemployed in July, 1914, of whom these tables have taken no account, partly from those who had left the industries concerned, and partly from those who were em- ployed in other industries or occupations not included in the table. The following table, taken from the returns published in the monthly Board of Trade ‘‘ Labour Gazette,’’ shows how far there was a surplus of labour in July, 1914, how that surplus increased during the autumn of 1915, and to what extent it was absorbed in the months that followed. The figures relate only to the two and a-half million* workers in the trades compulsorily insured against unemployment under Part II. of the National Insurance Act. These do not include the trades that suffered most through unemployment. On the other hand, with the exception of building, they give the trades in which unemployment has been brought down to the irreducible minimum. * The following table for the month of July shows the actual numbers and distribution of the workers insured under Part II. of the Act:— ~ } Increase (+) or de- Unemployed at end crease (-) in per- of July. centage unemployed Trade Number ona ; | Insured. ps Number. ae ge nig Year ago. Building and construction of} 956,890 36,599 3.8 ae -0.2 works Engineering and ironfounding; 817,931 26,549 3.2 -O.1 +0.9 Shipbatlding in acaesy adestacsucot 264,217 12,491 4.7 +0.6 +1.3 Construction of vehicles ......... | 209,985 6,376 3.0 | +0.4 +0.4 SPAM TRULIA, ciccepeatvace co eeeecpaus dee 12,029 381 3.2 -0.4 +1.0 Other insured workpeople ...... 64,546 1,016 1.6 sa +0.7 All insured workpeople ......... | 2,325,598 83,412 | 3.6 +0.1 0.5 LABOUR AND THE WAR. 25 PERCENTAGE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INSURED TRADES.* Trade. ‘Jaly/Aug Sept! Oct. ‘Nov Dee Jan.|Feb. sala May Foe ed and construction of] 3.8 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.0| 4.5 | 3-5 £7) T.4 works Engineering and ironfounding..! 3.2 | 6.6 | 4.9 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 SSRPPDUTIGINI (Fo liocathetectessees oc AG | 49. \ 4:4. (3.9, | 2:7 [C22 Eee \UP.T |. .0.91' 10.0) f.-027 Construction of vehicles ......... 310 114755). 5.6 1: 3%9, | 369 [2:9 12-8.) Teas hi T-0 Ff O.Balro.5 ao 0A EVs. Re Oe UB Bea Cate ws a YoY ac-4- al bey -1s gmlOg rca Ty yg OL I oy Fa isd i Other insured workpeople ...... T4132. [O35 | 2.7) 1 Boge [ELLO! |, LQ) WO.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 All insured workpeople,,.,......... 3.6 | 6.2 ‘ 5.4 a Ave In3iy 2.6 rq | Lr if 0.9 i * The figures refer in every case to fee cad of ‘the month. Over against these figures:we may set the tables of Trade Unionists only, compiled by the Board of Trade from the figures supplied by such unions as make returns of their unemployed benefit. Though they cover the field of industry more widely they do not apply to nearly so many workers as Part II. of the Insurance Act; but fragmentary though they are, they are the only means of indicating ‘the state of employment among Trade Unionists as distinct from the general body of workers. This table shows the numbers in July, r914 :— TRADE UNION PERCENTAGES OF UNEMPLOYED. (BASED ON 3,138 RETURNS.) Trade Unions with a net membership of 988,946 reported 28,013 (or 2.8 per cent.) of their members as unemployed at the end of July, 1914, compared with 2.4 per cent. at the end of June, 1914, and - Is 0. ae) cent. at the end of f Jus, nels Increase (+) or Membership| Unemployed atend | decrease (-) in per- at end of of July, 1914. centage unemployed Trade. ; - July, 1914, as compared with a of unions 3 ea z reporting. 5 er- Mont Year | Number. centage. ago. | ago. Rovamge ss, UO st | 72,559 2,291 3.2 40.3 | ~o.1 WaoplINMM eh 1s keeucccnancies: | 166,866 792 0.5 he +0.1 EORTC SKECL gc sicscs tcceeeises. | 37,662 2,078 5.5 van +2.5 EN PECTING coccisarspicpatedestareiadlin. 2O3; 907 o| 7,908 3-4 +0.4 $1.5 SHIP OUUGiNS \...<.,..ccscerecsnareea. | 74,305 4,896 6.6 +2.2 +3.8 Miscellaneous metal ............ 27,035 519 1.4 -O.1 -0.4 Textiles} :— | Coots 6 2.4 oR ck | 88,567 3,455 3.9 +17 +2.3 Woollen and worsted ...... 8,641 370 4.3 | -0.8 —0-4 ROERIOE aes oe tee ceuonsqenet teens 62,700 1,205 1.9 +0.7 +0.6 Printing, bookbinding, and 67,274 | 1,688 2.5 -0.7 -0.8 paper | Furnishing and woodworking 56,466 1,299 2:3 +030 | -O.1 MORO Masser ser shee. dive eiee dade: | 67,768 1,127 17 ae HOT USE nS ser gr a ee ER 4,270 221 5.2 +0.5 +1.0 MAGS ae Puts het svn td shice weld Salsas wae 986 6 0.6 © +0.1 +0.2 OSPREY coghrspisonssal kw cereteeueueth: 7,503 55 0.7 -0.1 +0, TOGERCOM MU anctesserecahtscastous set 2,299 103 4.5 +0.9 ~0.2 WON asics apa sna vee] 988,946 28 1013 | 2.8 +0.4 +0.9 *The Trade Union returns relate mainly to carpenters and plumbers. + In addition to the ordinary short time which occurs in all trades, it should be noted that in the mining and textile industries a contraction in the demand for labour is more generally met by a reduction in the time worked per week by a large number of work- people an by the discharge of a smaller number. 26 LABOUR AND THE WAR. The following table shows the percentage, month by month, fron: July, 1914, onwards :— l l l Trade. | Julylacg) Sep.| Oct, Nov. Dee. Jan, Feb, Mar. Apr. May|June| JulyjAug. t i | t t { ! Building ......... 3.21 7.4 |} 5.6 | 3.0/1.8] 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.4 Coal mining ...| 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.4] 0.9 | 0.9 | 0:3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | O.L | 0.1 | O.F Iron and steel...) 5.5 | 7.6 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 2.2| 1.6 | 2.2 | 1.9] 1.4] 0.9 | 1-2 Engineering ...| 3.4 | 7.1 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 Shipbuilding .. 6.6 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 6.5 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 Other metal...... 2.4:|.9.0'| 4.0)12.2)| 2.5] 254.) 150 10.81}°0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3) Lg uous Textiles: Cotton. vsieves, 3.9 {17.7 114.5] 9.2:| 6.3 [15-2 | 9:0") 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.5.) Oy (Oa eee Woollen and | | worsted , 43 7.2 | 6.1 16.2] 5.1 | 3.71 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 2.8] x2} 0.91 1.8 4 6.1 | 8.2 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 5.21 3.9 | 2.2] 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 07 | 0.5 | 0.6 painting ae ss . while COnt Ose Ae 7 4:5 5.0 ae oe 3.4 3.6 | 2.4 ti urnishing ...... 01.9.4 | 6.5 1-46 1 3:0 | 3.00) a0 ol Wood-working. 2.3 | 9.8 | 8.3 | 6.2 45} 2:3 |-1,.9 Pr f 2.2 tho | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 Clothing .......... 1.71 5.3} 2.64 15 [2.3 | 21] 0.7 4 OF | 0.5. 0.3 4 0:34 2H O.25) Oe Tester, ccs 5,2 1.6.2 1 4.2 } 2.01221 24 | 2.8:).1.3 | 1.3, 0.7 | O.0. 4 0.4 po eee ue Case ae 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.6! 7.7 | 2.0] 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 1.9 | @.9 POtteryen nes 0.7 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 1.3 |.1-4} 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2) 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 Tobacco ......... Ae 14.0 |20.5 |12.8 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 2.8 2.8 | se pis [ae eee 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.1 | } | : Pistal sit (28 7.1 5.6 4429 25 29 25) 19) 26/13 22) 10 |x0]09| 19 0.9 | 1.0 { t { t \ Svs ae Seen ins Wes ew ES 9 The conclusion to be drawn from these figures is that, after a year of the war, apart from certain women’s trades, there was no acute problem of unemployment. On the other hand, there was the problem of scarcity of skilled labour in the large body of munition trades. This boom is, of course, artificial in its nature and, of necessity, temporary. The problem of unemployment to be expected when the boom is over will be accentuated by the return of the male wage-earners now serving with the forces. It must not, of course, be assumed that the partial recovery of trade from the depression of the first months of the war means that each industry is now back to normal. In so far as the demand for labour has been due to the war, the recovery is artificial. The adaptations of war time may be thrown sadly out of gear by the coming of peace. The following table shows the expansion or contraction of employment by industries. It relates solely to males, and is divided into the following three groups :— 1. Industries in which there is a marked shortage of male labour, and in which it has been necessary to attract men from the outside ; 2. Industries which are ina fairly normal condition as regards male labour: and 3. Industries in which the contraction of numbers employed is considerably greater than the withdrawal of men for the forces. LABOUR AND THE WAR. 27 EMPLOYMENT IN DECEMBER, 1914, AND FEBRUARY, 1915, COMPARED WITH EMPLOYMENT BEFORE THE WAR. December 1914. February 1915. TS os. Pha teeta pales ta Approxi-| O89 | 23) G4 | PEG) 23} og mate in-| 823) $8| 9=| S25! $8 | Bg dustrial | G2 | 5% | ont Bue of | oat] On On Trade groups. opu- | 2° SF “2)goe\n =e ie S2s | short |Over- ation e8o See Qu 8) 866 Fo) 28 3 | time. | time. cens,| Sze | 89 /258| £25 | 69) 358 IgIi. 828 MS ee Bas <3 | Coe. Per, | Per |) Per Per Per |, Per Per. |. Per Group Bi cent. |cent.| cent. cent. |cent.| cent. cent. | cent. Shipbuilding ...... | 164,000} - 6.0 | 13.6} + 7.6} - 2.4 | 13.9 | +121.5 0.7 | 44.5 Leather and! 67,000; ~ 1.0} 14.2; +13.2) + 2.5 | 16.0 | +18.5 2.6 | 40.7 leather goods | Chemicals (includ-| 122,000 | - 3.3 | 15.4 | +12.1 | + 1.2) 17.4 | +18.6 1.0 | 24.2 ing explosives) | i Engineering......... 665,000 ly 8.7 | 14.6} + 5.9} - 9.1 | 16.1} + 7.0 3.6 | 29.8 Woollen and! 129,000} + 0.7 | 7-2 + 7.9! +.90.3 9.0) + 9.3 3.3 | 27.1 Worsted | | | Boot and shoe...... 199,000} -— 3.3} 9.9| + 66] - 1.1 10.9 | + 9.8 1.3 | 36.1 Hosiery .icicackioss ss. 18,900 | -0.7! 7.5 | + 6.8] - 2.7 | 12.3] + 9.6 3.9 | 14.7 Iron and steel ...... 311,000 |} - 7.5 | 13.9] + 6.4.) -— 5.7 | 16.1 | +10.4 5.7 | 15.7 jo So 8 ppb be ba 315,000 | - 5.6 | 13.4] + 7.8 | - 8.6 | 16.1} + 7.5 2.5 | 16.0 Sawmnilling ......... 44,000 | —- 6.2 | 14.2 | + 8.0'} -12.0 | 16.1 | + 4.1 10.1 1-63 Coal and other|1,164,000 | -10.4 | 13.7} + 3.3 | -13.8 | 17.2} + 3.4 2.3 | 06 mines* | Group 2. | Clotisings sc. ..y 2) 235,000 |} -I4.1 |} 12.5 | - 1.6] -13.7 | 14.0 | + 0.3 EE, Stes E Paper and printing; . 240,000 | -12.2 | 12.5 | + 0.3} -14.1 | 14.4 | + 0.3 | 9.9 | 8.5 Linen, jute, and! 42,000! - 8.2] 15.0! + 6.8} -12.1 | 17.1 | + 5.0 27.7 | 4.9 emp Coon 22 es 259,000 | -13.3| 9.6 | — 3.7 | -II.t | 11.6 | + 0.5 11.2; 2.2 Cycle motor, car-| 202,000 | -17.5 | 14.3! - 3.2:| -17.8 | 16.9 | .- 0.9 6.4 23.7 riage and wagon | building | China, pottery and; 83,000 | ~11.2 | 13.3 | + 2.2 | -16.3/ 15.5 | - 0.8 16.6 | 2.7 glass | i Group 3. | BOUIN / > eviccnsess. 11,023,000 | 21.5 | 12.2 | - 9.3 | -22.9 14.7} - 8.2 WL 1 iGO Furniture and} 141,000 | -20.3 | 13.5 | - 68 | -23.5 | 15.3} -821 14.0) 4.1 upholstery i | | Brick, cement,etc., 78,000 | -20.2 | 13.5: —- 6.7 =27.2 | 15.6). -11.6}° 34.6') 3:0 Tinplate. es. 23,000 | -IT.5 8.3) -3.2| -14.2/ 11.0] - 32] 29.6 | o8 ! { | | * In the case of coal trade the Miners’ Eight Hours Act prevents the working of over- time in the ordinary sense, though it does not limit the number of shifts that may be worked per week. In practically every case—the only important exception being the woollen industry—there is a contraction in the number employed since last July; but this contraction varies very much in different cases, and a comparison with the enlistment figures at once shows that in certain industries a great deal of new labour has been called in. Thus, in ship- building, nearly 14 per cent. have enlisted, yet the contraction in the numbers employed only amounts to 2°4 per cent. Coal-mining, where the enlistment is 17 per cent. and the contraction nearly 14 per cent., seems the only outstanding instance in which it has been impossible to call in much new labour. Conversely, cotton operatives have not to any great extent transferred themselves to other industries. Agriculture, of course, is not included in the return, which relates solely to industry proper. 28 LABOUR AND THE WAR. Throughout the whole of the prolonged crisis, the safety valve has been transference of labour from one industry to another. But it must be remembered that, while the condition of affairs is now more settled, there was at the beginning most acute distress among several sections of the working-class. The Lancashire cotton trade suffered a paralysis from which even yet it is only slowly recovering. Unemployment was rife among women in the textile, clothing, and luxury trades, whilst women clerks, dressmakers, domestic servants, and charwomen were severely affected, It is a comment on the lack of foresight displayed by the Government that in the woollen industry, which later worked continuous overtime to meet the demand for khaki, unemployment was allowed to get worse and worse down to September, the General Union of Textile Workers alone having 426 unemployed in August and 1,113 inSeptember. By November no one was unemployed. To take another example, again from an industry now suffering from scarcity of labour, the Boilermakers had 4,000 members unemployed right up to November. Nothing was done to give them work, and many were driven into enlisting, whose services were shortly to be most urgently required in industry. Examples of this kind could be multiplied without end, and every example would add a further proof of the truth of the indictment against Governmental supineness and ineptitude. UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG WEAVERS. The following table, taken from the weekly returns of the Amalgamated Weavers’ Association, shows the state of employment amongst cotton weavers at selected periods onwards from October 17th. It begins two and a-half months after the outbreak of war, with enormous unemployment, and the weekly figures are given to the end of November, 1914. During December unemployment and short time diminished. The figures then show at monthly intervals the state of the trade right up to October, 1915. It will be noted that the recovery was very slow, and was not Die Soh pee by the ines of = perion under review. A peese bbene iiisboess Approximate number of workpeople | of workpeople on unemployed. | short time. Igi4 ] b MOVTOMET E7EL Ror Wn cecnche wh cetecte iraatuuteee thence 49.587 66.408 oe vet POM a ae rs ATK EN ST by Pa. aR | 53.811 68.208 TSti, Pe vcie i as dancin Siete MeO minha ane 51.549 | 79.949 N yaa her PUNO Rohe ca aot PU ee 46.333 389.905 ha 5 na: YU GR eRe ean IE PNR TL 0 ARE 2 Ry | 43.522 93-618 of USB eae Seascale da chek ny a gs sinew | 48.387 88.524 Ot Pak ck sateen eevee Maes Peake ee 44.249 ' 86.450 Docember woth)... selionscs iden. duccd.. Jad. vod 26.383 71.450 IQI5 wg gett ec nee ee Air iat Pie BM ee eo 12.370 67.250 Pepimdry e7int ban ts. UA ak bee ROLE 7.902 | 47.580 March fogth i) as ose ne waviands taplae sedans 7.053 21.429 OE ESOAUS lee ona eee GRE ke asp eccitaasicadaraa og 6.344 14.094 TAY ON Grn eee. areca wake eteeramre leet ore 7.606 11.642 SUMS SSOUT WS A rertie. | Patan erates scans 7.72% 8.034 uly S4thio ik he ae Ae ole eal eee 9.248 5.655 AIOE AEN T coe. tee enn ein ae 4.395 2.045 PSU PPEMBET OSU o o: cos cy detuanc Luckiest suet eapien cert | 16,586 4.944 COCTOD Er ONG iso cer SEE RAL Atels cesar ee en | 16,134 | 3,144 * * Local Miele tr in many textile Rictritas LABOUR AND THE WAR. 29 The table just given demonstrates the custom of meeting unem- ployment by short time. This ‘‘concealed unemployment ’’ shows how much distress and suffering is never revealed in statistics which only mention complete unemployment. It may be seen that this method, common to the cotton and mining industries, of meeting a depression of trade was extensively used in the first five months. of the war. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Board of Trade :— ‘‘ Labour Gazette ’’ (monthly, 1d.). Report on the State of Employment in October, 1914 (Cd. 7703), (49d.). Report on the State of Employment in December, 1914 (Cd. 7755), (13d.). Report on the State of Employment in February, 1915 (Cd. 7850), (23d.). THE RELIEF OF DISTRESS. On the outbreak of war the question of distress at once became important. The first step taken forward was the appointment on August 4th of a Government Committee, under the chairmanship of the President of the Local Government Board, to deal with the prevention and relief of distress. To assist this Committee there were appointed Sub-Com- mittees for London, Agricultural Districts, Urban Housing, together with the Central Committee on Women’s Employment. On the 6th of August Local Authorities throughout the country were invited to form Local Representative Committees for the prevention and relief of distress due to the war. At the same time provisions were made for expediting public works under Local Authorities and several Government departments; while, in response to an appeal by the Prince of Wales, a National Relief Fund was formed, the responsibility for the distribution of which was vested in an Executive Committee, the Government Committee mentioned above being responsible for the conditions upon which civil relief, as distinct from relief of distress caused by enlistment of bread- winners, was administered. FORMATION, POWERS, AND DUTIES OF LOCAL REPRESENTATIVE COMMITTEES. The following circulars indicate the policy of the Government Committee :— Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W., August 8th, 19rq. Sir,—I am directed by the Local Government Board to refer to the Circular which they addressed to you on the 6th instant with regard to the formation of a Local Repre- sentative Committee for dealing with any distress which may arise in consequence of the war, and to state that they will feel obliged if you will forward to them as soon as possible particulars on the enclosed form of the constitution of the Committee. The Cabinet Committee on the Prevention and Relief of Distress have had under consideration questions relating to the organisation of the work and the procedure of the Local Committee, and I am directed to acquaint you with their views in regard to these matters. 30 LABOUR AND THE WAR. The primary duty of the Committee will be to survey the existing conditions of employment in the locality, and to consider what measures might be adopted with a view to preventing distress through lack of employment and alleviating such distress should it unhappily occur. It is in the highest degree desirable that employers should do all in their power to avert the sudden closing of works, and also that temporary appointments should be made to fill all vacancies caused by the mobilisation of His Majesty’s forces. The Committee, including as it will representatives of Local Authorities, public bodies, and philanthropic agencies, will comprise amongst its members persons who are intimately acquainted with local industrial conditions, as well as those who have experience in matters such as those with which the Committee will be called upon to deal. It will thus be well equipped for forming an accurate estimate of the situation and for concerting measures for the prevention and mitigation of distress. If any of the local industries show signs of failing, the Committee should at once inform the Local Government Board, who will bring the matter before the Cabinet Committee. In the event of distress becoming acute, the Committee will be responsible for the co-ordination of all relief agencies in the locality, whether official or voluntary, as well as for the distribution of grants made from the National Fund. For this purpose it will be necessary that the Committee should have a register of assistance. The Board are addressing a communication to the Guardians requesting them to provide the Committee with a list of the persons in receipt of poor relief. If the Distress Committee have opened a register, a copy of this should be made available, The Committee itself should also keep a register of the persons who receive assistance from the National Fund. It is suggested that the register should be kept on a rough card index system, possibly with reference to areas or streets. The object of the register is to enable the Committee readily to discriminate between applicants for assistance and to avoid overlapping. It is not intended that the organisation of the Local Committee should be utilised by persons who have been for a continuous period in receipt of relief, and such persons ‘should be referred back to the Guardians. With regard to other applicants, it is highly desirable that any relief afforded should take the form of work for wages when it is possible to provide work. In this connection the Local Authority will, of course, continue fo push on all works already in progress, and itis hoped that in many cases they will be able to expedite other schemes of public work and thus absorb a considerable amount of labour. In other cases the Distress Committee in co-operation with the Local Authority will probably be able to initiate schemes of work by which provision could be made for the more deserving and necessitous cases, Such schemes will be aided by grants made by the Board out of the money provided by Parliament for the purposes of the Unemployed Workmen Act. In areas where there are no Distress Committees similar schemes of work can, it is hoped, L pe which can also be aided by the Local Government Board out of public unds. The Local Education Authority will have received from the Board of Education a circular with respect to the exercise of the powers for the feeding of school children -conferred by the Act which has just been passed by Parliament, and the Committee, will, of course, take this into consideration. The National Fund will be available for, and generally speaking should be restricted to, those cases which for various reasons cannot be dealt with by any of the methods of assistance above indicated. It may be mentioned that the work of the National Relief Fund will be closely co-ordinated with that of the Cabinet Committee. The Board have no doubt that the Clerk to the Local Authority would be willing to give the Committee the benefit of his experience and advice, and, if so desired, to place his staff at their disposal. They direct me to add that they understand that many offers of help have been made by various persons and organisations, including women’s associations, and the Committee will probably desire to avail themselves of such assistance if necessary. Iam, Sir, your obedient servant, H. C, Munro, Secretary. The Chairman of the County Council, The Lord Mayor, The Mayor, or The Chairman of the Urban District Council. LABOUR AND THE WAR. 31 MEMORANDUM FOR THE GUIDANCE OF THE LOCAL COMMITTEES FOR THE PREVENTION AND RELIEF OF DISTRESS (AUGUST 26th, 1914). 1. The national organisation that has been set up for the purpose of dealing with any distress which may arise in consequence of the war is not intended to deal with cases of ordinary poverty. While it may not always be possible to discriminate between ordinary distress and distress caused by the war, it is not intended that the Local Committees which have been constituted should supersede the Poor Law authorities. 2. The Committee is entrusted with the duty of co-ordinating all relief agencies in the locality with a view both to preventing overlapping and to seeing that cases which require assistance are not overlooked. 3. It is essential for these purposes that a register should be kept on the lines laid down in the Board's circular letter of the 17th August (P.R.D. 4). . Obviously the best way to provide for persons thrown out of their usual dnnalerytent as a result of the war is to provide them with some other work for wages. Wherever possible, such work should be work which is normally required to be taken in hand either by public authorities or private employers. It is only when these fail that ‘recourse should be had to relief cat 5 Accordingly the Committee should co-operate as closely as possible with any Board of Trade Labour Exchange or other agency in its area to which any applicant for assistance for whom suitable work either in his own locality or elsewhere may be available could bereferred. The Labour Exchanges have been instructed to co-operate with the Committees in regard to this matter, and will be prepared to take any steps desired to invite notification of vacancies from employers. 5. The Committee will have the advantage of including among its members persons who are well acquainted with the conditions of industry in their area, and, as pointed out in previous circulars, itis one of the first duties of the Committee to make themselves acquainted with the conditions of local trade and industry. 6. For this purpose the Committee should, so far as possible, use the existing agencies, such as the Labour Exchanges (in respect of the conditions of employment) and the Poor Law authorities (in respect of pauperism), and should make further inquiries of their own only in so far as it is found to be necessary to supplement this information. The Labour Exchanges have been instructed to give such general information as is in their possession as to the state of employment. +. Where the demands of the normal labour market are inadequate the Committee should consult the Local Authorities as to the possibility of expediting schemes of public utility, which might otherwise not be put in hand at the present moment. 8. Whatever work is undertaken by Local Authorities, whether it be normal work or expedited work, it should in all possible cases be performed in the ordinary way by men specially suited to that particular class of work and selected as such in the ordinary labour market, rather than by men selected from the register of applicants to the ‘Committee. The men engaged should be required to conform to the ordinary standards of competence in that class of work, and should of course be paid wages in the ordinary way. 9g. Under the Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905, Distress Committees are empowered to provide or contribute to the provision of work for unemployed persons, and in areas where such a Distress Committee has been set up, able-bodied men out of employment, for whom no work can be found through a Labour Exchange, should be referred to that ‘Committee. Work so provided would, in suitable cases, be aided out of the Parliamentary grant for the purposes of the Unemployed Workmen Act. ro. Where relief works are provided, each man should only be employed a certain number of days per week. 1x. So far as possible applicants for assistance should be offered work which they can perform efficiently, and no assistance from the Relief Fund should be offered to any person for whom suitable work is available. _ 42. Single men who are physically fit and within the prescribed ages for enlistment in the Army, Navy, or territorial forces should not ordinarily receive assistance from the Local Committee until other applicants have been provided for. 13. Relief without work should only be given when no other means of assistance are available, and so far as it may prove necessary in the last resort to provide relief without work, it must be recognised that the demands upon the funds available will in all proba- bility be such as to make it impossible to do more than to provide relief upon a minimum scale. 32 LABOUR AND THE WAR. 14. In cases in which it is necessary to give relief it is essential that the principles upon which such relief shall be given shall be definitely laid down by the Committee in order that persons in similar circumstances may receive similar treatment. 15. For this branch of their work the Committee will doubtless find it desirable to appoint a special sub-committee or sub-committees composed of members who are specially experienced in the relief of distress. 16. In determining the allowance to be made the Committee should take into con- sideration all the sources of income at present available for the household. As suggested in the circular letter of the 17th August, they should take steps to ascertain whether the applicant or any members of his family are in receipt of sickness, disablement, or unemployment benefit, whether they are receiving half-pay or any assistance from their employers or are on part-time employment, whether the children are receiving meals provided by the education authority, and whether they are receiving aid from charitable funds or any other sources. 17. So far as practicable, allowances should be made not in money, but by way of food tickets on local shops or stores. These tickets should be given to the women rather than to the men. Such were the main lines of the Government policy. They were open to criticism on many grounds. To begin with, the problem of relieving distress should have been a charge on the nation, and should not have been handed over to a voluntary fund. Secondly, the Local Represen- tative Committees were practically delivered over to the tender mercies of the ‘‘social worker,’’ soc that an atmosphere of ‘‘ pauperisation’’ resulted. The War Emergency: Workers’ National Committee soon found that the pressing necessity was not criticism of the Government proposals so much as criticism of the actual administration. It is impossible even to chronicle the multifarious activities of this Workers’ National Committee. All that can be done here is to give their programme, drawn up about the middle of October, and to indicate in notes why some parts of that programme were necessary. The general work of the Committee is summarised under-a separate section. (See page 37.) PROGRAMME OF THE WAR EMERGENCY: WORKERS’ NATIONAL COMMITTEE. ‘‘The Workers’ National Committee, formed to protect working-class interests during the war, feels that the time has come to formulate a connected Labour programme and policy of such a character as will more completely arrest existing distress, and prevent as far as possible further distress and unemployment in the future. ‘‘The nation is only at the beginning of a crisis, which demands thorough and drastic action by the State and the municipalities. Any bold far-reaching change, which will probably be resisted by official bureaucracy, can only be made possible by the strong pressure of well- organised, well-directed popular agitation. Hence the Committee submits in broad outline the programme it thinks essential in view of conditions that have either already arisen or are certain to arise in the near future. ‘‘We call upon the entire Labour and Socialist Movement, through all its national and local organisations, to force these demands upon the Government by an immediate national campaign, expressing itself in public meetings, the distribution of literature, the passing of resolutions by affiliated branches of Labour and Socialist bodies, and in such other ways as may be deemed effective. ‘‘ The programme should include the following demands :— ‘‘y, That all war relief be merged together and taken over by the Government to be administered by the Government, and that there be a general or uniform scale of relief, modifications or exceptions to be made LABOUR AND THE WAR. a3 to suit exceptional districts, the national revenue to be made responsible for raising the funds necessary .* ‘‘2, Labour representation (both men and women in proportion to the workers in the area concerned) on all national and local committees of a public character established in connection with the war.t ‘*3. Full provision out of public funds for soldiers and sailors and their dependents, and the discontinuance of the present system of actual necessities, such as blankets, shirts, socks, gloves, etc., being requested and supplied through voluntary charitable agencies; the rates of pay for men On service to be such as to obviate the need for newspapers and other enterprises to exploit public sentiment in the supply of cigarettes, tobacco, and other minor luxuries. ‘«4. Allowances of {1 per week should be made to the wives of privates and 3s, 6d. per week for each child under working age, exclusive of any deductions from pay.t ‘‘Provision for disabled soldiers and sailors and their dependents as follows :— ‘«(a) If totally incapable of earning a livelihood a private should receive a minimum of £1 per week so long as total incapacity continues. ‘‘(b) If partially incapable of earning a livelihood a private should have his earnings brought up to a minimum of /1 per week. ‘‘(c) Pensions for the wives and dependents of privates losing their lives while with the colours should not be less than the total separation allowances indicated above. * The scale of relief for distress was a question hotly contested by the Workers’ Committee, It was not until October that the Government settled the model scale to be paid by Local Representative Committees, supplemented where necessary from the National Relief Fund. The Government proposal was considered totally inadequate by the Workers’ Committee, who proposed another scale, which was rejected. Below we print the two scales :— THE ADOPTED SCALE. THE REJECTED SCALE. Pas Ontside || One adult 2.064. 12 6 London. London. || Two adults.................066 19 16 One adult and one child! 15 0o arf s. qd. || Pwo adults and onechild| 20 o Te RY OS en a i Ny 10 0 8 o || Pwo adults and two chil-| 22 6 MPT AIIL ES ak wi slaps gts oaki onde ak eacs'eve ce 14 0 T2410 dren Bath addigional Adult ccccc-csrsesc0et 4 6 4 6 Two adults and one child ....,........ I5 6a| 13 6a Two adults and two children ...... 17 0@!] 15 04]! as, 6d. for each additional child Two adults and three children...... 18 6a| 16 6a and an additional 3s. 6d. for - Two adults and four children ...... 20 od| 18 oa adoption in London Maximum coming into household| 20 o 18 o boroughs. a Less 6d. per week in respect of each child receiving meals at school. + This proposal was continually urged by the Workers’ Committee, who found that both on national and local committees, even in matters primarily industrial in character, the interests of the workers were frequently ignored and their claims for representation unheeded. t The question of Army pay, allowances and pensions was the subject of much con- troversy. A vigorous agitation (‘‘The £1 a week campaign'’), initiated by the ‘‘ Herald,”’ fostered by Mr. G. N. Barnes, M.P., and sustained by the ‘‘ Daily Citizen’’ newspaper, was conducted during the early months of the winter. The Government appointed a Select Committee to take evidence and report, Mr. Barnes being included in its member- ship. The result was that an improved scale of allowances, etc., was announced, though it fell short of the demands made by the Labour Movement, B 34 LABOUR AND THE WAR. ‘‘(d) That unmarried wives and their children should be given the full status of dependents. ‘‘(e) That unmarried mothers should be given the full status of dependents. ‘‘(f) That sailors and their dependents should receive equal treatment to that given to soldiers in this scheme. ‘‘(g) That payments for disablement, incapacity, pensions, and separation allowances be administered by State machinery, and that the present system of utilising voluntary charitable organisations be discontinued. ‘*6, The establishment of co-operative canteens in connection with the Army, to ensure that food is supplied at reasonable prices to the soldiers in camp or barracks. ‘7. (a) Provision of productive work, at standard rates of wages, for the unemployed.* ‘«(b) Where the provision of work is impracticable, maintenance to be granted on a standard sufficiently high to ensure the preservation of the home and the supply of what is necessary for a healthy life, and the immediate abandonment of all the inquisitorial methods now too often used in order to restrict the amount of relief.+ * The policy of ‘‘employment, not relief ’’ had been adopted in the Local Government Board circulars quoted above. But the Workers’ Committee found it one of their chief tasks to keep the Government up to its promises. A speech made by Mr. Lloyd George on the need for economy of expenditure, though softened down afterwards in his reply to a Workers’ Committee deputation, did much to harden the hearts of local authorities and tighten their purse-strings. + Throughout, the Government shrank from its duty of maintenance. Indeed, after the first promise of August, 1914, the Government policy was one of parsimony and restriction of relief. In addition, every effort was made to divert the National Relief Fund from the alleviation of civil distress, and to use it for purpose of military and naval allowances. Latterly, in June, 1915, the Government embodied its projects in a Naval and Military War Pensions Bill, and on July 1st the Workers’ Committee passed the © following resolution :— ‘That the Workers’ National Committee hears with alarm and indignation that it has been proposed by some members of the Cabinet that a sum of two or three millions sterling should be taken from the National Relief Fund (which was subscribed for the relief of distress) for the purpose of setting up the new Statutory Committee of the Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation, in order to supplement army and naval pensions; that it is the duty of the Government to pay out of funds to be provided by Parliament all Army and Navy pensions that ought to be paid; and that the utmost possible opposition should be made to a proposal which seems on the face of it to be a breach of trust and a grievous wrong to those who are, or may be, in distress through the war.” As a result of the opposition of the Relief Fund Executive, the Government dropped the proposal to take money from the Relief Fund, and at the same time dropped the representatives of the Relief Fund Executive and the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Families Association from the Committee it proposed to set up to administer the pensions, etc. As a consequence the House of Lords has amended the bill, allowing the latter represen- tation, but substituting a Committee which will be responsible to Parliament for its work, instead of the Statutory Committee of the Patriotic Fund Corporation originally proposed, The Government Committee has repeatedly refused to consider the proposal put forward by the Workers’ Committee to supplement Old Age Pensions from the National Relief Fund, where pensioners were in distress owing to the rise in the cost of living due to the war. The administration of the National Relief Fund early aroused dissatisfaction. The South Wales miners had been paying 6d. per member per week into the fund. When they realised that their own members were little likely to get any good out of it they made an arrangement by which the money paid in by them was earmarked for the use of their own members. The National Union of Teachers, on the other hand, ceased to contribute to the National Relief Fund, and started a fund of their own for the relief of their members. LABOUR AND THE WAR. 35 ‘‘(c) Trade Unions to be subsidised out of national funds to such an extent as will permit them (where provision of work is impossible) to pay members unemployed benefit without bankrupting their resources. ‘8. The encouragement and development of home-grown food supplies by the national organisation of agriculture, accompanied by drastic reductions of freight charges for all produce, in the interests of the whole people. ‘‘g. Protection of the people against exorbitant prices, especially in regard to food, by the enactment of maxima and the commandeering of supplies by the nation wherever advisable. ‘‘ro. The inauguration of a comprehensive policy of municipal housing. ‘‘t1. National care of motherhood, by the establishment of maternity and infant centres; the provision of nourishment for expectant and nursing mothers, of doctor or midwife at confinement, and of helps in the house while the mother is laid aside. ‘12, The compulsory provision ot meals and clothing for school children, three meals a day, seven days a week. ‘‘13. The continuance of national control over railways, docks, and similar enterprises at the close of the war, with a view to the better organisation of production and distribution.”’ Such was the programme of the War Emergency Workers’ National Committee. Hardly any of its demands were granted, and of the more _important none were fully conceded. But sucha statement does not fairly represent its achievements. Much of its work was in detail, much was preventive or critical. Faced by a hostile Government, and deprived of power and weight by the existence of the political and industrial truces it could do little to enforce its positive programme. What it could do was to prevent abuses and ameliorate the hardships to which the workers were subjected. It is true to say that it was chiefly due to this Emergency Committee that at the outset the workers were not utterly crushed by the burden and novel hardships of the European War. NOTE ON GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES TO TRADE UNIONS. On August 27th, 1914, a deputation from the Joint Board of the Trades Union Congress, the General Federation of Trade Unions, and the Labour Party met the Prime Minister and, in view of the heavy drain on the unemployment funds of the unions, made certain requests for the more easy realisation of union stock, the maintenance of unemployed members through arrangement with the Local Representation Committees, and for the subsidising of Trade Union unemployment benefits. Although the problem of unemployment was then at its most acute stage, the Government gave no answer till Gctober, when it issued the following scheme. Under Clause 106 of Part II. of the Insurance Act a union, on complying with stringent conditions, may obtain a refund of one-sixth of its Unemployment Benefit. To this there were now added emergency grants on the following conditions :— **(1) That the association should be suffering from abnormal unemployment. **(2) That the association should not pay Unemployment Benefit above a maximum rate of 17s. per week (including any sum paid by way of State Unemployment Benefit). **(3) That the association should agree while in receipt of the emergency grant to impose levies over and above the ordinary contributions upon those members who remain fully employed. ‘The amount of the emergency grant (in addition to the refund of one-sixth already payable) will be either one-third or one-sixth of the expenditure of the association on 36 LABOUR AND THE WAR. Unemployment Benefit (exclusive of Strike Benefit). The rate of the grant will be determined by the amount of the levy in accordance with the following scale :— Rate of weekly levy required to Maximum rate of Unemployment Benefit obtain emergency grant of paid by association. os : One-sixth. | One-third. Mat more than 27S. s: 0st. vesedabe te malvecetivenriaes 3a. 6d. Not More Than wes Syovcivwsesesshececdescewsleaed eaveseeens 2d. 4d. Nit amore stitam 3s ic33, Nes, ccsasacstae cease ee some ceneeenes 1d. ad. ‘(For example, an association paying Unemployment Benefit at the rate of 12s. a week will, by imposing a levy of 2d. per week on the employed members, be qualified for an emergency grant of one-third of its expenditure, i.e., a total refund of one-half, taking into account the present refund of one-sixth. ‘The same association, if it prefers only to impose a levy of a 1d. per week, will be qualified for an emergency grant of one-sixth; i.e., for a total refund of one-third. ‘¢ Associations paying higher rights of benefit would have to impose higher levies in order to qualify for the same proportionate refunds, ‘‘ Applications will also be entertained for emergency grants, which will be subject to special conditions, in respect of expenditure already incurred by associations on Unemployment Benefit since the August 4th, 1914." It can be seen that the Government drove a hard bargain with the Trade Unions. The imposition of levies was considered unfair by many Trade Unionists, and the conditions of the levies, by which the poorer the union the less it got, bore very heavily on precisely those workers who were already suffering most severely from the war. Thanks to their parsimony, the scheme has not cost the Government very much. The following table shows the emergency grants made up to the end of March, 1915. Applications granted. Trade group, N Amounts paid, umber of ; associations. Membership. £ Bic skh BEUAING irc seedy seabsocse cacadgerchbasbanees a I 61 pa «ee MVECTALE o> Scceciske pede parcaclenrecsen ste thee S 18 8,372 1,165 32 2 OEEONT inn ncsoneserserseons cnsnsnsecapicnenys seks 133 220,954 64,772 4.9 DENOT CERES ei lel sass nace ape vans 8 9 5,402 2,120 13 9 PRICES ioc ak ask ide deeb kveckased ss 6 23,260 4,948 13 8 MWVOOD WOEK 4 Ati seeai beck ee amen es crap 8 17,302 1,80 7 oO THOT ELAC ES? be 5 ik ddeh ap hewwess eccaneweneleabe 9 8,427 1,943 8 8 PA COTTIAT: 2 ay ces oder oa Cteeeaae aan 182 283,778 £76,756 5 1 * Textile machinery and jewellery workers. +Including bleaching, dyeing, and finishing in cotton. } Leather workers, basket makers, hatters, tobacco (cigar) workers, etc. Thus, only £76,000 was laid out by the Government during a period of seven months, and of this sum £64,000 went to cotton alone. This £64,000 was, however, not nearly sufficient to indemnify the cotton unions against the drain on their funds due almost entirely to the war. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Local Government Board :— Memorandum on the Steps taken for the Relief of Distress due to the War (Cd. 7603), (43d.).. Report on the Special Work of the L.G.B. arising out of the War (Cd. 7763), (43d.). National Relief Fund : Report on the Administration of the National Relief Fund up to March 31st, 1915 (Cd. 7756), (23d.). Fabian Society : ‘‘ The War and the Workers,’’ by S. Webb (1d.). War Emergency: Workers’ National Committee: The War Emergency (1d.); Proposals on Military Pensions, etc. (1d.). LABOUR AND THE WAR. 37 WAR EMERGENCY : WORKERS’ NATIONAL COMMITTEE. A National Conference of representatives of Labour organisations was called by the Secretary of the Labour Party at the House of Commons on Wednesday, August sth, to consider the industrial and social position of the working classes as affected by the war. The Conference constituted itself a National Committee and appointed an Executive Committee, which has been added to from time to time. The Conference called for State and municipal action to purchase, store, and distribute food and to fix maximum prices of trade necessities. It also urged that the Government should take steps to prevent unemployment by itself carrying out works of public utility and by stimulating local authorities to adopt the same policy; that the Board of Education should use its influence to get local education authorities to put the Provision of Meals Act into force; and that the Local Government Board should call upon Health Committees to organise the milk supply for mothers, infants, and sick persons. The Executive Committee, which is now known as the Workers’ National Committee, has carried through a very large amount of work on the lines indicated by the decisions of the Conference. The Committee is composed of the following representatives of all the various sections of the beapoae and Socialist movement. The members are :— Chairman, Robert Smillie (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain) ; Vice-Chairman, J. O’Grady, M.P.; Treasurer, W. A. Appleton (Hamilton House, Bidborough Street, London, W.C.); J. A. Seddon, H. Gosling, L.C.C.,.Fred Bramley, C. W. Bowerman, M.P. (Trades Union Congress), J. Ramsay MacDonald, M.P., John Hodge, M.P., W. C. Anderson, M.P., W. H. Hutchinson (The Labour Party), Ben Cooper, Ben Tillett, W. A. Appleton (General Federation of Trade Unions), David Gilmour (Scottish Trades Union Congress), Robert Smillie, Herbert Smith, Jf. Winstone (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain), J. Cross (United Textile Factory Workers), Albert Bellamy (National Union of Railwaymen), Robert Williams (National Federation of Transport Workers), W. B. Steer (National Union of Teachers), F. W. Jowett, M.P., H. Dubery (Independent Labour Party), Mrs. M. A. Gasson, B. Williams (the Co-operative Union), H. J. May (Co-operative Congress Parliamentary Committee), W. H. Brown (Stratford Co-operative Society), Miss Mary Macarthur (Women’s Trade Union League), Miss Margaret Bondfield (Women’s Co-operative Guild), Dr. Marion Phillips (Women’s Labour League), Miss Susan Lawrence, L.C.C., Sidney Webb, W. Stephen Sanders (Fabian Society), H. M. Hyndman (British Socialist Party), and John Stokes (London Trades Council) ; Secretary, J. S. Middleton, 1, Victoria Street, London, 5.W. When the Local Government Board issued a circular in August, 1914, urging the formation of Local Committees to deal with distress arising through the war the Workers’ National Committee promptly circularised Socialist, Co-operative, and Women’s organisations throughout the country calling upon them to press for the establishment 38 LABOUR AND THE WAR. of Local Committees and to do their utmost to secure adequate representation thereon. The Workers’ National Committee also continually pressed upon the Local Government Board, with considerable success, the necessity of ensuring that the workers were represented on these Committees. The method of relief of distress arising from the war also engaged the attention of the Workers’ National Committee. It carried on an agitation for a proper scale of relief from the Prince of Wales’ Fund, and had a vigorous discussion on the amount to be granted to persons and families in need, by correspondence with the Committee of that fund and the Cabinet Committee, which controlled the policy of relieving distress. The Workers’ National Committee was not able to get its own scale adopted, but it secured a considerable improvement on that originally proposed by the Cabinet Committee. One of the earliest successes of the Workers’ National Committee was that it largely prevented the use of unpaid women’s labour in connection with work rendered necessary by the war. It raised a strong protest against the appeals then being made for women to work for nothing, while hundreds of thousands of working women were out of employment. As the result of this protest the Central Committee for the Employment of Women was inaugurated by the Government. The Central Committee carried out a large amount of excellent work, including the establishment of work-rooms for women and the placing of Government contracts in trades where ordinary work had ceased or seriously declined. The Workers’ National Committee attempted to secure that no deductions from wages for National Insurance contributions should be made, during the war, from casual or low-paid labour. A deputation for this purpose waited upon the National Insurance Commissioners, who, however, declined to adopt the proposal, but promised amelioration of hardship by other means. The Committee considered the subject of military and naval pensions and allowances, which, as first announced by the Government, were extremely low. The Committee organised a series of conferences on the subject throughout the country, and by this means and a vigorous Press campaign a large body of public opinion was created in favour of an increased scale. The Government eventually appointed a Committee to consider the matter, and its report, although not satisfactory to the Workers’ National Committee, contained proposals now carried into effect which are a considerable improvement upon the old scale. The Committee considered very thoroughly the question of food and fuel prices, which rose rapidly after the outbreak of war. The recommendations of the Conference, held on August 5th, were pressed upon the Government by deputation and correspondence, but the Government took no effective action. The Committee organised a series of conferences throughout the country calling for State action for the organisation of the food and fuel supply and the prevention of the exorbitant prices charged by private traders. After a long delay the Government has dealt, though in a most inadequate manner, with the price of coal, but with regard to food, except in the matter of sugar, the Government has taken no direct action. The question of war contracts was taken into consideration by the Workers’ National Committee, especially in relation to the erection LABOUR AND THE WAR. 39 of huts for the Army. The Government had declined to follow the usual practice of publishing the names of their contractors, thus rendering it difficult to deal with the many complaints of sweating, long hours, and bad material which came before the Committee. However, after the Committee had exercised considerable pressure, the Government gave way and the list of contractors was published, as heretofore, in the ‘‘ Labour Gazette.’? The Workers’ National Committee then appointed a special Sub-Committee to inquire into the carrying out of contracts for the Army, and, after an exhaustive examination of evidence, a report, dealing chiefly with the contracts for huts, was issued and sent to the War Office. A discussion on the report arose in the House of Commons, where the statements of the Committee were met with the usual official denial. The Committee then pressed for a deputation to the War Office, which was received ; the matter was discussed at length, and arrangements were made for all complaints from the Committee to be dealt with by the War Office. The important question of War Service for Women was dealt with by the Committee. The Board of Trade issued in March, 1915, a circular asking women to enter certain occupations in order to release men for the Army. In order that proper safeguards should be insured against sweating and conditions the Committee called a National Conference in London on April 16th, 1915, at which resolutions were passed declaring that women should be paid equal pay for equal work ; that they should join the Trade Union of the occupation they entered ; that a living wage should be fixed as a minimum; that after the war preference in giving employment should be shown to men whose places had been filled by women, etc. These resolutions were sent to the Government, and the Conference was widely noticed in the Press. The above are only a few of the subjects dealt with by the Committee. Others of importance are the Employment of Belgian Refugees, Child Labour in Agriculture, Old Age Pensions and the Rise of Prices, Outdoor Poor Relief, the Naval and Military War Pensions Bill, Distressed Relatives of Prisoners of War, London County Council Coal Contracts, Notification of Births (Extension) Bill, etc. One of the latest successes of the Committee was its agitation to prevent £2,000,000 being taken from the Prince of Wales’ Relief Fund to supplement military and naval pensions. It also secured declarations from the Home Secretary and the Minister of Education that no steps would be taken to allow of further increase in the employment of children of school age; nor would anything further be done to slacken regulations under the Factory Acts with regard to child labour. The Committee has issued numerous reports and memoranda on the subjects it has considered, especially on food and fuel prices, war contracts, etc. The most important of the Committee’s recent publications is a pamphlet effectively stating the case against conscription. It is in constant touch with many Government departments on questions arising from the effects of the war, and is the recognised channel by which the workers’ grievances and complaints are brought to the notice of the departments. Its minutes and most of its reports are circulated regularly to Trade Unions, Trade Councils, Socialist organisations, and Co-operative Societies throughout the country. 40 : LABOUR AND THE WAR. THE RISE IN PRICES. Coincident with the gradual disappearance of unemployment in the main industries of the country came a startling and unchecked rise in food prices. In the following table we show the percentage increase in prices during the fourteen months of war, from July, 1914, to September, 1915. The figures used are based on between 500 or 600 Board of Trade returns, taken from all towns with over 50,000 inhabitants, and the prices ruling in July, 1914, have been taken as a basis of comparison. 1914. July. August 8th, | September. October. | November. December. 100 I16 Iit 113 | 113 117 1 1915. Jan. Feb. March. | April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. TIQ 123 126 126 128 135 135 136 137 A clearer conception of what this rise meant to the working class home can be obtained from the three following tables. They show respectively the percentage rise for particular necessities, the actual effect on the household’s income, and the actual rise in the retail prices of 17 staple kinds of food. A. Percentage | Percentage increase increase from July, 1914, from July, rot4, to Sept., 1915. to Sept., 1915. Article. Article. Small Small Large | towns Large | towns towns.| and towns.| and villages villages Beef, British— FirGad ©. caescesnenecd Caan 4o |,. 36 i SEA SA trai ge ae 40 38 OA 25. 7) och es Suenos al 29 A ity AANe sews noe coor da ls 53 44 Sugar (granulated) ......... 93 67 Beef, chilled or frozen— Mille. sii suse otto neneadsenemetel 13 Ir POS orctehce es oust dacecarst ote 51 46 Butter— Why HAD eee chides a1 62 PEGSh Nii dhiacrheadee 24 26 Mutton, British— SBlt verses: uk noes se tate 23 a7 GOES cdl ns wisn cs seseratat eye's was 30 30 Cheese ......... deusuypseheame 26 27 TREC AG Ue lane ceguetniwarenane bende 51 36 Ware ATINGY | sas. cs .Gauveas neon 5 4 Mutton, frozen— Hes (CEPESU) 1). 20 cadesean on 43 38 Hegel. Gis EAS ROS Be 47 40 Potatoes ...... rr ae a4 5* Breast ccs ite ak eae ee 67 58 oe Bacon nStreaky) i eiisceseoss 26 20 || All above articles RSE) Sorte ee) waka eeu teat 85 55 (weighted net percent- Flour (households)............ 4 47 age increase) ,.........-.00: 37 33 | i * Decrease LABOUR AND THE WAR. qr B. (illustrated from the changes in cost of the Board of Trade Standard Working-Class Budget*) Cost of one week's | Percentage increase food for family. above July, 1914. | s. d, ETA Wala RMA cox Slnainte ty adie seviea ta wh diio-om +8 Riaeetw ads 22.6 19t4— UE gO a6 ale ee oa eS 25 0 Se PEUPERIIG G OUAD Gs Liiarend sae sere U oka yo sav a de ovens hocce / 29 0 16 per cent. Soh YS SEBS A ED SO ae ee 27.9 Il 1” SEEING 9 Sy 3 da ee aN ee eae | 27210 I " » BO MCCA, TEs 28 3 Ls wa Re CEE SOE Gr Gest t ics hibsce Goventes cade sant 28 3 13 7 PP OGEMUIGE TSE Soe yes 65 le sdu lds vnccnessidebibenied 29 3 17 ” 1gI5— / / ce, hy Set Ae a a ese 29 9 19 chs Thy gi oR le Sg Rh Sh 30 9 23 ” IG Ta S10) 2 get ANY eS Mcgee a Utne ger Adie ar 6 26 He April MRE e atc yale s neaeen case ceca a poaeey Sees | 351i 6 26 ” NE eh a te ESTE SER ce UE TA Si Lastiy 32 0 Bere DOROUBSE Kae en 2s He edt a 33 9 35 ” PASE BOE Sinisa bites egrets ea Conn cyte ch at 33 9 35 ” RUS CERES. act sesh ae Ny Fs Ae ed OS 34 0 slibee ey SHORPETEROOE! SIEM Ohne ccf). sass ag Weoc seascir eae 34 3 37 ” * In this table the 1904 Estimate of the Board of Trade which gave 22s. 6d. as the standard weekly expenditure on food per working class family is taken as the basis of comparison. The cost, 22s. 6d., was taken by the Board of Trade to be 61 per cent. of the family income, which was reckoned at 36s. 1od. a week. Needless to say, this does not represent the average wage of the worker. The average wage of even the adult male worker threughout the United Kingdom is certainly not more than 25s. 9d. per week. mC. AVERAGE PRICES PAID BY THE WORKERS FOR CERTAIN ARTICLES OF FOOD AT ist MARCH, 1914, ist MARCH, 1915, AND 1st JUNE, 10915. The figures relate to the average of retail prices in 80 of the principal towns of the United Kingdom. Average price per lb. (except bread—4lb.) Article. ; : RS | rst March, r9r4.| 1st March, t915.| 1st June, r9t5. LESS Hy Soe Rema tee Reet ae 53d. 72d 85d Butter | OR SINE ene eee Oa eRe ak bias ade ens Is. 32d. 1s, 44d 1s. 5d ; oem, SRR ake Ae Bet eee eg oe Is ont Is 4ad UMN ae nuit see this aan ain Saddies odes sued eoiee ke 5d. 54d. 4 ES UTETACVSP RA) St eee pala er ae Aa Oe 83d. tosd 114d . 2 FETOTO Li RS be oe eet ORDER Eta elt eae 11d. rs, 1s. td, Beef, British: PRE ed SI etn 7rd Sa Mars dua spat aeeu o#d. tid. 1s. 13d. Rag 310) HA, 540 ams EeeeeOS Printing, publishing, and alliedindustries 19,508 .. 12,283 .. 31,791 Road transport Service ....seeeeeees S60 REAL See 370 «« oBOlg UC MNOUISIL Ys a 4 v9 0 vine 6 oe v6 Meet age «| '.12,278 ... 25,000, ames Commerce ...... Sura wieces Wan aida ov ce). ) 18,589 ioe tip OCLle nme ne eae Chemical and rubber. industries ..... coe 20,052 9, £6,440 0 emo gon Paper and stationery manufacture...... 11,645 .. 12,531 .. 24,176 Linen industry .ssscseesessenecsucves 7,029 ee -16,543 «0 ©23:572 aL RE VICE ES WN: Sila eaieehie miei ale ais 17,950 «. 4,208 .. 22,238 Bleaching, dyeing, and allied industries. oo, 12,145.45) 3,720 wpe MootmMAaking.aess ss adeevnes neice sessn'e i. 25,070 000 ) 4h ere * Under this heading are included all seamen, British and foreign, on shore or on board vesssls which were in the ports of England and Wales or Scotland on census night, or which arrived on the following day. THE REGISTRATION OF TRADE UNIONS. Trade Unions may be registered with the Chief Registrar of Friendly Societies. Briefly, the advantages of registration are that a registered union has greater legal facilities in respect of property held by it; it has a more expeditious legal remedy against persons making wrongful use of its property; it is entitled to certain exemptions from income tax. Among the disadvantages of registering are to be counted the publicity involved as to membership, reserve funds, etc., and the consequent information obtainable by employers as to enduring capacity in a strike. The registered union is bound to provide to the Registrar— (z) A copy. of its rules (which must specify in full the objects of the union and the general conditions of membership) ; (4) an annual return showing the assets and liabilities of the union at the date of making the return, together with details of receipts and expenditure (the latter in respect of the several objects of the union) during the preceding year. Its rules in general must conform in all respects to the Trade Union Acts. The following fees are payable by a Trade Union to the Registrar: On registry, £1; on alteration of rules, 1os.; on change of name, 10s.; on amalgamation, tos. For further details see Guide Book of the Friendly Societies Registry Office, price 6d. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. ¥x3 REGISTERED AND UNREGISTERED TRADE UNIONS* AT THE END OF IQI3. Trades.+ Building trades...... Coal miaing ........| Other mining and) GROtT VID ve 6. <0 <] Iron and steel manu- teeter 24.0 es: Engineering and iron- FOUMCINE Hi... a's oss Shipbuilding ...... Miscellaneous metal.. Total, metal, etc., THO ei eels bass | Critics iwaess ces Woollen, worsted, BERS EUUE ig pta.a ie brn Other textiles ...... Textile printing, dye- ing, packing, etc... Total, textile trades.. Clothing trades .... Railway service .... Other transport Total, transport trades Printing, paper, etc... Woodworking, etc... Shop assistants, etc. .| Oitien tfA065 vs kis. ss | General labour...... | Employees of public | authorities ........ Grand total eoee Registered, Unregistered. Total. No. of | No. of | No. of | No.of || No. of No. of unions.| members. || unions.| members.|| unions.| members. 48 | 241,523)| 18 4,124 66 248,647 ae a ees Ree Sa ee 54 | 769,430) 27 /|116,404 |} 81 | 885,834 | | 9 | 25,700, I 4,200 |} I0 | 29,900 Re, i i i 12 | 78,151! 2 2,127 | 14 | 80,278 47 | 304,911! 28] 15,942) 75 | 320,853 7\|° 96,148) 6) 1,125) 13] 97,273 32 | 20,711 48 | 13,426] 80 | 40,137 98 | 505,921) 84 | 32,620] 182 538,541 | 23} 116,648) 124 | 244,541 | 147 | 361,189 TO | 22,304, 17 8,909 ! 27 31,213 31 | 22,574 34 | 30.479!) 95 53,053 It 33,594), 24 | 36,725 || 35 70,229 75 | 195,030, 199 | 320,654 | 274 | 515,684 23 81,330 17 | 24,599 | 40 105,929 5 | 320,192 i 4 Cae 5 | 326,192 43 | 353,704) 131] 19,996) 56) 373,760 aA (ik =e IS UNMET IM ck _ 48 | 679,956) 13 | 19,996 || 61 | __699,952 24 46,069) «1 | 38,345)| 35 84,414 31 53304), 53 | 11,138], 84 64,442 4 98,231) I 46 | 5 98,277 96 130,059] 107 | 51,418) 203 181,477 I 389,918) 2 678, 15) 390,586 19 65,904| 60 | 77,518| 79 | 143,422 542 | 3,282,375) 593 | 704,740 || 1,135 | 3,987,115 * Exclusive of a few Trade Unions, generally unimportant, for which particulars are not available, and of a certain number of federations, employers’ associations and trade protection societies which are registered as Trade Unions. + It will be understood that a minority of the members of a union may be employed in other trades than the one under which the union is classed. For example, many carpenters and joiners are employed in shipbuilding, etc., but the entire membership of the carpenters and joiners’ unions is entered under Building Trades and none under Shipbuilding. 114 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. STRUCTURE. A contrast is often drawn between the 50 Trade Unions of Germany and the 1,123 separate unions of the United Kingdom. This contrast is often used to the disadvantage of this country. Trade Unionists are bidden to look to Germany and to observe how there the problem of too many unions has been tackled. With their 2,548,763 members in 47 organisations, the German order apparently compares favourably with the British lack of method. It is not our purpose here to discuss at length the reasons for this difference; suffice it to say that Germany has reaped all the profit-of coming into the field later and of being faced with capitalism’ in a much more advanced stage. Moreover, the very contrast is misleading unless the nature of the 1,123 British unions is further defined. Though much remains to be done to lessen the number of organisations and to introduce more uniformity into the methods, yet it is unfair to make a bald comparison between the two countries by a mere juxtaposition of figures. Only recently have British Trade Unionists begun to tackle the problem of multiplicity of unions; only recently have they become keenly alive to the questions which advancing capitalism has put before them. It is, in fact, no exaggeration to say that British Trade Unionism is at present passing through a transition period, and that when that period is over, éven if the method adopted be a mere juxtaposition of figures, Great Britain will compare not unfavourably with Germany. Even as things stand now, certain considerations make the organisation of British Trade Unionists much more healthy than appears at first sight. Of the British unions the majority are local, though the greater part of the members are in the comparatively small number of national unions. The local union was the normal type of organisation down to 1850, when the foundation of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers set up the ‘new model’? of Trade Union structure. Unions drawing their members from a small area are slowly decreasing in number, as they are absorbed by the national unions. This does not apply to big district unions such as those of the Miners. Local unions vary greatly in the area which they cover. Some are confined to a single town; others are large county unions covering a wide area and including a large membership. Thus there is little resemblance between a small local union and the great Yorkshire Miners’ Association, which in this classification would rank as a local union. Where local unions are the rule, as in the cotton industry, they are often linked up in national federations so strong as to be in effect practically national unions. For instance, the Weavers’ Amalgamation, which is classed as a federation of local unions, differs in no important respect from the Spinners’ Amalgamation, which is registered as a Trade Union. But it should be noted that, at the 1915 meeting of the United Textile Factory Workers’ Association, a resolution was passed instructing the Executive Committee to prepare a scheme for the complete amalgamation of all the cotton associations. Sometimes small local unions have high-sounding national names even though their membership is drawn wholly from one centre. On the other hand, when an industry is localised a union which caters for all the workers in its own section of that industry is to be counted as a national union. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Tr5 The national unions may be further divided into craft unions, kindred craft unions, and industrial unions. The craft union, such as the Stonemasons, Patternmakers, and the London Society of Compositors, carries out the principle of organising in one union all who are of one craft. The kindred craft union, such as Steam Engine Makers or the Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association, is built on the principle that all who are of the same occupation, all skilled workers in kindred crafts, should be in the same union. The industrial union, such as the National Union of Railwaymen or the National Union of Scottish Mine Workers, attempts to include in one organisation all who are of one industry, whether skilled, semi-skilled, or unskilled. One of the problems at present facing the Trade Union movement is the struggle that is now going on between the N.U.R. and the Miners’ Federation on the one hand, and, on the other, various craft and kindred craft organisations. Serious differences of opinion naturally arise during any transition period, and what is needed is some scheme that will present unity whilst fostering efficiency. Again, Trade Unions may be divided into unions for unskilled workers, called General Labour Unions, and unions for skilled workers. This classification is valid in an industry where the craftsmen are organised separately from the labourers; it ceases, however, to be important in the case of an industrial union in which all grades are catered for. The multiplicity of unions inevitably has two results; there is competition between unions of the same kind and there is overlapping— with its consequent demarcation disputes—amongst unions of different kinds. Sometimes there is complete confusion, and in one locality there may be two local unions, two, or even three, national craft unions, and an industrial union, each striving to enrol among its members some particular group of workers. The disruptive tendencies inevitably caused by conditions such as these are counteracted to some extent by the existence of various federations within Trade Unionism. These federations may be in structure close-knit or loose; their purpose may be general or particular; they may be the only cohesive force in one industry ; in another they may have no particular reason for existing. Apart from the Trades Union Congress (which is strictly what its name implies, a Congress), the Labour Party, which is a mixed federation composed of Trade Unions and Socialist bodies, united for a special political purpose, and those local Labour parties and Trades Councils, which, though federal in structure, have functions so special as to entitle them to separate treatment, there are about 119 federations, of which one-third are local. But besides these 119 federations, all of which are fully constituted, there are numerous other Joint Committees and working agreements serving to link up the sections of the movement. FEDERATIONS. General Federation of Trade Unions.—(See special article on page 96.) The Miners’ Federation of Great Britain consists of the following 38 district associations, one of which is itself a federation. Each 116 ; THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. association is a separate organisation, and for local purposes possesses complete autonomy. Their rules vary from district to district :— Northumberland. Somersetshire. Durham. South Derbyshire. Cumberland. Kent. Yorkshire. North Wales. Lancashire and Cheshire. South Wales. Derbyshire. Midland Federation. Nottinghamshire. National Union of Scottish Bristol. Mine Workers. Leicestershire. Cleveland (ironstone miners). Forest of Dean. [The National Union of Scottish Mine Workers, now an industrial union catering for all workers in or about mines in Scotland, was, prior to October, 1914, the Scottish Miners’ Federation, composed as follows :— Fife and Kinross. Clackmannanshire. Mid and East Lothian. Kirkintilloch and Twechar. West Lothian. Lanarkshire. Ayrshire. Stirlingshire. The Midland Federation, which is one of the bodies composing the M.F.G.B., is, itself composed of the following seven unions :— South Staffordshire. Shropshire. North Staffordshire. Cannock Chase. Old Hill and District. Pelsall and District.] Warwickshire. The Miners’ Federation of Great Britain is organised so as eventually to include all workers in or about a mine. It includes all the coalmining unions recognised by it, and it does not accept in its membership any one of the numerous craft unions catering for colliery enginemen, colliery mechanics, deputies, and firemen. Some of these, however, are affiliated locally to local federations, such as the Northumberland Federation Board of Miners, Deputies, Mechanics, Enginemen and Firemen, and the Durham County Mining Federation Association. A contribution of 1d. per member per month is paid by districts to the M.F.G.B. for management expenses and 3d. per member per quarter to the political fund, 1d. of which is returned to the districts to be used for local expenses, Parliamentary, municipal, etc. The federation may call for levies from districts at any time in support of any district involved in a dispute approved of by the federation or for any other cause that the Executive Committee or conference have decided to support. Thus, during 1914 a levy of 3d. per member per quarter was being paid in support of the ‘‘ Daily Citizen ’? newspaper. There is no standing central dispute fund. The M.F.G.B. is the really effective industrial unit of the miners. Recently its policy, as defined by the ‘‘ Scarborough resolution,’? has been that all open agreements in the mining industry should terminate at the same date. It aims at a single national Conciliation Board. As a type of large federation the M.F.G.B. stands by itself, being a federation of district associations strongly centralised. The National Federation of Blastfurnacemen, Ore Miners, and Kindred Trades is composed of five district unions. It pays no THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 117 benefits and is similar in structure to the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain, but has less centralised control. A proposal for closer unity; including the centralisation of dispute funds, was recently defeated. There have recently been proposals that this federation should itself become a member of the Iron and Steel Trades Federation. The Iron and Steel Trades Federation, formed in 1913, consists of five unions. Amongst these are included the Associated Iron and Steel Workers, the Amalgamated Steel and Iron Workers, and the Tin and Sheet Millmen, but not the British Steel Smelters. It has a central fund for dispute pay, to which the contribution is 3d. per member per quarter. Strike pay is at the rate of 10s. per week. The British Metal Trades Federation is simply the British Section of the International Metal Workers’ Federation. As such it aims at the institution of greater uniformity and co-operation, the interchange of information, the fostering of international relations, etc. It includes the Steel Smelters and the Ironfounders, but not the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, Boilermakers, or Shipwrights. It has no benefits and no industrial functions, Federation of Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades.—At the end of 1913 this federation had a membership of 598,343. In 1904 the membership was 344,208, and in 1911 401,472. Some 27 unions belong to the federation, amongst which are the A.S.E., the Scottish Associated [ronmoulders, Boilermakers, Shipwrights, Patternmakers, Gasworkers, and National Amalgamated Union of Labour, but not the Ironfounders or the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners. This is a federation, not of local societies, but of distinct and often overlapping national unions. It pays no benefits and has no finances save the sums needed for administrative expenses, and these are kept at a minimum. It exists largely to provide facilities for the discussion of common objects and grievances and for the settlement of demarcation disputes between one union and another. The problem of closer unity has engaged its attention at regular intervals. Ballots have been taken on the question. (The Amalgamated Society of Engineers recorded a negative vote on the ground that nothing less than amalgamation was acceptable.) A new scheme of closer unity is at present being considered. It is thus a loose federation, and its industrial functions are at present limited to the purely consultative. Textile Federations.—In the cotton industry there are several large federations of local associations. These federations have central dispute funds and exercise a large amount of control over the industrial activity of the affiliated local associations. The list of these amalgamations is as follows :— Amalgamated Association of Card and _ Blowing-Room Operatives. Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners (the Piecers are separately organised by the local associations, and are not represented in the amalgamation). Amalgamated Weavers’ Association. General Union of Associations of Loom Overlookers. Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters, and Drawers. General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warpdressers’ . Associations. Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers’ Protective Society. 118 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. These federations (or amalgamations of local associations) are joined in two other bodies. The first is the Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation, founded in 1905. This includes the Weavers, Over- lookers, Beamers, Twisters and Drawers, and Clothlookers, but not the Tape Siders or the Warpdressers. For the Spinners and the Card and Blowing-Room Operatives it does not cater. It is to be noted that if an amalgamation (such as the Amalgamated Weavers) belongs to tiie Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation the affiliated associations (such as the Padiham and District Weavers) must join the local federation (such as the Padiham and District Textile Trades Federation); and in some cases the local federations include tape sizers and warpdressers. ‘This federation of amalgamations engaged in the manufacture of cotton has no benefits. Its aim is organisation and the achievement of closer unity. It takes an active participation in all negotiations. Its membership in 1913 was 216,191. The other is the United Textile Factory Workers’ Association, which includes all these unions or amalgamations except the Card and Blowing-Room Operatives. Its function is mainly legislative. Its objects are the removal of any grievance from which its members may be suffering for which Parliamentary or Governmental interference is required. For example, it watches the operation of the Factory Acts and suggests changes. It is the body that represents the cotton workers on the War Emergency : Workers’ National Committee, and it is the British Section of the International Textile Workers’ Federation. National Transport Workers’ Federation.—This federation was founded in 1910, and in rg11 it gained a sure footing in the Trade Union world by its conduct of the great disputes of that year. It consists of unions having members engaged in transport work, and includes most of the big waterside workers’ unions. Notable exceptions are the Irish Transport Workers and the Waterside Societies on the North-East Coast. It also includes unions catering for seamen (National Sailors and Firemen’s Union, Ship Cooks’, etc., Union), carters, and cabmen, together with some General Labour Unions or part of their membership. The declared objects of the federation include the furtherance of amalgamation amongst its constituent unions, the establishment of an information bureau, and of a ‘*‘ Transport Workers’ Journal,’? and the organisation of the industry in general. The contributions are at the rate of 3d. per member per annum; no benefits are paid, the funds being used solely to cover management expenses. The federation works largely through local district committees, which may be formed in any locality where two or more affiliated unions exist, and which consist of delegates from the local affiliated unions. The objects of the district committee are precisely those already described, practically all detailed administrative work being in its hands. To the district committees are referred questions of overlapping and competition among affiliated unions, and on them devolves the duty of observing industrial developments and collecting the information for the bureau at headquarters. The federation is itself affiliated to the International Transport Workers’ Federation, THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 119 General Labourers’ National Council.—This is a consultative body, and includes amongst its affiliated unions all the big general labour unions. It discusses and advocates amalgamation among general labour unions. It has drawn up and secured the acceptance of an agreement under which members of any of the affiliated unions can transfer from one union to another or can take up work on a job among members of any of the unions. In 1914 there came into prominence a large scheme for the amalgamation of all unions affiliated to the G.L.N.C. and the National Transport Workers’ Federation. The proposals included (1) the merging of all the members of all unions affiliated into one consolidated union of Labour; (2) the creation of a:central fund for trade purposes and a graduated scheme of contributions for friendly benefits designed to meet the varying requirements of all classes of the members; (3) a> Central Executive with full control over the Central Trade Fund; (4) district and departmental sections, allowing full free play of initiative and autonomy, consistent with the powers of financial control exercised by the Central Executive. These departments to make adequate provision for sectional and sub-sectional groupings, where called for and necessary. This scheme is at present suspended owing to the war. The Printing and Kindred Trades Federation includes almost all the important Trade Unions engaged in papermaking, letterpress printing, lithographic printing, bookbinding, typefounding, and press telegraphy. Its paying membership was 67,508 in 1913. The contribution is 1s. per member per year, on go per cent. of the total membership of each union. Strike pay is given at the rate of 1os. per week for 20 weeks. The federation, on the vote of the members, can, in emergency, impose a levy of not more than 3d. per member per week. The federation called an amalgamation conference three years ago and brought forward an amalagation scheme. The federation runs a system of district sections to which each union in the federation must be locally affiliated. This ensures unity of action in each local centre. The federation is the British Section of the tnieriatione) Typographical Workers’ Federation. The National Federation of Enginemen, Stokers, and Kindred Trades is a non-benefit paying federation with amalgamation as its object. It consists of— (1) Colliery enginemen (who are separately federated) ; (2) general enginemen; and (3) the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen, This federation, as representing colliery and railway enginemen, applied for admission to the initial conference of miners, railwaymen, and transport workers, who were then forming their triple industrial alliance. The National Joint Committee of Postal and Telegraph Associations.—This non-benefit paying federation is the medium through which are made joint wages demands. It has recently concerned itself with the question of the control of industry. It is affiliated to the International Federation, and includes all the important postal unions except the Engineering and Stores Associations. 120 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. _ FEDERATIONS OF TRADE UNIONS, 1904-1913. General Metal Year. ica Building. Mining. engineering, Unions. ain TOO) Se NS es --| 396,226 122,772 552,384 383,221 LOG R eicia Waid archers 477,891 67,263 548,203 314,393 SOOOE RS. careers oe ui's 623,449 506,410 573,952 403,308 TQO7] seswowres sees 601,195 58,151 741,234 477,448 TGC Wakes eects Sige, OM 705,630 52,880 | 881,466 460,476 EQOO ia celeise ve oss wide 698,950 | 43,729 906,240 474,621 EQIG ioicssie sees eels s 709,564 37,807 Q12,742 627,228 BEDE oA a ya's be alo o'6-w 861,482 67,0904 | 936,539 529,314 RGD Vibtials atelo Stwid ee 930,739 59,837. | 948,759 619,391 BES Tete s Ws ate hee occas 932,789 85,738 | 1,037,663 753,030 - | aa - =a General Fears | Tenne, | TaneeGorenaen | tech aaa employees. TQ04 20481 9287,005 4 ( 123,137 57,988 71,918 1,894,791 1905 ++++| 395,774 4,161 34,001 71,783 || 1,914,469 1906.++. 437,265 | 4,327 37:455 | 71,566 | 2,207,732 1907 «+. 577:599 | 4,293 151,247 199,312 | 2,840,479 1908. ss 616,792 12,518 138,348 268,841 3,137,051 T1900 .«.+| 633,849 12,360 136,201 266,575 || 3,172,525 1910..)....|;' 629,176 14,297 172,997 271,040 3,374,831 TOIT ...-| 733,548. | 217,736 264,530 209,471 || 3,819,714 TOG se eu) BAS,078 ol: (FOL; 373 338,148 | 205,509 4,132,729 IQ13 ».../ 868,717. | 169,385 358,615 | 157,590 || 4,363,533 VERSO WIM REL OO Ae Ate, ILE MS 1 ¢. FINANCE, BENEFITS. Trade Union benefits may be divided into :— A. “‘ Trade”’ benefits, including strike, lock-out, victimisation, and legal defence. B, Unemployment. Cate riendly ” benefits, including sick, accident, superannuation, funeral, emigration, and others. Trade benefits as a rule take the form of a weekly rate of pay, the amount of which is specified in the rules. Legal aid consists of the payment of expenses incurred in any legal action taken by 3a member with the sanction of the union. Unemployment benefit and sick benefit each consist of a weekly rate of pay. The rate diminishes as time goes on, and is sometimes limited to a definite number of weeks; in other cases pay continues until employment is resumed. Funeral and accident benefits are THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 121 given in a lump sum. In the case of funéral benefit the common practice is for a portion of the benefit to be paid on the death of a member’s wife, such portion being deducted from the sum payable on the death of the member himself. (See also Social Insurance.) Trade benefits being essentially bound up with the maintenance of Trade Union principles are compulsory in all cases, and are usually paid at an equal or flat rate. Unemployment and friendly benefits are optional in some unions, compulsory in others. In the majority of unions payment of contributions for trade benefits brings with it all the rights of membership. In some instances, however, especially in some of the old-established unions of skilled workers, full membership rights are given only to those who pay the contribution for all three classes of benefits. CONTRIBUTIONS. These vary from industry to industry and from union to union and according to the number and amount of benefits given. Generally in unskilled unions there is a low rate of contribution and only trade benefits; in skilled unions a high rate of contributions, with trade, unemployment, and friendly benefits. But it should be noted that (1) in some skilled unions (as in mining, where there are usually only trade benefits) the rate of contribution is low; (2) when a union caters for different grades of worker a graduated scale (or different scales) may come into operation and benefits vary accordingly; (3) in some cases women are specialised and graded on a lower scale. LEVIES. Trade Unions are’ supported by interest from property, by contributions, and by levies. In effect levies play a great part. The fact that nowhere are benefits on an actuarial basis compels frequent recourse to levies, and in many cases it is laid down in the rules that the general funds shall be kept up to a certain minimum per member, if necessary, by means of levies. BIBLIOGRAPHY. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Seventeenth Report on Trade Unions, 1908-1910. Published 1912 (Cd. 6109). 1s. Reports of the Chief Registrar of Friendly Societies for 1913 :— Part A. General Report (H.C. 121 of 1914). 2s. Part C. Trade Unions (H.C. 121 III. of 1914-15). 15. 2d. Seventeenth Abstract of Labour Statistics, 1915 (Cd. 7733). 1s. 6d. Industrial Directory, 1914 (Cd. 7483). 1s. 3d. Eleventh Report of Proceedings under the Conciliation Act (1896) for 1913 (H.C. 89 of 1914). 84d. Industrial Council’s Inquiry into Industrial Agreements :— Report. Published 1913 (Cd. 6952). 23d. Minutes of Evidence. Published 1913 (C. 6953). 5s. 4d. Report on the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of Canada. Published 1913 (Cd. 6603). 33d. Report on Collective Agreements, 1910 (Cd. 5366). 2s. ad. Second Report on Rules of Voluntary Conciliation and Arbitration Boards and Joint Committees, 1910 (Cd. 5346). 1s. 6d. ‘* Board of Trade Labour Gazette’ (monthly). 1d. 122 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT, GENERAL. ‘“ History of Trade Unionism,” by S. and B. Webb, 1894-1911 (Longmans). 7s. 6d. ‘ ‘‘Industrial Democracy,’’ by S. and B. Webb, 1897-1911 ~ (Longmans). os. S ‘*The World of Labour,’’ by G. D. H. Cole, 1915 (G. Bell and Sons). as. “Trade Unionism,’’ by C. M. Lloyd, 1915 (A. and C. Black). 2s. 6d. beeen arene Sinton See PT lets Pll ek Pk lok L dckobok | hen eieanaien bo ah tected ad eee REMURRROSRMRMBGW Ms eee SCONE ia ab Ae ie Bahk. SELLE UERARRG pietelefe[ [ETT ito] PR int Palle ples Be ws! 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DIRECTORY OF TRADE UNIONS, FEDERATIONS, ETC. CONTENTS. Page Page Agriculture and Fishing .. 132 | Metal Trades.. Tr be pe Building Trades .* *» 133 | Mining and Quarrying os 144 Chemical, Glass, Pottery, etc., Printing, Paper, and Kindred Trades s a eel 38 radlan ve 147 Clothing Trades Ss 135 Engineering and Shipbuil ding eee Authorities, Employees a Trades es oe es 136 : Enginemen .. eet: Textile Trades Ss ee. 150 Fibre, Cane, etc., Trades .. 1 39 | Transport Trades .. +s 159 Food and Tobacco Trades es 139 | Woodworking and ees General Labour % APs 0) Trades Ln she te Leather Trades a .. 140 | Miscellaneous Trades se O3 The following abbreviations have been used throughout: Amal. (Amalgamated or Amalgamation); Assd. (Associated); Assn. (Association); Dis. (District); Gen. (General); G.B. (Great Britain); G.B. & I. (Great Britain and Sat Lab. (Labour or Labourers); Nat. (National); Op. (Operative); Soc. (Society); U. (Union); Utd. (United). Affiliations to national organisations are indicated thus: (T.), Trades Union Congress; (L), Labour Party; (F.), General Federation of Trade Unions; (S.), Scottish Trades Union Congress; (I.), Irish Trades Union Congress. GENERAL FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS. W. A. Appleton, Hamilton House, Bidborough St., London, N. AGRICULTURE AND FISHING. Agricultural Labourers. UNIONS. Agricultural Lab. & Rural Workers’ U., Nat. (T.): R. B. Walker, Wensum House, Hempton, Fakenham. Farm Servants’ U., Scottish: The Secretary, 35a, Union St., Aberdeen. Lab. League (Hempton), Amal.: J. Dennis, Golf House, Hempton, Fakenham. Fishermen. UNIONS. Buckie Hired Men’s U.: A. Reid, 1, Great Western Rd., Buckie. Granton & Dis. Trawl Fishermen’s Protective U.: T. Flucker, 5, Ann St., Newhaven, eith. Grimsby Steam Fishing Vessels Enginemen & Firemen’s U. (T.L.): J. Collins, 8, Riby Square, Seb oa Highland Fishermen’s U. : Morison, Portland Villas, pene Humber Amal. Steam Sth so Engineers & Firemen’s U.: A. A. Pollard, 65 & 67, West Dock Av., Hessle Rd., Hull. aes ip Fishermen’s Friendly Protective Soc.: J. J. Whyte, 1, Pelham St., rimsby. Port of Hull Trawl Fishermen’s Protective Soc.: G. W. Holmes, St. Andrew’s Hall, West Dock St., Hull. Scottish Steam Fishing Vessels Enginemen & Firemen’s U. (L.): J. F. Duncan, 12, Regent Quay, Aberdeen. Weekly Hands Branch of the Port of Hull Trawl Fishermen’s Protective Soc.: G. W. Holmes, St. Andrew’s Hall, West Dock St., Hull. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. — 133 BUILDING TRADES. FEDERATIONS. Federated Builders’ Labourers of G. B. & |. (F.): W. Mabbott, 61, Port Arthur Rd., Nottingham. LOCAL BUILDING TRADES FEDERATIONS. Barrow Building Trades Fed.: F. J. Simpson, 72, South Row, Roose, Barrow-in-F. Blackburn & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: R. Allen, 15, Walnut St., Blackburn. Blackwood & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: F. W. Lewis, 26, Bloomfield Av., Newport (Mon.). Bolton & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: J. Seddon, 164, Deane Rd., Bolton. Darlington & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: W. Lee, 18, Dodd’s St., Darlington. Hull Building Trades Fed. : W. Turner, 43, Terry St., Hull. Liverpool Building Trades Committee : T. McConville, 29, Standale Rd., Waver- tree, Liverpool. London Building Industries Fed.: G@. Dew, J.P., L.C.C., 42, Lowden Rd., Herne Hill, 8.E. London Labourers’ Council: 8. J. Wright, 15, Gt. Percy St., King’s Cross Rd., W.C. Manchester & Salford Dis. Building Trades Fed.: E. Donohoe, 37, Ramsey St., Moston, Manchester. North Staffordshire Building Trades Fed.: F. Faulkner, 31, Charles St., Cobridge, Burslem, Staffs. Preston Building Trades Council: B. Hackett, 9, St. David’s Rd., Preston. Rugby & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: C. W. Browning, 59, Windsor 8t., Rugby. Sheffield & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: J. H. Blincow, 72, Burns Rd., Sheffield. Tamworth & Dis. Building Trades Fed. : W. E. Simpson, 3, Heath St., Tamworth. Wigan & Dis. Building Trades Fed.: T. Hodson, 204, Gidlow Lane, Wigan. UNIONS. Brick & Stone Layers (1.): R. O’Carroll, 49, Cuffe St., Dublin. Brick & Stone Layers Limerick Guild of: J. Flavin, 21, Carey’s Rd., Limerick. Bricklayers, Utd. Op. (Manchester Unity): J. Gregory, 102, Grenville St., Stockport. Bricklayers’ Soc., Op. (T.): J. Batchelor, 58, Southwark Bridge Rd., S.E. Bricklayers’ Labourers’ U., Leigh & Bedford Dis.: C. Castle, 93, Twist Lane, Lancs. Builders & Gen. Lab., Catshill Soc. of : W. Juggins, Golden Cross Lane, Bromsgrove. Builders’ Labourers’ U., Utd. (T.): D. Haggerty, 195, Blackfriars Rd., S.E. Builders’ Lab. & G.W. of Dublin T.U., Utd.: T. McCullagh, 116, L. Clanbrassil St. Builders’ Labourers’ U., Cork: Secretary, B.L.U., 96, North Main St., Cork. Bap ese Labourers’ U., Accident & Burial Soc., Wigan: J. Gaskell, 8, Turner St, igan. Builders’ Labourers’ Protective, Accident, & Burial Soc., Coventry & Dis.: A. Turrall, 508, Stoney Stanton Rd. Builders’ Labourers’ Trade Scoc., Nottingham: W. Mabbott, 61, Port Arthur Rd., Sneinton Dale. Builders’ Labourers’ Protective, Accident, & Burial Soc., Wolverhampton & Dis. : T. Duffy, 7, Herbert St. Builders’ Labourers’ T.U., Blackburn & Dis. : M. O’Malley, 23, Wensley St., Blackburn. Builders’ Labourers, National Assn. of (L.): P. Flanagan, 62, Hopwood St., Hull. Building Workers’ Industrial U.: J. V. Wills, 10, Layard Rd., Rotherhithe, S.H. aioe a Joiners, Gen. U. of Op. (T.L.): W. Matkin, 65, Kennington val, S.E. Carpenters & Joiners, Amal. Soc. (T.L.I.): F. Chandler, J.P., 95, Brunswick St., Manchester. Decorative Glass Workers of the U.K.: A. Jenkinson, 99, Oxford Rd., Manchester. Fret Lead Glaziers & Cutters’ U.: A. W. Thomson,17, Randolph St., Camden T., N.W. Gas Fitters’ T. Assn. (Birmingham): H. J. Sabin, Eachelhurst Rd., Walmley. Glass Painters’ U. (London): H. W. Ball, 22, Arthur Rd., Holloway, N. Glaziers’ T. & F.S., Glasgow Op. : D. McDonald, 326, Crown St., Glasgow. Glaziers’ Soc., Edinburgh Op.: G. Gibson, 27, Riego St., Edinburgh. Glaziers’ Soc., Dundee Op.: J. Nisbet, 49, Gellatly St., Dundee. Labourers’ Amal. U., General: T. Coffey, 45, Aybrook St., Manchester NE W. Labourers of London, U.0.G.: J. Davenport, 64, Westminster Bridge Rd., S.W. Masons & Bricklayers’ Soc., Cork Op.: M. Hurley, 8, Patrick’s Terr., Greenm’t, Cork. Masons’ Assn. of Scotland, Utd. Op.: H. McPherson, 65, West Regent St., Glasgow. Masons & Granite Cutters’ U., Utd. Op.: A. C. Davidson, 47, Belmont St., Aberdeen. Masons & Plasterers’ Soc. (Tipperary), Utd. : W. O’Connor, 11, Meeting St. Masons’ Soc., Elgin Op.: P. Wood, 13, Blackfriars Rd., Elgin. 134 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Mosaic & Tile Fixers, London & Dis, : A. W. Ure, 88,Grange Pk. Rd., Thornton Heath. Mosaic & Encaustic Tilelayers’ Assn., Glasgow: C. Hislop, 155, Firpark St., Glasgow. Navvies, Builders’ Lab., & G.L.U. (T.F.): J. Ward, M.P., East Hill, Wandsworth, 8.W. Ornamental! Decorators, Composition T. (F.): A. Young, 17, Rona Rd., Gospel Oak, N.W. Painters’ Trade U., Dublin (I.), Met. House: E. McCabe, Roymount House, Kimmage Rd. oscegaal ea Soc., Liverpool & Vicinity Op. House: J. E. Hepburn, 65, Shaw St., Liverpool. Painters, Limerick Guild of Op. House: J. Buckner, 32, Roxboro’ Rd., Limerick. Painters & Decorators, Belfast Op. H. & S.: W. McKenzie, 5, Willowbank Terr., _ Falls Rd., Belfast. Painters’ Assn., Southport & Birkdale: W. Black, 40, Lancaster Rd., Ainsdale, S’port. Painters & Decorators, N.A.S. Op. H. & S. (F.1.): J. Parsonage, 4, Camp St., Manchester. Painters’ Soc., Barnsley Op. House: G. Hunt, 16, Freeman St., Barnsley. Painters’ Soc., Birkenhead Op. H.: A. W. Tunstall, 185, Church Rd., Tranmere, B’head. caer Soc., Scot. (T.L.), (F., Aberdeen & Dundee): A. Gardner, 102, Holm St., tlasgow. Painters & Decorators, London, ‘‘Cave’’ H.: F. Hillier, 52, Hamilton Rd., Wimbledon. Plumbers, London Soc. of (L.): J. Groves, 75, Elgin Av., London, W. Plumbers & Domestic Engineers (T.): J. Edmiston, 82, Osborne Rd., Newcastle-on-T. Plumbers’ Assn. of Scotland, Utd. Op. : W. Kennedy, 156, Buccleuch St., Glasgow. Plasterers’ T. Soc., Dublin Op. : T. Irwin, 19e, Buildings, Old Bride St., Dublin. Plasterers’ T. & F.S., Belfast Op.: M. Cardey, 1, Kingscourt St., Belfast. Plasterers, Nat. Assn. of Op. (L.F.): T. Otley, 37, Albert St., Mornington Cres., N.W. Plasterers’ Fed. U., Scottish Nat. Op.: D. Baird, 3, Silverfir St., Glasgow. Plasterers & Slaters’ Soc., Kilkenny : Coun. J. Magennis, 5, Wolfe Tone St., Kilkenny. Plasterers’ Labourers, National Assn. of (F.): J. Madden, 67, John St., Bolton. Plasterers’ Lab., Manchester & Salford: S. O’Brien, 51, U. Cleminson St., Chapel St. Regular Glass Cutters, Glaziers, & Lead Sash Makers (Dublin): J. Monahan, 3, Grenville Cot., Gardiner’s Place. Slaters’ Soc. of Scotland, Amal. (S.): W. Cross, 19, Thomson St., Partick, Glasgow. Slaters & Tilers’ Proy. Soc., Amal. (T.F.): R. Wilson, 19, Oswald Terr., Gateshead. Stonemasons’ Soc. of England & Wales (T.): W. Williams, 6, Dover St., Manchester. Stonecutters of Ireland T.U., Op.: T. Farren, 3, Brown St., Dublin. Stonecutters’ T.U., City of Dublin: J.J.O’Looney, 1, Meades Cott., Wentworth Place. Tile, Mosaic, & Faience Fixers (Manchester): J. Kirkbright, 16, Hadyn Av., Moss Side. Tile, Mosaic, & Faience Fixers, Dublin: W. Verso, 2, tS er Elmwood Av., Ranelagh. Whiteners’ T.U., Dublin: T. Burke, 2, Bachelor’s Walk, Dublin. CHEMICAL, GLASS, POTTERY, ETC., TRADES. FEDERATIONS. Glass Bottle Hands, Nat. Fed. of the: A. Greenwood, 2, Wesley St., Castleford. Giassworkers & Kindred Trades Unions, Nat. Fed. of: G. Lister, 11, Belvedere Mount, Dewsbury Rd., Hunslet, Leeds. Salt Workers, Alkali Workers, Mechanics, & Gen. Labourers, Fed. of (T.): T. Wilkinson, 3, Regent St., Moulten, Northwich. UNIONS. Barometer, Thermometer, & Tube Blowers’ Trade & Benefit Soc.: H. A. Bullock, 130, Robinson Rd., Tooting Junction, S.W. Brickmakers’ Soc., Cinder Hill: J. W. Wall, 42, Waterford St., Basford, Nottingham. Brickmakers’ Soc. for Nottingham & Dis., Op.: F. Leaper, 36, Worth St., Carlton, Nottingham. Brick Workers’ U., Fire: R. Noble, 62, Havelock Place, Backworth, Newcastle-on-T. Flint Glass Cutters’ Mutual Assistance & Protective Soc., Utd.: J. Hewitt, 17, Cavendish Rd., Birmingham. Flint Glass Makers’ Sick & Friendly Soc. of G.B. & I., Nat. (F.): J. H. Husselbee, 66, Talbot St., Brierley Hill, Staffs. Glass Bevellers’ Soc., Birmingham Utd.: R. Wacey, 273 Moseley Rd., Highgate, Birmingham. Glass Blowers’ Trade Soc., London (T.F.): J. Stokes, 5, Banner St., E.C. Glass Bottle Makers’ Soc. of G.B. & I., Nat. (T.F.): F. Swann, Trades Hall, 4, Upper Fountain St., Leeds. Glass Bottle Makers of Yorkshire Utd. Trade Protection Soc. (L.): A. Greenwood, 2, Wesley St., Castleford. Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Protection Soc., Glasgow & Dis. (L.8.): P. McLuskey, 1, Queen’s Av., Shettleston, Glasgow. Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Protection Assn., Lancashire Dis. (T.): T. Rigby, 30, Chapel St., St. Helens. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 135 Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Protection Soc., Irish (I.): J. Longmore, 25, Pembroke St., Irishtown, Dublin. ox tog Makers’ Trade & Benefit Soc. of Bristol: J. E. Foxon, 17, Ninetree Hill, ristol. Glass Bottle Makers’ Soc., North of England: J. A. Levy, 29, Picton St., Sunderland. Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Soc. (Seaham Harbour), Londonderry: T. Leighton, 24, Stewart St., Seaham Harbour, co. Durham. : Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Protection Soc., Alloa: W. Hatt, 42, Castle St., Alloa. Glass Bottle Makers’ Trade Protection Assn., Portobello: N. Halliday, 5, Pipe St., Portobello, Edinburgh. Glass Bottle Makers’ Soc., Birmingham & Dis.: G. Parkinson, 53, St. Thomas Rd., Erdington, Birmingham. ; Glass Mould Makers & Smiths, Amal. Soc. of : J. Cooper, 82, Sheffield Rd., Barnsley. pee Glass Bottle Makers, Amal. Soc. of (S.): J. Heenan, 36, Kirkpatrick St., asgow. Medical Glass Bottle Makers’ Soc., Lancashire: J. H. Johnson, 9, Muslinet St., Salford, Manchester. Oilworkers & Lab. Assn., Scottish (S.): R. McDougall, Kirkhili Park, Broxbourn, West Lothian. Ovenmen’s Society, Utd. (T.F.): W. Callear, 35, King St., Tunstall. j bldg ane Kilnmen, & Saggarmakers’ U., Utd.: W. Elkin, 117, Lord St., Etruria, anley. Pipe Makers’ Assn. of Scotland & Ireland, Utd. Clay Tobacco: D. Taylor, 194, Gallow- gate, Glasgow. : Pipe Finishers’ Assn. of Manchester, Clay : Miss A. Wright, 50, Lewis St., Varley St., Oldham Rd., Manchester. Pipe Makers & Finishers’ Assn, of England & Ireland, Clay Tobacco (F.): W. Fianagan, 81, Attleboro’ Rd., Moston, Manchester. Pottery Workers, Nat. Amal, Soc. of Male & Female (T.L.F.); J. Lovatt, Pottery Workers’ Offices, Hill St., Hanley, Staffs. Potters’ Packers’ Lab. Protection Assn., Utd.: W. Martin, 191, Old Hall Terr, High St., Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent. Pressed Glass Makers’ Soc. of G.B. (F.): T. Melville, 98, Hyde Park St., Gateshead. Salt Makers’ Assn., Winsford: T. Goulding, 394, High St., Winsford, Cheshire. Salt Makers, Mechanics, & Gen. Lab. Assn., Droitwich: J. Harris, 19, Hanbury Terr., Droitwich. Salt Makers’ Assn., South Durham & North Yorkshire: W. Woodall, 2, Victoria St., Haverton Hill, Middlesbrough. Salt Makers, Mechanics, & Gen. Lab. Assn., Stoke Prior: J. Greaves, The Old Club House, Stoke Works, Bromsgrove. Salt Workers, Rock Salt Miners, Alkali Workers, Mechanics, & Gen. Lab., North- wich & Dis. Amal. Soc. of (T.): W. Yarwood, 8, Chapel St., Wincham, Northwich. Sheet Glass Flatteners’ Trade Protection Soc., St. Helens: W. A. McGlue, 149, Greenfield Rd., St. Helens, CLOTHING TRADES. FEDERATIONS. Clothing & Allied Trades Fed., London: T. W. Shine, 16, Heddon St., Regent St., W. Hand Sewn Bootmakers’ Societies, International Fed. of: J. W. Dickson, 130, Great Titchfield St., W. UNIONS. Boot & Shoe Makers’ Trade & Funeral Soc., City of Glasgow Op. : M. McCormack, 104, Renfrew St., Glasgow. Boot & Shoe Makers’ Soc., Cork: D. Barry, Boot & Shoe Makers’ Soc., Mechanics’ Hall, Grattan St., Cork. Boot & Shoe Makers, Amal. Soc. of (L.): K. McCrae, 7, Cartwright Gardens, W.C. Boot & Shoe Makers’ U., Aberdeen Hand-sewn : W. Watson, 63, Rose St., Aberdeen. Boot _& Shoe Makers, London & Provincial U. of Hand-sewn (L.): J. W. Dickson, 130, Great Titchfield St., W. Boot & Shoe Operatives, Nat. U. of (T.L.F.S.): E. L. Poulton, Trade Hall, St. James’ St., Leicester. Boot, Shoe, & Slipper Operatives, Rossendale U. of (F.): A. Taylor, 4, St. James’ St., Waterfoot, Manchester. Boot & Shoe Women Workers, Independent Nat. U. of: Miss E. Wilson, 72, Rutland St., Leicester. Cloggers, Amal, Soc. of Journeymen (T.L.): D. Stott, 2, Worsley St., Glodwick, ~ am Clog Makers’ Soc., Manchester, Salford, & Dis. Op.: E. Bannan, 34, Royal St., Ardwick, Manchester. Cordwainers’ Trade Protection & Friendly Soc., Edinburgh Op. : C. Brown, 20, Orwell Place, Dalry Road, Edinburgh. 1430 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. *Clothiers’ Cutters’ Trade U., London & Provincial (T.F.): A. Brine, 50, Shernall St., Walthamstow, E. *Clothiers’ Operatives, Amal. U. of (T.L.F.): J. Young, Hepworth’s Chambers, 148, Briggate, Leeds. Clothworkers’ Trade U.: A. Allery, 28. Allen’s Buildings, Leonard St., Finsbury, E.C. Cork Head Dress Trade U., Military: J. J. Wallace, 414, Albany Rd., Camberwell, S.E. Cutters, Belfast Amal. Soc. of : J. Mallon, 7, Kirk St., Belfast. Dressmakers & Tailoresses’ Assn., Liverpool & Dis. : Miss L. Hodge, 20, Fairfield St., Fairfield, Liverpool. Felt Hatters, Amal. Soc. of Journeymen (T.L.F.): TT. Mallalieu, 43, Peel St., Denton, Manchester. Felt Hat Trimmers & Wool Formers’ Assn., Amal. (T.F.): T. Mallalieu, 43, Pee! St., Denton, Manchester. Fur Skin Dressers’ U., London, E.: T. Street, 19, Second Ay., Manor Park, E. Furriers of G.B., Gen. U. of Journeymen: E. Fitzpatrick, 19, St. Dunstan’s Rd., East Dulwich, S.E. lovers se ageeas Aid Soc. (Yeovil), Utd. (F.): W. H. Taverner, 12, Wyndham St., eovil. Glovers (Stoke-under-Ham), Amal. Soc. of (F.): A. E. Morgan, High Way, Stoke- under-Ham, Somerset. Home Workers’ Assn., Manchester: Mrs. O. M. Aldridge, 9, Albert Sq., Manchester. Shirt & Jacket Workers’ Soc., Amal. (L.): A. Headon, 105, Manchester Rd., Droylsden, Manchester. Silk Hatters’ Fair Trade U. of G.B. & I., Journeymen (L.F.): J. J. Hall, 99, Drayton Gardens, South Kensington, S.W. Silk Hat Trimmers & Stitchers’ U., Denton (F.): J. Cheetham, 8, Pitt St., Hooley Hill, Manchester. Sewing Machinists & Corset Makers (Manchester), Amal. Soc. of: Miss F. Guffick, 39, Brunswick St., Gorton, Manchester. Tailors, Machinists, & Pressers’ Trade U. (Leeds), Amal. Jewish (T.F.): M. Sclare Jewish Tailors’ Trade U., Trade U. Institute, Cross Stamford St., Leeds. Tailors, Machinists, & Pressers’ Trade U., Birmingham International: I. Lester, 15, Hinckley St., Birmingham. Tailors, Machinists, & Pressers’ Trade U., London Ladies’ : I. Lush, 10, Great Garden St., Whitechapel, E. Tailors, Machiners, & Pressers’ Trade U., Dublin International: P. Sheridan, 27, John Dillon St., Dublin. Tailoresses, Dressmakers, & Kindred Trades, Nat. Soc. of : W. P. Chapman, 30, Devonport Rd., Shepherd’s Bush, W. *Tailors & Tailoresses, Amal. Soc. of (T.L.F.S.1.): T. A. Flynn, 415, Oxford Rd., Manchester. } pate & Tailoresses’ Assn., Scottish Op. (L.8.): Charles Ross, 180, West Regent St., asgow. *Tailors & Tailoresses, London Soc. of : J. Macdonald, 16, Heddon St., Regent, St., W. *Tailors & Tailoresses’ Trade U. of G.B. & I., Jewish: A. Hillman, Tailors’ U., Labour Hall, 19a, Pell St., Cable St., E. Trousers Makers’ U., East London : — Ploschansky, 146, Stepney Green, E. Tie Cutters, London Soc. of: W. O. Devereux, 4, Thorpe Rd., Stamford Hill, N. *Waterproof Garment Makers & Machinists’ Trade U., Manchester: The Secretary, ees eae Garment Makers & Machinists’ Trade U., 97, Cheetham Hill Rd., anchester. ENGINEERING AND SHIPBUILDING. FEDERATIONS. Engineering & Shipbuilding Trades of the U.K., Fed. of: W. Mosses, 5, Vanbrugh Park Rd. East, Blackheath, S.E. Engineers & Allied Trades Societies’ Fed., Birmingham: J. S. Hill, J.P., 14, Blackford Rd., Sparkhill, Birmingham. Enginemen & Firemen’s Fed., Northern Counties: J. Bain,3, Compton St., Stalybridge. Enginemen, Stokers, & Kindred Trade Societies, Nat. Fed. of (T.): H. Parker, 2, Hill St., Sneyd Green, Hanley, Staffs. Workers’ Fed., Falkirk & Dis.: W. N. Allan, 196, Beechbrae Terr., Thornhill Rd., Falkirk. UNIONS. Barge Builders’ Trade U., River Thames (T.F.): T. H. Challis, 1, Ormiston Rd., Greenwich, S8.E. Block, Roller, & Stamp Cutters, Amal. Soc. of (F.): S. Silverwood, Moss Bank, Woodhouse Lane, Ashton-on-Mersey. *These unions have now amalgamated to form the United Garment Workers’ Union. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 137 Bobbin, Carriage, Comb, and Dropper Makers, Amal. Soc. of: J. Fish, $2, Gregory Boulevard, Nottingham. Boiler Makers & Iron & Steel Ship Builders, Utd. Soc. of (T.F.): J. Hill, Lifton House, Eslington Rd., Newcastle-on-Tyne. Carriage Straighteners’ Soc., Nottingham: J. J. Cree, 68, Ortzen St., Nottingham. Electrical Station Engineers, Assn. of : W. J. Ebben, 41, Warren Rd., Leyton, N.E. Electrical Trades U. (T.L.F.S.) (1., Dublin & Belfast Branches): J. Rowan, 137, Great Clowes St., Broughton, Manchester. on od pad Soc. of G.B. (London): H. K. Barnes, 21, Chipley St., New ross, S.E. Engineers, Amal. Soc. of (L.): R. Young, 110, Peckham Rd., S.E. seers 4 Makers’ Soc., Scottish: W. Sheldon, 22, Old Dalmarnock Rd., Bridgeton, asgow. Hackle & Gill Makers’ Benevolent & Trade U., Belfast & Dis.: J. F. Gordon, Glencairn, Westland Rd., Belfast. Heald Varnishers’ Association, Bacup: J. S. Lomas, 7, Grove St., Bacup. Heating & Domestic Engineers, Whitesmiths, & Gen. Ironworkers, Nat. Us of Op.(F.): R. Sewell, St. Stel Chambers, 246, Corporation St., Birmingham. Hydraulic & Boatyard Assn. : A. MacGregor, 26, Stanley Rd., Ellesmere Port, Chester. Iron Fitters’ Assn., Gen. (S.): J. Fraser, 30, New Market St., Falkirk. Iron Safe Engineers, Soc. of (F.): A. H. Argent, 8, Rectory Rd., High St., Hornsey, N. Jacquard Gaiters, Card Cutters, & Machine Fitters’ Assn., Bolton & Dis.: D. orrocks, 21, Hampden St., Bolton. Machine & Gen Lab., Amal. U. of (T.): W. Hough, 77, St. George’s Rd., Bolton. aTSCIUS & iia Lab., Heywood & Dis. Amal. (F.): E. Howarth, 29, Manchester Rd., ey wood. Machine, Engine, & Iron Grinders & Glaziers’ Soc. of G.B. & I., Amal. (L.F.): J. Asquith, 14, Nelson St., Rochdale. Machine, Engine, & Iron Grinders’ Soc. of Scotland (Glasgow) (F.): G. Doyle, 7, Morgan St., Govanhill, Glasgow. erp Hapa (Lincoln), Amal. Soc. of (F.): H. Whitworth, 54, Peel St. Terr., incoln. Machine Workers’ Assn., Utd. (7.L.F.): R. H. Coates, 48, Plymouth Grove, Manchester. Mast & Block Makers’ Soc., London: E. JT. Barlow, 608, Commercial Rd., Stepney, E. Mathematical, Optical, & Philosophical Instrument Makers’ Soc. (L.): H. T. Pasmore, 2, Ancona Rd., Highbury, N. Mechanical Engineers, Whitesmiths. Iron Workers & Pipe Fitters, Locksmiths, Bell Hangers, etc., Dublin Op. Soc. of : L. Kennedy, Trades Hall, Capel St., Dublin. a e ae Spindle Makers’ Soc., Op. (F.): J. Bennett, 105, Crescent Rd., ukin field. Pattern Makers’ Assn., Utd (T.), (S8., Clyde Dis.): W. Mosses, 5, Vanbrugh Park Rd. East, Blackheath, S.E. Platers, Helpers, & Drillers’ Soc.: W. J. Lovell, 57, Topaz St., Roath, Cardiff. Reedmakers’ Soc., Blackburn Assd.: J. Mitchell, 138, Moorgate St., Livesey, Blackburn. Rivet Warmers’ Soc., Cardiff: W. Duncan, 54, Splott Rd., Cardiff. Riggers’ Assn., Loyal London Utd.: R. Fowler, 168, Brunswick Rd., Poplar, E. Roller Coverers’ Soc., Blackburn & East Lancashire: T. B. Hume, 23, Nab Lane, Blackburn. Safe Workers’ U., Bolton: T. Kenyon, 20, Bank St., Bolton. ota ge ry G.B. & I., Fed. of: W. W. Hicks, 24, Andrew Marvel Terr., Wyke Paull. Scale Beam & Weighing Machine Makers, Amal. Soc. of : J. Cope, 212, Lower Broughton Rd., Salford, Manchester. iti Instrument Makers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): J. W. Clark, 41, Cowcross St., E.C. Sheet Iron Workers & Light Platers’ Soc. (S.): A. Richmond, 41, Robertson St., Glasgow. Ship Constructors & Shipwrights’ Assn. (T.L.F.): A. Wilkie, J.P., M.P., 8, Eldon Square, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Ship & House Painters’ Benefit Assn., Liverpool & Birkenhead Op.: J. M. Ford, 27, Upper Stanhope St., Liverpool. Ship Caulkers’ Soc., Utd. River Thames: J. W. Westbrook, 71, Central Park Rd., East Ham, Essex. Shipsmiths’ Soc., Liverpool: G. Davies, 3, Bouverie St., Liverpool. pyrite. a Trade & Friendly Assn., Liverpool: R. H. Davies, 44, Mann Island, iverpool. ‘ Shuttle Makers, Amal. Soc. of (F.): D. Isherwood, 33, Bromley St., Blackburn. Spring fe yoeing Plate Makers & Grinders, Amal. Soc. of (F.): J. Lynch, 3, Heath -; Rochdale. EI 138 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Spindle & Flyer Makers’ Trade & Friendly Soc., Utd. Op. (T.L.F.): C. H. Whitehead, 85, Elland Rd., Holbeck, Leeds. Spring ah de & Vicemen, Utd. Soc. of : J. Austin; 109, Princess St., Attercliffe Rd., Sheffield Sporting & Military Gun Workers, Nat. Soc. of: H. Dalby, 1, Fowler St., Nechells, Birmingham. Pah Steam Engine Makers’ Soc. (T.L.): W. F. Dawtry, Market Buildings, 17, Thomas St., Shudehill, Manchester. Stove Grate & Fender Grinders’ Provident & Protection Soc., Rotherham: J. W. Goode, 41, Arthur St., Thornhill, Rotherham. Tank Makers, Utd. Soc. of (F.): A. Meager, 423, Hanover Bdgs., Tooley St., London, S.E. Toolmakers, Engineers, & Machinists, Amal. Soc. of (T.L.F.): W. F. Beston, 38, John Bright St., Birmingham. ‘ Whitesmiths & Heating Engineers’ Soc., Newcastle & Dis. Op.: J. McMurdo, 48, Loadman St., Elswick, Newcastle*on-Tyne. Wire Card Setting Machine Tenters’ Soc. (L.F.): T. Forrest, 227, Two Trees Lane, Denton, Manchester. : atone act & Gill Makers, Amal. Soc. of: E. Hird, 90, Sunbridge Rd., radford. Smiths, Hammermen, Etc. UNIONS. Blacksmiths & Ironworkers’ Soc., Assd. (T.): J. Thomson, 74, Bath St., Glasgow. Hammermen’s Soc., Liverpool & Dis.: J. Annesley, 76, Egerton St., Liverpool. Smiths & Strikers, Utd. Kingdom Soc. of (F.): G. Ashcroft, 71, Clarendon Rd., Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester. aco Ue ta oe ety al Soc. (South Wales) (L.): W. Rawlings, 34, Zine St., Roath, ardiff. Smiths’ Trade U. of Ireland, Utd. (Dublin): R. Moore, 78, Innsfallen Parade, Dublin. Spring pe i! & Strikers’ Trade U. (Sheffield): J. Taylor, 48, Ditchingham Rd., effield. ENGINEMEN. (SEE ALSO UNDER MINING.) UNIONS. Engine Drivers, Crane Drivers, Hydraulic, & Boiler Attendants, Amal. Protective U. of (T.): G. Grisley, 203, Barking Rd., Canning Town, E. ao ge eat Assn., Northern Utd. (T.): T. Samuel, 4, St. Nicholas Bdgs., Newcastle- on Tyne. Enginemen, Firemen, Mechanics, & Electrical Workers, Nat. Amal. U. of (T.): G. Parker, 228, Wellgate, Rotherham. Blackburn & Dis. Enginemen & Firemen’s Soc. : A. Haworth, 3, Bent Gap, Blackburn. Bolton Enginemen & Firemen’s U. (L.): M. Coolaghan, 36, Keston St., Bolton. Burnley & Dis. Engineers’ Soc.: G. Hindle, 44, Colbran St., Burnley. ay & Dis. Engine Attendants & Boiler Firemen’s Soc. (T.): J. }. Hopkinson, 20, very St., Fernhill, Bury. Coatdyke Engine Keepers’ Soc.: T. Shanks, 3, Hunter St., Airdrie. Enginemen, Motormen, & Firemen’s Assn. (F.): J. T. Griffiths, 36, Mill Green, Staveley Town, Chesterfield. Farnworth Enginemen, Boilermen, & Firemen’s Provident Soc. (T.): J. Treppas, 10, Gower St., Farnworth, Bolton. Hadfield Enginemen & Firemen’s Assn. : J. Hutchinson, 35, Woolley Bridge, Holling- worth, Manchester. ; Irish Stationary Engine Drivers, Cranemen, Firemen, & Motormen’s U., Dublin (I.) : J. Coffey, 26, Gulistan Cottages, Rathmines, Dublin. Leeds & Yorkshire Engineers & Firemen’s Assn.: J. Sykes, St. Ann’s Cottage, Kirkstall, Leeds. Nottingham & Dis. Stationary Engine Drivers’ Soc.: J. Bradshaw, 24, Crocus St., Meadows, Nottingham. Nottingham Practical Engine Drivers’ Soc.: H. Smith, 143, Birkin Ay., Hyson Green, Nottingham. Radcliffe & Dis. Enginemen, Boilermen, & Firemen’s Provident Soc. (T.): A. Hall, 2, off Butterworth St., Radcliffe, Manchester. Rossendale Enginemen & Firemen’s Assn.: J. Bullas, 20, Wesley Terr., Weir, Bacup. St. Helens Enginemen & Boilermen’s Provident Soc. (T.): R. Roby, 13, Roby Bt, Toll Bar, St. Helens. saree San Independent Enginemen’s Trade U.: F. Pidcock, 140, Clarence Si., effield. Stalybridge, Gorton, & Dis. Enginemen & Firemen’s Assn.: J. Bain, 3, Compton St., Stalybridge. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 139 Stockport & Dis. Enginemen & Firemen’s Trade U.: J. Street, 56, Stockpors Rd., Cheadle Heath, Stockport. Yorkshire Assn. of Engineers & Firemen : J. Brooksbank, 2, Springfield Place, Dudley Hill, Bradford. FIBRE, CANE, ETC., TRADES. FEDERATIONS. Brushmaking Industry, Fed. of Societies in the: E. Latchford, 17, Napier Rd., Kensal Rise, N.W. Basket, Skip, & Hamper Makers’ Fed. of the U.K. (F.): G. Lemon, 43, Church Rd., Tottenham, N. UNIONS. Basket Makers, London U. of Journeymen (F.): G. Lemon, 43, Church Rd., Tottenham, N. ok ane British Amal. U. of Journeymen (F.): W. Hudson, 2a, West Av., erby. Basket Makers, Scottish U. of (F.): J. Watt, 30, Couper St., Glasgow. Blind of G.B. & I. (Brush Makers & Basket Makers), National League of (T.L.): J. E, Gregory, Club Union Buildings, Clerkenwell Rd., E.C. Brush Makers, Utd. Soc. of (T.): 8. G. Porter, 61, Rectory Rd., Stoke Newington, N. Brush Makers’ Provident Soc. (London), Painting: C. Goodspeed, 42, Annis Rd., South Hackney, N.H. Brushmakers, Amal. Soc. of: E. Latchford, 17, Napier Rd., Kensal Rise, N.W. Brune dapat UE ie Protection Soc. (London), Bone: A. Masters, 8, Horton Rd., ackney, E. Cane, Wicker, & Perambulator Operatives, Amal. Soc. of: J. H. Burton, 40, Browns Croft, Basford, Nottingham. Cocoanut Fibre Mat & Matting Weavers’ Trade Soc. (Diss, Norfolk), Utd.: G. Copsey, Brewers Green, Royden, Diss, Norfolk. Cocoanut Fibre Mat & Matting Weavers’ Trade Soc., Suffolk Utd.: G. Goodman, 67, Angel St., Hadleigh, Suffolk. Mill Mat & Matting Trade U., Chilton: C. Witt, 13, Upper East St., Sudbury, Suffolk. eens Sea Makers, Lancashire & Cheshire U. of (F.): F. Simpson, 83, Tudor St., am. Skip, Basket, & Hamper Makers’ Soc., Yorkshire Utd. (F.): A. Staincliffe, 5, The Lanes, Lowtown, Pudsey, Leeds. FOOD AND TOBACCO TRADES. FEDERATION. Tobacco Workers, Nat. Fed. of: B. Cooper, 54, Clinton Rd., Mile End, E. UNIONS. Bakers’ Nat. Amal. U., Irish: R. Wilson, 26, Clooney Terr., Londonderry. Bakers’ U., London Jewish (T.L.F.): I. Sharp, 20, Oxford St., H. Bakers’ Trade U., Cork Op.: J. O’Connor, 47, Grattan St., Cork. Bakers & Confectioners of G.B. & I., Amal. U. of Op. (T., four branches) (L.): W. Banfield, Union House, 57, Sydney St., Chelsea, London, 8.W. Bakers’ Soc., Limerick: J. Lynch, Mechanics’ Hall, Limerick. yee of Scotland Nat. Federal U., Op. (L.8.).: W. G. Hunter, 58, West Regent St., asgow. Bakers’ U., Kilkenny Op.: R. Ring, Vicar St., Kilkenny. Bakers’ Soc., Belfast Op. (I.): T. M’Connell, 5, Lower Garfield St., Belfast. Baking Trade Workers, Nat. U. of : C. Mann, 12, Little Newport St., W.C. Biscuit Bakers, Pastrycooks, & Confectioners’ Soc. (London, W.), Utd.: J. Griffin, 28, Cambridge Gardens, North Kensington, W. aie daha Abed Lab. U. & Benefit Soc., Dublin: J. Hannon, 23g, Nicholas St., ublin., Bread Van Men’s Soc., Limerick: W. Mulcahy, 17, Pennywell, Limerick. Bread Servers’ Trade U., Belfast: J. Cummings, 60, Dee St., Belfast. Breweries Employés’ Trade U., Kilkenny: H. Murphy, 2, Jenkins’ Ring, Kilkenny. Se ade! Trade U. (Dublin), Op.: P. J. Hickey, 9, Armstrong St., Harold’s Cross, ublin. Butchers’ Soc., Limerick Pork: M. Barry, 1, Garryowen Av., Limerick. Butchers & Fleshers’ U., Irish Op.: A. Doran, 12, Merkland St., Belfast. Butchers’ Fed. of G.B., Journeymen: J. Couldwell, 141, Broad Oaks, Staniforth Rd., Attercliffe, Sheffield. Cigar Box Makers & Paperers’ Trade U., London: C. J. Greenslade, 25, York St., Hackney Rd., N.E. Cigarette Machine Operators’ Soc.: W. Bragg, 2, Drapper’s Rd., Bermondsey, 8.E, 140 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Cigar Makers’ Mutual Assn. (T.L.F.): B. Cooper, 64, Clinton Rd., Mile End, E. Oigar Makers’ Protective U., Female (T.) : Miss K. Atkin, 8, Vicarage St., Nottingham. Cigar Sorters & Bundlers’ Mutual Assn., London: G. Jacobs, 67, Colvestone Crescent, Dalston, N.E. Confectioners & Sugar Boilers’ Soc., Dublin Op.: J. P. Byron, 8, Wilson’s Cottages, North Frederick St., Dublin. Confectioners’ Trade U. (Manchester), Women: Miss M. Radford, 96, Church Lane, Gorton, Manchester. Dairy Employés, Nat. U. of: F. Peck, 99, St. Ann’s Rd., South Tottenham, N. Millers, Nat. U. of: J. Harris, 23, Abercrombie St., Battersea, S.W. Mineral Water Operatives’ Soc., Dublin: J. Keogh, 82, Amiens St., Dublin. etal tra Assistants’ Assn., Dublin: J. W. Kenny, 32, Dartmouth Rd., Ranelagh, ublin. EAs nikal Soc., United Kingdom Op.: A. G. Rose, 2b, Russian Drive, Stoneycroft, iverpool. Tobacco Strippers’ Mutual Assn., London (F.): L. Deckers, 3, Chatteris Rd., New Kent Rd., S.E. GENERAL LABOUR. FEDERATION. Labourers’ Nat. Council, Gen.: J. N. Bell, 4, Higham Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne. UNIONS. Bristol, West of England, & South Wales Operatives’ Trade & Provident Soc.: J. C. Fox, Dorset House, North St., Bedminster, Bristol. Gasfitters’ Trade Assn., The: H. J. Sabin, Walmley, near Birmingham. Gas orkers: Assn., Bolton & Dis.: A. Potts, 4, Corporation Chambers, Corporation St., Bolton. Gas Workers & Gen. Lab. of G.B. & I., Nat. U. of (T.L.) (8., Scottish Branches) : W. Thorne, M.P., 266, Pentonville Rd., King’s Cross, N. Gas Workers, Brick Makers, & Gen. Lab., Amal. Soc. of (T.L.): Councillor H. Simpson, 16 & 17, County Bdgs., Corporation St., Birmingham. Gen. & Warehouse Workers’ U., Amal.: J. Cleary, 8, Spekeland Bdgs., Canning Place, Liverpool. Labour Amalgamation, British (T.L.): T. Fox, 242, Plymouth Grove, Manchester. Labour U. of G.B., Constitutional: J. J. Merry, 15, Violet St., Ashton-in-Makerfield, Newton-le-Willows. a. U. of G.B. & I., Nat. Amal. (T.): J. Twomey, 1, St. David’s Place, Rutland S&t., wansea. Labour, Nat. Amal. U. of (T.L.F.): (S., Clyde Dis.) (I.): J. N. Bell, J.P., 4, Higham Place, Newcastle-on-T. Machine, Electric, & other Women Workers. Manchester & Salford Assn of: Mrs. S. Dickenson, 5, John Dalton St., Manchester. Undeb Gweithwyr Mon.: EK. Pritchard,Pwm Hog, Gwalchmai, Anglesey. Workers’ U. (L.): C. Duncan, M.P., 16, Agincourt Rd., Hampstead, N.W. Ce lg U., Rathmines & Dis.: C. Smith, 42, Gulistan Cottages, Rathmines ublin. Women Workers, Nat. Fed. of (T.F.) (S., Scottish members): Miss M. R. Macarthur, 34, Mecklenburgh Sq., W.C. LEATHER TRADES. FEDERATION. Leather Trades Fed., Midland (T.F.): G. Power, 4, Countess St., Walsall. UNIONS. Bridle Cutters, Fancy Leather Workers, Harness Makers, Saddle Tree Makers, & Rivetters, Amal. Soc. of: G. Power, 4, Countess St., Walsall. ie ened Trade Protection Soc., Walsall New: G. Power, 4, Countess St., alsall. Cricket Ball Makers, Amal. Soc. of (F.): F. Boorman, 135, St. Mary’s Rd., Tonbridge. Curriers of G.B. & I., Utd. Soc. of Journeymen (T.): W. Lilley, 93, Wiesbaden Rd., Stoke Newington, N. Curriers, Nat. Soc. of Journeymen: J. Briggs, 39, St. Michael’s Rd., Byker, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Curriers & Strapmakers’ U., Spen Valley & Dis. (F.): A. E. Dowel, Smithey Hill, Scholes, Cleckheaton. Fancy & Morocco Leather Finishers, London Utd. Soc. of: R. De Bell, 18, Hastlands Rd., Perry Hill, Catford, S.E. Fancy Leather Workers, Women’s Trade Soc. of: Miss BE. Stapleton, 162, Halliwell Lane, Cheetham Hill, Manchester, : THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 141 Fancy Leather Workers’ Trade Soc. (F.): C. H. Clark, 77, Mann St., Walworth, S.E. Gig Saddlers’ U., Walsall & Dis.: A. Beech, 44, Pargeter St., Walsall. Grounders & Skinners’ Soc., Amal. : T. Salmon, 3, Grosvenor View, Camp Rd., Leeds. Grounders’ Soc., Utd.: A. G. Beere, 79, Abbeyfield Rd., Rotherhithe, 8.E. Horse Collar Makers’ Trade U., Birmingham: W. R. Crook, 85, Clifton Rd., Spark- brook, Birmingham. Horse Collar Makers’ Trade U., Walsall: W. Purchase, 30, North St., Walsall. Horse Collar Makers’ Trade U., Manchester: F. H. Herbert, 38, Buxton St., Seedley, Pendleton, Manchester. Jewel Case Makers’ Trade Protection Soc., London: H. A. Benbow, 42, Palatine Rd., Stoke Newington, N. Leather Dressers, Lenton Amal. Soc. of: A. Willis, 189, Castle Boulevard, Nottingham. Leather Workers, Amal. Soc. of (T.): R. Siddle, 93, Blackburn Lane, Leeds. Portmanteau & Trunk Makers’ Soc., Manchester: E. Knapman, 126, Greenheys Lane, Greenheys, Manchester. Portmanteau & Trunk Makers’ Trade Soc., London: OC. Hyde, 33, Gascony Av., West Hampstead, N.W. Saddlers & Gen. Leather Workers, U. of (T.): J. Hadden, 26, Alpha St. West, Seedley Park Rd., Seedley, Manchester. Saddle & Harness Makers’ Trade Protection Soc., London (T.): J. T. Morrison, 47, Ailfarthing Lane, Wandsworth Common, S.W. roe ee ig Harness Makers’ Trade Soc., Dublin (I.): J. Christian, 37, Percy Place, ublin. Skinners’ Alesha Soc., Birmingham Division: W. J. Benson, 19, Lucy Rd., Bermondsey, S8.E. Skinners’ Soc., Leeds: H. Fullalove, 28, Matlock Terr., Chapeltown Rd., Leeds. Skinners’ Trade Soc., London Div. : W. H. Whiteley, 86, Alscot Rd., Bermondsey, S.E. Spanish & Morocco Leather Finishers, Provincial Friendly Soc. of: W. H. Stancer, Ivy Villa, Greenfield St., Nottingham. Tanners’ U., Liverpool & Dis.: E. Ormsby, 20, Juvenal St., Scotland Rd., Liverpool. METAL TRADES. iron, Steel, Tin, Brass, and Copper. FEDERATIONS. Brass Founders, Turners, Fitters, Finishers, & Coppersmiths’ Assn. of G.B. & 1., Utd. Journeymen: T. Jeffers, J.P., Bank Chambers, 2, Moss St., Liverpool. Brass Workers, London Federal Council of: T. Caldwell, 78, Manor Rd., Brockley,S.&. Blastfurnacemen, Ore Miners, & Kindred Trades, Nat. Fed. of (T.L.): Alderman P. Walls, J.P., 45, Oxford St., Workington. Cutiery Council, Sheffield Utd.: R. Holmshaw, J.P., 18, Leamington St., Sheffield. Iron & Steel Trades Fed. (T.): J. Cox, J.P., 5, Mount Pleasant, Darlington. jron Trades Fed., Leicester: A. Morris, 21, Lansdowne Rd., Leicester. mena counties Trades Fed. (T.F.): J. Taylor, J.P., Federation Offices, Hellier St., udley. Metal Trades Fed., British (T.): C. Hobson, 3, Alpine Rd., Sheffield. Razor Trade Fed. (T.): A. Waddington, 15, Camping Lane, Woodseats, Sheffield, sige idl Workers & Braziers, Nat. Amal. (T.L.): J. ©. Gordon, 41, Clapham 9 o . UNIONS. Blastfurnacemen, South Wales & Monmouthshire Dis. of the Nat. Fed. of (T.L.): L. Carter, 44, Alexandra St., Ebbw Vale, Mon. Blastiurnacemen & Cokemen’s Assn., Cleveland & Durham (T.L.): T. McKenna, 87, Borough Rd. West, Middlesbrough. Blastfurnacemen, Eastern Midland Dis. of the Nat. Fed. of (T.L.): H. Nixon, 9, Frod- ingham Rd., Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire. Blastfurnacemen, Cokemen, & Bye-Product Workers, Midland Assn. of (T.L.): J. Hall, 31, Newport Rd., Stafford. Blastfurnacemen, Cumberland & Lancs. Dis. of the Nat. Fed. of (T.L.): Alderman P, Walls, J.P., York Place, Workington. Brass & General Metal Founders’ Soc., London Utd. (F.): J. 8. Lucy, 20, St. Margaret’s Rd., Paul’s Rd., Barking. Brass Founders, Turners, Fitters, & Finishers’ Soc., London Utd.: T. Caldwell, 78, Manor Rd., Brockley, S.E. Brass Cock Finishers’ Trade, Sick, & Dividend Soc., Birmingham Op.: J. Russell, 24, Alfred Rd., Sparkhill, Birmingham. Brass Workers & Metal Mechanics, Nat. Soc. of Amal, (T.L.): W. J. Davis, J.P., 70, Lionel St., Parade, Birmingham. 162 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. ae una & Finishers’ Trade Soc., Bristol: F. Bird, 74, Victoria Rd., Whitehall, Tisto Brass Founders & Finishers’ Trade, Sick, & Funeral Assn., Doncaster Op.: T. Emery, 38, Gladstone Rd., Hexthorpe, Doncaster. Brass Founders, Finishers, & Gasfitters’ Soc., Dublin Utd. : T. Boniface, 9, David Rd., Glasnevin, Dublin. Brass Founders’ Soc., East of Ay ean A. Wilson, 30, St. Leonard’s St., Edinburgh. Brass Moulders’ U., Scottish (L.8.): J. Kerr, 17, Oswald St. (City), Glasgow. Brass Turners, Fitters, Finishers & Instrument Makers’ Soc. .» West of Scotland (T.8.): J. Whitehead, 36, Main St., Gorbals, Glasgow. Brass Founders, Turners, Fitters, Finishers, & Coppersmiths’ Soc., Hull Journeymen : C. Lamb, 87, Lee St., Holderness Rd., Hull. Brassfounders, ‘Turners, Fitters, Finishers, & Coppersmiths’ Soe., Assd. (T.): T. Jeffers, J.P., Bank Chambers, 2, Moss Street, Liverpool. Brassworkers, London Soc. of Amal. : i. H. Hinkins, 63, Larcom St., Walworth, S8.E. Brass, Aluminium, Bronze, & Kindred Alloys Moulders’ Trade & Friendly Soc., North of England: G. Johnson, 3, Dunholme St., Newcastle-on-Tyne. Brass Turners, Fitters, & Finishers’ Soc., North of England: * Wile, 47, Union Si., Shieldfield, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Braziers & Sheet Metal Workers, Gen. U. of (T.1.): A. T. Kidd, 41, Bellamy Rd., Walton, Liverpool. Braziers & Sheet Metal Workers’ Soc., London: T. A. Whiting, 69, Erlanger Rd., New Cross Gate, S.E. Braziers & Sheet Metal Workers, Ashton-under-Lyne & Dis. (T.L.): J. Torkington, 40, Field Street, Droylsden, Manchester. Coppersmiths, Braziers, & Metal Workers, Nat. Soc. of (T.): H. Stansfield, 90, Chesterton Rd., Balaam St., Plaistow, London, E. Hollow-ware Sheet Metal Workers & Braziers’ Assn., Galvanised (T.L.F.): 8S. Webb, Podmore Rd., Lye, near Stourbridge, nati Iron & Steel Workers of G.B., Associated (T.): J. Cox, 5, Mount Pleasant, Darlington. Tron & Steel Workers & Mechanics of South Wales & Monmouthshire, Amal. Assn. of: W. Williams, 26, Williams Place, Penydarren, Merthyr Tydvil. Puddlers & Forgemen of G.B., aaah of : B. Norton, 75, Chapel St., Netherton, Dudley. Roll Turners’ Trade Soc. (F.): W, H. Park, 2, West Mount, Barrow-in- Furness, Roll Turners’ Soc., Sheffield & ‘Dis. Organised : s. Simpson, 58, Wadsley Lane, Hillsbro’, Sheffield. ay ey teem Workers’ Soc., Aberdeen & Dis. (T.L.): W. Oraig, 475, George St., erdeen. Sheet Metal Workers & Gasfitters’ Trade U., Belfast (T.L.): T. Heaney, 98, McClure St., Belfast. Sheet Metal Workers & Braziers’ Soc., Bristol (T.L.): C. J. Lea, 52, Friezewood Rd., Ashton Gate, Bristol. Sheet Metal Workers’ Soc. (Coventry), Progressive (F.): A. E. Ross, 37, Sir Thomas White’s Rd., Coventry. Sheet Metal earkars: Gasfitters, & Braziers’ Protecting & Friendly Soc., Dundee & Dis. (T.L.): W. Pullar, 33, Hilltown, Dundee. Sheet Metal Pe a & Gas Meter Makers of Edinburgh & Leith Protecting & Friendly Soc. (T.L.): C. M. Robertson, 12, Montague St., Edinburgh. Sheet Metal Workers’ ‘Soc., Bradford & Dis. (T.L.)° J. W. Whettlock, 10, Varley St., Stanningley, Leeds. Sheet Metal Workers, Leeds & Dis. Trade & Friendly Soc. of (T.L.): H. Akroyd, 8, Colenso Place, Holbeck, Leeds. Sheet Metal Workers, Braziers, & Gas Meter Makers, London Soc. of (T.L.): J. Payn, Union Buildings, 53, Fetter Lane, E.C. Lokal genta alma & Braziers, Nat. Amal. (T.L.): J. C. Gordon, 41, Clapham iS Steel Workers’ Assn., Engineering & Labour League, Nat. (T.F.): G. Beadle, Horwell Jfouse, Harrowgate, ae ee Steel & Iron Workers of G.B., Amal. Soc. of (T.S.): J. Gavin, J.P., Gordon Chambers 90, Mitchell St., Glasgow. Steel Smelters, Mill, Iron, Tinplate, & Kindred Trades Assn., British (T.L.S.): J. Hodge, M.P., 76- 78, Swinton St., Gray’s Inn Rd., Holborn, W.C. Tin Plate, Sheet Metal Workers & Braziers’ Soc., Birmingham Op, (Bs) 32 Fs Stevens, J.P., 110, John Bright St., Birmingham Tinsmiths & Sheet Metal Workers’ Soc., City of Dublin (T.L.1.)* J. Farren, 45, Sitric Rd., Arbour Hill, Dublin. Tin & Tron Plate Workers & Gas Meter Makers’ Soc., Exeter & Dis. (T.L.): H. Darch, 3, Wellington Rd., St. Thomas, Exeter. Tin Plate Braziers & Sheet Metal Workers’ Friendly Protective Soce., Scottish (T.L.S.) ° T. Sanders, 77, rede fr. St., Glasgow. Tin Plate Workers’ Trade Oldham oi L.): J. S. Turner, 35, Harley St., Oldham. Tin & Sheet Millmen’s Assn. (T.L:E.); . Gwynne, 16, Bryn Rd., ansea, THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 143 Tin Plate Workers’ Soc., Wolverhampton Op. (T.L.): C. Smith, Black & White Buildings, 28, Darlington St., Wolverhampton. Welsh Artisans’ Utd. Assn. (T.): J. H. John, Fronmor, Queen’s Rd., Sketty, Glam. Zinc & Copper Roofers & General Sheet Metal Workers’ Soc.: H. Warren, 95, Sixth Avenue, Queen’s Park, W. ironfounding. UNIONS. Coremakers of G.B. & I., Amal. Soc. of (L.F.): E. Clegg, 550, Liverpool St., Weaste, Manchester. Irish Foundry Workers’ U. (I.): R. Corish, Charlotte St., Wexford. Ironfounders of E.I. & W., Friendly Soc. of (L.F.): A. Todd, 164, Chorlton Rd., Brooks Bar, Manchester. . Iron Moulders of Scotland, Assd. (T.F.): J. Brown, 221, W. George St., Glasgow. Tron Moulders’ Assn., Central (T.L.F.S.): H. Murdoch, 11, Graham’s Rd., Falkirk. Iron, Steel, & Brass Dressers of Scotland, Assd. (F.): R. R. McFadyen, 25, Candle- riggs, Glasgow. Iron, Steel, & Metal Dressers’ Trade Soc. (F.): C. W. Davidson, 137, Tamworth St., Stretford Rd., Manchester. Moulders, Associated Soc. of (F.): T. Charles, 89, Marble Hall Rd., Llanelly. Moulders’ U., Amal. (T.F.): J. Ryan, 732, Middleton Rd., Chadderton, Oldham. Stove Grate, Fender, & General Light Metal Workers, Nat. U. of (T.L.F.): A. Hutchison, Stove Grate Workers’ Union, Effingham St., Rotherham. Metal: Miscellaneous. UNIONS. Anchorsmiths & Shackle Makers, Amal. Soc. of (F.): C. H. Sitch, Workers’ Institute, Cradley Heath, Staffs. ee & a ae Makers, Amal. Soc. of (T.): J. Taylor, J.P., Federation Offices, Hellier ., Dudley. Bedstead Workmen’s Assn. (T.): W. Palmer, 17, Stafford St., Birmingham. Block Chain Makers’ Assn., Cradley Heath: T. Sitch, Unity Villa, Sydney Rd., Cradley Heath, Staffs. Casters’ Soc., Oakengates: F. W. Blocksidge, near the Church, Dawley, Salop. bain na & Strikers’ Assn. (T.F.): T. Sitch, Unity Villa, Sydney Rd., Cradley eath. Goffed Blade Forgers, U., Sheffield: W. F. Wardley, 327, Crookesmoor Rd., Sheffield. Diamond Workers’ Trade U., London: B. Pou, 41, Newcastle St., Aldgate, E. Edge Tool Grinders’ Soc., Sheffield: H. Colley, 25, Warwick St., Commonside, Sheffield. Edge Tool Trade Protection & Death Soc. of Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Wednesbury & Dis., Amal.: L. HE. Thomas, 9, Chattaway St., Nechells, Birmingham. Farriers, Amal. Soc. of (T.): W. H. Briggs, 70, St. James Rd., Higher Broughton, Manchester. Farriers’ Soc., City of Dublin Op. (I.): J. Gorman, 15, Moore St., Dublin. Farriers’ Soc., Cork Regular Op.: M. Scully, 3, Windmill Rd., Cork. : Farriers’ Trade Soc., Old West End: R. A. Watkins, Old West End Farriers’ Trade Soc., ‘‘ Berkeley Arms,’’ John St., Mayfair, W. Eee Racers: Soc., Sheffield & Dis. (by hand): J. S. Longden, 2, Harold St., Walkley, effield. File Cutters’ Soc., Manchester & Dis. Hand: T. H. Wyke, 20, Robson St., Oldham. File Cutters’ U., Sheffield Machine: A. 8. Mappin, 56, Fir St., Walkley, Sheffield. File Forgers’ Soc., Sheffield Machine: J. Beaumont, 32, Roundell St., Sheffield in aad Mutual Aid Soc., Sheffield: W. H. Andrews, 42, Netherthorpe St., effield. File Grinders’ U., Sheffield: W. Gale, 46, S re House Rd., Sheffield. File Hardeners’ Assn., Sheffield: F. Leggett, , Spring Vale Rd., Sheffield. Fire Iron Makers’ Assn., Birmingham, Amal.: J. Taylor, J.P., Federation Offices, Hellier St., Dudley. +old Beaters’ Trade Soc.: C. Gates, 160, High St., Camden Town, N.W. eee ee & Kindred Trades, Amal. Soc. of (T.): W. Kean, 36a, Trippet Lane, effield. ere Bo Jewellers, London Soc. of: 8S. Lowen, Club Union Bdgs, Clerkenwell Harness & Saddlery Furniture Trades Assn. (T.): C. J. Wright, 1, High St., Walsall. Horn, Halft, & Scale Pressers & Sway Knife Cutters’ U., Sheffield: J. Barratt, 1, Evelyn Rd., Crookes, Sheffield. Horse Shoers’ Soc., Edinburgh & Leith Journeymen: A. Donald, 16, Lower View, Craig Row, Edinburgh. , 144 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Lock, Latch, & Keysmiths’ Trade Soc., Nat. Amal. (T.): G. Bellamy, 46, Temple Rd., Willenhall, Staffs. \ Locksmiths, Walsall (T.): W. Smith, 203, Bentley Lane, Walsall. Locksmiths, Wolverhampton (T.): J. Roberts, 17, Gt. Brickkiln St., Wolverhampton. Metal, Wire, & Tube Workers, Nat. Soc. of Amal. (T.): W. J. Davis, J.P., 70, Lionel St., Parade, Birmingham. Military Musical Instrument Makers’ Trade Soc. (T.): W. Bourne, ‘‘ Exmouth Arms,” Exmouth St., N.W. Nut & Bolt Makers, Nat. Amal. Soc. of (T.): J. Taylor, J.P., Federation Offices, Hellier St., Dudley. Pen & Pocket Blade Forgers & Smithers’ Protection Soc., Sheffield (L.): G. H. Shaw, 46, Sydney Rd., Crookesmoor, Sheffield. Planemakers’ Trade Soc., Utd. Op.: C. G. Coulson, 130, Ladypool Rd., Sparkbrook, Birmingham. Razor Blade Forgers’ Protection Soc., Sheffield: G.H. Reaney, 105, Eldon St., Sheffield. Razor Grinders’ Protection Soc., Sheffield: L. Waddington, 15, Camping Lane, Woodseats, Sheffield. Razor Hafters’ Trade Protection Soc., Sheffield: W. P. Smith, 258, Derbyshire Lane, Norton, Woodseats, Sheffield. Saw Grinders’ Trade Protection Soc., Sheffield: J. Varley, 238, Staniforth Rd., Attercliffe, Sheffield. Saw Handle Trade Protection Soc., Sheffield: S. A. Bennett, 42, Hill St., Sheffield. Bey er. Trade Protection Soc.: G. F. Hallatt, 26, Ladysmith Av., Sharrow, effield. Scissor Forgers’ Trade U., Sheffield: G. F. Allott, 17 Ct., 1, Dorset St., Sheffield. Scissors Grinders’ Trade Soc., Sheffield (T.): R. Holmshaw, J.P., 82, Crimicar Lane, Fulwood, Sheffield. Scissor Workboard Hands’ Soc.: A. Cadman, 13, Coombe Rd., Crookes, Sheffield. Scythe Grinders’ U., Sheffield: B. Needham, Greenhill, Sheffield. Sheep Shear Makers, Grinders, Finishers, & Benders’ U. (F.): W. Nunnington, e?, Loxley New Rd., Hillsbro’, Sheffield. Silversmiths & Electro-plate Operatives’ Mutual Aid & Protection Soc., Birming- ham & London: T. Hands, 97, Newall St., Birmingham. Silver Spoon & Fork Finishers’ Trade Soc., London: E. Jones, 24a, Orchard Rd., Shepherd’s Bush, W. Silver Spoon & Fork Makers’ Soc., London: H. Cooper, 115, Culford Rd., Balls Pond Rd., N. Shoe Rivet & Wire Nail Makers, Birmingham Soc. of: T. Sanders, 16, Crocketts Rd., Handsworth, Birmingham. Spring Knife Cutlers’ U., Sheffield Op.: W. Cooke, 122, Rock St., Pitsmoor, Sheffield. eat pte Grinders & Finishers’ U., Sheffield: W. Cooke, 122, Rock St., Pitsmoor, heffield. sees Trap Makers’ Soc., Wednesfield: J. Tomlinson, 1, Cross St., Wednesfield, olverhampton. Table & Butcher Blade Grinders’ Assn., Sheffield: W. H. Swallow, 19, Cromwell St., Walkley, Sheffield. Table & Butcher Knife Hafters’ Trade & Provident Soc., Sheffield: T. Fisher, 27, Richards Rd., Heeley, Sheffield. Table Blade Forgers & Strikers’ Trade Soc., Sheffield: W. F. Wardley, 327, Crookes- moor Rd., Sheffield. fFube Trade Soc., Amal. (T.): The Secretary, Amal. Tube Trade Soc., 52, Pound Terr., Bridge Rd., Toll End, Tipton. Wire Drawers’ Soc. of G.B., Amal. (T.): A. Birtles, 13, Stirling Chambers, Campo Lane, Sheffield. Wire Weavers of the U.K., Fed. U. of: S. Ogden, 45, Merton St., Conran St., Harpurhey, Manchester. Wire Workers’ Friendly Soc. (F.): E. W. Hayes, 8, Winifred Rd., Newton Heath, Manchester. Wireworkers of G.B. & I., Fed. U. of (F., London): D. Thorpe, 1, Gironde Rd., Walham Green, S8.W. Wool Shear Makers, Grinders, Finishers, & Benders’ Soc., Sheffield (T.F.): H. Brammer, 28, Hunter Rd., Hillsbro’, Sheffield. MINING AND QUARRYING. FEDERATIONS. Colliery Enginemen & Bollermen, Nat. Fed. of (T.): C. Hearse, Radstock, Bath. Colliery Mechanics’ Assns., Nat. Fed. of: W. J. Hartshorne, East View, Boldon Colliery, co. Durham. Colliery Surface Workers, Nat. Fed. of: A. J. Balley, J.P., 55, Burngreave Rd., Sheffield. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 145 Cumberland & North Lancashire Fed.: A. Sharp, J.P., 77, Senhouse St., Maryport. Deputies, Examiners, & Firemen’s Assns. of G.B., Gen. Fed. of: W. Frowen, |8, Ashfield Rd., Brynteg, Abertililery (Mon.). Durham County Mining Fed. Assn.: T. H. Cann, Miners’ Hall, Red Hill, Durham. Enginemen & Boilermen’s Fed., Lancashire, Cheshire, & North Wales (T.L.): T. Watson, 67, Heath St., Golborne, Newton-le-Willows. Lancashire & Cheshire Miners’ Fed. (T.L.): T. Ashton, J.P., 1461, Ashton Old Rd., Manchester. Midiand Miners’ Fed. (T.L.): A. Stanley, M.P., ‘‘ West Hill,’’ Hednesford, Staffs. Miners’ Fed. of G.B. (T.L.): T. Ashton, J.P., 1461, Ashton Old Rd., Manchester. Nat. U. of Scottish Mine Workers (T.L.S.): R. Brown, Miners’ Office, Daikeith. Northumberland Fed. Board of Miners, Deputies, Mechanics, Enginemen & Firemen: J. Cairns, Burt Hall, Northumberland Rd., Newcastle-on-Tyne. South Wales Miners’ Fed. (7.L.): T. Richards, M.P., 22, St. Andrew’s Cres., Cardiff. UNIONS. CUMBERLAND :— Cumberland County Colliery Enginemen & Boiler Firemen’s Assn.: M. Mossop, Dearham House, Dearham. ; ‘ Cumberland Colliery Officials’ Assn. : W. Graham, 22, Henry St., Bransty, Whitehaven. Cumberland Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): T. Cape, 12, Oxford St., Workington. DURHAM :— Durham Cokemen & Bye-Product Workers’ Assn. (T.): J. Ogg, Crossgate Chambers, Durham. Durham Colliery Mechanics’ Assn. (T.): J. W. Taylor, M.P., Cen. Office, 5, Tenter Terr., Durham. Durham County Colliery Enginemen, Boiler Minders, & Firemen’s Mutual Aid Assn. (T.): W. Charlton, 70, Crossgate Chambers, Durham. Durham Deputy Overmen’s Mutual Aid Assn. (T.): J. Clark, 3, Laburnum Av., Durham. Durham Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): T. H. Cann, Miners’ Hall, Red Hill, Durham. KENT :— Kent Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): A. Hartley, 9, The Terrace, Shepherd’s Well, Dover. LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE :— Accrington & Dis. Colliery Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn.: W. Rothwell, 5, Hey- wood St., Blackburn. Ashton Engine-Winders’ Assn.: W. Roscoe, 286, Stockport Rd., Denton, Manchester. Burnley Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn.: G. Hirst, 10, Tunstill St., Burnley. Chowbent Colliery Enginemen’s Assn.: J. Eddleston, 211, Wigan Rd., Manchester. fa ok ai Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn. : W. Howcroft, 72, Hall Lane, Moses Gate, ton. Lancashire & Cheshire Colliery Firemen’s Assn. (T.): P. Derbyshire, 284, Billinge Rd., Pemberton. Leigh & Dis. Enginemen, Boilermen, & Stokers’ Trade U.: R. Morris, 13, West St., Hindsford, Atherton, Manchester. Pendlebury Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn.: C. R. Davies, 434, Bolton Rd., Clifton, Manchester. ; Radcliffe, Ringley, & Little Lever Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn.: N. Mills, 66, Spring Lane, Radcliffe. Skelmersdale & Dis. Enginemen & Boilermen’s Soc.: H. Hesketh, 30, Crawford Village, Upholland, Wigan. St. Helens Assn. of Colliery Enginemen: J. W. Croston, 15, Leslie Rd., Thatto Heath. Walkden Enginemen & Boilermen’s Assn.: J. Hardman, 260, Newearth Rd., Booths- town, Manchester. Wigan, Bolton, & Dis. Colliery Enginemen’s Mutual Protection Assn.: R. Ashurst, 16, St. James’ Terr., Poolstock. Wigan & Dis. Enginemer & Boilermen’s Provident Soc.: W. Green, 154, Walthew Lane, Platt Bridge, Wigan. MIDLAND COUNTIES :— Ashton Boilermen’s U.: S. Gréenough. 86, Oxford St., Ashton-under-Lyne. Bristol Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): W. Whitefield, Miners’ Agent, St. George’s, Bristol. Cannock Chase Miners, Enginemen, & Surfacemen’s Asen. (T.L.): J. ker, Miners’ Office, W. Hill, Hednesford, Staffs. Derbyshire Amal. Miners’ Asen., South (T.L.): W. Buckley, Woodville, Burton-on-T 146 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire Enginemen, Motormen, & Firemen’s Trade U.: S. W. Rowarth, Clipstone Av., Mansfield. Derbyshire Deputies’ Mutual Improvement Soc., East : J. Ogden, 3, Main St., Mansfield. Derbyshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): F. Hall, Miners’ Offices, Saltergate, Chesterfield. Derbyshire Under-Managers & Deputies : J. Austin, Rose Cott., Grassmoor, Chesterfield. Forest of Dean Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): G. H. Rowlinson, Town Hall Chambers, Cinderford, Gloucester. Highley & Dis. Miners’ Assn.: J. Findlay, Club House, Se Soe Bridgnorth. Ilkeston Conservative Miners’ Assn.: EK. Trueman, 147, Bath St., Ilkeston. Ilkeston & Erewash Valley United Engineers, Smiths, & Oarpenters’ Assn. : W. Wimant, Sir John Warren Hotel, Ilkeston. Leicestershire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): T. Gowdridge, Hall’s Lane, Hugglescote. Midland Mining Officials’ Assn.: T. Petcher, Wilmot Rd., Swadlincote. Nat. Assn. of Colliery Deputies (Chesterfield) (T.): H. Gill, Bridge View, Ashgate Rd. North Stafford Miners’ Fed. (T.L.): S. Finney, Miners’ Offices, Burslem, Staffs. North Staffordshire Soci, ie Poe Colliery Firemen, Shoplighters, & Overmen’s Assn. : C. J. Ellerton, 71, Samuel St., Tunstall. North Warwickshire Miners’ Assn.: G. H. Jones, 8a, Lady Bank, Tamworth, Staffs. Nottinghamshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.) :J.G. Hancock, M.P., Miners’ Offices, New Basford. Notts Under-Managers & Deputies’ Assn. : T. Hewitt, 58, Derbyshire Lane, Huck. Tor. eo ze eats Miners’ Protection Soc. (T.L.): 8. Edwards, 65b, High St., Old ill, Staffs. Syepese Miners, Enginemen, & Surfacemen’s Fed. (T.L.): W. Latham, 10, Ivy ouses, Trench Rd., Wellington, Salop. Somerset Enginemen & Firemen’s U. (T.): H. J. Moore, Foxcote, Radstock, Bath. Somersetshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): 8S. H. Whitehouse, Glen View, Radstock, Bath. 8. Staffordshire & E. Worcestershire Miners (T.L.): F. Richards, Miners’ Hall, Great Bridge. Walsall Dis. Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): F. J. Dean, Lloyd’s Chambers, Park St., Walsall. Warwickshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): W. Johnson, M.P., Miners’ Offices, Nuneaton. NORTHUMBERLAND :— Northumberland Colliery Enginemen and Firemen’s Mutual Protection Assn. (T.): T. Weighell, Bridge Cot., Bedlington. Northumberland Colliery Mechanics’ Mutual Protection Assn. (T.): J. Batey, 34, Falconer St., Newcastle-on-Tyne. : Northumberland Deputies’ Mutual Aid Assn. (T.): 8S. Coulthard, 164, Portland Rd., Newcastle-on-Tyne. Northumberland Miners’ Mutual Confident Assn. (T.L.): W. Straker, Burt Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne. YORKSHIRE :— Nat. Cokemen & Surface Workers’ Assn.: J. Allpress, Compton Chambers, Rotherham. Yorkshire Deputies’ Assn.: F. Keen-Smith, 31, Bond St., Wombwell, Barnsley. Yorkshire Enginemen & Firemen’s Mutual Protection Assn., West (T.): J. Carter, 6, Long Acre, Castleford. Yorkshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Wadsworth, M.P., 2, Huddersfield Rd., Barnsley. Yorkshire Winding & Gen. Enginemen’s & Assd. Trade U. (T.): T. W. Casey, 13, Burngreave Rd., Sheffield. SCOTLAND :— Ayrshire Miners’ Federal U. (T.L.8.): J. Brown, 56, Annabank, i Clackmannanshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.S.): J. Cook, Parkhead Rd., Sauchie, Alloa. Dumbartonshire Miners’ Assn. (T.L.S.): J. Donaldson, 11, Cowgate, Kirkintilloch. Engine & Boilermen’s Assn., Scot. Coll. (T.): R. Shirkie, 131, W. Regent St., Glasgow. Fife & Kinross Lab. Protection, Sick, & Funeral Soc., Assd. Free Engine Keepers of : J. Cormie, Firbank, Berehaven. Fife & Kinross Miners’ Assn. (T.L.S.): W. Adamson, M.P., Victoria St., Dunfermline. Firemen & Shot Firers’ Assn., Scottish Colliery: D. Wright, U. Oakfield, Kelty, Fife. Lanarkshire Miners’ County U. (T.L.S.): D. Gilmour, Miners’ Offices, Hamilton. Mid & East Lothian Miners’ Assn. (T.L.S.): R. Brown, Miners’ Offices, Dalkeith. Stirlingshire Miners’ County U. (T.L.8.): W. Webb, J.P., Crichton Park, Falkirk. sid gar Poiee Miners & Manual Workers (T.L.S.): J. Doonan, Helenshe Cottage, athgate. WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE :— Monmouthshire & 8. Wales Colliery Enginemen, Stokers, & Craftsmen’s Assn, ; W. Hopkins, 17, Gwendoline St., Merthyr Tydvil. North Wales Boilermen’s Assn.: J. Witter, Diamond Cott., Gresford, Wrexham. North Wales Enginemen’s Pro. Assn. : W. H. Gittins, 7, Chapel St., Ponkey, Ruabon. North Wales Miners’ Assn. (T.L.): BE. Hughes, Miners’ Offices, Wrexham. Cala pred Officials’ Assn. (T.): J. Davies, Bryn Awll, Oakland Rd., thiek, Ruabon. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 147 North Wales Surfacemen’s U.: T. H. Bayley, 3, Cefn Rd., Lodge Brymbo, Wrexham. South Wales & Mon. Colliery Examiners’ Assn.: D. G. Price, Tylorstown, Glam. _. South Wales & Mon. Colliery Winding Enginemen’s Assn. & Provident Trade U.: . Jones, 16, Lewis St., Treforest. South Wales Wage Rate Men’s Assn.: EH. Evans, 34, North View Terr., Aberaman. OTHER MINING AND QUARRYING :— Gateshead & Newcastle Dis. Meg tt laine T.A. (F.) : R. Moffitt, 3, Blue Row, Ovingham. Iron Miners & Quarrymen’s U., Furness (T.F.): W. Lewney, 105, Chapel St., Dalton. sere Miners’ Assn. (Cleator Moor), Nat.: J. Flynn, 21, Crossfield Rd., Cleator oor. Iron Ore Miners & Kindred T.A. (L.): T. Gavan Duffy, Miners’ Hall, Cleator Moor. Limestone Quarrymen’s Assn., Cumberland (T.F.): W. Cowen, 45, Irish St., Whitehaven. Miners’ & Quarrymen’s Assn., Cleveland (T.L.): G. Hobbs, 17, Ruby St., Saltburn. Quarrymen’s U., North Wales (T.F.): R. T. Jones, 17, Bridge St., Carnarvon. Quarry Workers & Settimakers, Amal. (F.): J. Slevin, 1, Union St., Leicester. Shale Miners’ Assn., Scottish (T.): J. Kilday, Fergus Place, Broxburn, West Lothian. PRINTING, PAPER, AND KINDRED TRADES. FEDERATION. Printing & Kindred Trades Fed. of the U.K.: A. E. Holmes, 17, Ravenswood Rd., Walthamstow, E. UNIONS. Bookbinders & Machine Rulers, Nat. U. of (T.L.), (1., Dublin Branch): J. Kelly, Campfield Chambers, 312, Deansgate, Manchester. eS Bookbinding & Printing Trades, Manchester and Salford Soc. of, Women employed in the: Miss I. Forsyth, 5, John Dalton St., Manchester. Book Edge Gilders’ Trade Soc., London: E. J. Hubbard, 106, Ruskin Ay., Manor Park, Essex. Correctors of the Press, Assn. of : 8. F. Crampin, 83-85, Farringdon St., H.C. Compositors, London Soc. of (T.F.): T. EH. Naylor, 7 & 9, St. Bride St., E.C. Electrotypers & Stereotypers’ Assistants & Autoplate & Electro, & Stereo. Machine Operators, Nat. Soc. of: T. Stephens, 77, Highbury Quadrant, Highbury, N. Electrotypers & Stereotypers of G.B. & I., Federated Soc. of (T.): W. C. Warren, 46, Wood Vale, Lordship Lane, Forest Hill, 8.2. Lithographic Artists, Designers, Engravers, & Process Workers, Amal. Soc. of (T.I.) (Dublin): R. Barnes, J.P., 20, Cooper St., City, Manchester. Litho. Music Printers, London Soc. of: Councillor J. Hopkins, 21, Ascham St., Kentish Town, N.W. , Lithographic Printers of G.B. & I., Amal. Soc. of (T.L.S.): T. Sproat, Campfield Chambers, 312, Deansgate, Manchester. Libhograpiio Printers, London Soc. of (L.): G. Douglas, 22, Bride Lane, Fleet St., ondon, E.C. Lithographic Stone & Plate Preparers’ Amal. Soc.: A. Wheeler, 28, Granville Square, King’s Cross Rd., W.C. Machine Rulers, London Soc. of: H. Morter, 29, Camden Rd., Markhouse Rd., Walthamstow, E. Male Relief Stampers’ Trade Soc. (L.): W. G. Cannon, 76, Central Park Rd., Kast Ham, E. ‘eace ee London Soc. of: A. E. Styles, 10, Clifton Gardens, Stamford Hill, ndon, N. Papermakers, Amal. Soc. of (T.L.): W. Dyson, 7, Station Rd., Woodley, Stockport. Papermakers, Original Soc. of: J. Bourne, 21, Knightrider St., Maidstone. Paper Stainers’ Trade U. & Benevolent Soc., London: G. H. Landeg, 7, Warrender Rd., Tufnell Park, N. Paper Stainers’ U. of Gen. Workers (L.F.): W. Honour, 6, Sunnyhurst, Darwen. Paper Stainers & Colour Mixers of G.B., Amal. Soc. of Machine: J. J. Whiteside, 4, Clement St., Darwen. Paper Workers, Nat. U. of (T.): A. Evans, 220, Blackfriars Rd., S.H. Plate Printers, London Utd. Soc. of: T. Sutliff, 104, Corbyn St., Finsbury Park, N, Platen core Machine Minders’ Soc., London: W. C. Niblett, 179, Blackfriars Rd,., S.E. Mice oe Meigs Amal, Assn. of (T.): H. J. Morriss, Union Bdgs., 53, Fetter ane, E.C. Press Sice a 6i Nat. U. of (L.): F. Werner, 67, Crystal Palace Rd., Hast Dulwich, §.E. Printing Machine Managers’ Trade Soc. (T.): H. W. Howes, Printers’ Hall, 45, Blackfriars Rd., S.E. Printers & Assistants, Nat. Soc. of Op. (T.F.S.): G. A. Isaacs, Caxton House, 26, Blackfriars Rd., S.E. 148 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Printers’ Revisers & Readers’ Assistants’ Soc.: E. Buckton, 22, Bride Lane, E.C. Typographical Assn. (T.L.) (1., E.C. & Belfast): H. Skinner, Caxton Hall, Chapel St., Salford, Manchester. Typographical Assn. ., Scottish (T.S.): eH 50, Wellington St., Glasgow. pees ee Provident Soc., Dublin ar: P. Flanagan, 35, Lower Gardiner St., upiln Typefounders’ Trade Protection & Benefit Soc., Edinburgh: H. Sandilands, 36, Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh. Typefounders’ Trade Soc. (London), Amal.: G. Tomkins, 56, Storks Rd., Ber- mondsey, 8.E. Typefounders’ Trade Soc., Sheffield: J. H. Hall, 122, Fox Rd., Sheffield. Vellum & Parchment Makers’ Soc. of G.B., Utd.: H. H. Wainford, 2, St. Andrew’s Rd., Carshalton, Surrey. EMPLOYEES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. FEDERATIONS. Government Employees, Federated Council of: A. F. Gilliard,6, Batchelor St., Chatham. mevernnent Workers’ Council, Irish: P. Murphy, 8, Nottingham St., North Strand Rd., ublin. Government Workers’ Fed., Utd.: Councillor J. G. King, 300, Evelyn St., Deptford, S.E. Postal & Telegraph Assns., Nat. Joint Committee of: C. E. Mulholland, 8, Coldcotes Av., Leeds. Prison Officers’ Fed., U.K.: F. Ludlow & E. R. Ramsay, 4, Colston St., Bristol. Admiralty Employees. UNIONS. Admiralty & Outports Clerical Federation: G. E. Wilson, 57, Liss Rd., Southsea, Portsmouth. Chatham Dockyard Amal. Soc. of Hammermen: W. Smith, 140, Thorold Rd., Chatham. Chatham Dockyard Engine Drivers & Stokers’ Soc. : H. Stokes, 55, Bush St., Chatham. pee Dockyard Hand Drillers’ Assn.: H. R. Shave, 75, Barnsole Rd., Gillingham, ent. ang pn Dockyard Ship Painters’ Assn.: W. Brown, 97, Windsor Rd., Gillingham, ent. Chatham Government Labourers’ U. (L.): A. F. Gilliard, 6, Batchelor St., Chatham. Chatham Royal Dockyard Ship Joiners’ Assn.: A. E, Simpson, 97, Balmoral Rd., Gillingham, Kent. Chatham Royal Dockyard Smiths’ Assn. (L.): A. E. Drury, 41, Glencoe Rd., Chatham. Chatham Sailmakers’ Soc.: W. Wyver, 13a, High St., Chatham. Deptford Victualling Yard & West India Docks Naval Store Workers’ Protection League : Councillor J. G. King, 300, Evelyn St., Deptford, 8.E. Devonport Dockyard Engine Drivers, Crane Drivers, & Stokers’ Assn.: J. H. Gregory, 27, Wake St., Plymouth. Devonport & Dis. Government Lab. U.: G. B. Rogers, 35, Chapel St., Devonport. acid cele postyard Hammermen’s Assn. : J. T. Bowden, 66, Goschen St., Keyham, evonpor Devonport Dockyard Sailmakers’ Assn.: 8. E. Coomber, 16, Glenmore Ay., Stoke, Devonport. eats popkyers Ship Riggers’ Assn.: B. J. F. Yalland, 72, Hamilton St., evonport. Devonport Royal Dockyard Ship Joiners’ Assn.: J. 8. M. Wood, 51, Gloucester St., Morice Town, Devonport. Nat. Government Lab. U.: A. G. Gourd, 297, Fratton Rd., Portsmouth. Pembroke Dockyard Ship Joiners’ Assn.: W. J. Phelps, 7, Sycamore St., Bufferland, Pembroke Dock. j Portland Government Lab. U.: A. E. Rendle, 16, West Bay Terr., Chiswell, Portland. Portsmouth Dockyard Ship Riggers’ Assn.: W. E. Jolliffe, 149, Manners Rd., Southsea, Portsmouth. Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Ship Joiners’ Assn.: OC. Young, 17, Emsworth Rd., Buckland, Portsmouth. Priddy’s Hard Naval (E eres Ordnance Employees’ Fed.: F. J. Smith, 20, Pitcroft Rd., North End, Portsmouth Queenstown & Dis. Government Lab. U.: J. Roche, 12, Bishops St., Queenstown. soyal pone. Iron & Steel Shipbuilders’ Soc. : C. H. Griffin, 44, lendower Rd., ymou ers id ana fae pretense Assistants’ Assn.: W. G. McGregor, 58, Staunton St., eptford, 8.E. Royal Victoria Yard Storehousemen’s Assn.: W. S. L. Whitaker, 26, Banyard Rd., Bermondsey, 8 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 149 Sheergress Government Lab. U.: H. T. Race, 91, Granville Rd., Sheerness. Sac tares Royal Dockyard Ship Joiners’ Assn. F. C. Lofft, 118, Alexandra Rd., eerness. Sheerness Ship Riggers’ Assn.: A. E. Gladwin, 11, Queen’s Terr., Mile Town, Sheerness. Post Office Employees. UNIONS. Assistant Inspectors of Boy Messengers (London Postal Service), Assn. of Second Class: F. J. Passingham, 57, Pirbright Rd., Southfields, S.W. Auxiliar ry Postmen, Nat. U. of: A. H. Wakefield, 3, Long Lane, East Finchley. Bagmen’s Assn., London Postal: J. Nixon, 200, East St., Walworth, S.E. Engineering Clerks’ Assn., Post Office: G. Taylor, 66, Wilton 8t., Sir Engineering & Stores Assn., Postal Telegraphs & Telephones (L.): C. H. Smith, 226, Maryvale Rd., Bournville, Birmingham. Fawcett Assn. (T.): W. B. Cheesman, 55, ee St., Head Porters’ Assn. (Post Office) : W. C. Wornell 12, a Lo Rd., N. Kensington, W. one Pouce Assn., London Assistant: H. Rowbotham, 16, Saunders Rd., Notting ill, W. Messengers’ Assn., G.P.O., London. : C. J. Broomfield, Central Telegraph Office, E.C. Post Office Clerks, Assn. of Irish : W. Nally, 16, Henry St., Dublin. Postal & Telegraph Clerks’ Assn. (T.L.): J. G. Newlove, Cathedral House, Paternoster Row, E.C. Postmen’s Assn., Central London: J. Frampton, 18, Conewood St., Broadway, Highbury, N. Postmen’s Fed. (T.L.S.I.): T. Robinson, 17, St. Lawrence Rd., Ladbroke Grove, Notting Hill, W. aig ee asclank Secretary : G. H. Stuart, Parliament Mansions, Victoria St., London, S.W. Postal Porters’ ’Assn.., London: W. H. Manning, 5, Forest Rd., Walthamstow, N.E. Postal Superintending Officers’ Assn., London: G. Ww. Gains, 99, Highbury Q’drant, N. Returned Letter Section Assistants & Returners’ Assn.: The Secretary, Returned Letter Section Assistants’ Assn., G.P.O., Mount Pleasant, London, E.C. Sorters’ Assn., Women : Miss R. Smith- Rose, 64, Woodstock Rd., Bedford Park, W. Sorter-Tracers’ Assn. : A. E. Oxley. 258, Old Ford Rd., Bow, London, bay to ag: Employees, Amal Soc. of (T.): J. C. Stark, 15, Great James St., Bedford Tracers’ Assn. (G.P.0.) : F. Webb, 48, Bayston Rd., Stoke Newington, N. tah Bias Assn.: J. W. Goodman, Central Hall, Central Telegraph Office, London, Other National Employees. UNIONS. ates aed Department Employees’ U., Royal: J. G. Butler, 19, Claverton St., imlico Ww. Army Ordnance Department Employees’ U., Weedon (L.): H. Ganderton, Bridge St., Weedon, Northants. Army Ordnance Department Employees’ U. of Ireland: P. Murphy, 8, Nottingham St., North Strand Rd., Dublin. Civil rae Typists’ Assn.: Miss B. A. Charlesworth, 12, Buckingham St., Strand, WwW Customs Watchers’ Assn. : T. O’Connor, 22, Belmont Av., Bury St., Lr. Edmonton, N. Government Buildings Employees’ Assn.: H. Franklin, 14, Christchurch Rd., Chelsea, S.W. Government Parks Workers’ U., Ireland: P. Murphy, 8, Nottingham St., North Strand Rd., Dublin. Government Stores Clerical Assn., Woolwich (L.): C. J. Garneys, 32, Liffler Rd., Plumstead, S.E. Government Workers’ U. of Ireland: The Secretary, Government Workers’ U., 85, Queen St., Dublin. Houses of Parliament Employees’ U.: Councillor J. G. King, 300, Evelyn St., Deptford, S.E. Irish Survey Fieldmen’s Trade U.: P. Murphy, 8, Nottingham St., North Strand Rd., ublin. Mle Mk ee nev ble at Assn., H.M, Customs, London: M. J. Horan, 104, Minard , Catford, S.E. Outport Watchers, H.M. Customs, Amal. Soc. of: P. Campbell, 98, Stanley St., Kinning Park, Glasgow. Preventive Men’s Assn. (Customs, Excise) (L.): A. E. Howell, 13, Richardson St., Smithdown Rd., Liverpool. Royal Gardens, Kew, Employees’ U. (L.): J. Pither, 34. Cambridge Cottages, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey. ie 156 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Royal Gunpowder Factory Employees’ U., Waltham Abbey: W. Barker, §, Woollard St., Waltham Abbey, Essex. Royal Parks Employees’ Assn.: F. J. Jones, 137, Gloucester Rd., Regent's Park, N.W. Smail Arms Employees’ U., Enfield: J. MoGrath, 56, Uckfield Rd., Enfield Lock, Middlesex. Employees of Looal Authorities. UNIONS. Corporation Employees’ Soc., Limerick: J. Roche, 2, Francis St., Limerick. 9 ara Servants, Amal. Soc. of Bolton: J. H. Hampson, 26, Colwyn Grove, olton. Corporation Waterworks’ Employees’ Assn., Dublin: W. J. Doyle, 214, K Block, Iveagh Trust Bdgs., New Bride St., Dublin. Cor SFE iG Workmen of Dublin Trade U., Utd.: D. Mager, 24, Winetavern St., ublin. Corporation Workers, Nat. U. of: A. Taylor, 138, First Av., Manor Park, E. Fire Brigade Men’s U., Dublin (I.): J. Power, Central Fire Stn., Tara St., Dublin. London County Council Schoolkeepers’ Assn.: O. Meades, L.C.C. School House, Suffolk St., Rotherhithe New Rd., 8.E. Municipal Employees’ Assn, (S.): P. J. Tevenan, 70, Red Lion St., Holborn, W.C. Municipal Employees’ U., Borough of St. Marylebone: J. Hare, 25, Queen St. Bdgs., Edgware Rd., W. Municipal Employees’ Benefit & Protection Soc., Birmingham & Dis.: J. W. Clifton, 71, Upper Cox St., Balsall Heath, Birmingham. School Board Janitors’ Fed., Scottish: A. MacDonald, Ancrum Rd. School, Lochee, Dundee. TEXTILE TRADES. FEDERATIONS. Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers, Amal. Assn. of (7.L.): W. C. Robinson, Briar House, Bury Old Rd., Heywood. Bleachers, Dyers, Scourers, Trimmers, & Auxiliaries, Midland Counties Fed. of (T.F.): G@. A. Kenney, 72, Westbourne St., Leicester. Bleachers, Dyers, & Kindred Trades, Nat. Fed. of (f.): J. W. Shepherd, 16a, Crescent, Saiford, Manchesier. Card & Blowing Room Operatives, Amal. Assn. of (T.L.F.): W. Mullin, J.P., 2a, Hodson’s Chambers, Hodson’s Court, Corporation St., Manchester. Elastic Web Weavers, Braid Hands, & Small-Ware Fabric Makers, Amal. Assn. of: J. Hordern, 29, Queen St., Leicester. Export Shipping Industry of Manchester, Kindred Trades Fed. in the: D. Price, 331, Stockport Rd., Longsight, Manchester. Leeds & Huddersfield Federated Cloth Pressers’ Soc.: J. Wagstaff, 14, Cowslip St., Paddock, Huddersfield. Leek & Dis. Textile Fed. (F.): W. Bromfield, Co-operative Bdgs., Field St., Leek. Loom Overlookers, Gen. U. of Assns. of (¥.L.F.): Joint Secretaries: J. E. Tattersall, J.P., Oak Bank Avenue, Moston, Manchester; and E. Duxbury, Spring’s Terr., 41, South Heywood Si., Bury. Protection Societies, Lancashire Fed. of: W. A. Duckworth, 1 & 3, Princes St., Blackburn. Scottish Fed. of Power Loom Tenters: J. Burt, 2, Grantsbank St., Dunfermline. Scottish Nat. Textile Workers’ Fed. (S.): J. Young, 156, George St., City, Glasgow. Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc., Lancashire Amal.: J. W. Ainsworth, Harts Chambers, 2, Victoria St., Blackburn. Textile Factory Workers’ Assn., Utd. (L.): J. Cross, Ewbank Chambers, 17, St. James Si., Accrington. Textile Trades Fed., Northern Counties: T. Shaw, J.P., 243, Keighley Rd., Colne. patel a en A Assns., Gen. U. of Lancashire & Yorkshire: J. White, 2a, New Brown ., Nelson, Weavers, N. Counties Amal. Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Cross, Ewbank Chambers, 17, St. James St., Accrington. Yorkshire Textile Workers’ Fed.: Councillor B. Turner, 73, Talbot St., Batley. Cotton Trades. LOcAL Cotton TRADES FEDERATIONS. Ashton-under-Lyne, Stalybridge, Droylsden, Gorton, & Swinton Textile Trades Fed.: W. Emmett, 100, Trafalgar St., Ashton-under-Lyne. Bacup Textile Trades Fed.: J. H. Bentley, 31, Industrial St., Bacup. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 151 Blackburn & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: W. H. Panton, 333, Audley Range, Blackburn, sea ate Dis. Textile Manufacturing Trades Fed.: C. Speak, 77, St. George’s Rd, on, Burnley & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: R. B. Watson, 57, March St., Burnley. ge Textile Trades Fed.: Oouncillor W. Nabb, Textile Hall, Manchester Rd., ury. Chorley & Dis. Textile Trades Fed. : T. West, 1, Clifford St., Chorley. Church & Oswaldtwistle Textile Trades Fed.: J. T. Wolstenholme, Weavers’ Institute, Lock St., Oswaldtwistle, Accrington. Clayton-le-Moors Textile Trades Fed.: J. C. Parker, 1, Albert St., Clayton-le- Moors, Accrington. Darwen Textile Manufacturing Trades Fed.: J. Parkington, 23, Victoria St., Darwen. : Great Harwood & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: W. Sefton, 37, Croft St., Great Harwood, Blackburn. Haslingden & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: G. Whittam, Weavers’ Office, Union St., Haslingden. Hyde, Hadfield, & Dis. Textile Fed.: W. Pope, 27, George St., Hyde. Nelson, Colne, Brierfield, & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: C. Tate, Weavers’ Institute, Pendleton St., Nelson. Oldham & Dis. Textile Manufacturing Trades Fed.: R. Mellor, Trades Hall, Bow St., Oldham. Padiham & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: J. Wilson, 9, Canning St., Padiham, Burnley. pe Be Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: T. Sumner, Weavers’ Institute, Walker St., reston. Radclifie & Dis. Textile Manufacturing Trades Fed.: E. Crook, 300, Bolton Rd., Radcliffe, Manchester. Ramsbottom & Dis. -Textile Trades Fed.: T. Y. Sutcliffe, 5, Buchanan St., Ramsbottom, Manchester. Rochdale & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: E. Lees, 91, Yorkshire St., Rochdale. Skipton & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: G. Fowler, 18, Union Terr., Skipton. Todmorden & Dis. Textile Trades Fed.: W. J. Tout, 17, York Place, Todmorden. . Whitworth Vale Textile Trades Fed.: A. Hill, 45, Summit Cottages, Shawforth, Rochdale. UNIONS. CARD, BLOWING, AND RING ROOM OPERATIVES :— Accrington Dis. Card & Blowing Room Operatives & Ring Spinners’ Assn. (T.L.F.): R. Kay, 24, Avenue Parade, Accrington. Bacup & Dis. Card & Blowing Room & Ring Spinners’ Assn.: S. Gammon, 23, Burnley Rd., Bacup. Blackburn Dis. Card & Blowing Room Operatives & Ring Spinners’ Assn. (T.L.F.): M. Brothers, 56a, Victoria St., Blackburn. Bolton & Dis. Card & Ring Room Operatives’ Provincial Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Hdge, J.P., 77, St. George’s Rd., Bolton. Bury & Dis. Card, Blowing, & Ring Frame Operatives’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Duckworth, J.P., Textile Hall, Manchester Rd., Bury. Heywood Card & Blowing Room & Ring Frame Operatives’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Schofield, Trades Hall, West St., Heywood. Hyde & Dis. Card, Blowing, & Ring Frame Operatives’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Gee, 144, George St., Hyde. Macclesfield Dis. Card & Blowing Room & Ring Spinners’ Assn. (T.L.F.) : A. Bamford, 42, Bank §&t., Macclesfield. Manchester & Salford Ring Spinners’ Assn.: Miss N. Fysh, 5, John Dalton St., Manchester. Mossley Card & Blowing Room Operatives’ Assn. (T.L.F.): M. B. Farr, J.P., 110, Breeze Hill, Mossley, Manchester. Oldham Provincial Card & Blowing Room & Ring Frame Operatives’ Assn. (T.L.F.): M. Connolly, 108, Union St., Oldham. Preston Card & Blowing Room & Ring Spinners’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Billington, ater & Blowing Room Operatives’ Assn., United Trades Hall, Corporation St., reston. Rochdale Card & Blowing Room Operatives & Ring Spinners’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. J. Kingsley, 5, Baillie St., Rochdale. South-East Lancashire Provincial Card & Blowing Room Operatives’ Assn, (T.L,F.): W. H. Carr, Old St., Ashton-under-Lyne. y 152 THE INDUSTRIAL LAROUR MOVEMENT. Stockport Asen. of Card & Blowing Room, Ring, & Throstle Spinners (T.L.F.) ; F, Parker, Card Room Operatives’ Assn., Textile Hall, Chestergate, Stockport. Wigan & Dis. Card Room Operatives, Ring Spinners, & Twist Makers-up Assn, (T.L.F.); M. Carmody, 26, Caroline St., Wigan. SPINNERS AND PIECERS :— Piecers’ Assn., Utd. : P. Eagan, 66, Lower Market St., Farnworth, Lancs. Spinners, Self-Actor Minders & Twiners of Lancashire & adjoining Counties, Amal. Shee, Op. Cotton (T.L.F.): W. Marsland, 3, Blossom St., Gt. Ancoats St., anchester. OVERLOOKERS :— Accrington & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): F. H. Shepherd, 72, Grange St., Accrington. Ashton-under-Lyne & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Waddicor, 7, Russell St., Ashton-under-Lyne. Bacup & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Johnson, 52, Barlow §t., Blackwood, Stacksteads, Bacup. Bamber Bridge Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): L. Pearson, 49, Brownedge, Lane, Bamber Bridge, Preston. Blackburn & Dis. Amal. Power Loom Overlookers’ Provident Assn. (T.L.F.): A. Fish, Overlookers’ Club, High St., Blackburn. Bolton & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Trade, Sick, & Burial Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Bromiley, 258, Willows Lane, Bolton. pa eoal . Dis. Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Hargreaves, 17a, Market St., urnley. Chorley & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Blackburn, 26, Stump, Lane, Chorley. Church & Oswaldtwistle Power Loom Overlookers’ Friendly Soc. (T.L.F.): J. Haworth, 46, Roegreave Rd., Oswaldtwistle, Accrington. shee eb Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Hartley, 39, Alkincoates ., Colne. Darwen & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Provident Assn.: W. Thomson, 108, Avondale Rd., Darwen. seers bres & West of Scotland Power Loom Tenters’ Soc.: R. Day, 27, Kirkland St., asgow. Hadfield, Glossop, « Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. P. Sidebottom, 43, Market St., Holiingworth, Manchester. Haslingden & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): E. Horlock, 112, Man- chester Rd., Haslingden, Manchester. Heywood & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. T. Ashworth, 10, Spring- field St., Heywood. Hyde & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F:): T. Hadfield, 160, Lower Bennett St., Hyde, Cheshire. Leigh Power Loom Overlookers' Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Butterworth, 12, Chester St., Leigh, Lancs. Longridge & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Carter, 6, Chatburn Rd., Longridge, Preston. Nat. Assn. of Power Loom Overlookers (T.L.F.): J. Williamson, 183, Albert Rd., Farnworth, Bolton. Nelson & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): A. Smith, M.P., Overlookers’ Assn., Jude St., Nelson. Sree! Assn. of Power Loom Overlookers (T.L.F.): R. Mellor, Trades Hall, Bow St., ham. Preston & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Eastham, Overlookers’ Institute, Trades Hall, Preston. Radcliffe & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): J. W. Kenyon, 266, Bolton Rd., Radcliffe, Manchester. Utd. Assn. of Power Loom Overlookers: T. Walmsley, 8, Pullman St., Rochdale. Skipton & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): G. E. Aldridge, 14, Ward St., Skipton. Stalybridge & Dis. Power Loom Overlookers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Taylor, 13, Peel St., Stalybridge. WARP DRESSERS AND WARPERS :— Amal. Soc. of Mill Warpers: J. Holt, 69, Coomassie St., Heywood. Chorley & Dis. Warp Dressers’ Assn.: J. Hesketh, 27, Cunliffe St., Chorley. Manchester & Dis. Warp Dressers’ Assn.: T. Platt, 3, Wallis St., Newton Heath, Manchester. - Nelson & Dis. Assn. of Warp Dressers (T.L.): J. White, 2a, New Brown St., Nelson. Rochdale & Dis. Warp Dressers’ Assn.: B. Hoyle, 10, Height’s Lane, Rochdale. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 153 TAPE SIZERS :— Accrington & Church Tape Sizers’ Friendly Protective Soc.: J. Smith, 58, Owen St., Accrington. Amal. Tape Sizers’ Friendly Protection Soc. : G. Rhodes, 16, Albermarle St., Ashton- under-Lyne. Blackburn Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: J. W. Ainsworth, Tape Sizers’ Soc., Harts Chambers, 2, Victoria St., Blackburn. rey a Dis. Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: T. E. Marsden, 16, Halstead St., Haulgh, olton. Burnley Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: J. Spencer, 5, Palace St., Burnley. Bury & Dis. Tape Sizers’ Friendly Protective Soc.: A. Dickson, 19, Connaught St., Bolton Rd., Bury. Darwen & Dis. Tape Sizers’ Amal. Protective Soc. : J. Roberts, 65, Sandon St., Darwen. me oP & West of Scotland Tape Dressers’ Soc.: J. Baxter, 266, Main St., Bridgeton, asgow. Great Harwood Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: T. Smalley, 70, Windsor Rd., Gt. Harwood, Blackburn. Haslingden & Rossendale Dis. Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: W. Wallwork, 20, Rudd St., Haslingden, Manchester. hci ae Colne, & Dis. Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: W. H. Smith, 39, Bentley St., elson. Preston Tape Sizers’ Protective Soc.: W. A. Lingard, 209, Emmanuel St., Preston. BEAMERS, TWISTERS, AND DRAWERS :— Accrington Twisters & Drawers’ Soc. (T.L.): H. Haworth, 70, Garbett St., Accrington. Ashton-under-Lyne & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Crowther, 1, Small- shaw Lane, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne. ae Me ies Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): A. Greenoff, 15, Harper .» Bacup. Bamber - Bridge Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): T. Dowbakin, 11, Maunsly Rd., Bamber Bridge, Preston. Blackburn Dis. Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Holt, J.P., 52, Park Rd., Blackburn. ete ie Mee are g gi Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): T. Whitehead, 238, Settle ., Bolton. pees - Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): R. B. Watson, 57, March, St., urniey. Bury Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Yates, 42, Central Av., Warth Fold, Bury. Church & Oswaldtwistle Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): T. W. Haworth, 29, Exchange St., Accrington. Chorley & Dis. Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): A. Kirk, 1, Victoria Terr., Chorley. Clayton-le-Moors Amal. Soc. of Twisters & Drawers (T.L.): E. E. Grimshaw, 19, Barnes St., Clayton-le-Moors, Accrington. Clitheroe & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): D. Brooks, 58, West View, Clitheroe. Colne & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): T. Moore, 26, Varley St., Colne. ee Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): P. Duckworth, J.P., 22, Alexandra Terr., arwen. wa & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): B. Hopkinson, 16, Green End Rd., Earby, olne. Glasgow & Vicinity, Twisters & Drawers’ Soc. of: T. Hart, 70, Ruby St., Glasgow. Glas Power Loom Beamers’ Trade Soc. : A. Cameron, 6, Newhall Terr., Bridgeton, asgow. Great Harwood Dis. Soc. of Twisters & Drawers (T.L.): R. H. Clough, 5, St. Lawrence St., Great, Harwood, Blackburn. Hadfield & Glossop Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Murphy, 77, Broscroft, Hadfield, Manchester. - Haslingden Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Tomlinson, 64, Hud Hey Rd., Haslingden, Manchester. Heywood Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): A. Summersali, 123, Bury New Rd., Heywood. Hyde & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Proctor, 35, Newton St., Hyde. Leigh & Bedford Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): F. Woolley, 2, Irvine 8., Leigh, Lancs. Littleborough Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. T. Stott, 98, New Rd., Dearnley, Rochdale. Longridge & Dis. Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Gray, 64, Mersey St., Longridge, Preston. Macclesfield Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): G. Buckley, 3, Bamford St., Hurdsfield, Macclesfield. 154 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Manchester Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Farrell, 34, White St., Every St., Ancoats, Manchester. Nelson & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): F. Wilkinson, 13, Gisburn Rd., Barrowford, Nelson. Nelson, Colne, & Dis. Chain Beamers’ Assn.: E. Barker, 239, Brunswick St., Nelson. Oldham & Dis. Beamers, Twisters, Drawers, Dressers, & Machine Workers’ Assn. : (T.L.): J. Critchley, 11, Roundthorn Rd., Oldham. Padiham Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): R. E. Holmes, 31, Herbert St., Padiham, Burnley. ieee peceieht: Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): R. Swarbrick, 172, St. Paul’s Rd., reston. Radcliffe Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): Joseph Eastwood, 7, Pendle- bury St., Radcliffe, Manchester. Ramsbottom Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Broadley, 146, Bolton Rd. West, Ramsbottom, Manchester. Rawtenstall & Dis. Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. H. Heys, 9, Hill End Lane, Cloughfold, Manchester. Rishton Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): R. Bradshaw, 5, Talbot St., Rishton, Blackburn. prea e Beawmers. Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. J. Taylor, 34, Oswald St., ochdale. Skipton Twisters & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): 0. J. Higson, 9, Ruskin Av., Skipton. Stockport Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): J. Mace, 2, Heaton Mersey View, Lark Hill Rd., Stockport. Todmorden Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): A. Dawson, 3, Shoebroad, Todmorden. Whitworth & Facit Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): W. Beard, 31, Delph Cottages, Shawforth, Rochdale. Wigan & Dis. Beamers, Twisters, & Drawers’ Assn. (T.L.): W. Fairhurst, 94, Worsley Mesnes, Wigan. WEAVERS :— Accrington & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Friendly Assn. (T.L.F.): Councillor ' J. R. Emmett, Weavers’ Institute, Wellington St., Accrington. Ashton-under-Lyne & Dis. Weavers & Winders’ Assn. (T.L.F.): 8S. T. Goggins, Weavers’ Institute, Old St., Ashton-under-Lyne. dogs jae Weavers, Winders, & Beamers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): R. Green, 91, Market ., Bacup. Bamber Bridge & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): R. Evans, 187, Station Rd., Bamber Bridge, Preston. Barnoldswick & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Beamers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): S. Lovell, 5, Butts Top, Barnoldswick, Colne. Blackburn Power Loom Weavers’ Protection Soc.: W. 4. Duckworth, 1 & 3, Princes St., Blackburn. Blackburn & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): L. Bates, Weavers’ Office, 1, Clayton St., Blackburn. ah EN Dis. Weavers & Winders’ Assn. (T.L.F.): OC. Speak, 77, St. George’s Rd., olton. Burnley & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Beamers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Hindle, Weavers’ Institute, Charlotte St., Burnley. Bury, Radcliffe, & Dis. Weavers & Winders’ Assn. (T.L.F.): Councillor W. Nabb, Textile Hall, Manchester Rd., Bury. sagan é Dis. Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): T. West, Weavers’ Institute, 1, Clifford St., orley. Church & Oswaldtwistle Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. T. Wolstenholme, Weavers’ Institute, Lock St.. Oswaldtwistle, Accrington. Clayton-le-Moors Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. C. Parker, 1, Albert St., Olayton-le- Moors, Accrington. Clitheroe Weavers, Warpers, & Winders’ Protection Soc.: T. Hitchen, Oddfellows’ Hall, King St., Clitheroe. Clitheroe Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): A. H. Cottam, Weavers’ Institute, Clitheroe .- Colne & Dis. Weavers’ Winders, & Beamers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): T. Shaw, J.P., Weavers’ Office, Tower Buildings, Colne Marne Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Parkington, 21, Victoria St., arwen. ig Aa Female Textile Workers’ U.: Miss N. Wilson, 207, Firhill Rd., Maryhill, asgow. Glossop Dis. Power Loom Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): E. Water- house, J.P., 45, Norfolk St., Glossop. Great Harwood Power Loom Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Hesmondhalgh, Weavers’ Institute, 8, Police St., Great Harwood, Blackburn. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 155 Sosa ae “bth ah Assn. (T.L.F.): G. Whittam, Weavers’ Office, 55a, Blackburn Rd., aslingden. Heywood, Castleton, Norden, & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Reelers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. W. Ogden, Longford St., Heywood. Hyde, Hadfield, Compstall, Broadbottom, & Marple Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Pope, 27, George St., Hyde. Longridge Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. R. Waring, 61, Preston Rd., Longridge, Preston. Macclesfield Cotton Weavers, Winders, and Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Wallworth, 59, Garden St., Hurdsfield, Macclesfield. Manchester & Salford Assn. of Patent Cop Winders, Bobbin, & Hank Winders, Gassers, Doublers, Reelers, Sorters, & Braid Tenters: Mrs. V. Grundy, 483, Edge Lane, Droylsden, Manchester. Manchester, Salford, & Dis. Assn. of Power Loom Weavers: Miss N. Keenan, 25, Lord Byron St., Weaste, Manchester. Manchester, Salford, & Pendleton Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): S. J. Bardsley, 26, Lancaster Av., Fennell St., Manchester. Nelson & Dis. Power Loom Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. Ward, J.P., Weavers’ Institute, Pendle St., Nelson. Nelson & Dis. Weavers’ Protection Soc.: W. Rigby, 16, Farrar St., Nelson. Oldham & Dis. Weavers, Winders, Reelers, Beam, & Sectional Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Bell, Weavers’ Institute, Bartlam Place, Oldham. Padiham & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): D. Russell, Weavers’ Assn., Sowerby St., Padiham, Burnley. ’ Preston & Dis. Power Loom Weavers’ Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): L. Park, Weavers’ Institute, Walker St., Lancaster Rd., Preston. Preston Power Loom Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Protection Soc.: A. H. Maudsley, 200, Lancaster Rd., Preston. Ramsbottom & Dis. Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): T. Y. Sutcliffe, 5, Buchanan St., Ramsbottom, Manchester. Rishton Weavers, Winders, & Warpers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): F. Clough, 6, Cliff St., Rishton, Blackburn. Rochdale & Dis. Weavers, Winders, Reelers, Beamers, & Hosiery Workers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. H. Holden, 5, Cloth Hall St., Rochdale. Rossendale Weavers, Winders, & Beamers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Farron, J.P., 245, Bacup: Rd., Cloughfold, Manchester. Sabden Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): R. Townend, 13, Straits Lane, Read, Blackburn. Skipton & Dis. Weavers & Winders’ Assn. (T.L.F.): S. Snell, Newmarket St., Skipton. Stockport & Dis. Weavers, Winders, Warpers, & Reelers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. P. Riding, Weavers’ Assn., Textile Hall, Chestergate, Stockport. Todmorden & Dis. Weavers & Winders’ Assn. (T.L.F.): W. J. Tout, 17, York Place, Dale St., Todmorden. — Whitworth Vale Power Loom Weavers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): A. Hill, 45, Summit Cottages, Leavengreaves, Shawforth, Rochdale. 7" Wigan & Dis. Weavers, Winders, Warpers, & Reelers” Assn. (T.L.F.): J. Brindle, 57, Darlington St., Wigan. OTHER WORKPEOPLE IN COTTON FACTORIES :— open at Engine Tenters & Firemen’s Trade U. (L.): M. Coolaghan, 36, Kestor .» Bolton. i Nat. Engineers’ Assn. : W. Breakell, 4, Braddon St., New Hall Lane, Preston. Carpet Manufacture. UNIONS. Carpet Power Loom Tuners’ Assn., Halifax & Dis.: G. Culpan, 87, Bank Top, Lee Mount, Halifax. Carpet Trades Assn., Northern Counties: G. H. Levitt, 37, Lee Mount Rd., Halifax. Carpet Trades Protective & Provident Assn., Scotch Power Loom (F.): J. Rowan, 59, Glenpark St., Glasgow (pro tem.). Carpet Weavers’ Mutual Defence & Provident Assn., Kidderminster, Power Loom (T.L.): G.-H. Rawkins, 105, Mill St., Kidderminster. Elastic Web, etc., Manufacture. UNIONS. Elastic Braids, Cords, & Small Fabric Makers’ Trade & Sick Benefit Soc., Leciester : J. Clarke, 50, Muriel Rd., Leicester. Elastic Web & Smallware Fabric Makers’ Soc., Leicester & Dis. (L.F.): J. Hordern, 29, Queen St., Leicester. Surgical Elastic Bandage Makers’ Sos., Derby & Nottingham Utd.: W. Green, 6, Chandos St., Nottingham. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Hosiery Manufacture. UNIONS. Basford & Dis. Hosiery Trimmers & Finishers’ Assn. : G. H. Perrons, 18, Mandalay St., Basford, Nottingham. Beeston Framework Knitters’ U.: W. Radford, 4, Park Rd., Chilwell, Nottingham. Hand Framework Knitters of G.B. & I., Amal U. of : F. W. Murden, Nottingham Rd., Keyworth, Nottingham. eet Dis. Hosiery Trimmers’ U.: W. Norton, The Narrows, The Lawns, inckley. Hinckley Federated Hosiery U. (F.): J. Bailey, 17, Orchard St., Hinckley. Hucknall Torkard & Dis., Utd. Wool Shawl, Fall, & Antimacassar Trade U. of: W. M. Burton, 10, Albert St., Hucknall Torkard, Nottingham. Ilkeston & Dis. Hosiery U. (T.L.F.): H. Bassford, 15, Midland Rd., Heanor, Derbyshire. Leicester & Leicestershire Amal. Hosiery U. (T.F.S.): Alderman J. Chaplin, J.P., 92, Rutland St., Leicester. Leicester & Leicestershire Trimmers’ Assn.: W. Gabbitas, 106, Bassett St., Leicester. Loughborough Federated Hosiery U. (F.): W. H. Smith, 75, Paget St., Loughborough. Nottingham Female Hosiery Workers’ U.: W. Hartshorn, People’s Hall, Heathcote St., Nottingham. Nottingham Hand Ribbed Hosiery Soc.: R. Kelham, Rock Side, 15, Sneinton, Hermitage, Nottingham. Nottingham Utd. Rotary Power Framework Knitters’ Soc. (T.F.): W. Hartshorn, People’s Hall, Heathcote St., Nottingham. Lace Manufacture. UNIONS. Lacemakers, Amal. Soc. of (T.L.): C. Wardle, 16, Pembridge Place, Mount St., Nottingham. Lacemakers, Long Haton & Dis. Assn. of Op.: F. Truman, 25, Walton St., Long Eaton, Nottingham, bis Lace Pattern Readers, Correctors, Press, & Piano Punchers, Nottingham, Amal. Soc. of (T.F.): E. A. Barnett, 489, Bernard St., Carrington. Lace Workers, Nottingham, Auxiliary Soc. of (F.): G. Simpson, 75, Brameote St., Radford, Nottingham. Lace Workers’ Soc., Nottingham, Female: Miss M. Brookes, 15, Oliver Terr, Oliver St., Nottingham. Levers Jacquard Card Punchers’ Soc., Nottingham: D. Tate, 9, Harold Rd., Radford, Nottingham. Warp Lace Trade Soc., Nottingham: W. Holwell, 17, Beaconsfield Terr., Harlaxton St., Nottingham. Warpers’ Assn., Nottingham: A. Walker, 61, Palin St., Hyson Green, Nottingham. Textile Workers’ U. & Friendly Benefit Soc., Newmilns & Dis. (F.): M. Torrance, Burnford House, Newmilns, Ayrshire. Linen and Jute Manufacture. UNIONS. Beetling Enginemen’s Trade U., Belfast: J. Shields, 215, Ainsworth Av., Belfast. Flax Dressers & Linen Workers’ Trade U., Ireland (L.): W. Rooney, Flax Dressers’ Trade U., Engineers’ Hall, 17, College St., Belfast. Flax Re & Yarn Spinners’ Trade U., Ireland: D. Gordon, 17, College St., Belfast. Linen Lappers’ Trade U., Belfast (1.): J. Bloomer, 39, Dunvegan St., Belfast. Lurgan Hemmers, Veiners, & Gen. Women Workers’ Trade U.: Miss M. Rodgers, 9, North St., Lurgan. pe miei Tenters’ Trade U. of Ireland, Belfast: W. J. McDowell, 11, Dover St., elfast. Power Loom Yarn Dressers’ Trade Soc.: F. Dawson, 11, Rockmore Rd., Belfast. Textile Operatives’ Soc. of Ireland (J.): Miss M. Galway, Avenue Hall, 4, Lower Garfield St., Belfast. Thee ae & Factory Workers’ U. (F.): C. M. Phimister, 12, Cross Mill Wynd, rbroath. Brechin Mill & Factory Operatives’ U. (F.S.): G. Napier, 15a, Union St., Brechin. ect Ly Dis. Mill & Factory Operatives’ U.: Miss M. Smeaton, 2, Ireland’s Lane, undee. Dundee & Dis. Power Loom Tenters’ Soc.: J. Reid, 1, Balgay St., Lochee, Dundee. Dundee & Dis. U. of Jute & Flax Workers (F.): J. F. Sime, 37, ae St., Dundee. eB & Dis. Power Loom Tenters’ Assn.: D. Young, 30, Maitland St., unfermline. \ THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 157 Dunfermline & Dis. Textile Workers’ U.: Miss J. M’Callum, 72, Brucefield Av., Dunfermline. , Dunfermline Yarn Dressers’ Assn. : J. Cook, 67, St. Leonard’s Place, Dunfermline. Dysart Textile Workers’ U.: R. McCaig, Louie Bank, Dysart, Fife. Forfar Factory Workers’ U.: A. Farquharson, 90, Castle St., Forfar. Kirkcaldy Mill & Factory Workers’ U. (S.): J. Nairn, 9, Rosabelle St., Kirkcaldy. Leven Textile Workers’ U.: W. Robertson, 44, North St., Leven. Perth & Dis. Power Loom Tenters’ Assn.: J. Mason, 32, Glover St., Perth. Portadown Textile Operatives’ Soc. (F.): L. Dell, 24, Carleton St., Portadown. Ulster Weavers & Winders’ Trade U. (F.): W. O’Neill, 123, Victoria St., Lurgan. Packers, Warehousemen, etc. UNIONS. Cloth Pressers’ Soc., Leeds: G. Gomersall, Calverley Lane, Horsforth, Leeds. Cloth Pressers’ Trade, Benevolent, & Burial Soc., Huddersfield & Dis. : J. Wagstafie, 14, Cowslip St., Paddock, Huddersfield. Cop Packers’ Assn., Oldham & Dis.: T. Ashworth, 85, Union St., Oldham. Female Workers in the Shipping Industry, Home & Export, Soc. of: EH. Fildes, 48, Boardman St., Eccles, Manchester, Hosiery Warehouse Assn., Hinckley & Dis.: J. W. Pickering, 10, Alma Rd., Hinckley. Hydraulic Packers’ Soc., Manchester: F. Wardle. Sorton St., Charles St., Chorlton- on-Medlock, Manchester. Makers-up Soc., No. 2: J. A. Waddicor, 59, Richmond St., Manchester. Makers-up Trade, Sick, & Burial Soc. (Manchester), No. 1: J. A. Reynolds, 47, Major St., Manchester. ate ere Provident Soc., Bradford: C. Sewell, 38, Abingdon St., Toller’s Lane, radford. Stuff Pressers’ Trades U. Soc., Leeds, Halifax, & Bradford: J. Spetch, 6, St. Peter’s Mount, Bramley, Leeds. Stuff & Woollen Warehousemen, Amal. Soc. of: S. Morton, Amal. Soc. of Stuff & Woollen Warehousemen, St. George’s Chambers, 3, Westgate, Bradford. Textile Warehousemen, Amal. (L.): E. Strong, 428, Audley Range, Blackburn. Warehousemen, Print, & Greycloth Lookers’ Soc. (Manchester), No. 1 Gen.: A. Stanley, 21, Sackville St., Manchester. Warehousemen’s Provident Soc., Huddersfield: J. E. Lord, 15, Diamond St., Moldgreen, Huddersfield. Warehousemen’s Soc., No. 2 Gen.: A. Stanley, 21. Sackville St., Manchester. Wool, Top, & Noil Warehousemen’s U., Bradford & Dis. (L.F.): W. Mackinder, 20 & 22, Barry St., Bradford. Printing, Bleaching, Dyeing, and Finishing. UNIONS. Bleachers’ Assn., Basford & Dis.: A. Pidgeon, 66, Gauntley St., Hyson Green, Nottingham. Bleachers, Dyers, & Finishers’ Assn., Bolton Amal., Op. (T.L.): G. W. Jones, 19, Wood St., Bolton. Bleaching, paring: & Finishing Auxiliary Workers’ Assn., Basford & Dis.: F. Pendleton, 153, Vernon Rd., Old Basford, Nottingham. Bleaching, Dyeing, Scouring, & Trimming Auxiliary Branch (Women), Leicester : Mrs. Curtis, 43, Heanor St., Leicester. Pine he ald Trade U., Belfast, North of Ireland: J. McBurney, 58, Agnes St.,- elfast. Block Printers’ Mutual Protection Assn., Scottish (F.): R. Orr, 33, Church St., Lochwinnoch, Renfrewshire. Block Printers’ Trade & Benefit Soc., South of England (F.): F. Randall, 8, Lenham Terr., Crayford, Kent. Calender, Linoleum, & Dye Workers’ U., Dundee & Dis. (F.S.): J. Cunningham, 44, High St., Dundee. Calendermen, Embossers, & Schreiners’ Soc., Manchester, Op.: G. Naylor, 36, Royal St., Ashton Old Rd., Ardwick, Manchester. Calico Block Printers, Amal. U. of (F.): R. Fulton, 10, Cummersdale Mills, Carlisle. Cloth Lappers & Finishers’ Assn., Fifeshire (F.): T. Chapman, St. Leonard’s Place, Dunfermline. Cotton Skein Dyers, Bleachers, & Sizers’ Assn., Radcliffe & Dis. (T.F.): E. Kelly, 30, James St., Radcliffe, Manchester. Dyers’ Assn., Nottingham : A. Duke, 28, The Chase, Nottingham. Dyers, Bleachers, & Kindred Trades, Amal. Soc. of (T.): Alderman J. Hayhurst. J.P., Bradford Trades Hall, 90, Sunbridge Road, Bradford. 158 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Dyers & Finishers, Nat. Soc. of (T.F.): A. Shaw, 10, Worthington St., City Rd., Bradford. : Dyers & Kindred Occupations Benefit Soc., Leicester (T.): E. Harriman, 39, Great Holmes St., Leicester. t Machine Calico Printers, Trade Soc. of: J. Holt, 14, Hope St., Clayton Bridge, Manchester. : ; Machine Printers, Scottish Section, Amicable & Brotherly Soc. of: R. J. Smellie, Hazelbank, Barrhead, Glasgow. Silk & Cotton Dyers, Leek, Amal. Soc. of (T.): W. Bromfield, Co-operative Buildings, Field St., Leek. Scourers & Kindred Trades (F.): A. Lock, 42, Buckingham St., Leicester. Woollen Block Printers’ Trade Soc., Rossendale & Yorkshire Amal.: J. C. Carr, Coppen Hall, Mirfield, Yorks. Silk Manufacture. UNIONS. Braid Workers & Kindred Trades, Leek, Amal. Soc. of : W. Bromfield, Co-operative Buildings, Field St., Leek. had pig Silk Weavers’ U., Braintree, Amal.: C. Smith, 93, Rayne Rd., Braintree, SSex. Hand Loom Silk Weavers’ Assn., Macclesfield (F.): A. Rowley, 106, Great King St., Macclesfield. Plush, Silk, & Textile Workers’ U., Bradford: J. Wootten, 32, St. Michaels Rd., Manningham, Bradford. Silk & Poplin Weavers’ Trade Soc., Dublin: J. O’Rourke, 15, Poole St., Dublin. Silk Pickers, Leek, Amal. Soc. of : W. Stubbs, 84, Southbank St., Leek. Silk Power Loom Tacklers’ Assn. (F.): J. Hitchiner, 111, Park Lane, Macclesfield. Silk Twisters, Leek, Amal. Soc. of: W. Stubbs, 84, Southbank St., Leek. Silk Workers’ Assn., Nat. (F.): J. Hadfield, 134, Chester Rd., Macclesfield. . Spinners, Throwsters, & Reelers, Amal. Soc. of : W. Bromfield, Co-operative Buildings, Field St., Leek. Trimming Weavers’ Soc., Leek, Assd. (l.): W. Bromfield, Co-operative Buildings, Field St., Leek. : i sige te any Leek, Amal. Soc. of : W. Bromfield, Co-operative Buildings, Field .» Leek. Woollen and Worsted Trades. UNIONS. Blanket Raisers’ Assn., Yorkshire: J. T. Blackburn, Flash Lane, Mirfield, Yorks. - Card Dressers’ Soc., Cleckheaton (F.): J. Wrightson, 35, Carr St., Oleckheaton. Cee re aoe toe & Jobbers’ Assn., Bradford & Dis.: J. Harrison, 45, Marshall St., radford. Fey a RTneey U., Yeadon, Guiseley, & Dis.: H. Lockwood, 32, Ivegate, Yeadon, eeds. 7 sore een & Horizontal Warpers’ Soc., Glasgow & Dis. : G. Houstoun, 127, Sword St., asgow. Healders & Twisters’ Trade & Friendly Soc., Huddersfield & Dis. (L.): J. Bolton, 57, Barcroft Rd., Newsome, Huddersfield. ; Managers & Overlookers’ Soc., Yorkshire: W. J. Riley, 5, Barry St., Bradford. Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc., Bradford & Dis.: J. H. Graham, 19, Hampden Place, Holme Top Lane, Bradford. Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc., Halifax: A. Moorhouse, 46, Clifby, Pellon, Halifax. Power Loom Tuners’ Mutual Improvement Soc., Huddersfield & Dewsbury (L.): R. Gledhill, 6, Barton Rd., Crosland Moor, Huddersfield. Power Loom Overlookers’ Mutual Improvement Soc., Leeds: A. Walker, 28, Far Fold, Armley, Leeds. ; Power Loom Overlookers’ Soc., Keighley & Dis.: J. W. Shackleton, 67, Devonshire St. West, Keighley. ' Spinners & Auxiliary Workers’ U., Leicester: F. Warren, 7, Loughborough Cottages, Loughborough Rd., Leicester. Textile Workers, Gen. U. of (T.L.F.): A. Gee, J.P., Oakes Rd., Lindley, Huddersfield. Textile Workers’ U., Alva: Miss J. Syme, 34, Beauclere St., Alva, Clackmannanshire. ‘Twisters & Drawers-in Trade & Friendly Soc., Yorkshire (L.): T. Murgatroyd, l5da, Westgate, Bradford. Warp Dressers’ Assn., Bradford & Dis.: F. Barker. 15a, Westgate, Bradford. Warp Dressers’ Assn., Skipton & Dis.: W. Breakell, Holmleigh, Embsay, Skipton. Warp Dressers, Halifax & Dis. Assn. of: L. Hartley, 6, Wade St., Northgate, Halifax. Warp Dressers & Twisters’ Assn., Leeds & Dis.: J. Harrison, 3, Silver Royd Place, Wortley, Leeds. Warpers’ Association, Huddersfield & Dis. : A. Brook, 47, Brockholes Lane, Brockholes, Huddersfield. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 159 Wettmen, Piece Takers-in, & Textile Day Men, U. of: H. Robinson, 86, Rugby Place, . Legrams Lane, Bradford. Willeyers & Fettlers’ U., Leeds & Dis. (L.): A. G. Sixsmith, 15, Beechwood Terr., Burley, Leeds. $6 ae abel Nat. Soc. of Machine (T.L.): H. Moran, 1, Wilton St., Horton Lane, radford. Woolsorters, Nat. U. of (T.L.): T. Grundy, 40, Little Horton Lane, Bradford. bab sl Adal Soc., Bradford: J. E. Murgatroyd, St. George’s Chambers, 3, Westgate, radford. Woollen Textile Workers’ Assn., Saddleworth Weavers &: J. E. Gartside, Spring View, Delph, Oldham. TRANSPORT TRADES. FEDERATIONS. Transport Workers’ Fed., Nat.: R. Williams, 220, Blackfriars Rd., S.E. Transport & Shipping Trade, North-East Coast Federated Societies connected with the: 1. Danskin, 15, Baltic Bdgs., Broad Chare, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Railway Servants. UNIONS. Locomotive Engine Drivers & Firemen’s Trade U., Belfast & Dublin (1.): W. Reid, 79, Ravenhill Rd., Belfast. iy ee Engineers & Firemen, Assd. Soc. of (T.L.S.1.): J. Bromley, 8, Park Sq., eeds. Railway Clerks’ Assn. of G.B. & I. (T.L.8.1.): A. G. Walkden, 25, Huston Rd., N.W. Railwaymen, Nat. U. of (T.L.8.1.): J. E. Williams, Unity House, Huston Rd., N.W. Railway Workers’ Trade U., Irish: J. S. Kelly, 43, Lombard St. West, Dublin. Tramway Servants, Busmen, Cabmen, Carters, etc. UNIONS. Carmen & Storemen’s Soc., Limerick Utd.: C. Moore, Exchange St., Limerick. Carters, Draymen & Horsemen’s Assn., Halifax & Dis.: J. Shaw, The Glen, Birks Wood, Halifax. Carters & Motormen’s Assn. of England, Utd. (T.): A. Hilton, 109, Upper Brook St., Manchester. Carters & Motormen’s U., Provincial: D. Davies, 5, St. John Sq., Cardiff. spe ee baba & Motormen’s U., Amal. (T.L.): J. Parr, J.P., 77, St. George’s ¢d., Bolton. Carters & Lurrymen’s U., Wigan & Dis.: J. Ellison, 108, Poolstock, Wigan. Carter, Paterson & Co., Ltd., Employees, Amal. Soc. of: H. J. Roseaman, 112, Goswell Rd., E.C. Coal Porters’ U. of Inland & Seaborne Coal Workers, Nat. Amal.: J. Hopkin, Coal Porters’ U., Club & Institute Buildings, Clerkenwell Rd., E.C. Horse & Motormen’s Assn., Scottish (S.): H. Lyon, 17, Oswald St. (City), Glasgow. re » mecha dhe Assn., North of Scotland (F.): P. Gillespie, 26, Commercial -» Dundee. Horsemen’s U. (Greenock), Assd.: R. Lemmon, 19, Brymner St., Greenock. Licensed Vehicle Workers, London & Provincial U. of (T.L.F.¥: H. A. Bywater, 39, Gerrard St., Soho, W. Quay & Railway Carters’ U., Mersey: T. Ditchfield, 398, Scotland Rd., Liverpool. Tramway & Vehicle Workers, Amal. Assn. of (T.I.): G. T. Jackson, 5, Leaf Sq., Pendleton, Manchester. Tramway Workers’ U., Blackburn & Dis: J. Sefton, 247, Accrington Rd., Blackburn. Vehicle Workers, Nat. U. of (T.): S. March, 31, Great Prescott St., E. Seamen. UNIONS. ph in ee Soc. of British Cargo Steamers: T. Hlias, 1, Stuart St., Docks, ardiff. - Hull Seamen & Marine Firemen’s Amal. Assn. : G. W. McKee, 1, Railway St., Hull. Marine Engineers’ Assn. Ltd.: W. L. Marshall, 15, East India Dock Rd., E. Masters & Mates, Nat. U. of: J. Deavin. Monkwearmouth Steam Tug Provident Soc.: J. G. Bevan, 6, Greta Terr., Sunderland. Sailors & Firemen’s U. of G.B. & I., Nat. (T.S.1.): EH. Cathery, Maritime Hall, West India Dock Rd., Poplar, HE. Seafarers’ U., British: A. Cannon, 8, Terminus Terr., Southampton, 160 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Ships’ Clerks, Grain Weighers, & Coal Meters, Nat. U. of: A. C. Hoch, 253, Manchester Rd., Poplar, E. Ships’ Stewards, Cooks, Butchers, & Bakers, Nat. U. of (T.L.8.): J. E. Olark, 14-16, Central Bdgs., North John St., Liverpool. South Shields Steam-Tug Boatmen’s Provident Soc.: J. Lincoln, 57, Trajan Av., South Shields. Tyne Foy-boatmen’s Provident Soc.: W. Steele, 13, York Terr., North Shields. Tyne Steam Packet Provident Soc., Newcastle: H. A. Lowdon, 56, Stephen St., Byker, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Tyne Steam Packet Provident Soc. (N. Shields): W. W. Dunn, 56, Stanley St. West, North Shields. Wear Steam Packet Trade Protecting & Friendly Soc.: R. S. Hurdman, 44, Noble St., Hendon, Sunderland. Canal, Dock, and Waterside. UNIONS. Coal Trimmers & Tippers’ U., Cardiff, Penarth, & Barry (T.L.): S. Fisher, 39, Mount Stuart Sq., Cardiff. Coal Workers’ Protective Soc., Gt. Grimsby : G. Melton, 54, Harold St., Gt. Grimsby. Dock Lab. in G.B. & I., Nat. U. of (T.L.8.) (1., Derry & Drogheda Branches) : J. Sexton, J.P., 17, Norton St., Liverpool. Die a>. C08 Limerick: The Secretary, Limerick Dock Lab. Soc., 2, Bank Place, imerick. Dock Lab., Scottish U. of (T.S.): J. Houghton, 74, York St., Glasgow. Dockers’ U., Greenock & Dis.: N. Haughey, 2, Watt Place, Greenock. Dockers & Workers’ U., Irish: The Secretary, Irish Dockers & Workers’ U., 18, Wellington Quay, Dublin. Dock, Wharf, Riverside, & Gen. Workers’ U. of G.B. & I. (T.L.F.): B. Tillett, 425, Mile End Rd., E. Dock Workers’ Assn., Port Talbot: D. Treharne, 12, Bevan St., Aberavon, P. Talbot. Gen. Workers’ Friendly & Protective Soc., Grimsby: J. Smith, 4, King St., Grimsby. Harbour Employés’ Soc., Limerick: T. Hanrahan, Harbour Works Department, The Docks, Limerick. Lab. Protection League (T.) (L., No. 14 Branch): A. Harris, 96 & 98, Neptune St., Rotherhithe, S.E. Lightermen of the River Thames, Amal. Soc. of Foremen: R. W. Troubridge, 70, Monson Rd., New Cross, S.E Pilots’ Assn., Manchester Ship Canal: C. F. Young, 30, Canterbury Rd., Rockferry, Birkenhead. Porters’ Lab. Benefit Soc., Greenock Gen.: W. Quinn, 13, Crawford St., Greenock. Rafters’ Trade U., Greenock & Port Glasgow: W. Mearns, 23, Balfour St., P. Glasgow. Shore Lab. U., Montrose: J. Slicer, 3, Dock Buildings, Montrose. Stevedores’ Lab. Protection League, Amal. (T.L.F.): J. Anderson, Maritime Hall, West India Dock Rd., Poplar, E. Stevedores’ U., London: C. W. Wood, 40, Baxter Rd., Custom House, E. Transport & Gen. Workers’ Trade U., Irish (I., six branches): J. Larkin, 10, Beres- ford Place, Dublin. Trimmers & Teemers’ Assn., North of England (T.): J. W. Meggison, Guildhall Chambers, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Watermen’s Assn., Mersey River & Canals: J. Smith, 20, Dingle Rd., Birkenhead. Watermen’s Assn., Tyne: I. Danskin, 15, Baltic Bdgs., Broad Chare, Newcastle-on-T. Watermen’s Assn., Weaver (T.): A. Barrows, 70, Wharton Rd., Winsford, Cheshire. Watermen, Lightermen, & Bargemen, Amal. Soc. of (T.L.F.): H. Gosling, 31, Great Prescott St., E. Watermen & Porters’ Assn., Upper Mersey (T.F.): E. Gatley, Union Buildings, 87, High St., Runcorn. WOODWORKING AND FURNISHING TRADES. FEDERATIONS. Coachmakers & Wheelwrights’ Alliance, London: J. Hanwell, 4, Medley Rd., West Hampstead, N.W. Coachmakers & Wheelwrights’ Fed., Op.: W. Awcock, 296, Essex Rd., Canonbury, N. French Polishers’ Trade Unions, Fed. of London: W. W. Wood, 104, Stanhope St., N.W. Journeymen Coopers of G.B. & I., Mutual Assn. of (T.L.F.): R. W. Mann, 37, Outwoods St., Burton-on-Trent. Wood Packing Case Makers, U.K. Fed. of: E. Hammond, 49, Victoria Rd., Peckham, S.E. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 161 UNIONS. Cabinet Makers’ Soc., Old London West End: A. Underwood, 24, Fontarabia Rd., Lavender Hill, Battersea, S.W. Cabinet Makers, Amal. U. of (T.L.I.): F. Smith, Bank Chambers, 2, Moss St., Liverpool. Cabinet Makers (London), Progressive U. of: D. Gurton, 278, Old St., E.C. Cabinet Makers’ Assn. (London), Perseverance (F.): M. Hendrick, 50, Protheroe Rd., Fulham, 8.W. Cabinet Makers’ Assn., Scottish: J. McIntosh, 28, Overnewton St., Glasgow. Carpet Planners of the City of Dublin: M. Mulvey, 24, Lower Kevin St., Dublin. Cart, Van, & Wagon Builders’ Soc. of the City of Dublin, Regular: T. Doyle, 1, Northumberland Square, Lower Abbey St., Dublin. Carvers, Gilders. Frame Workers & Fitters’ Soc., Liverpool (F.): J. C. Mulligan, 39, St. Paul’s Rd., Seacombe, Birkenhead. Chairmakers’ Soc. (London), Utd. : H. Charters, 14, Drake St., Lancaster Rd., Enfield. Coach Makers’ Trade U., London & Provincial (T.): W. J. Clouter, 24, Farrant St., Queen’s Park, Paddington, W. Coach Makers, United Kingdom Soc. of (T.L.F.) (S., Glasgow Branch) (I.): C Kinggate, 41, Withington Rd., Brook’s Bar, Manchester. Coachmakers & Wheelwrights’ Federal Lab. U. (London), Op.: B. C. Lawrence, 80, Ashburnham Rd., Kensal Rise, N.W. Coachsmiths & Vicemen’s Trade Soc., London: J. A. Stephens, 16, Stannary St., Kennington Rd., S.E. French Polishers (London), Progressive Soc. of (F.): S. E. Smith, 162, Brecknock Rd., Tufnell Park, N.W. French ” Polishers’ London Soc., Utd. (T.L.): E. J. Rudd, 37, Gray’s Inn Rd., W.OC., Furnishing Trades U., Utd. : J. N. Cohen, 136, Brick Lane, E. Furnishing Trades Assn. 33 Nat. Amal. (T.L.F. S. I.): A. Gossip, Bedford Row House, 58, Theobalds Rd., W.C. Furniture aceembaagie Trade U., London: L. OC. Lyons, 45, Morpeth Rd., Broadway, South Hackney, N Gilders’ Soc. pee “Amal. (L.): W. A. Stratton, Gilders’ Soc., The Crown, 64, Cleveland St., W. Gilders’ Soc., ‘ New Century ”: F. G. Legg, ‘‘ New Century ”’ Gilders’ Soc., Sutton Arms, Great Sutton St., Clerkenwell, E.C. pointe Soc., Glasgow (F.): A. Campbell, 482, Paisley Rd. West, Ibrox, Govan, lasgow. Lath Renders’ Soc., Manchester & Dis. Op: H. Pimblett, 20, Bath St., Hulme, Manchester. Mill Sawyers & Wood Cutting Machinists’ Soc., Liverpool Utd.: C. Hudson, 45, Lightwood St., Earl Rd., Liverpool. Mill Sawyers & Wood Working Machinists’ Trade Soc., London: N. B. Cave, 12, Woodstock Rd., Finsbury Park, N. Organ Builders’ Trade Soc.: C. R. Collier, 5, High Lever Rd., North Kensington, London, W Picture Frame Makers’ Trade U., Nottingham: H. Webb, 6, Wittier Rd., Trent Lane, Nottingham. octal Vehicle Builders, Wheelwrights, Carpenters, & Mechanics, Amal. Soc. of (T.): J. Lancaster, Clarence Chambers, Wallgate, Wigan. Railway Wagon & Carriage Builders & Lifters, Nat. Amal. Soc. of: A. C. James, 172, Arabella St., Roath, Cardiff. Turners, Machinists, & Athletic Wood Workers’ Trade U., Utd. (L.): J. T. Norris, 153, Grove Rd., Victoria Park, E. Upholsterers, Amal. U. of (L.F.): L. Leckie, 26, Lewisham Rd., Highgate Rd., N. Upholsterers’ U., Edinburgh: A. A. Brown, 1, Orwell Terr., Edinburgh. Upholstresses’ Ge Liverpool & Dis.: Miss M. Gorton, Liverpool Upholstresses Union, Cocoa Rooms, St. Luke’s Place, Bold St., Liverpool. Upholstresses’ Assn., Manchester: Miss M. A. Francis, 52, West Clowes St., Eccles New Rad., Salford, Manchester. Upholsterers’ Trimming Makers’ U., London (L.): J. H. Morgan, 11, Hillery Rd., Walworth, S.E. art "Trade Soc., London West End: S. W. Passmore, 8, Luna Rd., Thornton eat Wheelwrights & Coachmakers’ Operatives’ U., London: G. E. Ball, 18, Torrens Square, The Green, Stratford, E. Wheelwrights, Smiths, & Motor-Body Makers, Amal. Soc. of (L.): J. Lamb, 72, Tiverton St., Ardwick, Manchester, S.E. Wood Cutting Machinists of G.B. & I., Amal. Soc. of (T.) (S., Glasgow Dis.) (I., Cork Branch): W. J. Wentworth, 383, Stockport Rd., Manchest er. Wood Turners, Sawyees, Makers- Ready etc., Amal. (L.F.): R. Greenwood, 16, Daisy Bank St., Cornholme, Todmorden. Wood, Wire, & Metal Lathers’ U., Glasgow & Dis. : J. Scott, 47, Pine St., Glasgow 8.8. F 162 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Coopers. UNIONS. nega sa General Coopers’ Protective Soc. (T.L.F.): J. Wilson, 12, Raeburn Place, Aberdeen. Alloa Journeymen Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): R. Preston, 28, Whins Rd., Alloa. Belfast Coopers’ Trade U. (T.L.F.): T. J. Kelly, 86, Templemore Av., Belfast. Birmingham, Wolverhampton, & Dis. (Good Intent Branch) Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): sa AlODB, 104, Rayleigh Rd., Birmingham. Blackburn & Dis. Soc. of Coopers (T.L.F.): W. Wright, 20, Audley Range, Blackburn. nage oP ade Friendly Soc. of Coopers (T.L.F.): J. White, 152, Sandford Rd., radford. Bristol, Friends of Humanity Soc. of Coopers (T.L.F.): F. Mullings, 106, Devon Rd., Easton, Bristol. Burton-on-Trent & Vicinity Philanthropic Soc. of Journeymen Coopers of (T.L.F.): G. Dyche, Coopers’ Soc., White Hart Hotel, High St., Burton-on-Trent. Coopers, Nat. Amal. Soc. of: F. Waister, 5, Tweed St., Hedgeley Rd., Hebburn-on-T. Cork Coopers’ Soc. : W. Egar, 4, Seminary Villas, Farrenferis, Cork. saagsiat egular Op. Coopers’ Soc. of: J. P. Higgins, 47, Mount Shannon Rd., n Dublin. oneee - Dis. Journeymen Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): P. McCallum, 21, Cotton Rd., undee. ly a Journeymen Coopers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): J. N. Davie, 21, Jamieson &t., ovanhill, Glasgow. Greenock Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): W. Steel, 41, Ann St., Greenock. Hull Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): H. Dean, 11, Cavendish Square, Margaret 8t., Hull. Jarrow Hand-in-Hand Friendly Protecting Soc. of Journeymen Coopers (T.L.F.): F. W. Holt, 31. Croft Terr., Jarrow-on-lyne. cane as pet Soc, of Coopers (T.L.F.): J. A. Wildridge, 15, Servia St., Cambridge ., Leeds. Leith, Edinburgh, & Dis. Journeymen Coopers’ Protective & Friendly Soc. (T.L.F.): J. S. Neill, 17, Beechwood Terr., Leith, Edinburgh. Limerick Guild of Coopers: D. Griffin, 53, Denmark St., Limerick. Liverpool Coopers’ Friendly Trade & Burial Soc. (T.L.F.): J. Carroll, 12, Shaw &t., Liverpool. een OY, & i Coopers’ Assn. (T.L.F.): J. L. Boyd, 109, Goodison Rd., alton, Liverpool. Livingston 8oc. of Op. Coopers (T.L.F.): W. Chambers, Barjovah, Union Rd., Broxburn, Linlithgowshire. London Coopers’ Assn. deta G. Harrison, 91, Great Prescott St., Whitechapel, E. London, Hand-in-Hand Soc. o ves ta (T.L.F.): E. C. Hall, Stepney Central Hall, 35, Bromley St., Commercial Rd., E. Manchester, Salford, & Dis., Loyal Utd. Soc. of Brewers & Gen. Coopers of (T.L.F.) : H. Jones, 39, Stamford Rd., Longsight, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne & Dis., Good Intent Soc. of Coopers of (T.L.F.): W. T. Nealings, 34, Rosewood Crescent, Walkerville, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Northwich & Dis. Coopers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): J. Beech, 19, Broadway, Barnton, Northwich. Nottingham & Dis. Soc. of Journeymen Coopers (T.L.F.): A. Pointon, 160, Mansfield St.. Sherwood, Nottingham. Runcorn Coopers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): W. Riley, 15, Lightburn St., Runcorn. Sheffield Philanthropic Soc. of Journeymen Coopers (T.L.F.): G. W. Wright, 40, Cross Bedford St., Sheffield. St. Helens Coopers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): D. Howard, 22, Sherdley Rd., Pleasley Cross, St. Helens. Swansea, Friends of Humanity Soc. of Coopers (T.L.F.): P. Jenkins, 35, Hewson St., Mount Pleasant, Swansea. Tyneside Coopers, Dis., Amal. (T.L.F.): J. Shields, 14, Coquet St., Hebburn-on-T. Warrington Coopers’ Soc. (T.L.F.): J. Chrimes, 18, Greenall St., Warrington. Waterford Op. Coopers’ Trade U.: E. Cleary, Glen Terrace, Waterford. Widnes Coopers’ Trade Soc. (T.L.F.): J. Donoghue, 73, Lacey St., Widnes. Packing Case Makers. UNIONS. Belfast Packing Case Makers’ Trade U.: J. St. John, 37, Little May 8t., Belfast. Bradford Rolling Board & Packing Case Makers’ Soc.: E. Shackleton, 17, Lappage Terr., Bradford. @ity of Bristol Box & Packing Case Makers’ Trade U.: W. F. Adama, 16, Battersea Rd., Easton, Bristol. en & Tin Packing Case Makers’ Trade U.: T. J. Doheny, 2, Bachelor’s Walk, in. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 163 Dundee & Dis. Packing Case Makers’ Trade Soc. : 8S. Prain, 65, Milnbank Rd., Dundee. Liverpool & Dis. Packing Case & Box Makers’ Soc. : H. Wilbraham, 22, Wentworth St., Everton, Liverpool. London Wood & Tin Packing Case Makers’ Trade Soc.: C. Hargrave, 19, Vale Rd., Forest Gate, E. Manchester, Salford, & Bolton Wood Packing Case Makers’ Soc.: J.. Oliver, 97, Higher Cambridge St., Chorlton-on-Medlock, eater as Northampton win Sae Case Makers’ Soc. (Wood & Tin): W. A. Andrews, 2, St. Peter’s Terr., Northampto Nottingham Packing ‘Case Makers’ Trade Soc.: A. Walker, 2, Palisades Yard, Harrington St., Nottingham. cece Ae Dis. Packing Case Makers’ Soc.: J. Brooks, 50, Radnor St., Werneth, am. Trunk & Packing Case Makers of Scotland Trade Soc., Glasgow (F.): J. Findlay. 24, Garscadden St., Glasgow. MISCELLANEOUS TRADES. FEDERATION, Floor Cloth & Linoleum Printers’ Fed. of England & Scotland: A. Smith, 2, Hazel St., Audenshaw, Manchester. UNIONS. cf Workers’ Union, Nat.: G. Gibson, 27, Corporation S8t., Manchester. Bill Posters of G.B. & I., Amal. Soc. of : W. R. H Hussey, 25, New Rd., Battersea, 8.W. sy Fall U., Nat.: Miss J. M. Findlay, 44, Garmoyle Rd., Smithdown Rd., verpoo Guster, Nat. Fed. of: E. J. Curtis, 50, Waterloo Rd., Burnley. Chimney Sweepers, Bradford & Dis. Amal. Soc. of: BF. Naylor, 29, Sticker Lane, Laisterdyke, Bradford. Clerks, Nat. U. of (T.L.S.): H. H. Elvin, 13, Brunswick Sq., London, W.C. Clerks of the United Kingdom, Assn. of Tax: M. Torpey, Assn. of Tax Clerks, St. Bride’s Institute. Bride Lane, E.C. Olerks’ U., Royal Liver: T. Mackereth, Royal Liver Bdg., Pierhead, Liverpool. Clerks & Secretaries, Assn. of Women: "Miss Irene Cox, 12, Buckingham 8t., Strand, Concrete & Asphalt Workers (Manchester), Nat. Soc. of: J. Doyle, 74, Henry St., Cotton Lane, Withington, Manchester. Co- gat Branch Managers’ U.: E. Turton, Co-operative Stores, Mapplewell, rnsle Co-o aes Em loyés, Amal. U. of (8.1.): A. Hewitt, A.U.C.E., ‘‘ Co-operative ews’ Building, Long Millgate, Manchester. Cork Cutters, International U. of : T. Gandy, 60, Rede St., Battlefield, Newcastle-on-T. Domestic Workers’ U. of G.B. (T.): Miss Grace Neal, 66, Queen’ : Ra., ay ieelbchan 3 Drapers’ Assistants’ Benefit & Protective Agsn., Irish (1.): ie Q’Lehane, 76, Grafton St., Dublin. Engravers to Calico Printers & Paper Stainers, Amal. U. of (T.L.): C. Kean, 72, Market St., Manchester. Flaggers & Slaters’ Soc., Blackburn Op.: J. T. Worrall, 29, Suffolk St., Blackburn. Fla, " The Present Law of Trade Disputes and Trade Unions,”’ by W. M. Geldart (Frowde, 6d.), 1914. 7. For legal cases see the ‘‘ Board of -Trade Labour Gazette.” - PRINCIPAL STATUTES. Trade Union Act, 1871, 34 and 35 Vict., c. 32. Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, 1875, 38 and 39 Vict., c. 86. Trade Union (Amendment) Act, 1876, 39 and 4o Vict., C. 22. Trade Union Provident Funds ‘Act, 1893, 56 and 57 Vict., Trade Disputes Act, 1906, 6 Edw. VII., c. 47. Trade Union Act, 1913, 2 and 3 Geo. V., c. 30. Munitions of War Act, 1915. INDUSTRIAL VERSUS CRAFT UNIONS. By A. BELLAamMy, J.P. (PRESIDENT, N.U.R.). One of the objects of the National Union of Railwaymen is “to secure the complete organisation of all workers employed on or in connection with any railway in the United Kingdom ’”’ (Rule 4), and in consequence of that object it is provided that ‘‘ any worker on or in connection with any railway in the United Kingdom shall be eligible for membership ”’ (Rule s). The railway transport industry is a distinct unit of industry in all its manifold ramifications necessitating the application of scores of crafts and trades, the specific object of the labour of those employed by railway companies being the maintenance of the railway system of transport and its continuation as an indispensable complete national unit. The ramifications of the industry are so great and its variety of classes of industry are so many that the line of demarcation between the callings, crafts, or trades is indefinable, and, following a line from the latest boy recruit to the general manager, it is found that railway labour in its practical application is interchangeable, and the railway industry thereby lends itself to a subtle form of involved replacement in ordinary working or in exigencies that no effort and no organisation can resist, even if it were considered wise to offer any resistance. The industry is kept moving by the continual but barely noticeable interchangability of the units of labour from end to end of the system, and this is one of the reasons why the National Union of Railwaymen has declared itself an industrial union, and opened its doors to all persons of any capacity employed on or about a railway. The organisation of railwaymen by craft or grade has proved unsuccessful, and experience has shown that the development of the railway transport industry necessitates the organisation of those employed in its manipulations in one Trade Union in order to bargain collectively with the one association of employers. Whatever may be the specific craft or trade a worker may follow his labour is being applied to the running of the transport machine; the objective of his work is to that one end. In whatever direction he may apply his craft skill he is bound up with and carrying on the work of the railway transport industry, and while so employed is distinctly and definitely @ railway worker irrespective of his craft classification or denomination. In many respects his craft skill is peculiar to the railway system. The principle of elementary craft unionism in the railway industry, if ever such were possible, has become obsolete. The tendency to co-ordination between railways, as in other industries, has rendered craft industrialism ineffective. The logical application of craft unionism to the railway system, with its thousand and one arts and crafts ever undergoing the natural process of advancement or interchange, has only to be examined to be reduced immediately to an absurdity. A perpetual struggle between railway workers who may follow three or four classes of employment in one week, working interlinked with others who are changing also their ‘forms of employment according to the exigencies of the industry, or according to the changed form of technical and mechanical operation, can be 182 INDUSTRIAL VERSUS CRAFT UNIONS. thought of to show merely its impossibility in practice when dealing with the railway owners through a managerial unit. The desire on the part of the workers for the ‘‘ right to control” their industry, their pursuit of the ‘‘ achievement of power,’’ is broken in the practice of a narrow craft unionism. A craft union protects only its own craft, a craft that mechanical development may make obsolete in a decade. An industrial union protects the complete labour of a complete industry. Whatever mechanical changes may take place in the operations of the railway system, it is the railway system all the time, and its operators are railway workers who, always organised in a national union of railway workers, are ever ready to protect their skill in transport and to negotiate any phase of their adaptable industrial conditions. It is not possible to write the whole of the history which attaches to this development, but it may be stated that so far as the N.U.R. is concerned it took its rise after the resolution which was adopted by the Trades Union Congress in 1910 at Sheffield. That resolution read :— ‘‘ That, in the opinion of this Congress, the present system of sectional Trade Unionism is unable to successfully combat the encroachments of modern capitalism, and, while recognising the usefulness of sectional unionism in the past and present, the Congress realises that much greater achievements are possible, and the redemption of the working class would be hastened if all the existing unions were amalgamated by industries, with one central executive elected by the combined unions, and with power to act unitedly whenever there is a strike or lock-out in any industry, thus making the grievance of one the concern of all. The Congress, therefore, instructs its Parliamentary Committee to put itself in communication with all the unions in Great Britain and ascertain their views on the above question, also to promote a general scheme of amalgamation, and make a recommendation on the matter to the next Congress.”’ It may be remarked in passing that this resolution was reaffirmed in the following terms in 1911 at Newcastle :— ‘That this Congress, recognising the increased power of the capitalists in closing up their ranks, and their adoption of improved methods, deplores the lack of similar consolidation among the workers. It urges, therefore, that the Parliamentary Committee take steps to call conferences of the different industries, with a view to amalgamating the several Trade Unions connected with each industry.”’ The co-operation of four of the railway unions in the successful strike of 1911 gave.a great impetus to this movement, and in the spring of 19f3 three out of the four unions came together and formed the nucleus of the new body, which was called the National Union of Railwaymen. Whether as a recruiting agency or as a fighting organisation the new policy has achieved remarkable success. It is its very success which has led to its being attacked. For some time before the Trades Union Congress of 1915 the matter had been before the Joint Board, and that body had tried its utmost to prevent a collision and to produce a settlement. But the craft unions insisted on a total reversal of the policy before they would enter into any INDUSTRIAL VERSUS CRAFT UNIONS. 183 negotiations. The last proposal of the Joint Board, which was eminently reasonable, but which was refused by the craft unions, read as follows :— “That a joint committee of all the craft unions involved and the N.U.R. be set up, consisting of 14 members, seven to be appointed by .either side, with an independent chairman, to prepare and report upon a scheme whereby the difference between the craft unions and the N.U.R. can be adjusted, and the methods of future organisation determined.” As all the world now knows, the Trades Union Congress, by a marrow majority, upheld the contention of the craft unions, but the battle is only just beginning. The new policy will not be relinquished, although the N.U.R. is quite ready to meet the legitimate complaints of the craft unions and to enter into arrangements with a view to a reasonable settlement. CRAFT VERSUS INDUSTRIAL UNIONS. By FRED BRAMLEY (National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association). Having been called upon to state the case for the craft unions during a period of crisis in the Trade Union movement brought about by the cleavage in our ranks due to a difference of opinion on methods of organisation, I do so in the hope that this statement of the position and difficulties of the craft unions may go some way to bring about an intelligent understanding of the issue and a satisfactory settlement of the impending disputes between the conflicting elements of our organisations. Arising out of past experience, and as a consequence of numerous examples of men employed in one section of industry being used during trade disputes to assist the employers to defeat their fellow Trade Unionists in another, we naturally witness a growing desire to put an end to any method of industrial organisation which makes it possible for the enemies of Labour to use one group of men to assist them in their attacks on another and the principles which it is the duty of all, irrespective of craft or trade, to defend. The attempts made to end this danger have taken the form of passing resolutions at the Trades Union Congress calling upon the Parliamentary Committee to promote amalgamation wherever possible of all unions representing workers employed in the same industry. The interpretation placed upon these resolutions by the craft unions differs very considerably from the interpretation used in justification by such unions as the National Union of Railwayment of a policy which by being applied has brought them into conflict with 25 of the principal craft unions, and a conflict which because of its dimensions is likely to prove an event of historic importance to the Trade Union movement. The policy referred to as applied by and contained in the rules of the N.U.R. is that any worker employed on or in connection with any railway is eligible for membership in their organisation. The importance of this policy from the craft union point of view is not determined by the effect on craft unions due to its application by one union, however large, but is due to a serious consideration of its effect if applied and extended to other organisations which have as much right to claim all craftsmen employed in their respective industries as the N.U.R. The miners, the textile workers, the printing, clothing, and the shipping trades may make the same claim. A certain section of the building trades are already making the attempt, and find themselves in a state of wat with every established union in the industry. To understand the antagonism of the craft unions to this tendency it is necessary to realise its consequences. Take, for instance, the position of a joiner or a blacksmith. These men are employed in about 20 of the principal industries of the country. The universal adoption of the policy laid down by the N.U.R. would mean that the joiner or the blacksmith migrating from one industry to another would be expected during the period of his working career to become CRAFT VERSUS INDUSTRIAL UNIONS. 185 a member of many unions, and for such short periods that the effective mair.tenance of craft conditions would be impossible, and the complete extermination of craft unions inevitable. Closer union of forces in the Trade Union movement is desirable. Competition for the same class of membership should cease. More effective control during trade disputes of workers employed in the same industry must be established, but there is a vast difference between establishing one union for the metal trades, one union for the clothing trades, one union for the printing trades, one union for the woodworking trades, with the advantages such organisation would bring, and the policy which would lead to the skilled trades being broken up into small groups and attached to the industries alleged to be applying the principles of Industrial Unionism. It is perfectly true that craftsmen employed by a railway company or a colliery company may be used during a trade dispute against railway workers Or miners. But it is also true that craftsmen may be employed during a trade dispute by any combination of employers, including railway companies, at the expense of a craft union engaged in an attempt to improve conditions. The necessity of control increases as the possibility of blacklegging extends, and there is far more danger of a joiner employed by a railway company being used to blackleg a fellow craftsman in dispute outside the railway industry than there is of a joiner employed by a railway company being used to blackleg an engine driver or a railway guard. The necessity of control is determined far more by the kind of work you do than the firm you work for. The contention of the craft unions is that an engineer, a joiner, or a blacksmith, whether he work for a railway company, a municipality, a colliery company, or a private contractor, should be employed at the same rates of wages and enjoy the same conditions ot enployment, and should also pay his fair share of cash and service to maintain those conditions. He can join the N.U.R. (he may be able to join other organisations later on) and be called upon to pay a contribution representing less than one-third the demand made by his craft union. He may also escape the necessity of obtaining the proper rate of wages, for the purpose of establishing which many years of sacrifice have been made by his fellow workmen. Or he may obtain the full rates and conditions as established by the craft union for the district. In the first case he would undercut his fellows, and in the second case he would profit at their expense, reap where he does not sow, and generally justify his position by a process of reasoning usually adopted by the non-unionist. Space will not allow for the inclusion of Trades Congress resoiutions dealing with this issue. The resolutions passed at different times have been freely quoted by both sides as a justification of opposing policies. Fortunately, Joint Board findings, as representing the carefully considered judgment of impartial experts on inquiries with reference to the Municipal Employees and the Small Arms Employees’ Union, have been clearly on the side of the craft union policy. In the case of the Municipal Employees’ dispute with the labourers’ unions, the decision given after careful consideration at many conferences is as follows :— ** All unions which sovght to separate workmen from the Trade Union organised for the phase of industry ‘to which they belonged sbould be refused recognition by the Trades Union 186 CRAFT VERSUS INDUSTRIAL UNIONS. Congress, the General Federation of rade Unions, and the Labour Party.’’—Joint Board report to Sheffield Congress, 1gio. At the forthcoming Congress at Bristol another decision will be sought by a resolution aimed directly at the N.U.R. policy. The craft unions to a much greater extent than ever before are fully alive to the issue. It is probable that the problem raised will require all the statesmanship and judgment of Trade Union leaders to find a solution necessary to avoid an unfortunate split in the ranks of Trade Unionism. Those of us who view with some concern the application of any policy which is not only dangerous to craft conditions of employment, but also which, in our opinion, would be against the best interests of working-class movements generally, are prepared to concede any point short of accepting a policy leading to the extermination of the unions we represent. NATIONAL GUILDS. By G. D. H. Coie (Executive Member of the National Guilds League). The Labour movement to-day, both in the political and in the industrial sphere, exists and claims allegiance as a protest against the economic system. The class struggle which it incarnates is justified as a criticism of the unequal division of freedom, responsibility, and wealth between the capitalist and the wage-earning classes. It must seek to abolish the wage system, or it is nothing. Under the wage system, labour is bought and sold as an article of commerce; the worker, without economic resource other than his Trade Union to aid him in the bargaining, must sell himself to the highest bidder or else starve. He is treated not as a human being, but as a commodity, and his wages depend upon the higgling of a market in which all the scales are weighted against him. This system all Socialists and all true Labour men seek to abolish ; but there are wide differences both in the methods they propose and in the ends they have in view. For many years the workers, through their political and industrial organisations alike, have sought a remedy in the nationalisation of industry and the capture of the Parliamentary machine. They have supposed that, given a democratic State and State ownership of industry, the wage system will be abolished and the freedom of the workers secured. They have thought this because they have fixed their minds too exclusively on the distribution of wealth. The horrors of poverty, the wrongs of the worker as a consumer, they have fully realised; but they have failed to see the other aspect of the problem—the tyranny in the workshop, the despotic administration from above, to which the worker is subject as a producer. They have been mindful of poverty, but they have forgotten industrial slavery, or, if they have remembered it, they have not seen the solution of the problem to which it points. Trade Unionism has always been recognised as a means not only of raising wages, but also of mitigating tyranny in the factory. It has been used for this purpose both against the private capitalist and where the State or the municipality controls a service. The postal associations and the tramway workers have found no less cause for protest against the tyranny of their employers than the engineers or the railwaymen: the co-operative employees, who live under a ‘‘democratic’’ system, would have had no freedom but for the efforts of their unions. Under every system of management Trade Unions are thwarted in their efforts after freedom, because the actual control is in the hands of others, of outsiders. They can only criticise the conduct of industry; they cannot themselves control it. National Guildsmen believe that the actual management of industry should be in the hands of the workers themselves; that in every industry the whole personnel engaged, including both brain-workers and manual workers, should organise and direct production. If democracy is good in the State and in local government, it is good, they hold, in industry also. Indeed, only en industrial democracy can a truly democratic society 188 NATIONAL GUILDS. be built. They declare, then, for the control of production by the producers, At the same time, they recognise that the consumers, those who buy and use commodities and services, have rights and functions in industry. The State, as the representative of the organised consumers, cannot surrender the whole control of industry to the producers. It must safeguard the community against exploitation; it must keep a control over prices. Leaving the normal conduct of industry to the producers, it must keep the right to interfere. There must be, between producers and consumers, a balance of power. This system is called the system of National Guilds. Under it, the management of each industry would be in the hands of a National Guild, including all workers in the industry. All the Guilds would be linked up in a Guild Congress representing the whole body of producers. Each Guild would administer its own internal affairs and matters of common interest would be discussed and settled by the Guild Congress. Where the consumers were concerned there would be discussion between the Guild concerned and the State, or, in matters of common concern and in cases of disagreement, between the Guild Congress and the State. In these discussions each party would have its economic power behind it; the Guilds would be in possession of the management of industry, the State would be the owner of the means of production. Guildsmen advocate State ownership and Guild management of industry, and they urge that the national revenue should be raised mainly by a tax on the Guilds. This tax would be the consumer’s chief weapon against exploitation. If this ideal is accepted, it remains to suggest how it can be reached. The answer is that the Guilds must come, through Industrial Unionism, out of the Trade Unions.of to-day. The Guild system can only be realised if the unions make it their first object to secure the control of industry. The change must be gradual, but the first steps can be taken, and are being taken, in the Trade Union world to-day. Capitalistic industry is breaking down, and if the Trade Unions use their chance they may secure, here and now, a first instalment of that control which alone can bring them industrial freedom. [The objects set forth above are the objects of the National Guilds League, a propagandist body which aims at ‘‘the abolition of the wage system and the establishment of Self-Government in Industry through a system of National Guilds working in conjunction with the State.”? Further information can be obtained from the Secretary, 16, Grosvenor Road, London, S.W., or through the publications of the League, ‘‘ National Guilds” (the Victoria House Printing and Publishing Company), (1d.), etc.] THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 189 STRIKES AND LOCK-OUTS. The year 1914 falls into two parts. The period of seven months up to the outbreak of war belongs properly to that series of years from 1911 onwards which is marked by a prevalence of strikes and lock-outs frequently called Industrial Unrest. The five months after the war are marked by that ready settlement of differences which has been called the Industrial Truce. During the first seven months of 1914 there were 836 disputes affecting 423,000 workers; in the last five months there were only 137 disputes, affecting 23,000 workers. Even with this declension in the latter months of 1914 the number of strikes—g973—has only once been exceeded in the past 21 years. From . January to August, 1915, there were 468 disputes affecting 370,867 workers, with an aggregate duration of 2,438,400 days (of which nearly 1,500,000 were in the coalmining industry). The following table summarises by industries the figures for 1913 and 1914 respectively :— —————=—— == ; 1913. 1914. | SRS SS Ee Ae Aggregate Aggregate Groups trades. pe of] Number | duration in | N°: - Number | duration in is- , dis : of work- | working days of work- | working days pee people of all tae people of all ay! involved. | disputes in | j,i involved. | disputes in | 8. | progress, 8. progress. ——- —— { . a ne eee BuUdnyy 1.44.0 t 198 | 40,002 | * 823,829| 176] 37,838] 3,210,200 Coal mining ....| 1631 203,245} 1,297,814| 151 | 271,683 3,737,500 Other mining and quarrying...... 29} 10,833 357,770 19 1,374 62,500 Engineering ....| 173} 52,666} 1,095,264 85 | 19,225; 923,100 Shipbuilding ....| 122| 27,247 149,895 | 87] 16,958 123,200 Peer metal... 0° 97: 67217704 .¥,742;536 53 | 14,040 291,500 Textile ..........| 243| 93,510| 2,028,200 95 21,853 725,100 SORE eres ees} 75 | 15,227 173,910| 46] 3,980 58,900 Transport ......; 123| 86,225] 1,245,092 55| 13,642} 94,500 Other trades and | employés of pub- lic authorities ..; 273 67,194| 1,016,422] 204| 45,612 678,200 General dispute’. . I.| .20,000 | 1,700,000 |, 2 200,000 Total......'1,497 | 688,925 | 11,630,732 973 | 446,205 | 10,104,700 \ * This relates to the dispute at Dublin which began in August, 1913, and ended in February, 1914, affecting a large number of different trades. The steady increase for the last ten years of the number of disputes, of the numbers of workers involved, and of the aggregate duration of disputes, is shown by the following table. It is to be noted the large figures for 1912 are chiefly caused by the great coal strike of that year, which alone accounted for 1,000,000 workers and 30,000,000 working days. 1go0 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Number of dis- | Number of workpeople | Aggregate duration in Year, putes beginning | involved in disputes | working days in each - in each year. beginning in each year. year. 1904 | 355 87,208 | 1,484,220 1905 | 358 | 93,503 | 2,470,189 1906 ) 486 a17;773 3,028,816 1907 601 | 147,498 | 2,162,151 1908 / 399 | 295,507 10,834,189 1909 | 436 | 300,819 2,773,986 be) Ce) 531 515,165 | 9,894,831 IQIL | 903 | 961,980 | 10,319,591 1912 | 857 | 1,463,281 | 40,914,675 1913 1,497 - | 688,925 11,630,732 1914 | 973 / 446,205 _-- 10,104,700 } CAUSES OF DISPUTE. The causes of disputes are, in the main, of two kinds: those which arise from questions of Trade Union principles, together with disputes about the employment of particular classes or persons or about working arrangements, rules, and discipline, and those which arise from wages and hours. The table on the opposite page -gives the figures for causes of disputes for the last ten years, RESULTS OF DISPUTES. The following table shows for a period of ten years the proportion of workers directly involved in disputes which were successful, unsuccessful, and partially successful :— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF WORKPEOPLE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN oats eae THE anaes OF WHICH WERE :— In favour of In favour of Compromise o or Indefinite or workpeople. employers. partially successful. unsettled. Year. hE ISITE | Per Per Per Per Number. ; cent. | Number. | cent. | Number.| cent. |Number| cent. | ok .anssidesess can ‘ | 1904. 15,413 | 27-3 | 23,500 | 41.7 | 17,441 | 309 26 0.1 1905. 16,702 | 243 | 23029 | 34.0 | 27,894} 41.2 28 0.1 1906. 67.159 | 425 | 38,067 | 245] 52,018} 330 28 0.0 1907. 32,883} 32.7 | 27,483 | 27.3 | 40,362 | 40.0 — —- 1908. 19.475 | 8.7} 57,600 | 25.7 | 146,888 | 65.6 — — 1g09. he Yn ge Gy ide th ied 37,994 | 22.3 | 113,141 | 66.5 — _ Igo. 62,640 ; 16.3 | 53.375 | 13 8 | 268.307! 69.7 763 O° IQTI..| 54,705 | 6.6; 76,916 | 93 | 699,483} 84.1 ne os 1912..| 918 171 | 74.5 | 177,281 | 14.4 | 137564 | 11.1 —_ _ IQ13..| 162,012 | 31.4 | 108,547 | 21.0 | 245,478 | 47.6 —_ — 191 THE INDWSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. *SI9YIOM PUNOIPIOpUN [Te Joy OSE WANWYUTUI JOLSIP TENpyAypur we so apdyeuzid oy) yo uondope oy} JO} UlE}IG }VOI4) Ul SIOUIUT [LOO jo SHIIIS TeIaUas 9Y} 0} Saze[9I STYT » oLt'ozr *€xr61 gio'€€z‘1| vor‘ 1£g gsg's 196'g 000‘0Sg ozt'oLli ggo'zP SQ6'tE $z6'oz1I zOb'g Ig1‘f1 Giz‘€gt 600‘'g9 6£g'zl ggS'Lzt "1161 Gg0‘SgE | gSz‘oL1 £o6'9 bee's £z6'16 | Lof‘Ze PLb‘gL | gzo'zy Loz‘zg | 269'g €6L'v11 | cover LiL fe aed "or 6x 696'Ezz | gzZ‘oor oF6'E 0S9 LLE‘g =| ogo'z 6gg'SZr | gSo'gS Loviz1 | zog'ir glo'11 | 669'E€1 giz‘zx1 | 6€'gt *go6r zL6'LSr | €S9'Lo a I ogt ‘gS aeees ee seoe Te}0} purziy oz reteeeeeeees sesosneo 19810 ol6'r cece eres noes Inoqge] jo sinoyy — sesees o8eM WUNUINTUIM & IO] EQgL'z€ re ee ee Sose AA 109‘Z ee gul[drostp pue ‘so[ni ‘sjusWIOSUeIIe BUTYIO AA 1go‘g | ** °° suosied 10 sassr]o zejnoysed =jo jyuowdojduy Cz6'Z | +*+-** sajdround uo epery, “4061 ut JwyuMIseg soyndsiq ul peafoauy 4739241q7 ajdoody10 Aq jo JaquInN *asneg jedjourg ————aaaaooaoaoooooooooooaooooaooaooaoeeeeeeee 192 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. It is to be noted that there is a general tendency for disputes to be settled by compromise, and this irrespective of whether the years were of good or*of bad employment. In years of good employment, like 1906, 1907, and 1913, the proportion of successful disputes is high; in years of bad employment, like 1904, 1908, and 1909, the proportion is low. The year 1g12 is quite exceptional owing to the large number of people involved in the national coal strike. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Twenty-Sixth Annual Report on Strikes and Lock-Outs in 1913. Published 1915 (Cd. 7658). 1s. 3d. Memoranda relating to Strikes and Lock-Outs. Published 1912 (Cd. 6081). 1s. sd. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT, 193 CHANGES IN RATES OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOUR. CHANGES IN RATES OF WAGES. It is necessary to state by way of introduction that the following figures do not profess to indicate the definite monetary value of the difference between the amounts actually paid in wages in any two years. It is not possible to do more than to tabulate those cases where specific changes were reported to the Board of Trade in the rate of wages paid for any particular occupation. The reader, therefore, will do well to bear the following points in mind :— There is a real distinction between rates of wages—which alone are dealt with here—and earnings. In a year of bad employment, for instance, the total of actual earnings is considerably below the total of a year of good or average employment, yet the rates of wages for the two years are not necessarily different. In the same way earnings vary very greatly in the so-called ‘‘ seasonal’’ trades (such as the building trades, with their different working hours in summer and winter), but unless the usual rate of wages is altered and there is some specific change in the recognised terms of employment these variations are not recorded below. On the same principle, changes in wages due to promotions or progressive increments under a fixed scale are not included. It follows, therefore, that the chief value of the following tables is as a guide to the general tendency of wages as compared with the cost of living CHANGES IN RATES OF WAGES IN 1913 AND 1014. The following figures do not include agricultural labourers, seamen, or railway servants, the figures for whose trades are given separately. In the figures for 1914 police and Government employees are not included. During the greater part of 1913 the upward movement in wages, which began in 1910, continued at an increased rate, and, though there was a falling-off in the last few months, the total net increase for the year has only twice been exceeded in the last two decades, viz., in 1900 and in 1907. For the first seven months of 1914 the upward tendency of wages continued, though there was a downward movement in the mining, pig-iron, and iron and steel industries, in which last wages vary under a sliding scale in accordance with the fluctuations in the selling price of the product. The outbreak of war, however, checked both the upward and the downward movements, and the net change in weekly wages for the year was one of the smallest ever recorded. At the end of July two months had shown a decrease, and five an increase; from August to the end of the year there were four months of increase and one of decrease. The total number of workpeople reported to the Board of Trade as affected by changes in the rate of wages was 1,906,878 in 1913 and 834,240 in 1914.. The number affected in 1913 was greater than in any previous year, amounting to 19.1 per cent. of the industrial population ; the great decrease in the numbers affected in 1914 is due partly to the fact that no general changes occurred in the wages of miners in some G 194 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. of the more important coalfields, and partly to the falling off in the number of changes reported after the outbreak of the war. In 1913 1,868,086 workers received net increases amounting to £180,462 per week, and 35,727 sustained net decreases amounting to 41,751 per week; the net weekly advance of £178,711 is equivalent to. an increase in wages to each of the workers affected of 1s. 1o4d. per week. In 1914 407,230 workers gained a net weekly increase of £40,210, while 404,960 suffered a net decrease of £35,148 per week, 22,050 workpeople (as compared with 3,065 in 1913) sustained upward and downward changes which eventually left their wages unaltered, and the 834,240 whose wages were affected in this year secured a net weekly increase of £5,062, less than 13d. each. Net amount of increase Number of workpeople* (+) or decrease (—) h tes of wag in th kl Groups of trades. were reported as || of those affected, as changed in compared with the preceding year.* 1913. IQT4. 1913. 1014. £ Coal mining .<.6.. sles s se ce 978,724 | 349,383 || +102,175 |—26,785, Iron, etc., mining .......... 21,717 | 20,591 || + 2,004 j— 2,135 Quarrying .. see eee ee eees 15,717 | 11,944 ||-+ 1,184 |-+_1,040f Pig iron manufacture...... - 18,001 18,047 || + 81, |— 1,438 Iron and steel manufacture .. 56,621 | 48,834 | + 1,854 |— 3,475 Total for trades in which | wages declined in 1914 ../ 1,090,780 | 448,799 || +107,298 | —32,793 Building ......-- pene eeee 189,871 | 128,595 || + 23,165 | +12,921 Engineering and shipbuilding.| 224,832 | 106,668 || + 13,521 | + 9,594 Other metal trades .......... 38,197 | 23,885 || + 3,755 | + 1,472 Textile trades ........eees0. 143,351 | 21,223 || + 9,640 | + 1,288 Clothing PONIES «rosin, 0 mA dean 19,810 5,591 || + 2,709 | + 614 Transport trades ............ 49,236 | 23,886 || + 5,320] + 4,843 Printing, etc., trades ........ 12,782 | 17,651 || + 1,009 | + 1,417 Glass, etc:, trades ..).6. 068 25,007 | 13,653 || + 2,012 | + 1,046 Other trades.....++. sseees 40,927 | 26,158 |}+ 4,439 | + 3,097 Employees of local authorities 33,198 18,131 || + 2,603 | + 1,564 Total for trades in which wages rose in I9QI4 ...... 777,211 | 385,441 || + 68,182 | +37,855 Grand total yce0we00s eaves 1,867,991 | 834,240 || +175,480 | + 5,062 * Exclusive of seamen, railway servants, agricultural labourers, police, and Govern- ment employees. ‘ + The net increase in 1914 was due to one large change in Cornwall affecting clay workers. The wages of limestone quarrymen declined in the principal districts, In the beginning of 1915 the increase in prices had caused a sensible change in the purchasing power of every worker’s income. A movement for higher wages began under unusual conditions. Only labourers could add strength to the national arms, and there was a shortage of labour in the workshop and battlefield. The rise in the cost of living had been officially chronicled and the Government’s THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 195. impotence announced. On the other hand, the existence of exceptional profits due to the state of war admitted. The simple justice of the claim for some compensation for the higher prices would have gone unrecognised in normal times. But public opinion had now perforce to put a new valuation on labour power, and in the bargaining between employer and employed the worker had the best of the pull. Unprecedented increases in wages were obtained literally ‘‘at the point of the bayonet.”? Whether these gains can be regarded as steps in permanent working-class progress depends on the ability of the worker to retain them in periods of falling prices. The effort to withdraw them in a labour market flooded with discharged soldiers will be the beginning of the social unrest which all anticipate and few plan to prevent. Se eee eee = Estimated Estimated number of weekly Groups of trades. | workpeople increase in affected. rates of wages. Trades in which the estimated numbers affected are reported to the Board of | Trade— £ PPA EGALIOS as nia ig nie die om nie he AG is einen 110,000 II,000 PSUS Sv spills wt Sok cep kprobiaw a> ae | 870,000 223,000 Other mining and quarrying .............. 32,000 6,700 Pig iron and iron and steel manufacture ....{ 123,000 23,000 Engineering and shipbuilding.............. 624,000 108,400 SWerrertimeral TAGS 9. See eco Oke de oie o's 79,000 II,300 PE TATE na cies Sle de ph 8 ky eee ee aps sid « 414,000 33,000 CT AO ao biel cele Cdn bse 4 hae 4 gI,000 8,300 UR MSEME TIRES ss sic Se sia Sa pidge ec hae see | 142,000 28,400 Peer ena Paper trades hi. wee ca ease ee ee 22,000 2,100 Glass, brick, chemical, pottery, etc., trades.. 102,000 9,700 Employees of Local Authorities......... sts 96,000 9,600 OU TOR s, Doia'a ys cies ws ans Ee P dies lie 141,000 19,300 moraro! ADOVE 2). 2. 2s hpi om Ae 2,846,000 493,800 Trades in which the numbers affected are estimated— Railway servants, seamen, agricultural labourers, police, and Government Ref aieeg win Gis Gs ss sa se Se not 1,600,000 270,000 So WC te ta Ag a Gs ea AS cmpieg aie 4,446,000 . 763,800 Out of the total of 1,906,878 workpeople affected in 1913, 63,986 (3-4 per cent.) had wages changed under sliding scales, 1,070,577 (56.1 per cent.) by conciliation, arbitration, or mediation, and 772,315 (40.5 per cent.) by direct negotiation. The changes under sliding scales were almost confined to workpeople engaged in the manufacture of pig-iron, iron, and steel. Of those whose wages were changed by conciliation, arbitration, or mediation over 900,000 were in the coal-mining industry. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 196 €161 SEe‘e o6F ‘I Svg “9 Ezg‘E1O'I O27‘ QOL bak 009‘£06 €oo0'z bzE bze oes "n zz£‘1S6 930‘96 te oLg‘€Sg gof't Z161 zgr't Z99 00S'‘z a vSo'tor Lzg‘tz > oLg‘rgt LSE'r 1161 zol zol sa 9d zoz‘66£ {oz‘7z oe oLE'SLé 69S‘r or161 obZ obs Le. a FLL‘ 19g GZS‘oo1 es 6£9'PLL ogt 6061 L£GE LSE — oe gLf‘gL9 gor‘Zor na | 006‘oLS ggf go6r o16 o16 “ A: 1LS‘Szg bEg‘Sor = oSS‘614 Lgt L061 LOS ‘Xr: L6S‘t =a es OSz‘zbr TQS‘hE > 16z‘Lov Lge gc6r oL6 o£6° ee up BBS ‘oz LiP‘'iz 5 ozg'r6r eh So61 9f9 9£9 ne BS | goz‘1l9 oor‘€zr sis ozS‘Lys QRZ vo6r “ONIAUUVOO ANV ONINIW gig'gh | Lig'dr Erg'ez | oSE'L CCo'rb1 o1L'br1 zlz'L | €Lo'6x | -- €161 g6L‘s gig't oSI ofo'r || SS9'6g L16‘S9 brE'g =| vOS‘L1 =s ZI61 GLS‘r cSe o0z6 oob gre ‘Si 9g6'S o6L‘9 obS‘z | sg 1161 Iz ocr ‘ £9 x zSL'b QShe ool | vOr‘t shed o161 S€9 ScS OIL oe GShir €1Z'v zho'b oo1‘z i 6061 Col SoZ se ae | g6bv‘rr 6£z'‘z zgi'b CLo'S | ia goor 699 699 . .* 6Sz'‘6 6Sz'¢ oSh‘r oSS‘r : 7: Lo6r 9gZ 19S i Goz 6Lh‘z tZo'1r gor'T < | go61 €ok'g ECE'L - oS6 phe’ bry’ “ a bx eee SoOr vII'g La cexe) oor | Rs SiL‘b S€g'r | og =e us vo6r ‘SHaVaL DNIATIOg oe *((O30 ‘SUOr ¢ . 3 *uOr i) *SoTeOS "[e10L po ele ton ere sidse eohae tated "1220.7, pee el ee pal oe Be pes a : Me a Supes "reo JOeIIp) spoyjom Aq Ag yOeIIp) spoyjJou a uwonerrouos Ag ropuyy i9y10 Ag ieyjo Aq “yI0M jo eseddojs roy "yIom jo oseddoys jnogirA, ‘pesueiry oiom sosueqa oy} qorqm Aq poy} eg} 0} SuIps0o0¥ pegisse, ‘€1-vob1 sivaX ay} Jo yovo ul soseA, jo sayey ur sosueyD Aq poyepy sjenprarpuy o}eredes jo soquinn ‘CHONVAAY TUAM SAOVAA AO SULVY NI SAONVHD HOIHM AM SGOHLAW 197 goz'gt “is rs GOS ‘bzx C6S‘bz1 7 a t €161 €z6'1z gSg bo1'z 09S ‘gif 09S 'S1E 000'T Bs! << Z1O1 of€'€ OzI Qth Egh'S1x giz'Sr os Che ay 1161 £L9‘9 SF Be LvE'oz Lo4‘61 org 3 ri ae o161 gtz‘oSi 09 nee zo6'S zSG'G e oSt hg 6061 6001 Ly LY . LGQ'11 eee ope a c? es Qo6r Cro'r es G60'r Ezgiohz | Ezg'obz be 5 & L061 z60'gh OtZ vor Izo'€SE rzo'€SE os oe go61 Cze .* ee ZIL'IIe ZI 'vzz ae 000'L9 So61 €1v'r e fhe gzS‘z gzS'‘z ee oe ee FobL “SHQVAL ATLXAL THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. IgZ‘or ‘ €60‘'1 9S6'c1z 694'6S1 OII 6La0'ES 3 €161 392'9 cLI't oSg FVIg'IQr bhig'br ve ooo'Lb a ZTO1 z1i‘'be x oSf‘t zzo'ver eSz‘Sbr oof oLb‘gt “3 ri61 cL .< Sha a? ogg‘ “3 oi GLE'LE 6061 1£I bro't ws 97889 gtL‘9 i, ‘3 060‘'z9 go6r . Set oe eee ae 1Sb'Z .. “ Czg'19 L061 “* ‘2 og Level 1S9'6 $e Se 9L£S‘zg 9061 ig as ae 9£9'E9g z49'9 bh €1S‘zz 1S9Q'bE Co6x “s “3 2 460‘o9 | 9Pg‘6 ZCI 6SL'‘bz obf ‘Sz bo6r "AM OLOVAONVW THALS GNV NOMI 198 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. TWENTY YEARS’ COMPARISON. In the following table the number of workpeople affected by changes in the rates of wages is given for each year since 1894, together with the net amount of the weekly change in each year. The wages of agricultural labourers, seamen, and railway servants are not included, nor, in the figures for 1914, are those of police and Government employees. It will be noticed that periods of rising wages correspond fairly closely with years of good employment, also that in 21 years the net weekly advance in the occupations covered by this table (industries in which, roughly, 10,000,000 workpeople are employed) has been one of less than £650,000 :— Net increase or decrease in rates of wages per week. Mean percentage of Trade ere oS eee ee Union members Year, | Years of falling wages.| Years of rising wages. unemployed, = Amount of Amount of} Years of bad /Years of good Number decrease Number increase | or declining | or improving affected. per week. affected. per week. | employment. | employment. . A 1894*..| 670,386 | 45,092 — — 6.9 — 1895*..| 436,718 | 28,125 — 5 5.8 —- 1896 .. a — 607,654 | 26,519 — 3.3 1897 .. a es 597:444 | 31,508 aa 3-3 1898 .., —- — | 1,055,169,.| 80,713 — 2.8 1399... — — 1,175,570 | 90,313 _- 2.0 TOOG 1.1 ao — | 1,135,786 | 208,588 — 2.5 IQOI ..} 932,126 | 76,588 os -—— 3.3 — 1902 ..| 887.206 | 72,595 — — 4.0 —— 1903 ..| 896,598 | 38,327 ae re 4.7 oe 1904 ..| 800,658 | 39,230 — -~ 6.0 — 1905 ..| 688,889 | 2,169 — — 5.0 — 1906 .. — — | 1,115,160! 57,897 — 3.6 TOO? — — 1,246,464 | 200,912 a 3-7 1908 ..)| 963,333 | 59,171 meh Wi sae 78 ie 1909 ..! 1,154,796 | 68,922 ~— — ‘ee — roto"; aa a 548,938 | 14.534 oe 4.7 S052 '5,'s —_ — 916,366 | 34,578 — 3.0 TOS Fi i's — — | 1,818,240 | 139,404+ —~ 3.2} ors \.% —_— — | 1,906,878 | 178,711 — ae 1914...) — — | 834,240] 5,062 — 3-3 Seg ee eh a oe a Net weekly advance £638,520. * In these years the fall in wages was almost confined to the coal mining industry. } Exclusive of any changes in wages resulting from the Awards under the Coal Mines (Minimum Wage) Act, and from the Minimum Wage Regulations under the Trade Boards Act. t Omitting March, which was seriously affected by the coal strike, the percentage was 2.5. - THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 199 AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. The figures given below are exclusive of piecework earnings, extra payments for hay and corn harvests, overtime, etc., and all allowances in kind. ENGLAND AND WALES. After being practically stationary for many years the wages of agricultural labourers began to increase in 1912, largely owing to greater activity on the part of the agricultural Trade Unions. A net weekly increase of £5,291 in 1912 was followed by one of £9,964 in 1913 and one of £19,337 in 1914. It is worthy of mention that the total of the increases of the ten previous years was less than the increase of 1914. In 1914—for the first time since 1900—no decreases in wages were reported to the Board of Trade, while the wages of 242,047 persons were raised. The numbers of those who obtained increases in 1912 and 1913 were 102,602 and 182,040 respectively, while 1,846 and 641 suffered decreases in these years. Most counties shared in the general upward movement of wages. In Cumberland, Westmorland, the East and West Ridings of Yorkshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire, Gloucestershire, Shropshire, Northampton- shire, Huntingdonshire, Norfolk, Berkshire, Denbighshire, and Montgomeryshire over 75 per cent. of the total number of labourers were affected by advances in cash wages in 1914. Until 1914 the usual amount of change in wages was between 6d. and 1s. per week; in 1913 over 65 per cent. of the increases recorded were of this nature. In 1914 the advances were slightly larger; even in this year, however, over 46 per cent. of the workers affected received increases of rs. or less per week. The outbreak of the war did not check the upward movement in wages. Increases continue to be reported from most counties; in some cases the advances amount to 4s. per week. The scarcity of agricultural labour has been intensified by enlistment, and, in spite of attempts to keep down wages by the increased employment of women and of children of school age, the rise in wages should continue until at least the end of the war. That there is ample necessity for increased wages may be gathered from the following average county rates obtaining in August, 1914, which were supplied by the officials of the Agricultural Labourers’ Union. The figures relate only to certain English and Welsh counties in which this union has members :— Sere: Ce sud: Buckinghamshire 16 0 Gloucestershire ..14 7 Norfolk ........15 0 Bedfordshire.... 15 0 Hampshire...... 15.0. Oxfordshire ...< 12°6 Brecknockshire.. 18 8 Huntingdonshire. 15 o Staffordshire.... 16 6 Berkshire ...... BRC HOR ac aa et gas 18 o: ) Suffolk)... gee aan Cheshire, .35.0 18 2 Lincolnshire ....16 6. Somersetshire .. 14 6 Cambridgeshire..14 6 Lancashire...... 22 3 Shropshire ....15 9 MOteesnee «. 53 13.7, Middlesex .. 0... I9 0 Worcestershire .. 15 8 BASES at ss os es-. 15.0, Nottinghamshire 216 7., Wiltshire oo... . 14 0 Flintshire .......18 0 Northamptonshire 15 9 Yorkshire .......20 0 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. ul odueyo jo juNowe pojndui0osy veeeee v161 -mInU pezyeUlls| | — ze — — 1bg --- i| 1b9 + tue ee —— <6 | —— -- grg'tr — gbg't oy RS SEs — oLz — gSg‘I gfg‘I bQo'I ogf'b “oe OR ae — 2 3 — bLI L6 —_ 1Lz adele, ks — ISP — ver gbliZ o6g‘1r | ZLL‘61 “ae *** BOGE — bg9 Fz ogo's L9G'€ 616'b ogZ‘€1 see ts* QO61 —~ €or cen — Ezz‘~z gIz'I i 6EhE eras £o61 — ze — — €£9'9 116'I | brLig adit", o61 aby | a — | Qth'6 o000'f 1 gtb‘cr “a 04 28 SOD — 1S¥ | — goft'r OFh‘g PIg'r i QOSO cS. i Pou Se 7 | | ‘SASVANOAG ) LEE‘O1 LEE‘6r \ 1S1‘zE LEL‘L6 199'66 glb'zi | Leo'zbz Ae oe PE +96'6 966'6 i ¥SQ‘E L11‘gt IQS‘OTI Q89'1Z } obo‘zgr whe oe Gr 16z'S EQESS o1b‘z Igg‘1z rSL‘zS o9Z'Sz | Zo0g‘ZOI etc 7 Cy 3 v6 Fiz‘ — bOS‘E zOS‘or 1bz‘s Lev'Gz SE ROMEO ff 8 | zLL FOL 2S “CSL | ccoEe‘s 6E9‘S rSh'Cy ort ke Eby 96z Lr ' — LQE'z ¢b9‘6 €re"Z1 brz‘6z 409.2 ht OOGE LzL 1iv‘'r i — 160'F | 1£b‘o7 zig‘St bE1‘ob $28 se ORT olf Olt | oe bL£g | zre's cSL'g 1Z6'F1 serees LOOT zge tol << P1g'T Pv6'Z1 — QgSLiv1 seis <2 QO6s — zz —- gt zSL'b r€G'r 6$9‘9 seeees Co6r 198 zfo'r — €9S‘1 OLL‘ Ly LEb‘y 6LL'Ez “ee *S$OOR F ‘“SHSVAUONI ‘asueyo JaN ‘osueyo ssoar) | *yoomM ‘yoom Jod ‘sz 0} | *ysem Jad ‘st 0} "yom rod *SOSBAL || aad sz I2ZAO dn pue ‘si iaAQ | dn pue'pgi9AQ | JOpuN pue ‘pg ul sosueyo Aq Sih poideye sromoqey] yer *ye04 snotaoid a3 yy1M Jest yore jernyNose 4 Sulieduroo ‘sasea yseo Ayyoom | Aq pesueyo JO 10q | @19M SOS OSOYM SIBINOGL] [eIN}|NOLWISe jo Joqunu poyeulNs| SS eee "b161-Po06r ‘sHIVM GNV GNVIONY NI SYAANOAV] IVUNLINOUDY AO SADVA\ AO SALVY NI SHONVHY) THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 201 SCOTLAND. Farm servants in Scotland are still to a large extent engaged at the hiring fairs, which are held every six—or, in some cases, twelve— months. Wages are consequently fixed in the spring and autumn of each year. Wages began to rise in the spring of 1913, and, with a few exceptions at the autumn hirings of that year, the tendency towards higher wages continued in 1913 and 1914. The rise is generally attributed to a scarcity of labour caused by emigration and accentuated in the autumn of 1914 by army recruiting. The scarcity of female labour continued, and women’s wages rose in many counties. The increases were smaller in the south than in the north. In 1913 they ranged from £1 to £3 a year (43d. to 1s. 14d. per week) ; in 1914 increases of from £1 to £3 for the half-year were obtained at the spring and autumn hirings. In May, 1915, as compared with a year ago, wages rose considerably. In the north increases were made ranging from £1 to £6 per half-year. In the south wages rose by 2s. to 3s. per week. IRELAND. The upward movement in wages, which has been noticeable in Ireland for some years, continued in 1913 and 1914 as a result of the increasing scarcity of labour and the rise in the cost of living. The advances in both years were fairly evenly distributed among the various counties, though there were comparatively fewer changes in Leinster than in the other provinces. The increases usually ranged from about 1s. to 2s. per week in the case of men paid by the week ; in the case of men paid by the year the amounts varied from £1 to £2 per annum in 1913 and from /1 to £3 in 1914, though in the latter year a few increases of £4 and £5 were obtained. In the case of Scotland and Ireland material is lacking for a table similar to that given for England and Wales. SEAMEN. STEAMSHIPS. Early in 1913 a general advance of 10s. per month was granted to seamen, firemen, and trimmers at the principal ports of the United Kingdom. This, together with the levelling up of rates at certain ports to the new predominant rates, accounts for the increase in average monthly rates of 11s. 1d. for able seamen and of 1os. 3d. for firemen and trimmers. During the last three years wages have risen by nearly 30 per cent. SAILING VESSELS. In 1913 the average monthly rates of wages were higher than in 1910 by 24s. 4d.—a rise of 40 per cent, Qt 202 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. RAILWAY SERVANTS. As a rule the remuneration of railway servants is regulated by graduated scales of pay. At the same time continual alterations take place in the nature and amount of work to be done by individuals, and thus it is difficult to state the number of persons whose rates of pay for the same work were changed during 1913. Therefore, the figures of changes in the wages of railwaymen given below take into account actual earnings rather than rates of wages, and do not show the number of workpeople affected by changes during the year. NUMBER OF RAILWAY SERVANTS* EMPLOYED BY 27 OF THE PRINCIPAL Raitway CoMPANIES, TOGETHER WITH THE AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS PER HEAD IN THE First WEEK IN DECEMBER IN EACH YEAR. Ee Pima RCM Chri: Tic England and Wales. Scotland. Ireland. United Kingdom. Pere aM Me | | Year. Average | Average | Average | Average Number | weekly | Number | weekly | Number | weekly | Number | weekly employed.| earnings |}employed.| earnings |employed.| earnings | employed.' earnings per head. per head. per head. per head. Siti. 6: yi: er | Br nkke 1904] 380,610 | 25 7 | 45,836 | 23 08] 19,751 | 19 1%| 446,197 | 25 of 1905} 384,321 | 25 10g) 46,071 | 23 23) 19,531 | 19 2%) 449,923| 25 34 1906] 391,661 | 25 II] 47,044 | 23 3 | 19,874 | 19 94) 458,579| 25 5 1907| 412,804 | 26 43%) 47,040 | 23 4 | 19,470 | 19 84) 479,314) 25 OF 1908] 395.271 | 25 62/ 45,442 | 22 6%) 19,040 | 19 84) 459,753 | 25 © 1909} 394,928 | 25 10] 45,671 | 23 24] 19,369 | 19 11 | 459,968| 25 44 IQIO} 397,715 | 26 34) 46,606 | 23 14] 19,199 | 20 7 | 463,520] 25 9Q IQII| 405,651 | 27 44) 47,125 | 23 58| 20,392 | 20 9§) 473,108| 26 8} 1912| 415,197 | 28 © | 47,499 | 24 4 | 20,209 | 20 9 | 482,905) 27 44 1913| 421,925 | 28 64) 47,741 | 25 14} 20,406 | 22 0 | 490,072 | 27 Ir4 | | | | * Exclusive of clerical staft, salaried officers, and persons casually employed for less than three days during the week. “ It will be noticed that the increase for 1913 amounted to 64d. in England and Wales, g$d. in Scotland, and 1s. 3d. in Ireland. Under an agreement arrived at in October, 1915, the war bonus paid by the railway companies under then existing agreements was increased as shown below :— Present Revised War Bonus. War Bonus — AER + s., d. Employees 18 years of age or upwards, whose standard rate of wage is 30s. per week or more .. 2 0 5 0 Employees 18 years of age or upwards, whose standard rate of wage is under 30s, per week .. 3 0 5 2 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. — 203 Present Revised War Bonus, War Bonus, Employees under 18 years of age, except boys 3 4. 3. .d, engaged since January Ist, 1915, at rates of pay which exceed by 2s. 6d. or more the rates usually paid to boys in positions similar to those in which such newly engaged boys are working Tri a0 The first payment of the revised bonus to be in respect of the week ending October 23rd, 1915, and the agreement to remain in force until notice shall have been received from the Government determining the present control agreement, and thereafter shall be subject to determination in one month’s notice on either side. CHANGES IN HOURS OF LABOUR IN 1913 AND 1914. A slight decrease in the hours of labour has been in progress for over 20 years, affecting, in the main, only the well organised trades. In 1913, Of 154,618 workpeople affected by changes of this nature, 7,665 had their aggregate working time increased and 146,953 had it reduced; there was a net reduction of 377,673 hours in their weekly working time. In 1914 79,135 workpeople were affected ; of these 78,689 had their working hours reduced. The net amount of the aggregate weekly reduction was 262,153 hours, or an average reduction of about three hours and 20 minutes per week for each of the workers affected. In 1913 the changes were effected in 31,096 cases (20 per cent.) by arbitration, conciliation, or mediation; the remainder were arranged by direct negotiation. The changes were preceded in the case of 33,625 workpeople by stoppages of work. ; CHANGES IN THE Hours oF LaBourR, 1904-1914. | | Simber | Total number of workpeople affected by Net amount Year. of : io hours of | ShAnges. | Increases. | Decreases. | All changes. | penne 1904.5. |. 72 | 774 16,018 16,792 | 24,599 1905 +. 75 =| ~— 5,806 90,179 95,985 65,265 1906 .. 86. | 1,985 52,969 54,954 98,892 1907 «. 87 | 841 35,306 36,207 | 78,975 1908 -. | 75 3,349 23,192 20,541 38,423 yo a Se be Gare 559,079 562,891 2,302,342 IQIO .. Bg te S006 19,360 27,366 | 47,575 TOIT... | 119 | 4,351 151,056 155.407 | 715,459 pire) 2 a 15 Ca ea aA ge 104,304 105,317 210,556 TOT3 s\5. } 416 7,665 146,953 154,618 | 378,009 IGIA ye | 446 78,689 79,135 | 262,153 ce el) Birareg not yet available, °°. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Twenty-First Annual Report on Changes in Rates of Wages and Hours of Labour in 1913. Published 1915 (Cd. 7635). 11d. Standard Time Rates of Wages at October rst, 1913. Published 1913 (Cd. 7194). 64d. | | THE COST OF LIVING. By JoHN A. Hopson. From 1873 to 1895 a considerable and fairly continuous fall of wholesale and of retail prices took place in this country. From 1896 up to the outbreak of the war a considerable though less regular rise of prices had been taking place. The causes of the rise of prices, affecting in particular raw materials and foods, are somewhat obscure. The immediate cause of a rise of prices is a decline in the rate of output and supply of goods as compared with the rate of effective demand or purchasing power. During the period in question the supply of money, or purchasing power, was evidently growing faster than the supply of goods. This increased rate of the production of money is partly attributable to the growth in the output of the world supply of gold to which the development of the South African mines formed a chief contributor. But most buying and selling is no longer due to gold. The development of the banking system and of the sorts of money which banks manufacture under the name of credit is a much more important factor. Though gold is needed to support this great fabric of credit, it is the growth of this latter, and the rapid increase of joint stock companies with stocks and shares which become instruments of credit, that are chiefly accountable for the enlarged supply of money. The output of foods, raw materials, and goods in general had, of course, been increasing during this same period, but not so rapidly as the supply of money. This failure of goods to grow as fast as money is partly due to the immense amount of capital and productive energy which, during these years, has flowed into the work of railroad- making and other developments of new countries in South America, Canada, and elsewhere. This development will eventually cause an immense expansion of the supplies of foods and materials for the world markets. But these fruits are not yet fully realisable, and the interim effect is to depress the rate of increase of consumable goods. Add to this the large destruction of consumable wealth and of capital during the South African, the Russo-Japanese, and the Balkan wars, and the diversion of a large and growing percentage of the increase of almost every great industrial country into expenditure in armaments, and the retarded growth of the world supplies of foods and materials seems intelligible. But whatever be the explanation, about the facts there is no question. In considering the bearing of these facts upon the cost of living of the working classes, we are concerned, of course, chiefly with the retail prices of foods, coal, and other articles which they consume. From 1896 onwards most of the principal articles of working-class diet, the prime necessaries of life, have advanced considerably in price, especially since 1905. A table published by the Board of Trade in 1913 showed that in London the three groups of foods (1) bread, flour, cereals, and potatoes, (2) meat, (3) dairy produce, had all advanced over 35 per cent. The only group showing a slower rise, i.e., 10 per cent., was that including tea, coffee, and cocoa. When the figures are ‘‘ weighted,’’ in accordance with the importance they bear in the expenditure of working-class families of various fH Cost OF LIVING. 20§ incomes and in various districts, the advance in price of retail food works out as follows :— 1896. 1898. 1900. 1902. 1904. 1906. 1908 Ig10; I912. 1913: 1914, 91.7 99.5 I00 I0I.0 102.4 102 107.5 109.4 114.5 114.8 116.8 There is a rise amounting to about 27 per cent. between 1896 and 1914. During the same period the price of coal in London moved upwards nearly as fast, rising from an average figure of 68.2 in 1896 for various qualities of coal up to go.7 in 1914. The statistics of other towns conform tolerably closely to the London movement. The average price of a quartern loaf at the co-operative stores in various districts of England, Wales, and Scotland shows pretty regular advance during the first twelve years of this century from 4.g9d. in 1900 to 6.06 in 1914. Working-class rents have not shown a similar advance. Between 1g0s5 and 1912 the rise of rents in London and the large cities works out at less than } per cent., and though in the group of towns with between 100,000 and 250,000 inhabitants there are instances of a large increase, as, for instance, in Coventry and Preston, the group, as a whole, gives a rise of 3.7 per cent., while the smaller towns show a lower rate of rise. A very interesting table in this return presents the combined result of rents and retail prices for food and coal, comparing the various districts of the country :— | Rae Means of index numbers for towns | in group. G hical group | | iy gest eographic : | ms gtap! | included. WE Retail | Boe iets p84 4 PatCere combined, London area—Middle zone . ) 100 100 100 Inner zone....| I | 116 99 | 102 Outer zone....! 87 100 97 Northern counties and Cleve- | SE as ea Havre 2 ois date ols | 9 66.0 98.0 91.6 Yorkshire (except Cleveland). Bova ts 58.5 96.0 88.5 Lancashire and Cheshire .... 17 56.9 95.152) 87.5 ALi eamale 5,4. ale 0.006 lysF 4 BAG Ges i O42 85.8 Eastern and East Midland METATEIGS Top .0ld'd wia.wiet o < a-n.0 Sal 7 53.4 97-7 88.8 Southern counties .......... as 0 63.7 99.5 92.3 Wales and Monmouth ...... | ae 64.8 98.5 91.8 BMRTEIAEMCE Wiel dish ea'« shais sik ee ket TLO G2.0 + ais TORO) 94.5 BPRS cdg 9's 0's bela misiiess 6 She 99.8 | go.2 It must always be borne in mind that the prices of food, coal, and housing form a larger part of the expenditure of the poorer than of the better-to-do classes, and that this applies within the various working-class grades of income. The poorest suffer most from any rise of food prices, not merely because they live at the narrowest Z06 THE COST OF LIVING. margin above starvation, but because a larger share of every sovereigh they spend goes in buying the articles whose price has risen most. The figures I have given are pre-war figures. The damage done by the war prices, following the earlier increases, is measured thus by figures worked out by the Board of Trade for 1895-1912, with additions for 1914 and 1915 (March) made by the Fabian tract, ‘‘ Facts for Socialists.”’ A sovereign was worth— Sid. s. d. EDS teehee dee ert iRs 20 0 TQOS '202..s sh aoe 17 11 MOEA T wstt ts ode heeee eves 20 0 1900. 4/5... Sawaya 5 Bo RCT AY SY 1g 8 TOOP) cee. lero a EOE RN GE SAAR BLED RB TS 18 6 1908 0... SC ae 7 *a ROO te el hag La pvlcwie wie 19 yer Cho wermenpeeere rr: EN! ‘7-4 ROOD ere Ure ae tag 1 5 TOIO” fi wc 16 11 ROOT) a aN PES ek: Sake 18 4 wir th oA ee 17" .@ HOR ere cies Rly 18 3 1972 7... ee 16 3 Po a Rona eet SOR MRSA SORA 17 11 1914. ol Gin eee 14 7 ROAST. cst ASG tact 18 0 LOU hic de Ir 10 Since the calculation for March, 1915, was made, prices have risen a good deal more, amounting in July, 1915, to 35 per cent. rise for food in large towns and 30 per cent. in the small towns, and there is every likelihood that a still higher level will prevail if the war drags on. For the increasing removal of workers from work of production to work of destruction diminishes supplies of food and other wealth, while the policy of inflating the currency, to which every Government is driven, increases the supply of money. The immense extra drain upon the supplies of food and coal and many other articles in this country for the consumption of the fighting forces, while the production of these goods within this country and their importation from abroad are curtailed, must continue to make the cost of living higher for our people. The further increase of recruiting to enlarge the fighting forces and to make good the ‘‘ wastage’’ increases the consumption while it diminishes the productive power of the nation available for supplying the needs of the civil population. Thus every further combination of the war must come home to the workers in further rises of the cost of living. Money wages may tend to rise so as to meet this extra cost, but they cannot actually rise as fast as prices for the workers as a whole. For with three millions of the able-bodied workers in the prime of life taken out of production and endowed with increased powers of consumption, while at least another million is taken from ordinary work to make munitions, the actual production must be considerably reduced, in spite of speeding-up and overtime and increased employment of women. Though certain favoured sections of the workers have to some extent gained from war expenditure, this gain has been at the expense of the majority of their fellow workers. For there is no way in which the destruction and waste of war can be made economically advantageous to the people as a whole. The people must suffer, and the chief direct way in which this suffering is inflicted is by a continuous rise in the cost of the necessaries of life. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 207 WAGES AND PRICES AND THE COST * - OF LIVING. ; Information in regard to changes in rates of wages is incomplete as a measure of working-class progress, unless interpreted in the light of contemporaneous movements in the cost of food, coal, house-room and clothing, otherwise in the cost of living. It is possible to record the joint movement by the device of index numbers, which are so frequently used in statistical comparisons of this kind that we give an explana- tion of their construction. | We are informed by the Board of Trade (Cd. 7,635 of 1914) that the rates of weekly cash wages most generally paid to ordinary agricultural labourers in Leigh, Lancashire, had increased between January, 1913, and January, 1914, from 20s. to 21s., or 5 per cent. Another method of stating this fact is that the index number for the wages of this group of labourers, which was Ioo in 1913, had risen to 105in 1914. If the wages at corresponding dates in other years were similarly written down as a percentage of the wages paid in 1913, the base year, we should obtain a series. of index numbers describing the movement of the wages of ordinary agricultural labourers in the district of Leigh, Lancashire. For the purpose of estimating the course of the wages of this class of labour throughout England and Wales, the Board of Agriculture take the average rate paid on about 156 farms scattered throughout the country. When miners state that hewers’ wages in the Scottish district were 75 per cent. above the standard of 1888, they are using the method of index numbers, expressing the wages of each year as a percentage of the wages paid in the base year. In the calculation of an index number for the average wage of work- men of different grades or occupations, the wage-rate of each group is allowed to influence the average in proportion to the numbers employed at that rate. This process is described as weighting. An index number for retail prices must be weighted, if we are to have a true index of changes in the cost of living. A ro percent. rise in the price of bread is of more importance than a 1oo per cent. rise in the cost of coffee. This is recognised in the official index number for 23 articles of food by giving to bread the weight 50 and coffee the weight 2, this being the estimated relative importance of bread and coffee in working-class expenditure. Money wagesand prices are the two factors in the making of real wages. The wages of a workman reckoned in coin of the realm, his money wages, have a different intrinsic value when expressed in terms of food, clothing, house-room, etc., according as prices have risen, fallen, or remained Stationary since the date from which the comparison is made. The process of division of the index number for money wages by the index number for prices, starting the same base year throughout, gives the index number for real wages, the money wages corrected for changes in purchasing power. We may illustrate the process of conversion from the experience of the average skilled building operative in the period 1905 to 1914. In 1905 his wages were represented by 100 and prices by 100. At the end of seven years wages had risen 5 per cent. to 105; the cost of living had increased ro per cent. to 110; and, therefore, real wages had fallen 44 per cent., from 100 tog5.5. If we assume that not more than four-fifths of this worker’s income had changed in purchasing power and allow for the fact, we may say that in terms of commodities purchased, 208 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. his income had shrunk about 24 per cent., despite the increase in his money wages of 5 per cent. The course of wages, prices, rents and real wages in the second half of the nineteenth century has been estimated by Mr. G. H. Wood. The substance of his conclusions is reproduced here from the ‘ Statistical Journal,’’ of March, 1909, where readers will find an explanation of his method. For prices the method adopted by Mr. Wood was simply to take the unweighted mean of a series of index numbers for all commodities of . ordinary consumption for which records were obtainable. He assumed a progressive increase in expenditure on rent, and that one-half was due to an increase in rent as a price for a certain standard of accommodation, the other half being payment for a higher standard. The cause of wages was estimated for the following trades: building, engineering, shipbuilding, printing (compositors), agriculture, coal, puddling, cotton, wool and worsted (Huddersfield), worsted (Bradford), gas, furniture. I. WAGES, PRICES AND RENTS, REAL WAGES, 1850-1902. Real wages Prices and (allowing for | pareoct, | pei. | anaaplon Per cent. 1850-54 tO 1873-77 ceseeeeeeees | +41 +11 | +32 1873-77 to 1880-84 ..c...cceees | - 4 -7 + 3 1880-84 to IgO0-02...... bees | +21 - 8 +32 ROG3~77 tO IG00-02 seseledeecs si | +17 ora +36 1850-54 tO IQO0-O02 .......c eens | ree 79. lo ot 3) 5 | +80 The shifting of workers from low paid to higher paid occupations was the cause of a 30 per cent. increase in the standard of comfort in the’ second half of the last century. Higher wages and reductions in the cost of living account for the other 50 per cent. This evidence of a very considerable improvement in the standard of comfort is confirmed by a table prepared by Mr. Wood, showing a corresponding increase in the average consumption of articles of food in the same period, and by the results of an independent inquiry, communicated by Professor Bowley in the article ‘‘ Wages,’’ in the Appendix to the ‘' Dictionary of Political Economy.” With a reasonably fair distribution of the increased products of industry and invention, a more appreciable improvement would have had to be recorded. In 1914 the whole manual labour class of the United Kingdom received only four-elevenths of the national income. There is no official index number for the average wages of all occupations. The movement of the average rates of wages of skilled workers in the building, coal mining, engineering and textile trades since 1880 is calculated by the Board of Trade, and published annually in the ‘‘ Abstract of Labour Statistics.” Changes in agricultural wages are also shown, including, in the case of Scotland, the value of allowances in kind. A composite figure for these groups, which ignores the numbers employed in the several industries, is added. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 265 il, INDEX NUMBERS OF AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES. WAGES IN 1I900=I100, | | | : i Y fe, ce be GD te | Agriculture. ey. 2108 aie ae to fT os = | Oe : ile oO ea * iS Ac Sad ieee se : se Brew years | Boy esr ge 5) Zorg ae rd oS ie OR Ee) emo 8 PES ®o |aua| § q gee AR ES ae eee eae 20 Bt Ray eb or Bo ee aa Se Beas gq See Oo Ss | | Ore ea Bree | K pa | 6a | | FI pei azn - none | 99 | 85.6 | 61.5 | 880 | 89.8 | 92.6 | 89.7 | 85.8 | 83x SEMI Rehag ceive» ss LPT TI! 5 ORO: 63.2 89.4 94.2 | 92.5 | 89.2 85.8 84.6 FORA a eee| FO) |. 85.6 67.9 89.9 | 94.2 |. 92.8 gI.0 87.5 85.8 RD Ria iene ccesnaces | 9 | 84.4 | 69.2 | 90.1 93:3 93:0 | 91.4 88.3 85.7 “aha St eRe eee | 79 | 84.4 65.7 go.0 | 93.6 92.5 89.9 | 89.2 85.0 UBS Geass sasaadoenens | 78 84.4 63.1 go.o 90.2 gI.2 90.3 89.4 83.7 BEAGS vn csmaisges 97 84.4 61.5 89.6 89.3 90.4 90.3 90.3 83.0 2h Boe Se ee aa b~ 98 84.4 60.8 90.3 90.2 80.5 89.5 gl. 83.1 BONG; eevee ateeae lags |} 80 | 84.4 | 64.8 | 91.3 93.8 89.4 90.6 gl. 84.9 TBOQ eA ectibbe a ced 85 85.6 Zo OE be OL.7,) pe Q4e7, g0.I | 90.2 91.9 87.7 FRI secpiccb ewiacues 1} 117.0 | 109.0 ° || 108.5. | 11718 Wi FOo.s The first column indicates the trend of the average wages paid in all the industries for which calculations have been made, including those for which the Board of Trade results are shown. These index numbers have been computed by Professor Bowley, and, compared with the Board of Trade unweighted average, suggest that during the last 25 years the re-grading movement within industries and changing distribution of the numbers employed in different occupations, has not materially affected the average rate of wages. We may, therefore, conclude, in the absence of a general figure for the average wages of all trades, that the Board of Trade unweighted average conforms fairly closely to the movement of the general average. Comparison with any of the standard tables of index numbers of food, coal, and food and raw materials, shows that within the lifetime of the present generation of young men, there has been an almost continuous fall in the power of the working-class income to command the necessaries of life. 210 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Ill. INDEX NUMBERS OF PRICES, PRICES IN I900=100, Food. Coal. __.______ |Food and . H raw Retail prices in | | Wholesale. ‘materials. Year. London. | prices. Retail | | prices in Board of | Board of Board of Trade (9 |Trade (23 etatie of Fabs aimee Trade (47 articles). | articles). apace Oey | articles). | | | Re Tes eicat seh Lee sSvaebes spaee A. Bowe | 144.1 142 135.6 Tio ieeeas ate sang race cat's soap sates da nare ts sh 147.3 147 145.2 OA Ae each aba ey nbelanteccautees:oten oo | 153-4 155 151.9 TOA eh rece en Mase tascans sUeveeees Br 152.5 151 146.9 MOPS tis dads ed cpel Salas dentea sepess dane | ar 148.9 145 140.4 Dat ee wince ks eevee tank sacae cea i | 148.0 143 137.1 FOG ete i ccinn Meine Gah iceth eines 150.7 154.8 146 140.4 1 fs} es AR ah ERE Ga mes Mer t FATAS 144.1 139 . 331.7 POE Sal Arcee Gabe Seal geass habee | 134.8 1389 130 125.0 Ore, Gls eS Becton tc: giv aekee 142.3 I40.9 136 129.0 MONEE Grten ce Ace vehcoaat ob cena det 140.2 138.6 132 126.6, “ths ba Doe Sepa RCRA tesa ie © A | 140.1 141.0 129 127.7 “if STE ae ae RA ee Ses We | 139.9 139.7 129 125.9 POA re tiva atenersecevcivicissezeiteks 127.9 | 123.9 Ir4 114.1 BaD eee koe Mab ase ass seek | 116.2 I15.4 107 107.0 ROS ees Shy oes eb ccaudn take ee | 110.3 109.9 104 IOI.0 Lat biG Neate SY Al a Ge ER Ra 104.9 | 106.5 IOI 3 98.8 EOS ee ee MeL een cathe eae 104.6 TIO.5 104 re 101.8 145} 210)s 8 AR ER GE a ee | 108.3 II0.4 109 ‘ 103.4 PROG es del as coors yanks uaaaca Gisers aoe | 106.3 108.5 106 : 103.3 PESTO: Saco htecas Nas unamner sbenensaal gs LOGS ile 116.3 112 ans 106.9 Ma es MEME eas else aam ss Dendeioat | 108.9 103.9 109.9 106 94.4 101.1 Sn, ORE SURES NSE ERAN me | 103.3 99.3 | 1086 104 83.4 99.4 BOAR ge esses lal odes Seren eet cae ve |. 100.0 94.9 101.9 96 70.5 93-5 BRM asi aesc eae Mat dpa xe seeog as Paisiopee | 95.0 g2.t | 98.9 93 68.8 90.7 RGAE seis sis voce Acc Poe Seis Noakes wade ee | gI.o 91.7 03.3 89 68.2 88.2 wd PER rte on hing als aac | 97.6 95.5 97.4 94 90,2 90.1 BORE Naess one psbccaeoceabases | 103.9 99.5 102.2 99 92.0 93.2 MOR ce ere eda cai s guides daw acher oe | QOF.4 95.4 98.0 | 94 79.3 92.2 NOME i Sect use ka ackcins Roses veaweneas | 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 MQOE oeieovtscs. Bee dels, Suaceuan eats «tales + Lose 100.4 100.1 97 89.0 96.7 BR a ea ae ic oa Ads ons evans Uae taaian _ 102.6 101.0 IO. 97 84.6 96.4 RAG a etea eblag erie ae Vet coinn deeiraae nod ecs | 104.3 102.8 100.6 96 80.9 96.9 BOO Minas eatet test iifcae ae cek ot waaniie dys | mee 102.4 101.2 99 79.4 98.2 REO eee ease shires aia Uae in netenese eee 102.8 101.2 100 78.4 97.6 BM ee eck Sun eres trainee A 102.0 IOI.0 100 79.5 100.8 niiy yg ciara ey RAY Sea ant ghee 105.0 105.5 104 88.9 106.0 PES iu es GAs ebetiaal do sees nor Ipdenpie) 107. 107.0 106 85.6 103.0 TORO Have daaes ubods duis cmcssenierascas | ne 107. | 108.7 106 84.1 104.1 So RON EDS LAE STAD Ces Se ROE a ae | obit 109.4 | 109.2 107 83.8 108.8 MIE De Meat Sith ee alvava\iec adetes ieee 109.4 | 111.6 109 85.1 109.4 NOES eer oinabcachectinn pavesineetesieu ie | 114.5 119.9 117 87.0 114.9 BD ep RP DEN a? rt) Sel ag le el | a3 114.8 | R177. 112 90.7 116.5 ETA SOA Wats Ue Wnoniaaledcda cap aselsaiza (ate ea 116.8 | 121.0 | 120 ae 117.2 In the building, engineering, and textile trades wages increased respectively 12, 84, and 174 per cent. between the years 1896 and 1913; the mean of the rates of wages in all trades probably did not increase by more than 18 percent. These gains were more than offset by a rise in Bean of 27 per cent. Miners were more fortunate, but for them many ad years intervened. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 2ti The Board of Trade index number for 23 articles of food in Table III. measures, in fact, the changes in the cost of the average family budget detailed in the last column of the following table :— CONSUMPTION AND COST OF FOOD IN WORKMEN’S FAMILIES IN URBAN DISTRICTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. Based on 1,944 family budgets collected by means of an Inquiry by the Board of Trade in the summer of 1904. 258. and| 308. and 135s. and We ep hee | Under | 40s. and) All Limits ot weekly income. | under | under | under | | 308. | 355. 40s. above. Np aoees PIUIIER OF FETUENS | 6c. sisisccnasonenccerrss | 261 289 | 416 382 596 ! 1,044 } 1} | s. d. [ s. d. do (side simi We seid. Average weekly family income.........) 21 44 | 26 11% | 31 113 | 36 64 | 52 of || 36 10 A ) r oe past j ] ; ‘ ; , eae erat & of children iving | | 31 3°3 | 3°2 | 3°4 | 4°4 | 3°6 |cosT SP hae bi Suid b Seed. (Sar G., bi Sen Geiss aac Bread and flour .. ae Ses Se tS 7 | 3 tt 4°39 3.7 Meat (bought by weight). WRase sea ed, pace 2.58 3 4%; 4 3 4 5 5 10% 4 5 Other meat* (including fish) ............ 0 7} o 8%} O10 L20 SEE Agee OM Ts na Week OS cries tected bo tigenttealoabadt o °o 9 | o roy | Om] xr 32 /| oF 1 Fo an Gai eee ek ete a om oe A iO ke Olea l Ort | FO 1142 or lo Freak 104191 Gee San we ae Rae AEE O) Bis Oars foe! BR be ee ae OR oe ers GHG e eee oct a ad. cladhe Rapa ae pone vac o 42| 0 5 o 6 o 6 06 8h ee DEST ly RONG hte ae ees SMR OR sg Ay, I 10 20 3 SAF PISESORS On een a Pde eciahAcas cise onan g Pat a) oF Oo 9%] © 10 fe) rt Ey O11 Vegetables and fruit POM ae nay 0 10 oO II rims oO rr Currants and raisins Gere fh Ot o 24] o 3 On'3 o 2% Rice, tapioca and oatmeal ............... oO 4%); 0-5 o 6 0 3 OF i) GEG EISEN gO oe nae ey oe ee Oo 9 oO II I ie: jee I 5 Bet Coffee and COCOA ssssseestereeeeseeeeteens 0 2 | o 3t!1.0 341 0 4¢| 0 5%]} 0 3 Ba fe cerases ede ton jevess rary oanseencsquevieees o 8 o1Io0 | oO I10g| oOo ES COuEy Jam, iaaeaiaiie. treacle, and syrup. © 44| o 54) 0 6 o 6 o Bi] o 6 Pickles and condiments ...........0000+8 QnV2 (2 BE i Sita ore (0 Fare Oo 47 |} .0 3 CC SLE Sy oaks a acs Seaoang ia, sores teenee b.04 | -X 3 Tia £3 2 O21) 2 89 Total expenditure on food ......... 14 4% | 17 10} | 20° oF | 22 34 | 29 8 22 6 Dae or | eras econ: Expenditure on all food, as Sot percentage of income } &7 te 65 os 57 e PSEC AOCHOUL cisevcesvebsdceinyeescepssctes Meat (bought by weight).............00. ROD EG ates eck cS thetocn ar acs cheass ars Lees lakont Tg Saeco ears oan Aaa te RB ENO woth bck dose thaidess Qurcus ton zich eceass PSEUUHORN Woes acy cat Teneo cnc Sas Ce eng eee Retee Ucn ee MCR 2 Se Nive bebcsesisaipas Currants and raisins 2.3 4..2)...h..b.asceexes Rice, tapioca, and oatmeal............ OUR MIRT Maier ire. voiuetsseadepsthnds tests aes ed Caos and Cocoa. sd ceadhilevcwevesste: UG ARES My renuds ocarcinncomasavarvisauepudtiss- Se ee > * O20 Sheeps’ heads, tripe, heart, liver, pigs’ fry, tinned meats, rabbits. 2ia fHz INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. This ‘standard working-class budget,’’ which cost 22s. 6d. in thé summer of 1904, as shown in the above table, would have cost in Year. gtd. it Year. | 8... 1G. Year. Sc. 1892 aie 22 10 | 1900 Seth eet | IQOS ...2-.| 23 7 RRS Youn ea ws Po 2IFTO I SOO vee er waly 22 enE || IQOQ .++++-| 23 7 THOQ4 se see ss) 20. 9D “| “IQO2 we evee| 22. 27 |) 3OTO teens eee TOO5 Sys ZO 4 Mn EOOR Me day ia te 22 £OLL) bau sana POO Mo Sage a0 20 5,2 Whi ORQOAR «tiF top 1.222 76 IQI2. V's ¢-yiey] eee PROT atiedel 20250. HOR QgR tee Fo. eh SO ay TOIZ 5 a's epee EeOe ie ve keee| OL LO} PUEOOG |. psa s apeneeens IQI4 .ass6ai) eee EO CO) ie ile 9) | 1907 «+---.) 23 2 | An expenditure of something more than 33s. would have been needed for the same purchases at war prices on Ist July, 1915. A. housewife would not have paid much more for them 4o years ago. Of all inquiries into concurrent changes in wages and cost of living, the most comprehensive was that made by the Board of Trade for the period 1905 to 1912 (see ‘“‘ Report on the Cost of Living,’’ Cd. 6955 of 1913). Particulars of wages were obtained in certain occupations in the building, engineering and printing trades, these having been selected as industries which are found in most industrial towns, and in which the time rates of wages were highly standardised. The following table shows for each geographical group of towns the mean percentage changes between October, 1905, and October, 1912, in rents, retail prices of food and coal, and rents and prices combined, together with the percentage~ changes in rates of wages in the three industries. f a Mean percentage changes in Russias, | 23 Rents and retail prices. | Rates of wages. Geographical ov | umammremenntenar EGET ci group. Pe | gents Building. | Engineering. ee aS, Retail : ‘en BIEN ee a" Rents. prices. Pe) L- Lab- | Skilled| Lab- | Com. 5 com- | ed ; : = bined. | men CUrers; men | ourers |positors London— | ‘ : Middle zone vo) “4 | +12 +9 \) ; te hat ZONG) «0... f I -6 +12 oe | +1; Nil. | +3 9 | Nil. uter zone...... -2 +10 + | H eeey ly sie gies 9} +07 | +13.2 | +10.7 | 40.1 | +17 | +5.9 / i 2 + 2.3 an eveland ... Leak 1AM aba Io} +1.3.| $14.0] 4112.5 | +2.0 | $2.2 | +5.1% och toe eG eve eA | ie oa bite and) 17; +34) +15.8 | +13.3 | +2.6 | +2.6 | +4.8* | +5.0% | + 2.9 C@GWITE vo... cs : | Midlands. /............. 14] +04) +14.4 | +11.6 | +2:2 | +3.6] 45.9% | 431.9% | + 4.8 5.9 3 4 Eastern and East} 7 | +3,1 | +12.4 | +10.5 | +03 | +141 net sont alt Hiraaeg Midland Counties Southern Counties! 10 +1.2! + 9.8} + 81 | +09] +1.6 eat wt | + 3.9 Wales eis Mon-| 4 | +43) 415.0 | +129 | +5.8 | +6.8 eon | + | +10.5 STLOUIU esac senrr ont | scotland ..............) 10} +21.9) +131 [ +109 +3.0 | +11 soet fine dasa OR freland’...0.\.5.05c4. | 6| +1.2] +15.0 | +12.2 | +0.5 | +5.3 wt | while +38 UnitEep Kinepom..| 88 | +4+1.8 | +13.7 | +11.3 | +5.5 | +2.6 | +5.5* / 3.9% | + 4.1 *The number of towns used in calculating this percentage is less than the total number included in the geographical group. {The number for which comparable information is available for October, 1905, and October, 1912, is insufficient to justify the calculation of a mean percentage for the group THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 213 The Report states that there has been a rise in the cost of clothing, probably not much less in proportion than that of food, coal and rent combined, the rise taking the form either of an increase in price for the same article or a lower quality for the same price. The trend of wages, prices, and real wages in the years 1790-1904 has been concisely described by Professor Bowley, A description of the movement in later years has been added to complete the table. Periods. Nominal wages. | Prices. Real wages. 1790-1810..; Rising fast........ | Rising very fast....| Falling slowly Perot eatin Alling oss ae oom | Falling fast........ | Rising slowly 1830-1852..| Nearly stationary..; Falling slowly..... Rising slowly 1852-1870..| Rising fast........ ke RSI OY widen howd wa | Rising considerably 1870-1873..| Rising very fast....| Rising fast........ Rising fast 1873-1879..; Falling fast ...... | Falling fast........ | Nearly stationary 1879-1887..| Nearly stationary..| Falling............ | Rising 1987-2892 «i) Rising .ise.s ces ecs | Rising and falling. .| Rising 1892-1897. 7 Nearly stationary..| Falling...... Avenel | Rising 1897-1900..| Rising fast........ V PRISIN iy svieiaiels 4 cx | Rising tgc0-1904..| Fallinga little ....| Falling and rising...) Stationary 1904-1907: «| Rising ............«| Rising a little..... | Falling slowly 1907-1910..| Falling slowly ....) Falling ........... | Nearly stationary TQIO-1913.. Rising si) ee is fess PaPEAGUERES (0.5 ce Sule ye» Stationary | NE ER AES SS Af +) OS bist A discussion of ‘‘ The Cost of Living’? by Mr. John A. Hobson precedes this article. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Report on the Cost of Living of the Working Classes in 1912. Published 1913 (Cd. 6955). 4s. 11d. Earnings and Hours (1906 and 1907) Inquiry. Published 1909-13. Textile (Cd. 4545). 2s. 7d. Clothing (Cd. 4844). 2s. 5d. Building and Woodworking (Cd. 5086). 1s. 1od. Public Utility Services (Cd. 5196). 1s. od. Agriculture (Cd. 5460). 84d. Metal, Engineering, and Shipbuilding (Cd. 5814). 2s. Railway Service (Cd. 6053). 2s. 3d. Paper, Printing, etc. (Cd. 6556). 2s. 8d. TRADE BOARDS. Prior to 1909 wages were left, in the breezy phrase of the professors, to the play of economic forces. At whose expense these forces played was shown in the ‘‘ Daily News’’ Sweated Industries Exhibition of 1906, to which we owe the National Anti-Sweating League and its progeny the Trade Boards Act. In this exhibition 44 homeworkers, representative of almost as many trades, took part, the average of whose earnings appeared on investigation only slightly to exceed 14, per hour. 214 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. _Economic forces played with more than homeworkers. In the year already mentioned, viz., 1906, the Board of Trade in their memorable Census of Earnings and Hours of Employment, collected decisive evidence of the industrial degradation of the nation, a sorry record in which the woman worker cut an especially unhappy figure. Included in the census were 32 textile and clothing trades carried on mainly by female operatives; in all of these, save five, a division of the aggregate wages paid to women of 18 years and over by the number of such women in employment showed a resultant figure of less than 15s. per head. The Lancashire textile workers apart, one-fifth of all the women whose trades are covered by the inquiry, amounting in number to hundreds of thousands, were shown to receive less than Ios. per week. Here, surely, was a case for intervention, and after the National Anti-Sweating League had stumped the country in favour of a legal minimum wage; after a Select Committee of the House of Commons had endorsed this proposal as regards women homeworkers; and Mr. Ernest Aves, now the Chairman of the various Trade Boards, had reported upon the Australasian experiments in wage regulation without, it must be admitted, coming to any definite conclusion thereon, the Government intervened. Their measure, based upon the Wages Boards Bill of Sir Charles Dilke, which in turn was derived from the legislation of the Colony of Victoria, was blessed by everyone, and became an Act without any vote on principle having been registered against it. It proved a better Act than one would expect from the suspicious cordiality of its reception, and has worked so smoothly that its future is already beyond doubt. The salient provisions of the Act may be grouped as follows :— . _ 1. The establishment of Trade Boards in certain specified trades, viz. :— Ready-made and wholesale bespoke tailoring. (The scope of this Board has now been widened to include other parts of the retail bespoke trade.) Paper box making. Lace finishing. Certain kinds of chainmaking. 2. Power given to the Board of Trade to move for the establishment of additional Boards. 3. The constitution and powers of the Boards. 4. The enforcement of minimum rates. THE FIRST TRADE BOARDS. 1. The trades first scheduled in the Trade Boards Act were intended to furnish a sufficient basis for experiment. They had, therefore, in common only a tendency to pay low wages. Two of them—lace finishing and chainmaking—are confined to a single area, the other two are widely dispersed. The part played by homeworkers and the seriousness of foreign competition are different in each. In chainmaking wages are a determining element in the cost of production : in tailoring they are subsidiary to other factors. In short, so dissimilar were the trades that to make minimum wages ‘* work”? in them would argue their workability in any other trade whatsoever. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 4215 POWER TO EXTEND. 2. Provided that the Act did work within the limits assigned to it at the outset, Parliament agreed that the limits should be widened. The procedure of extension is as follows :—If the Board of Trade are satisfied that rates of wages in certain trades or in parts of them are “exceptionally low,” it may promote a Provisional Order to apply the Act thereto. A Provisional Order requires confirmation by a bill, which must go through the usual Parliamentary stages, and if a petition be presented against it must be reported on by a Select Committee in each House, or by a Joint Committee of both Houses. In 1913 the following trades were added to the Act by a Provisional Order :— Sugar confectionery and food preserving. Shirt-making. Metal hollowware. (This designation covers the distinct trades of (a) metal hollowware; (4) tin boxes; for which separate Boards have now been established.) Linen and cotton embroidery. An attempt to apply the Act also to the calendering and machine ironing branches of the laundry trade was successfully resisted in 1913 and the following year, in the first case because of a technical defect in the Order, and, in the second case, because a Select Committee were not satisfied as to the practicability of applying the Act merely to the branches of the trade named in the Order. . CONSTITUTION AND POWERS. 3. Each Trade Board consists of two classes of members :— (z) Neutral persons, numbering in practice from three to five, appointed by the Board of Trade. (4) Equal numbers of representatives of employers and of workers whom these may elect to represent them, or who alternatively may be nominated by the Board of Trade on their behalf. (It is important to note that the persons so elected or nominated need not themselves be either employers or workers, and that thus the door is left open, on the one hand, for the legal adviser of the Employers’ Association, and, on the other hand, for the Trade Union secretary or other such adherent of the workers.) The powers of the Boards are concerned with the determination of the minimum rates, which may be time rates only, or time rates and piece rates, and may be fixed so as to apply universally throughout the trade or only to particular areas or particular classes of workers. Where necessary the Boards may appoint District Committees, and these Committees, if appointed, are given certain definite duties under the Act. Final authority, however, remains with the Board, and the réle of the District Committees has been so far of minor importance. ENFORCEMENT OF MINIMUM RATES. 4. A minimum rate comes tediously into operation. For three months after the Board has come to a decision the rate is in the *‘ proposal’’ stage, and may be objected to either by or on behalf of the employers qr workers, At the end of three months, objections 216 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. to the rate proposed are considered by the Board, which may then give effect to them and issue a new proposal, which would likewise run for three months, or may overrule them and “fix” the rate. For six months after the rate is fixed, it is in ‘‘ partial operation,” that is to say, it is obligatory only on employers undertaking contracts from Government or municipal departments. All other employers may continue to pay less than the minimum rate provided that they secure the consent of their employees in writing thereto. At the end of six months the Board of Trade must either issue an Order making the rate generally obligatory, or an Order of a contrary character. (Thus, although not entitled to modify the minimum rate, the Board of Trade, by refusing to make it compulsory, is in a position to exercise serious pressure on the Trade Board.) Where the rate is obligatory the non-observance of it may involve a fine in respect of each offence not exceeding £20, and a fine not exceeding £5 for each day on which the offence is continued after conviction therefor. In addition to these fines the employer may be adjudged to refund to the worker any sum by which the wage received by the latter falls short of the minimum rate to which he is entitled. SUCCESS IN THE CHAIN TRADE. As to the operations of the several Boards it is possible here to speak only in brief. The reader may be referred for fuller information to the series of monographs on the minimum wage edited by Mr. R. H. Tawney for the Ratan Tata Foundation, the first of which describes the complete success attained by the Board in the chainmaking industry. The success is many sided. In a comparison of the earnings of male chainmakers, before and after the Trade Boards Act, Mr. Tawney discovers the ‘‘ mode’”’ (i.e., the point at which the largest group is found) in the first case between 13s. and 14s., and in the latter case between 20s. and 21s. The increase in the wages of women is more striking, and inquiry into the earnings of 86 women employed in the manufacture of the commonest short-link chain, indicates an average increase of earnings of 67 per cent., which percentage has since been considerably increased by further advances of piece rates made by the Board. Increases in piece rates imply a greater increase in net earnings, as an actual instance may show :— ‘Miss X, prior to the issue of the Trade Board determination, was paid 3s. 6d. per cwt., and made 2cwt. of chain per week, thus getting 7s., out of which she paid 2s. per week for breeze, so that her net wage was 5s. . . . . The piece rates were advanced by 100 per cent., so that she earned a gross wage of 14s., or when 2s. per week was paid for fuel, 12s. A rise of 100 per cent., therefore, in the piece rates made in this case a rise of 140 per cent. in weekly earnings.” Perhaps the most interesting testimony adduced by Mr. Tawney is as to the reaction of the Trade Board on the social life of the chainmakers. In his book shopkeepers testify to the improvement in the purchasing power of the workers ; teachers to the better feeding and clothing of the children; clergymen and other residents to the alteration, clearly discernible in the rising standard of manners and comfort in the locality. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 217 The happiest outcome of all is in the heightened spirit of the district, which has found expression in an encouraging growth of Trade Unionism among men and women not only in the chainmaking trade, but in other trades adjacent to it, of which the hollowware and brick trades are the chief. HIGHER WAGES IN TAILORING. The tailoring trade, by reason of its larger scale, is less easy to review, but here, too, Mr. Tawney’s investigation reveals encouraging results and tendencies. As to wages: the Tailoring Trade Board fixed a minimum rate of 33d. per hour for women, and 6d. per hour for men, and the women’s rate has since been increased to 34d., which in a week of 51 hours realises 14s. 103d. This amount, it must be remembered, is a minimum. Compare the earnings shown for women in this trade in the census of 1906 :— Receiving under 8s. a week .............seceeseeees ” per cent. ne Sy sadn en eee atest hominis be Site és 10S. jf Oe. Eaeicmacathp es 60 5. BAtlas ~ PEGE oy kh Aes cM cus eaten a BA cigs x 1 ERP SERPS” “yk, GASPAR ICC Ose vee The minimum rate for men of 6d. an hour was not designed for the expert workers, chiefly pressers and cutters, who were left by tacit agreement to the protection of their various unions, but for men of lower grade. Even so, the rate has been of considerable value in certain backward districts. An article in a recent number of the “Economic Journal’’ gives an interesting illustration of this :— ““Of the male workers employed at Hebden Bridge 111 are known by the union to have obtained advances necessary to bring their wages (formerly 20s, to 23s. per week) up to the minimum rate. Twenty-three others, whose wages were above the minimum, have obtained advances, given because they were recognised to be worth more than the lower-paid men—a notable refutation of the fallacy that the minimum wage tends to become a maximum. The advances varied from 1s. to 8s., and averaged 3s.” In this large trade the improvements in habits and modes of life due to better wages are less easy to apprehend than in the smaller trade. On the other hand, the impetus given to organisation is more noticeable. For instance, the male operatives at Hebden Bridge already referred to were induced by their increase of wages to join the local branch of the Clothiers’ Operatives Union, which in consequence increased in membership from 29 to over 300, and is now in a position to ‘‘ oblige the employers for the first time to make a collective bargain with their workpeople.’’ The membership of this union has risen strikingly also in other districts since the establishment of the Trade Board, nor is it the only organisation in the trade to benefit in this way. Mr. Tawney attributes this spread of Trade Unionism to the ‘“‘ psychological influence of the Trade Board system,’’ which he regards as ‘‘the most important of its results.” It remains to note certain bye-products of the Trade Board determinations. As minimum rates are to be paid ‘‘clear of all deductions,’’ various fines and other such customary nibblings at 218 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. workers’ earnings became illegal. As, further, the workers under the Act are entitled to be paid wages for all time spent in the workshop, it is no longer profitable to allow them to ‘‘ wait for work.’’ Better industrial organisation, which Trade Boards have everywhere induced, has secured greater continuity of employment. On the occasions when work is still not available, the women are free to leave the factory or workshop and spend their leisure as they please. The Boards have been efficacious also in some degree in safe- guarding young workers. For these they have prescribed rates of wages less than the minimum, but it is a condition of the payment of lower rates that reasonable facilities for the due learning of the trade are afforded. It is not possible within the confines of a short article to descant upon the other Boards which in many respects repeat the experience of the two already mentioned, but their value will appear from the subjoined statement, in which are given all the minimum rates so far affixed :— Average weekly Trade. Minimum Rate Fixed. wages earned in 1906. Readymade and Male persons of 22 years of age 31s. I1d. wholesale _ be- and over, 6d. per hour (per spoke tailoring, week, 25s. 6d.) and certain Ditto under 22 years of age, from branches of the 4s. 2d. to 21s. r1d , according to retail bespoke age trade Female persons of 18 years of age 12s. rid. and over, 34d. per hour (per week, 148. 104d.) Ditto under 18 years of age, from 6s. 6d. 3s. to 12s. 6d. per week, accord- ing to age and experience. Ditto (Ireland) .. Male persons of 24 years of age 29s. 6d. and over, 6d. per hour (per week, 25s. 6d.) Ditto under 24 years of age, from 4s. 6d. to 24s., according to age Female persons of 18 years of age Ios, 1d. and over, 3d. per hour (now to be increased to 3}d. per hour) (per week, 13s.) Ditto under 18 years of age, from 4s.to1is.6d. Paper box making Male persons 21 years of age and 28s. rod. over, 6d. per hour (per week, 26s.) Ditto under 21 years of age, 4s. to 21s. per week, according to age and experience Female persons ot 18 years of age 12s. 3d. and over, 3d. per hour (per week, 13s.); now being increased to 34d. per hour. (per week, 14s.1d ) Ditto under 18 years of age, from 6s. 6d. 4s. to Ios. 6d. per week Trade. Paper box making (Ireland) Lace finishing .. Chainmaking Sugar confection- ery, and food preserving Ditto (Ireland) .. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Minimum Rate Fixed. Male persons ot 24 years of age and over, 6d. per hour (per week, 26s.) Ditto under 24 years of age. from 48. 6d. to 24s. per week, accord- ing to age and experience Female persons over 18 yearsofage, 2?d. per hour (per week, r1s.11d.) Ditto under 18 years of age, from 4s. to ros. 6d. Female persons of 18 years of age and over, 22d. per hour Young persons under 18 years of age, from 5s. to gs. 6d. per week Male persons over 18 years of age, from 5d. to 774d. per hour Ditto under 18 years of age, from 4s. to 12s, 6d. per week Female persons over 17 years of age, 22d. per hour Ditto under 17 years of age, from 4s. per week and upwards (In this trade the rates are fixed to apply to (a) dollied or tommied and the larger sizes of hand ham- mered chain; and (8) to the smaller sizes of hand hammered chain, and not, as in other cases, on the basis of sex. In practice, how- ever, the women work at the lower and the men at the higher rates ) Male persons 22 years of age and over, 26s. per week Ditto under 22 years of age, 6s. to 23s. per week Female persons 18 years of age and over, 13s. per week Ditto under 18 years of age, 6s. to IIs. per week Male persons of 22 years of age and upwards, 54d. per hour Ditto under 22 years of age, 6s. to 21s. per week, according to age Female persons of 18 years of age and upwards, 24d. per hour Ditto under 18 years of age, 5s. to gs. per week, according to age 2tg Average weekly - wages earned in 1906 No separate figures No figures for this branch of the lace trade given in Census of Wages. (Home- workers under- stood to have earned from 1d. to 2d. per hour.) No figures for this branch of the chain trade given in Census of Wages. Cocoa, chocolate, etc., 30s. od.; preserved food, eter, 28a 7a: Cocoa, chocolate, etc., IIs. 9d.; preserved food, etc.. Ios. 11d. 220 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Average weekly Trade. Minimum Rate Fixed. wages earned in 1906. Shirt making.... No rates fixed for male persons Female persons over 18 years of 13s. 4d. age, 34d. per hour (per week, 15s. 13d.) Female persons under 18 years of age, from 3s. to 12s. 6d. per week Ditto (Ireland) .. No rates fixed for male persons Female persons over 18 years of age, 34d. per hour (per week, 14s. 1d.) For female homeworkers this Board has also fixed general minimum piece rates Tin box making.. Male persons 21 years of age and No figures upwards, 26s. per week Ditto under 21 years of age, from 6s. to 22s. 6d. per week Female persons 18 years of age and upwards, 14s. 1d. per week Ditto under 18 years of age, from 6s. to 12s. per week Lest a too rosy view of the Trade Board system should be given by this article, it is proper to add, firstly, that the minimum rates fixed cannot in any case be regarded as sufficient to provide the amount needed for the maintenance of seemly and comfortable life; secondly, that meagre as they are, they have been attended in some cases with a reprehensible ‘‘ speeding-up’’: and that, thirdly, especially as regards homeworkers, there are complaints that the rates are in some cases being evaded. On the other hand, it may be noted that :— 1. Additions have been made to the rates first fixed and that further progressive improvements in them may be expected. 2. Complaints as to ‘‘ speeding-up’’ become less numerous after the trades have settled down to the new conditions, and have improved their organisation. 3. The grievance of the homeworkers is due to some extent to the deficiency of investigating officers, less than a dozen of whom are available for all the purposes of the Act in the trades above mentioned, and to some extent, where the Trade Board has not been able to fix a piece rate, to the difficulty of deciding as to the sufficiency of the piece rate that is, in fact, paid by the employer. There is reasons to anticipate both that the number of inspectors will be appropriately increased and that their capacity to pronounce upon piece rates will grow with experience. To sum up, the Boards have raised rates of wages considerably, and have protected the worker from raids of various kinds upon his earnings. They have encouraged the workers to organise, and the employers to manage their factories and workshops more efficiently. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY. HoME OFFICE.—E. Aves. Report on the Wages Board and Industrial Conciliation and Abitration Acts of Australia and New Zealand (226 pages). Cd. 4167. 1s. rod. 1908. Standing Committee C. on Trade Boards Bill. H.C. 190. 1909. Special Report from the Select Committee on the Trade Boards Act Provisional Orders Bill. 63d. H.C. 209. 1913. Report and Special Report from the Select Committee on Trade Boards Act Provisional Orders Bill. H.C. 317 of 1914. 15. 7d. TRADE BOARDS ACT PROVISIONAL ORDERS BILL.—Report of Committee, with Evidence and Appendix. H.C. 317. 1s. 7d. 1914. ‘* LaBouR GAZETTE.’’—Proceedings under the Trade Boards Act, 1909. Summary of House of Commons, 134 of (July) 1913. ‘“ CONTEMPORARY REVIEW.’’—J. Ramsay MacDonald. Arbitration . Courts and Wages Boards in Australasia. March, 1908. *“ ECONOMIC JOURNAL.’’—F, Keeling. Trade Boards Act. March, 1914. *“ NINETEENTH CENTuRY.’’-—J. R. MacDonald. Sweating and Wages Boards. November, 1908. ‘WOMEN’S INDUSTRIAL NEws.’’—July, 1909; April, 1910; April, 1911; January, 1913, April, 1914; July 1913. “WOMEN’S TRADE UNION REviEW.’’—October, 1907; April, 1911; April, 1914; January, 1913. ““ MINIMUM RATES IN CHAINMAKING INpDusTRY.’’—R. H. Tawney. 1914. ‘‘ MINIMUM RATES IN TAILORING TRADE.’”’—R. H. Tawney. 1915. UNEMPLOYMENT. There are few branches of our national statistics which are so complete as those dealing with unemployment. The Board of Trade in its ‘*‘ Labour Gazette ’’ publishes each month a considerable amount of information on the state of the Labour market gleaned from some half-dozen different sources, which together give a fairly complete picture of the state of employment. There are four chief sources: (1) returns made by certain Trade Unions with about one million members showing the number of members unemployed at the end of each month; (2) returns made by employers employing some one and a-quarter million workpeople showing the numbers employed by them at the end of the month, or, in the case of mining, the number of days worked per week; (3) statistics as to the working of the 400 Labour Exchanges scattered throughout the United Kingdom showing the number of people registered for employment and the number of vacancies notified and filled; (4) statistics as to the numbers unemployed in the trades compulsorily insured against unemployment—these cover about two and a-quarter million workpeople, chiefly in the building, engineering, and shipbuilding trades. The first set of returns—the ‘‘ Trade Union percentage ’’—goes back for about 40 years, and is shown graphically in Chart A. Members sick, on strike, locked out, or whose benefit is exhausted are excluded. It will be seen that with one exception the curve of unemployment is cyclical, maxima being reached (with one exception) every seven years. Thus 1879, 1886, 1893, and 1908 were years of 222 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. severe unemployment, and 1875, 1882, 1889, 1899, 1906, and 1913 were years of good employment. Had the cycle remained the same we might have expected the next bad year to be 1915 or 1916. But the war intervened. It will be seen that the range of the curve is very considerable, from 11.4 in 1879 to 2.0 in 1899. It will be noticed that the amount never falls below 2 per cent., which may be regarded as the ‘‘ irreducible minimum ’’ of unemployment. The effect of the war is an interesting one, and the end of the chart shows the figures month by month during 1914 and 1915. The percentage shot up from 2.7 per cent. at the end of July to 7.1 at the end of August, but since then has been gradually falling, and in 1915 the ‘‘ irreducible minimum ”’ of 2 per cent. has been actually passed, the figure for the end of July being only 1 per cent. The second set of statistics relates to the so-called ‘‘insured’’ trades. By the National Insurance Act of 1911 insurance against unemployment was made compulsory in the trades of building, construction of works, shipbuilding, engineering, and making of vehicles, and since every workman in these trades is compelled, on becoming unemployed, to lodge his unemployment book at a Labour Exchange very complete and reliable information is available as to unemployment in these trades. The statistics only go back to January, 1913, and the percentage of unemployed for the two and a-quarter million workmen in these trades is shown week by week in Chart B. As figures are only available since 1913 comparison is not possible with the Trade Union percentage over a series of years. We can, however, compare the monthly Trade Union figures (Chart A) with the insured figures for the same period (Chart B), when it will be seen that both show similar movements. The ‘‘insured’’ figures are, it will be noted, generally higher than the ‘‘ Trade Union’’ figures, especially in the winter months. This is due to the fact that the building trade, which always suffers from a higher rate of unemployment than other trades, forms a very large proportion of the ‘‘insured trades ’’—over 40 per cent.—while in the ‘“‘ Trade Union’’ percentage it only forms a very small part. The effect of the war is reflected in both diagrams very similarly. Both show a sudden rise from July to August; the insured trades from 3.6 to 6.3, the ‘‘ Trade Union” percentage from 2.7 to 7.1 (the latter shows a greater rise than the former because it includes the textile trades, which experienced exceptionally severe unemployment), and both fall, not quite so rapidly, to ‘‘normal”’ figures by the end of the year. Since the beginning of this year unemployment has further been reduced till it has now fallen lower than ever before recorded. Two of the insured trades—engineering and shipbuilding—have been working at terrific pressure; the amount of unemployment at August, 1915, was only 1 per cent. For the various ‘‘insured’’ trades it stood as follows :— PAUGING Sioa. Gots ocan Ved ayne vies so eslkop iP eone ahead eae 1.9 WVOURS Of ;CONSEFUCELON ) ti.o.< 250. chek Qoeen Gains ace 0.6 SHAN Ens URAL ht 2 2) 12s nds coe ee Ws « ae Median ep teok acten aaa 0.8 - PLM SINC OLIN G \firchy ab. de cihine s+ aides Sythaan eebenibarss ocean 0.5 Making ot pvenicles: ; wiiis. i. ewan s- opieeniyes anne . 0.6 All Andgustriées. 7. Sen he A ee 1.0 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 223 The statistics of Labour Exchanges are dealt with in the separate section, headed Labour Exchanges. The statistics known as ‘‘ employers’ returns’’ give each month the number of persons employed and the amount of wages paid in certain industries. These returns are not reliable over long periods, but give good indications of the trend of trade during a short period. No “‘index’’ figures or percentages are given for these figures over a- period, and for this and the above-mentioned fact the figures are not quoted. They can be seen each month in the ‘‘ Labour Gazette.” They are chiefly valuable as affording evidence of conditions in the so-called short time trades. Many trades, chiefly coalmining, textiles, and paper, do not resort to dismissals in a time of depression so much as to short time. This aspect of unemployment—better known as under-employment—is, of course, very important, but quite neglected in the figures given hitherto. It is, however, quite impossible to measure under-employment statistically, and these returns from large employers, showing the number of employees and wages paid, are the only data availabie. BIBLIOGRAPHY. ‘Problem of the Unemployed,’’ Hobson (Methuen, 2s. 6d.). ‘* Unemployment: a Problem of Industry,’? Beveridge (Longmans, 1912, 9QS.). ‘*The Unemployed : a National Question,’’ Alden (Headley, 1s.). ‘Report of an Inquiry on Conditions of Labour at Liverpool Docks,’’ Rathbone and Wood. ‘‘The Casual Labour Problem,’’ Rathbone (Northern Publishing Company, Is.). ‘Unemployment : Results of an Investigation made in Lancashire,”’ Chapman and Hallsworth (Manchester University Press, 1909, 2s.). “Unemployment in Germany’’ (Labour Party), G. N. Barnes and A. Henderson. ‘** Problems of Unemployment in London Building Trades,’ 1909, Dearle (Dent, 3s. 6d.). ‘Unemployment,’ Pigou, 1914 (Williams and Norgate, 1s.). ** Capital and Labour,’’ Layton, 1914 (Collins, 1s.). *“Unemployment,”’ Keeling, 1915 (Black, 3s. 6d.). ** Unemployment : a Social Study,’’ Rowntree, 1911 (Macmillan, 53s.). ‘** Industrial Unrest and the Problem of Unemployment,’’ Rowntree, 1914 (Nelson, 3s. 6d.). ‘Unemployment and Trade Unions,’’ Jackson, 1910 (Longmans, 1ts.). ‘*The Unemployment Problem in 1913,’’ Keeling. Supplement to “The Crusade.’ January, 1913. 1d. National Conference on Prevention of Destitution: First Report, 1911 (King, ros. 6d.). Second Report, 1912 (King, tos. 6d.). OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Board of Trade: ‘‘ Labour Gazette.’’ Monthly, id. Seventeenth Abstract of Labour Statistics. Cd. 7733, 1915. 1s. 6d. Fourth Abstract of Foreign Labour Statistics. Cd. 5415, 1910. 2s. 1d. First Report on Unemployment Insurance. Cd. 6965, 1913. gd. Unemployed 224 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT, Benefits of Trade Unions. Cd. 5703, 1911. 2s. 8d. Report on State of Employment in October, 1914. Cd. 7703, 1914. 44d. Report on State of Employment in December, 1914. Cd. 7755, 1915. 194d. Report on State of Employment in February, 1915. Cd. 7850. 2ad. Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress: Majority Report. Cd. 4499. Minority Report, Part II. The Remedy for Unemployment. Minutes of Evidence, Vol. VII. and Vol. VIII. Unemployment. Investigators’ Reports: Report by Jackson and Pringle on Relief of Unemployed, Vol. XIX. Statistical Memoranda, Vor RAV, Cd. S099, > rie) rd. Board of Trade: Report on Agencies and Methods for Dealing with the Unemployed. C. 7182 of 1893. Ditto Foreign Countries. Cd. 2304. Royal Commission on Depression of Trade: C. 4621 (1886), C. 4715, C. 4297, C. 4893. Board of Trade: First Fiscal Blue Book. Cd. 1761, 1903. 3s. 6d. Second Fiscal Blue Book. Cd. 2337, 1904. 3s. 6d. Third Fiscal Blue Book. Cd. 4954, 1909. 5s. 2d. Charts illustrating Statistics of Trade and Employment. Cd. 2145, 1904. Local Government Board: Statistical Memoranda and Charts relating to Public Health and Social Conditions. Cd. 4671, 1909. Royal Commission on Labour: C. 6708, C. 6795, C. 6894, C. 7063, C. 7421, 1894. LABOUR EXCHANGES. ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL SYSTEM. The Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress, 1905-9, unanimously recommended as an essential part of any scheme for dealing with the problem of unemployment the establishment of a national system of Labour Exchanges, and in September, 1909, power was conferred on the Board of Trade by the Labour Exchanges Act, 1909, to set up such a system. Certain Labour Exchanges or Bureaux were already in existence, established as a general rule under the Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905, but these exchanges were few in number and were almost entirely local in character, the most important being the system of exchanges maintained in the Metropolis by the Central (Unemployed) Body for London. The Labour Exchanges Act gave the Board of Trade power to take over such exchanges, while it was further provided that the exercise of the authority to establish or maintain Labour Exchanges given by the Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905, should, after the lapse of one year, be subject to the sanction of the Local Government Board for England, Scotland, or Ireland, as the case might be, in consultation with the Board of Trade. These provisions were intended to secure the absorption into the Board of Trade system of all the exchanges established under the Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905. The first Labour Exchanges under the control of the Board of Trade were opened on the 1st February, 1910, on which date some 60 exchanges commenced operations. By the 1st of May, 1911, the number working had risen to about 200, and after the passing of the National Insurance Act, 1911, the number rose, mainly in consequence THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 225 of unemployment insurance, to over 400. There is, in addition, a large number of local agencies for Labour Exchanges and Unemployment Insurance which have been established in districts where the opening of a Labour Exchange would not be justified, and - which are concerned with Labour Exchange business mainly only - in so far as it is affected by unemployment insurance. The cost of administration of the Labour Exchanges is borne by the national exchequer. OUTLINE OF THE ORGANISATION OF THE NATIONAL SYSTEM. For purposes of administration and control the United Kingdom is divided into eight divisions, viz., London and South-Eastern, South-Western, Yorkshire and East Midlands, West Midlands, Wales, North-Western, Scotland and Northern, and Ireland. Each of these divisions has a divisional office, which forms the controlling centre for the exchanges within its area, and as a co-ordinating administrative authority over the whole there is a central office in London. The exchanges are linked up with one another, both divisionally and inter-divisionally, by means of the telephone service, and are thus enabled to keep in constant touch with each other both directiy and through the divisional offices. FUNCTIONS AND WORKING OF THE EXCHANGES. A ‘‘Labour Exchange’’ is defined by the Act as ‘‘ any office or place used for the purpose of collecting and furnishing information, either by the keeping of registers or otherwise, respecting employers who desire to engage workpeople and workpeople who seek engagement or employment.”’ The exchanges deal with both male and female applicants, and their work is conducted under general regulations made by the Board of Trade under the authority of Section 2 of the Labour Exchanges Act. The work of the Exchanges is also affected by the National Insurance Act, 1911, and the regulations made thereunder. The general procedure and working may be summarised as follows :— (2) Registration._-Applicants for employment must ordinarily register in person, though registration by post is not precluded in certain circumstances, i.e., where the applicant lives more than three miles from an exchange. Applicants are urged to register at the exchange nearest their place of residence, since when a vacancy is notified the first attempt to fill it is normally made locally. Only if no suitable local applicant is forthcoming is the vacancy notified to other exchanges. Application must be renewed weekly, and a workman is not precluded from registering by the fact that he is already in employment. No fees are charged either to workmen or employers. In the case of workmen in trades included within the scope of the National Insurance Act, 1911, registration on becoming unemployed is in effect compulsory since benefit cannot be obtained unless the workman’s book is lodged at a local office of the Unemployment Fund, but in trades outside the scope of the Act registration is voluntary. (5) Notification of Vacancies.—No special formalities are required for the notification of vacancies by employers and no fee is charged by the exchange. H 226 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. (c) Filling of Vacancies.—The use of an exchange leaves to the employer the final selection of the workmen to be engaged. The exchange merely submits applications for his consideration. In notifying applications for employment and vacancies to employers. and applicants, respectively, the exchange undertakes no responsibility with regard to wages or other conditions beyond supplying the employer or applicant, as the case may be, with any information in its possession as to the rate of wages desired or offered. In effect, therefore, the Labour Exchange is simply a medium of communication. It is left to employers and workmen to decide for themselves whether or not they will come to terms upon the conditions so communicated. (dz) Trade Disputes.—Regulation 4 (3) provides that ‘‘no person shall suffer any disqualification or be otherwise prejudiced on account of refusing to accept employment, found for him through a Labour Exchange, where the ground of the refusal is that a trade dispute which affects his trade exists, or, that the wages offered are lower than those current in the trade in the district where the employment is found.”’ Under Regulation 3 a statement as to the existence of a strike or lock-out affecting their trade may be filed at a Labour Exchange by any association of employers or workmen, and in notifying vacancies _ the exchange is required to call attention to the statements that have . been received. (ec) Advance of Travelling Expenses.—To meet the difficulty of workmen being unable to accept employment at a distance on account of the expense of travelling, the Board of Trade is empowered, under certain conditions, to make advances to registered applicants towards meeting the expenses of travelling to the place of employment. The advance must not exceed the amount of the fare of the individual applicant, and is normally made by railway warrant. An undertaking to repay must be given by the person who requests the making of the advance (either the employer or the applicant). No advance can be made if the vacancy comes within the regulations as to strikes and lock-outs, and care must be taken to avoid unduly encouraging rural labourers to migrate from the country to the towns or between Great Britain and Ireland. (7) Advisory Trade Committees.—The Board of Trade are required, in such areas of the United Kingdom as they think fit, to set up Advisory ‘Trade Committees consisting of equal numbers of representatives of employers and workmen, with a chairman agreed upon by a majority both of the employers and the workmen’s representatives, or in default of such agreement appointed by the Board of Trade. The tenure of office is in all cases three years. The duty of the Advisory Trade Committees is to advise and assist the Board of Trade in regard to any matters referred to them in connection with the management of Labour Exchanges. A number of such Committees (which deal with large areas and not with single exchanges) has been established in various parts of the country. The Board of Trade are empowered to pay travelling and other allowances to members of Advisory Trade Committees. (gc) Accommodation for Trade Union Meetings.—Accommodation for Trade Union meetings is granted at Labour Exchanges, subject THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 227 to terms and conditions approved by the Advisory Trade Committee for the district. The fee usually charged is 1s. per meeting. (24) Casual Labour Schemes.—Various attempts have been made by the Board of Trade to formulate and carry into effect schemes for dealing with casual labour. These schemes are in most cases arrangements entered into by the Board of Trade under Section 99 of the National Insurance Act, 1911, and the most important of them is that known as the Liverpool Dock Scheme. This scheme has for its most prominent features the payment of wages and contributions under the National Insurance Act, 1911, by the Board of Trade on behalf of the employers, and the limitation of engagements of workmen to registered holders of tallies. Surplus stands have also been set up to which men who have not been engaged at their usual stands may repair with a view to getting work elsewhere. The practice of large numbers of employers each engaging men at a separate stand has not, however, been affected. As regards all these schemes, from such information as is available it would probably be safe to say that little or no substantial progress has as yet been made with the decasualisation of labour through their means, and that the schemes have served mainly to provide experience which may be valuable in the future. (¢) Juvenile Employment.—Special provision is made for juvenile applicants (1.e., applicants under 17 years of age). They are not required to register in person, and different particulars are necessarily asked of them on registration. . In order to meet the special conditions affecting juvenile applicants for employment, Advisory Committees for Juvenile Employment attached as a rule to various Labour Exchanges, but occasionally embracing larger areas, have been appointed by the Board of Trade. The duty of these committees is to give advice with regard to the management of any Labour Exchange in their district in relation to Juvenile applications for employment, and, either by themselves or in co-operation with any other bodies or persons, they may give information, advice, and assistance to boys and girls and their parents with respect to choice of employment and other matters bearing thereon. In addition to these especial arrangements for dealing with juvenile applicants, the Board of Trade co-operate with committees appointed by various Local Education Authorities in England and Wales in accordance with schemes approved by the Board of Education under the Education (Choice of Employment) Act, r910. They co-operate also with a number of committees appointed by School Boards in Scotland under the terms of the Education (Scotland) Act, 1908. STATISTICS AS TO THE WORKING OF LABOUR EXCHANGES. The first Labour Exchanges were established in 1910, and statistics of the work done during the four years 1911, 1912, 1913, and 1914 have been published in the 17th Labour Abstract and the (February, 1915) ‘‘ Labour Gazette.’’ It is of the utmost importance to remember that these figures are not strictly comparable, as the number of exchanges has continually grown and their sphere of operation consequently increased. In addition, the coming into force of 228 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. unemployment insurance in July, 1912, made the use of the Labour Exchanges compulsory in certain trades employing about two and a-quarter million workpeople. The following table shows the number of registrations for employment, number of situations notified, the number filled, and the number of individuals given work during each of the four years IQII-1914. I. SUMMARY OF WORK DONE BY LABOUR EXCHANGES IN IQII, I912, 1913, 1914. IQII. 1912. IQI3. IQI4. No. of Exchanges open at end of year ale oa 261 413 422 400 No. of registrations... ..| 2,040,447 | 2,465,304 | 2,965,893 | 3,442,452 No. of individuals registered} 1,513,369 | 1,643,587 | 1,871,671 | 2,164,023 No. of vacancies notified ..| 788,609 | 1,062,574 | 1,222,828 | 1,479,024 No. of vacancies filled ..| 621,410 828,230 921,853 | I,116,909 No. of individuals given work| 469,210 573,709 652,306 814,071 During the period registrations increased by 69 per cent., individuals registered by 43 per cent., vacancies notified by 88 per cent., vacancies filled by 80 per cent., and number of individuals given work by 74 per cent. The efficiency of Labour Exchanges cannot be judged from these figures, as they are not strictly comparable from year to year as mentioned in paragraph 1. A better measure is given by the following table, which shows for each year, of the number of individuals who registered for unemployment, the proportion who were given work by the Labour Exchange, and the proportion of vacancies notified which were filled :— II. PROPORTION OF INDIVIDUALS GIVEN WORK AND OF. VACANCIES FILLED. Proportion of individuals given work to individuals registered . 31.0% 34.9% 34-9% 37.6% Proportion of vacancies filled to vacancies notified .. 78.8% 77.9% 75.4% 75.5% In 1911, 31 per cent. of the workpeople who registered were given work, which increased to 37.6 per cent. in 1914, whereas of number of vacancies notified, 78.8 per cent. were filled in 1911 but fell to 75.5 in 1914. Here, again, no general conclusions can be drawn, for by the National Insurance Act registration is made compulsory in the insured trades, but notification of vacancies is still optional. The summary figures for 1914 are shown in the next table for the four THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 229 separate ‘‘departments’”’ of Labour Exchanges, viz., men, women, boys, and girls :— Il]. SUMMARY OF WORK DONE IN 10914 DISTINGUISHING MEN, WOMEN, BOYS, AND GIRLS. Men. Women, Boys. Girls. No. of registrations .. «| 2,316,042 707,071 211,898 207,441 No. of individuals registered | 1,381,694 470,926 157,093 148,310 No. of vacancies notified ..} 909,383 312,344 157,278 100,019 No. of vacancies filled sol) «FOO 48812 * 232,035 103,280 74,230 No. of individuals given work} 507,538 160,145 85,068 61,320 The ‘‘ juvenile’? work of Labour Exchanges is, on the whole, more successful than the ‘‘ adult’’ side. Of the individuals registered for employment, 36.7 per cent. were given work in the case of men, 33-6 in the case of women, 54.1 in the case of boys, and 41.4 per cent. in the case of girls. Space prevents the inclusion of any more figures as to the working of the exchanges, but separate figures for different trades and districts are given in the ‘‘ Abstract of Labour Statistics.’? The figures are, however, so difficult to interpret to anyone unacquainted with them that it is earnestly to be hoped that the long-promised report on the Labour Exchanges will be issued without delay. Since the outbreak of the war returns have been published showing, for men and women, the numbers each week registering for employment at the Labour Exchanges. Workmen in the insured trades are excluded, and the remainder, the so-called uninsured live register, is set out on the chart below, which is given in order to complete the information as to the affect of the war on employment, as shown in Charts A and B (pages 230-1), and because these figures comprise the only information available as to the affect of the war on women’s employment. The effect, it will be seen, is very similar to that shown in August by the previous charts, but, whereas men’s employment rapidly recovered, the women’s curve remains high for a _ very considerable period. BIBLIOGRAPHY.* ““Unemployment,’”’ W. H. Beveridge (Longmans and Company). {Contains extensive bibliography.) **Proceedings of Board of Trade under Part II. (Unemployment Insurance) of the National Insurance es 1911. First Report (1913) (Cd. 6965).” Board of ‘rade. Various leaflets on Labour Exchanges and Unemployment Insurance. *‘ First Year’s Working of the Liverpool Docks Scheme,” R. F. Williams (P. S. King and Son). * No official report of the proceedings of the Board of Trade under the Labour Exchanges Act, 1909, has yet been published. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. ‘CCE GO a Se Oy SR ae a En ae iS A OO a EE OS SS Pre Pt PP CLEC i CC oe oe PCE IL ECL Tod ed Pea SSS BSCE SSSR See Pee Pr to pats eT DAE phe oe ee eee ne pa { 4 SSehS Ce See ee RRR SERRE BOBMERBRARE ANAS o> .. Read Ls Rea RRASHSMBRERHs CRBeE a aanE ars = BCUSLACRERRERUS Pit Ty apd 8a FO = z phe To Pe Lier DT ob er oe eel ee eee |] 3 ts EE SS SE ERnRnKn ] | BiealssRVEran eee eae pe plete ttt it BREEMZTUs aE bd oar te Pe eae) ime meee aes |_| cee | GE SEO See BEERRARER ES © {| Pe Sam BREERSRREVRHUREr L_ | | L Hee '2seot 9 St, SY OUR ESR SSC HERE SEE ACRE NESE ERE BL 2r-Ree SPPRRERBARPERBASLABE. [= | anata ait CHART A. seaneeenne FLUCTUATICN fae cy = BS ESS A SbF GORE SEE SERESE ESE RE SE RERR SESE ors Thiet leit Let Leen. Leen. a $3 err PCORTE CECE RE eri | = # ot] & & 4 I bi ra [| ed = |_| ane E [| « SY Se a mare i Per 1 ee PPEARREZE ES NSCHNCEERE PEPE Ect tr Utehablbdedt dal eascens EaqcSescCe saenes SS2eE8 SSrecrrr ia LSSSPeSa5E Beseoe eae HeseEaSaRs Su Seach eseeSa5 sasaaeee!: A va zi a fe fe feet Hd |_| : z fa ers |_| - aan eee: & |_| me ey La a nl \_ 7 B= 4E82ER8 |_| | T BSR |_| hy Si lolly | Revel | | a L_| Re LT : BECP EEE ee bm we we q 3 Bane Fab tp cs RBURSASEr Dobe = gven| | [tt | LIChotpdvinoh lof H fae | ae “ae 23% THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. lolenidaladiebuntebaahraned : SAS LEAS TAIRA SES TE VN A: NRTA LTA BLN ITTY Oe AU aeemeROR nee r= SIG! GATOR EES Ap G | eteemcmencenn sans SIG! eee au hate oer 5 TOT HARESRSRERIUELERHTTALGTRGSRRERIA ovens: SUULLLE "| CCCP Pe CCECCECCTT TUL TNS DSc anseeeeCeeeceeeeeOUNGCaaunnnasSSUOMTIOD a HALLE SE/PPUUUUUUARADRSUURDANUHERREMNANSNUUUUNNTRUMMMANSS UTC SS PPE HS ISTBIN YLZOCSI 9O8SZ 91 TSZ BIN bY Be Rei L Soe LO EHS eI S6CU SI B IHLIOI SLEOCE D LTOLEID OF8E OI (Nur (O30 AON “190 das ‘enV. AINE =“3NArF AWW fd AWW ‘834 ‘NYE SIGIC%P VIGI SIG!I_%? MAIM_HOVS 3O GNF SHL AV q¢ SAQVYUL GAYUNSNI SHL NI ne eh he rene yee %O}) ones A THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 232 ees. +4161 NSAOM meme +16) NAN er were apg SIGl NSWOM --——— Si6l NaN SRERERHHAAEENARAAEEEEEEUEARRERBOSEGRERERAUEEREER DO SAPCORRHERERDSRERERROREE suea pEnezes UREEEET AED SZA0SSUMMMBREEEC S27 0M0 Jabncr ee eMRECcanaance === is (ACBL CSEES SET reer sear Ur rer Perera a PAHS AHRAAE> = S“QUREROYOE EEE HEA ECCCESSEELET PPE LO anne Ht SARRREALEL os ECCT APP EEE PEECEEEEEECCHEEE EEE EE A6CZBUUA SS its rege ERBAUSRBABsI SAN ean weg ce & 8 Sl Preis Nvf 9320 AQN 4AdaS ONY AWS anor udv¥ UY 1a ee Bick CANOLLNEWYSGNN SHL iv SAODNVHOXKA YNOGV] AdVeL sO devo a0 YALSIOSY | AA] CAYASNINN AHL NO SNINIVWEY NSIOM GNY NSO NSEAN | Se ne eee et a ne gry r — Acar ce en meet ee me ee ce ee enn re ee ee Ne Te THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 233 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS. The figures given below serve to indicate the steadily increasing toll of casualties in the ranks of labour. This increase is the more significant when it is remembered that each year more appliances are invented for the safety of the workers, and more Government inspectors are appointed. Yet, in spite of precautions, we find that among non-fatal accidents there has been a steady increase of some 10,000 casualties per annum in factories and workshops alone between 1899 and 1913. Partly, it may be explained, the increase is due merely to more accurate registration. But there is, without doubt, a real net increase. - To what, then, is this due? The main cause is undoubtedly ‘‘ speeding-up,’’ whereby the employers, in their eagerness for larger profits by means of increased output, do not scruple to risk the lives of their employees. In the case of railway accidents, another of the principal causes is that the staffs have been reduced in order that the railway companies may economise in their expenditure, while the amount of work to be done has remained the same, resulting in the overstrain of employees and consequent accidents. Added to this, the companies have in many cases neglected to make use, on the grounds of expense, of the various safeguards against accidents, such as automatic couplings. The following figures give some idea of the rate of increase in accidents to railway employees :— In 1904 1 oe cleaner out of 33 was injured. Igi2 1 waiue at ig 1904 1 carriage ‘and pa: examiner out of 47 was injured. IQI2 I ‘3 32 *. 1904 I checker out of 50 was injured. 1912 I St Es 1904 I coupler out of 10 was injured. 1912 I BN he as 1904 1 loader out of 25 was injured. IQI2 IT 55 7 25 9 In the mining industry the fatal accidents in 1914 averaged 100 per month, but this figure does not show any notable increase on those of previous years. The casualties in factories and workshops maintain a yearly increase of some 10,000 non-fatal injuries. It should be added that the National Health Insurance Acts and the Notice of Accidents Act of 1906 have resulted in the calling of attention to accidents which would not otherwise have been recorded. NUMBERS OF PERSONS KILLED IN INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS. Year. Persons, Year. Persons. Pee eee 4,619 VOR ya tack es Aad 45453 POO eins sae sie. 4,753 FOOD Rae ae 4,154 ROMS ae rhe ca eed go x 4,622 TOO. va cet sense ane 45133 ) (oe Dee eae een TOID: oe aee eon 45704 CO 8 OPC ER eRe Hi EGU Te eeec vase aas: 45397 yee LR aes ee One 35985 EQUA Wwe secitess = 5,252 BOOK e332 ycyeh stuck 4,268 PGE Biter ees cee ee 4,863 RIGO) ob ida vag sede 4,369 TOWERS og cee ek 49554 Year. Persons. Year. Persons. NOG oie tieestures ade 96,369 1907.4. ; Ree 156,278 PIN oc aaNet 104,303 TOO ial che tee 158,356 BOOT Mathes is then ee 107,286 THO chs ga 1545357 BORIS Hey sieve eters 112,128 POE yc icy. ees 167,653 PORG UE MNS es 115,564 PQRE a Lu). tvipbare 190,764 TGA occ lis iads ens 115,515 Co) lee ae 197,958 BQOC So! tug sek 122,386 ect eS een 222,061 EQOK S05 3S AG seat 135,693 IGLOS vc, och Dene _ FATAL INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS. Oe es en IQI4. Docks Grand totals ; | ’ ; “hepa: : M d | : h : eee Month. Railways. quarees | Factories. att chouses, 330 January .. | 41 121 | 80 25 422 February. 33 TIO La 86 24 353 March ... | 44 | 117 80 20 286 April oo: 52 93 61 30 386 May .... 29 139 89 40 458 Jane 2s. 45 105 72 23 305 pei Wace gee 34 IIo 65 25 249 August .. | = 34 67 77 33 292 September 39 79 65 27 301 October... | 37 | i sa 89 37 423 November | 41 a Se 98 27 659 December | 44 107 | 107 33 | 471 | 1272 | 969 | 344 Total, 3,056. Grand total, including seamen, 4,554. S Yara TOTD BO97 oad ’ Docks Grand totals, . | Mine q h ’ joe Month. Railways. | poral va Factories. pam chouses, 438 January.. | 30 116 | IIo 24 437 February. 39 125 74 32 539 March .. 48 95 69 22 576 Aprils. 60 131 were ee 30 766 NAG. caine 36 87 81 25 380 AES ose 28 117 m7 24 428 July cess 36 gI 72 17 428 August .. 31 | IOI gI 23 308 863 | 686 197 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. NUMBERS OF PERSONS INJURED IN INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS. Total, 2,054. Grand total, including seamen, 3,992 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 235 RAILWAY EMPLOYEES. The following shows the total number of railway accidents each year from 1899 :— Year. Killed. Injured. Year. Killed, Injured, oh ieee 584 ... 15,582 TOO! BAK ME SOO 1 ame 61 EQOO ss scoils O35) 2d 88,698 THOS eas AZZ ei R4SAOE BODE ies. O50. ta 740 TOOO he Abe BIA Were Oe EQO2 is sec sie ASR te" 743 Sas ren Le uy ee ASO 22s SE tay Po Le 407s (ss: B4g850 PORN hs 446°... 27,848 BOGOR TFs. 448 ... 14,561 VOLS oe ele 403.3. * 205200 FOOSS takes. Pe y ae tae Fe Ves BOTS) aearnits 4630.2 2a BQOO+.. egies: 4830;5i.' 3256 BBA ty. AUT fad (PT aRe In 1913 the total number of railway employees was 643,135, being an increase of 34,385 on the total for 1912. Of these 88,939 were mechanics, 76,210 clerks, 73,207 labourers, 61,648 porters, 29,869 engine drivers, 29,512 signalmen, and 25,509 carmen and vanguards. The following table shows the total number of railway employees and contractors’ servants killed and injured in 1914 :— Killed. | Injured. Accidents connected with the running of trains or the movement of railway vehicles .........eeeeees ee A417 4,950 Other accidents on railway premises ..........00e8 of 52 22,5520 469 | 27,103 The following table shows the proportion of employees of different grades engaged in the running of trains killed or injured by train accidents during the year 1914 :— Number | Number of killed! Proportion to the number : | employed land injured in 1914. employed. Class of servant. | on 31st | December, | 1913. | Killed. | Injured. | Killed, Injured. Engine drivers ...... 29,8609 3 26 | Tin 9,956 | I in 1,149 PALOUIOT vy ose 6 6 does s 27,343 4 25. | 1in 6,836 | I in 1,094 Guards (goods) and : brakesmen ........ 16,588 — 39 | — it int aes Guards (passenger) ..| 8,427 — 13 — | rin 648 PRAIA os 3s eh A a 103 | rin 16,792 | Tin 798 Notz.—In addition to the above, one railway employee was killed and twelve were injured. These men were not ordinarily employed in the working of running trains. 236 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. The following table shows for the year 1913 the number of men employed by the companies in certain occupations, the numbers killed and injured in accidents, other than train accidents, in which the movement of trains and railway vehicles was concerned, and the proportions of killed and injured to the numbers employed, with the average proportions for the period of ten years ending with 1912 :— Number of aisle Pie of railway Com- Class of employees. oe panies killed and| 2U™ injured in 1914. Average proportion for the ten years a ote to the ending with 1913. er employed. ber 31st IQI EDT eat nn pes re 9*3: | Killed. |Injured.| Killed. | Injured.| Killed. Injured. Engine drivers...... 29,869 22 505 | r1in1,358| rin 59 | 1in1,436} rin 65, ILGMEM eiecn ceo sccess 27,343 15 676 | 1in1,823} rin 40] 1in1z,439) rin 41 Guards (goods) and brakesmen.,........ 16,588 390 848 | 1in 425|1in 20| rin 504; rin 19 Guards (passenger)} 8,427 6 103 | rin 1,404 | rin 82; 1in1,403} rin 66 Permanentwaymen}| 52,517 04 150 | rin 559 | I in 350 Labourers(perman- tin 748! 1 in 428 Ontway)) seessedwees 19,427 19 48 | rin 1,022 | 1 in 405 Labourers (others)} 53,780 22 117 | 1in 2,445 | rin 460 | 1in 1,620} 1 in 320 POPLETS cite eeeans sks 61,648 58 551 | 1in1,063 | rin112 | rin1,269] rin 94 BS MUNTELS 1) ete cess 15,005 34 828 | rin 444|1in 18! tin 425} rin 15 The following table shows the average number of employees of railway companies killed or injured by train accidents, and the average train mileage for three periods of ten years and one of nine Asay ending 1884, 1894, 1904, and 1913 respectively, with the figures Or 1914 :— Year. Killed, Injured. Train mileage (millions). 1875-1884 (Average)...... 19 154 238.2 1885-1894 £ sisne' 8 IOI 304.9 1895-1904 * nia wie ate Il 139 382.8 1905-1913 I Ree ee 9 145 420.7 TOLG scccesccceccvcncsece 8 II5 430.3 The following table shows the average numbers of employees of tailway companies killed or injured in accidents connected with the movement of trains and railway vehicles (excluding train accidents), and the approximate numbers employed, for three periods of ten years and one of nine years ending 1884, 1894, 1904, and 1913 respectively, with the figures for 1914 :— Year. Killed. Injured. AP ae of 1875-1884 (average)...... 560 2,267 291,143 1885-1894 + oa ates 440 2,448 367,146 1895-1904 eA sescne 457 3,822 530,692 1905-1913 A. see ae 376 4,850 610,748 PUTA eee oe ena s ees es 3% 408 4,910 643,135 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 237 Note.—An Order of the Board of Trade of the 21st December, 1906, required non-fatal accidents to be reported whenever they caused absence from ordinary work for a whole day (instead of absence preventing five hours’ work on any of the next three days). This alteration caused a large apparent increase in the number of non-fatal accidents in 1907 and later years. The following statement shows the average numbers of employees of railway companies killed or injured on railway premises from causes not connected with the movement of trains and railway vehicles, and the average numbers employed, for the two periods 1896-1904 and 1905-1913 inclusive, together with the figures for 1914 :— Approximate number Year. Killed, Injured. of servants employed. ergs ee Sa OS i a 2 ee Fly 1896-1904 (avérage)........ 40 10,237 537,979 1905-1913 ie 2 aS 42 18,271 610,748 Le), ee magic 47 21,989 643,135 | Although these accidents are not as a rule attributable to railway working, an exception must be made in the case of accidents caused by contact with the live rails and wires of railways equipped for electric traction, which are distinctly railway accidents, though not caused by the movement of vehicles. In this way ten employees were injured in 1914; two employees were killed and 14 injured in 1913; in 1912, 14 employees were injured; in 1911, one employee was killed and 20 were injured; and in the seven previous years, 1904-1910 inclusive, the average number of accidents of this nature was one killed and twelve injured. Accidents of this class have become comparatively less frequent than they were when electrical working was introduced, when the increase in the length of line equipped for electric traction is taken into account. MINES AND QUARRIES. The following shows the total of mining accidents each year from 1899 :— Year. Killed. Injured. Year. Killed. | Injured. TSO -G..2-.. F009) «<4, 5,044 TOO) «ios 1,308) 2.546 1 7000 MIIOO) wens. s'e eo Es 7 buecs' 85750 TGOS o vitns yr 13437) cae? cee 0 ae ee Bea7tha, os 04 320 POC ees ade E5879. ew TOOS sect ves Vorgee ecm) Sy l00 TOTO vores ives 1,902... 75444 IQOF caceeescs Wa0ee te. SSi4 FOUTS ah neces T5407 isa th) 2a ae ye ae 3,202) .22 53312 FOES, cen enseae 1,394 -.» 6,606 MOOR tee Neu 2 $5304) sae 55314 (oh © are 1,370 2A g9g) gets PON teassnes Tea 7b seal SA a0 FOU wwaeaeiee 1,272 — The total number of persons employed at mines and at the quarries under the Quarries Act in the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man during the year 1913 was 1,236,211, of whom 1,155,302 were employed in or about mines and 80,909 in or about quarries. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 238 o16'0z + o-oo |\ghr'L11'1\/€gg9‘1zz|/zQQ‘gQ\ozZ‘S\z16 S1‘9€+\0'o01 o6€ —€'z €S +/9'1 16b'gE+/1°96 o| zl ep o BEES | 8 wae Bee | 62 Os BS ay 50 Oo Men in situations ........ 8,000,000 =100% 30 9a Casuals {05's Peed e seas 700,000 I2 0 AGaIE Males |. 2-45 sv oeewv se.” Oy F00,000 28 is POVSi sian 0 dies bik ais w sole de vee ee Io oO Allmaleg,, sid vo a ot ee O00, 00G 4563 Average earnings per adult employed manual working man working throughout the year—f1 5s. od. per week.* FEMALES. Average earnings Class. Numbers, in full week. Women in situations :— oe: f BClOW 225.5 cle as 4 bis wie malate s 42 7000,000 =a 1295. 9 O EZSI40 TSS. ca vas aa oa ves 2) (1G00,0000 ae Sees 13 0 RIVOR UES s wale bp nese as wine 500,000 = 17% £7) 0 Women in situations .... 3,000,000 =100% I2 4 RAIS ae abies eB vae wcale os 100,000 3 6 Adult women ..........+2 3,100,000 RE oy CFESA Shaw's chia b pb eames ee VT p00 000 7i'6 All females, 00 6,0:K's dasw aie 900,000 Io 9 Average earnings per adult employed manual working woman working throughout the year—1os. 103d. per week.* * The estimate includes the value of board and lodging, when supplied, and all extras, but allows for an average of five weeks lost in a year through short time, sickness, involuntary holidays, and unemployment. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. : 261 TaBLe IT. (IV.) AnD (V.).—Earnings of women and girls in various trades, employed for full time on the employers’ premises, in one representative week of 1906 :— Average for Average tor workers of 18 workers of under years and upwards, 18 or 20 years. Trade. —_—_—_ ST * Ladsand Women. Men. Girls under 18. boys under 2o. I. Textive (Cd. 4545) :— Gul thle ateen A g dp sie MEU 2 sk he's eee E OE Ce ieegadee seeaztar oOo 2 Oy) k-lite eee Woollen and worsted ..... Seas dt oaths Ta 166120" ko 8 4 8 I0 MOU EU. cb ide tas Ws carte peas Varad rT SOL, ae ce 6 7 gai RIG nat sc ctes ot aateie as ue aece eae aus naa Selle + ale Q° OS hates etna da Seiad a cee rsa eee Ses Cee b iS Sie tee Laas omer S52 EfOR ety 2 Vaiss! s winie a alae s ajane arnt aces cy eee Wear te Hn Qi 5 MRE os a dee Daly ste ws naka © eal ae we Ware bsBigae so Be YRS ae oe Ba GOAT DCt a's «0:0 Paibialy sie/sinid vs go een 'y ais erates THRE 26 ree: Co ae pees: .y saves “Set Sarre " {er ROOTS Ca # 6 9 8 3 SURI WALES Fn go yk viele e ss de se pee AN fe $e 264 0 Gem > RNA: Flock and shoddy. Se ee A or ie Et a eee iO SO oe Cae Meee EY hs nia's gs dig os hes RES Spy pein SES). Sea fe ae O20 GO. es pie SiRig yore» AP Digits yids ae aa cdtee a Pith Sie ks mick. ho ee aia PEGE TOGA Conn 6 dayne niet sa GOs eb Sav) aes aay be te fag 7 O WUE: Fustian and cord cutting ....4.ese0¢ i £0". 24. ¥ rs ae 9 8 Bleaching, printing ,dyeing, and finishing textile 1ADMCSs. gicn csc ace eng ee See eh kee aS 2 saree All above industries...... ewisieiieln aw eer Si. Seed O PT 15 reas II. CLrorHinG (Cd. 4844) :— Dress, millinery, etc. (workshop) CU EIGULS Sais «snc ex 0 46 A ape ace £3.10 9.50 LI ace a vee. Dress, milliners, etc. (factory) ........ ads anak Pe 6 4 g II Shirt, blouse, underclothing, etc....... Hae 4 eG 0 6 9 8 9 Radlatinipe (DESpOke) 6 c's sees nisie ob en's « Se aa ae aoe 6 II meeting. (T6ady MAGS). is. e csc ewwss ES LE St Xt 6 6 9 9 Boot and shoe realy SAGE) ad ardaas i oe aie: War: 6 10. 2 50. 6 Boot, shoe, and clog making {p ssi eres ssw eis ae) PPE DUOSIVER ‘5 Ain gih's ces d's #4 fend whe prelalatels 13 Lime anrivement on sf. 12 SOS aAnG LANdls vet, vies swale cues < 8% Io AW ITE Salt: sss 's as a ee wa ast aie boo wees Io MTIGY FLAGS sie trete aly 4 sak Volek ¢ yinbe Rieke gis 10 Pier DETATCALS +. sab pasta wee Loebaelate ans II PP EIO OVE con 3 sb isoi cele MAK STEN be II 00 MHW tr © hed Wow ns DAO HOF OH A OMQDHAHUMH OMOW H H 28 18 an QD 3 WON oo bh p' MAPDNO La Mm OP PNW OST OW HO Hi NO NW AW OF @©N AO A ANU APN ANNAN AANNNNN AAN AN AOI AAKDAN HOT Nh & OV CONT CO CONINTWO O RONDO HAH OHOCHL A H MH WPOOONDR AHANA AnH MWOWOUWH AN NSAAAG THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 263 XI. MiscELLANEOUS TRADES :— Sin di: Sh Gi Say Gs Sad, Leather tanning and dressing, etc. .... 121% 28 11 Qt. 2 ke Oo Pease And DrGOM.. vee. NN Ceded ls eel Fon Gm NaOdeT 3g) oie g II India rubber, gutta percha, etc. .... £2) Si 26 9 ais g it Linoleum, oilcloths ...... CREE bn Ree cle M2 1G) 2206.0 yah aang #2 IN Saddlery, harness, whips ............ LOT 20 5° 5 wae Portmanteau, bag, purse, and miscel- laneous leather ...... & aahean eo taheny ARTO, Ons | SSGne x 6 6 1a" marrsicabinstruments of sisi ie a veces Gen? Lia Yaa 8-3 9 2 Umbrella) parasol, sticks) .34 ..0%4 0.4: ba da Roc eas OEE Sree * There were only 43 girls employed. + No general average given. _Tasie ILI. (IV.).—(az) Average for male and female cotton weavers (pleceworkers) employed for one full time week :— Cotton. Men. Women, OCR ola e: Pe een neers 2 107 Oe es fg 1 a el ah oo ERR Re Sk Clk MER Aa PAR & fete Sie oe tat = a eos, oar, ey. Oe eee oer ent DE Up i aeetehe BE 30.7 (6) Average for male and ‘female wool and worsted weavers {pieceworkers) employed for one full time week :— Wool. Men. Women. POOLE WMI or oat Phase Sahiser sin sae 22ce: Sines 15 10 PLOT 66 le Sinica Sestak « an eR SP wig, os Ucpitian QS) 106 ie aes 15 4 Worsted. BE IID tei a ah), Sobierne. Pee cos 2 a6 He ee 164% Zs 3 | ES aes RO, = eee hae, SOE RES IOP, 14 0 TABLE IV. (VI.).—Scale of minimum and maximum wages for ‘male and femaie postal and telegraph clerks over the age of 18 :— Men. Min Max. Per week. EERO 5 non)3 on winiand/e ia # ; 20S. 65S. a PAM CCS ais «oan 0,608 cag. OS: 50S. es Per annum, Gentral Office x. seas. (£100s|» £600 News TaBLe V. (VII).—Average rate of wages per hour for men and women shop assistants :— BOER LAOEILOD 2 ie ince Nae on cds cuties sc tbanea nas Drapers (Provincial) PRE CE AOTECO PS eC idea crc ck clesaase goede sage dees Boots (Provincial) Stationery iy PRS y st a a Sea ae AIS eo Wa sai open iad eden eA eTOGete . ClErKS, (FE ONGON } oa cig as. sure sonnet Grocers’ clerks (Provincial) Rpayers Clerks (LOGON) oe. cecs sn yenap re rhas Drapers’ clerks (Provincial) Butchers’ clerks ee ee i i ce ee ee i ee re ee i ee a ey er? eee eee ee ee ee ra) eee eee eee eee ee ee Women. Min. Max. Per week. 18s. 40S. 14S. 36s. Per annum. £65 £110 Men Women. d. d. Bras 53 Gage eee 44 Oreseca es 4 [ote patty 38 Oe as 4h Laie eee? 4 o# Has iee 44 Zz es 43 » eas 7 a fo sae Gat een 4h FM cise 4 204 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. The average wage for an adult working woman is thus seen in ‘Table I. to be ros. roid. a week, or about two-fifths the average wage for an adult workingman, and falls in particular trades, e.g., hair manufacture, glass bottlemaking, malting and brewing, aerated water-bottling (Table II.), to about 9s. a week, notwithstanding that outworkers as well as part-time and casual workers are excluded. In few trades, however, exact comparison is possible between men and women, for both are seldom together employed on the same process of industry. The most important exceptions appear in the textile trades. In cotton weaving, for instance, men and women are employed on the same process, and paid at the same piecework rate, individual women earning often as much as or more than individual men, while the average earnings for men and women (Table III.) approximate more than in other trades. The difference is in part accounted for by the inability of women to tune their own machines and the prohibition of overtime, but also by the fact that the men tend to select the better-paid but heavier cloths. In wool and worsted weaving again the process is the same; on the other hand, a lower piecework rate is paid in this case to women than to men, so that the difference in wages is more than in cotton-weaving. But in spinning and other processes of the textile trades, as well as in the great majority of non-textile trades (although there are many exceptions, e.g., the female ‘‘ machinist ’’ trouser or vest-maker, the female compositor, machine ruler, ‘‘ presser,’? ‘‘ polisher,” cigar maker), in boot and shoemaking, tailoring and other dress trades, in printing and papermaking, in the metal and furniture, china and earthenware trades, in chemical and tobacco manufacture, and in food- preserving, women are generally employed on other and less skilled processes than men, or, if the process is the same, the strain or speed is less, the number of machines is reduced, the material is lighter or inferior in quality. The wages of the male and female clerk or shop assistant are more comparable (Tables IV. and V.), although even in this case a readjustment of work so as to exact a less degree of effort or responsibility (e.g., additional supervision or assistance, an exemption from night work or other special duties) often accompanies the lower wage. Thus women have, on the whole, a lower productive power than men. In view of the probability of early marriage, there is less incentive to long or thorough training. The period of apprenticeship is shorter; the interest in the trade is less serious. Nor have women the sare powers of physical endurance as men, although the difference in nature is probably less than is sometimes supposed. For low wages react inevitably on physical health. The vast majority of wage-earning women are self-supporting (II.), while the proportion of women having dependents or who contribute to the family more than the cost of their own support is variously estimated from 30 to 50 per cent., and in particular trades (e.g., laundries) as high as 75 per cent. The pocket money worker is rare even in the class of clerks, shop assistants, and warehouse girls. A woman has less to spend than a man on food, house-room, or recreation; she has often besides the added strain of home duties, and her industrial efficiency is to this extent impaired. But, although women have, on the whole, a lower productive power than men, the difference in wages is out of all proportion; equal work is no guarantee for equal pay, and other elements enter as well. Custom, THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 265 a low standard of personal needs, the tradition of other means of support, are other important factors. Low wages are at other times tolerated for the sake of superior social or other amenities. Competition is also more severe in a less skilled than a more skilled trade, and is, moreover, aggravated by a large reserve of ‘‘ emergency ”’ labour. Widows, deserted wives, wives of casual or unemployed workmen, and other women are compelled at times into industry, and through ignorance or extreme need accept whatever terms are offered. Women are also behind men in the position won by means of Trade Unionism. TRADE UNIONS. TaBLE VIII.—Number and percentage of occupied women in Trade Unions according to trades :— FEMALE MEMBERSHIP OF TRADE UNIONS, 1913 (VIII.). Percentage of total’ female workers in Textile. the trades, ReMRU A PT OPAL IRE. 65.55. eee cae 8,379 syndicats OUvriers” osc: -11..4c00 despa 92,335 meyndicats. Mixtes (0... 02. <- cutee accue ee een 75242 ¥NCICAtS LA STICOLES oo. oie sasnen tesa eae 16,178 124,134 (6) Women in Trade Unions in Germany :— Free (Social Democratic) Unions ............... 222,809 Chriptiatic Uniors 2 -: ba.c te ces shat sdade tae eae ee 28,008 Hitscn:-Duncker Unions 2 i000 0c. ene pcsstensueas 4,950 dndependent “Unigns 8c. .07.3 wicp:peectureareeseteates 1,253 257,020 BIBLIOGRAPHY. WOMEN. I. ‘‘ The Occupations of Women.’’ Summary tables arranged and. compiled by L. Wyatt Papworth, M.A., and D.’M. Zimmern, M.A. Published by Women’s Industrial Council, 1914. II. ‘‘ The War, Women, and Unemployment,’’ Fabian Tract No. 178, by the Women’s Group Executive, including a table prepared by Sidney Webb, 1914. III. ‘‘ Notes on the Census of Occupations for England and Wales,’”’ by I. D. Caradoc Jones, Royal Statistical Journal, June, 1915. IV. Report of an Inquiry by the Board of Trade into the earnings and hours of workpeople in the United Kingdom, 1909-1913. V. ‘‘Women’s Wages and Summary Tables.”” Women’s Industrial News, July, 1912. D. M. Zimmern, M.A. VI. Report of the Select Committee on Post Office Servants (Wages and Conditions), r913 VII. Figures given by the National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen, and Clerks, 1907. VIII. Seventeenth Abstract of Labour Statistics. IX. Figures given by the Fabian Research Department. X. ‘Women in Trade Unions,”’ by B. L. Hutchins. Women’s Supplement of the ‘‘ New Statesman,’’ February 21st, 1914. XI. Report of the Select Committee on Home Work, 1908. XII. Report on Outworkers. (Date.) XIII. ‘Women’s Work and Wages,’? by Edward Cadbury, M. Cecile Matheson, and George Shann, 1907. XIV. Report on Infant and Child Mortality by the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, 1910. XV. Report on Infant and Child Mortality by the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, 1913. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 279 XVI. ‘‘ Report on Married Women’s Work.” Published by Women’s Industrial Council, 1915. XVII. “‘Labour Laws for Women and Children in the United Kingdom,” by E. C. Harvey. Published by Women’s Industrial Council, 1909. XVIII. Abstract of Forsign Labour Statistics, 1911; the U.S.A. ‘“Year Book,’’ 1914; the ‘‘ Annuaire Statistique,’’ 1914: the Statistisches Jahrbuch,”’ 1913 and 1914. XIX. ‘‘ Labour in War Time” by G. D: H. Cole. George Bell and Sons (2s. 6d.), 1915. CHILD AND JUVENILE LABOUR, AND APPRENTICESHIP. The Industrial Revolution, by the creation of the large industry, emphasised the old problems in relation to child labour, and at the same time brought into being many entirely new ones. Apprenticeship, which had been steadily declining throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, received its greatest discouragement under the influence of the enormously increased demand for cheap and unskilled labour which accompanied the Revolution, and under the economic doctrines of the laissez-faire philosophers. The last century’s answers by the community to the needs and claims of the child and the young person are embodied in the monumental Factory and Workshop Acts, Mines Acts, and Education Acts, and in the endeavours to _ revive apprenticeship, especially on the part of Trade Unions. In these ways a compulsory minimum of education has been provided, and the more flagrant and obvious of the abuses of child labour have been checked. But the fact that the 2oth century has been called ‘‘ the century of the child ”’ affirms an immense deepening of the sense of responsibility of the modern age towards children, while the cautious spirit of investigation into particular problems, which arise in the transition from. school to workshop, and the amount of conscious social experiment, aiming at the re-discovery for our time of the industrial and moral values peculiar to medizval apprenticeship, make the outlook a most hopeful one. It is the purpose of this article to show the position of the child and the young person in this country from the point of view of industry and of the application of the principles of apprenticeship. NUMBER OF CHILDREN AND JUVENILES EMPLOYED. In view of the large number of school children wholly or partially exempted for the purpose of employment for wages, and of the amount of work for wages performed by school children out of school hours, it will be of use in the following statistics to show separately the details of children in employment under the age of 14 years and those between the ages of 14 and 18 years. - CHILDREN UNDER 14 YEARS OF AGE. Unfortunately, reliable statistics relating to children under 14 years of age are not easy to obtain. One of the most instructive estimates is to be found in Mr. Frederic Keeling’s book, ‘‘ Child Labour in the United Kingdom,”’ from which the following ‘table is taken. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. & a a a IZE'LGG******1e}0} pueIy 000‘ vo ———— ooo0'o£ eeeeeeeeee puvyery ooo' FE @eoeeeeeee *pue[}]ooIS o00‘obz soe, pue puL[Ssuy ‘od SoJeAA ‘purlsuy ur oIG ese Pl Pee he © | pereray Oper tiv eoeesecece purely ae sess e208 © © DUBTIOIS 196'g saye@A\ pue purlsuy ‘ontd ‘ond 06S ‘tgt “| ‘yoy wept oo0S’9z ***°*se*"* purely |-yo yuewAojd ‘JOY UsIpP[IgD jo juew g99'I ***"******pueyjoos | -wWy Japun sme | -Aojdurq sepun smey-a4q Aq ber‘g£l soyeA pure purjsuyq | -oAq Aq poxyg sy | pexy se so ‘urd 6—"ur'e g | -o1y UL II {ZI bzg'b = @eeeeevee eo purer] ie) 25S #200? * OREO obZ‘¥ soleAA pue puelsuq vs OI ces've ———— COxr'e Seeeseseve purely 007 Poe tee te ve DLE YOO SS s oPr'r€ soyeAA pue puvlsuy bE—ot **shep o}BUI9}[e UO OF I0 Fg 000‘09 . ooS'€ eeceeesecene purer] OoS'r **ses""%""**puRT109G | 09 92[I}x9}-u0ON | Zor °° ** 9]1]X9}-U0N coo'SS soteAy pue puesugq | $99 ** ofyxoy | or °° “¢ O]11X9 T ‘UdIP[IYO JO ‘ON pojeuNs| ‘JOY UsIp[IqD jo juaurAojd -Wy Jepun smey-ofq Aq pexy se io‘ rpludy 0317300 ‘ud Z 0} ‘ure g {I 390 0} 1 [iudy wos ‘wd 6—'w'e Q ‘puv]joos Ul ‘ puejely pue ‘(161) WOGODNIM GALINA AHL NI *I YHANN NAUGIIHD JO LNAWAOI(WA AHL AO NOILISOd AHL AO AUVNWAS ‘$1. jo OT SF ‘py VoIplIqD jo jyuowAoyd ‘sinoy [OOYIS -wq sepun|jo yno pefojdue smeyp-9Aq| oul} [NJ fooyos Aq pexy sy |} Surpus}je ueiplIyD ‘9 puvjoi] UI pue S}OII}SIP [eIN} -[no1ise SIT -BU3 UIII ‘ZI ‘syoy A10}0e episjno ow} ied peAojdure usipyiy9 *S "'sJOV soul, pue £10}0",F opis]no sUIT} [NF pefojdure uaipyiyy *F ‘pury ‘s]OY SOUT], Jopun _ poeAojdua ueipyiqy *£ ‘yoy Ar0j}Oe Japun out} jied as pefoidwe usspyiq9 *2 ‘yoy A10}9e,J Jopun out} [ [Nf €1 pesojdwme usipyiyg “I ‘unixeur ‘ATH ‘SINOP| ‘uNUTxeU ATIep [eUION—SINOY |} U1] ase wNMITUI | UeIpyIyo peAojdula jo sse[D THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 281 It must be observed that the ages of the 304,000 children indicated in section 6 of the table vary from 14 to as low as 7 or 8 years. An investigation conducted by an educational sub-committee of the City Council of Manchester so late as March of 1915 furnishes a picture of the employment of school children out of school hours which, with one or two exceptions, may be regarded as typical of what takes place in all the large towns and cities of the United Kingdom. It showed that 1 child out of every 14.7 children over 7 years of age attending the public elementary schools of Manchester was employed out of school hours for wages. AGES OF CHILDREN EMPLOYED. ; Boys. Girls. Total. Abe) Pe VEOR Sic ws 51 6k ain @rorgiae wt Saeco os fOr, WAS 34 San ge Edita. ws atten Dialers ewan elie BPs elt FON sie eee eS IK eh wks. a ae ete Weare w Gale pales we $065. 667 OTH eee OR PIE Bop eee edits a re Seeaees) CAIG+> 5 dh BOR) cian Care Py eR ETT Ta Oa gue ree wy ies CN eat eG Came Wide PA? aaah Chol ott Cy Be i A, 9 Oo es Sey ey asz era ee ae eee Ege OR OVER CUS oo’ a Fame 2) 505) eet S00 ence Ore mB) 68 ae coee ge al AE 4,519 1,562 6,081 OCCUPATION OF CHILDREN EMPLOYED. Boys. Girls. Total. MAI VOLS AMLIR ss ass sb cae ss eueiaees § C20 0.” 30) Varn PACTS cis. oe eee ¥ 96.0 wah e t,20G) .<.. 80) "Sa eeg Errands PERSONS ain cs Vales Pe ewe EOL of 14 35) ee C2 ATMIATINETS SUODE |. eve ke cerusaaaee Sa SE ae! et oie oe RU MIE UES iiss © eva psc ee a) BD vier Gus bigs WO, 9 a+, al Die a SPAR EA COU Se oie poi vi teidue sta 6 obied ee OT igs ot a 30 APSHIS PAMISIIESS | ois doe xs when 00 beh ids AGES sey CAS Geet e sao Places of amusement ........2- Saree BY ies 5 55 Domestic service ........ Sale oleae we 22. cea Beg a pa eeee PAM ISIS aie wo ow PO wats Xe a’ aleliols to GO OT PF. gI MUIRCPLIATIOOUS, oi s'd'se Oo Fe cek ses tweet 245" 4 8, OST Xe Gi 2aG PEQIAl espe wew ses cea s 4,519 1,562 6,081 HOURS OF EMPLOYMENT. Boys. Girls Total. Under 20 hours per week ..... COSC BURY £5 7 hs HRT ee PG epee ce Between 20 and 30 hours per week...... 1,378 «. EP Ae) oo ee vo 39 o 40 ” > 2 See & & 640 ae 59 Wh 690 » 49 +, 59 5, eeeeee EZ. tk oo I5 ee 127 50 hours and over per week . sive Date oe teas TANG Rees iy "ROtah Pe it es de sae = (ASO 1,562 6,081 ae vee es FROM 14-18 YEARS OF AGE IN ENGLAND AND WALES. The following tables are taken from Mr. Keeling’s pamphlet on ‘©The Present Position of the Juvenile Labour Problem.”’ THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT, 282 OOI | o0g'ztE oor | 009'6zE g't ooz'Sr I'9 009‘0z b:S6 oot'Zr1€ || 6°€6 000‘60£ S°6 oog' 1 rZ oob'€z Q'gI oo1'gS bey ee ooh'S¢ Lg oof ‘zz LS 006'gI Ez 00S ‘Z ev 00g'V1 a oor ‘Fi 6'E oor‘€1 6°6 006‘zE G'o1 009‘ bE 96 00S ‘zt 9'6 00g‘ r& c'OI o006‘£€ €°or oor‘ be ors ooL‘g gz 00z‘6 oS 009‘gI ZG 000'L1 Lan 00g‘ Fr ab 006 ‘Er 6'€1 oo1 ‘gt e°€r 009‘tb ‘JUu99 Jag|'peojdurq |/'}u900 19g|*posoj;dmq ‘STWOK QI ‘sieax ZI *yU90 I9g|‘posojdurq *‘SIvOX QI OoI | oof ‘FEE omens 000‘9S z£Q oof ‘gLz vv 006'F1 Lent 000‘6£ Q'Z 00S‘6 ber 00g ‘vb a 00S ‘or £6 00S ‘ze 9°8 009'gz 6°g 00Z‘6z Vz oo1‘g oS 000‘gI Lz 000‘6 IOI ooL‘€€ ‘JUu90 Jog|‘podojdurq "sea SI | oot o06‘zvt [@}0} puvsr) oor‘ozr |**** petdnoooun [ejoL Ee SS SS | ee ee ee ee, oog‘zzz |****** pardnsoo [e}0L, 006'6 o006'Ez ool ‘FP 002 ‘9S 00S ‘2, 009'Sz ooL‘€z OO1 ‘O07 00g‘S 009 ‘gI o000'S 009'Iz tereeeeees TemorssazoIg ‘AIOYSI ‘jUeWUIUIVAOr) 11910 bees eeeeeeeeeers gorgUIUOs teeeeeeeesqrodsuei} 10310 ““sXoq UeA pue SIasUsSSOTA, : ytodsuvsy, tee e cece sees re eees ora -19S JuvINV}sSeI pue [9}0]] : OLsemMOC einj}[Nosy vee e ee eeeeeeereeeee® SOUT seeee* SoInjORINUeW I9YIO ssoiqd (sureAp pue Suryowstq YIM) seyxeL see eer en sccsrece Suippiug seseeeeeeses SuTigauIsUy > gInpoejNueyy eoeeerees eevee esoocevosseneneeee eee eeervonevevee ‘jus0 19q|‘pefojdurg *sIBoX PI ‘sopell ‘1161 40 SOSNXIO OL DNIGHOOOY ‘SHIVA GNVY GNVIONG NI SAOd@ JO SNOILYdNDDO 283 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. oor | oob‘obf oor | 009‘gfE oor | oob‘ZEe oor | ooL‘Ste L.SZ oot ‘LQ 1.92 009‘ ¥6 £.€¢ oorzir || b.zbh | oob‘zhi €.b2 oo0o0'€Sz || 6.12 ooo‘zbz || £.99 oo£‘Szz |] 9.Z4¢ oof ‘E61 L.¥ 000‘9I Z.€ 00S ‘ZI 9.2 00S ‘6 Ue 2 oog‘Z 1.9 00S ‘Lz Ld 004 ‘Sz L.9 00S ‘zz ¢ 00g ‘QI ee oo€ ‘6 £.z 009‘ Lut ooL‘S I 00S ‘€ 1.Sz 00S ‘Sg 1.bz 000‘Ig Q.1Z oof ‘EZ g.L4I 009 ‘6S €.11 009‘gt ae oor ‘gt L.01 009‘9£ raat 00g ‘zt 6.11 00S ‘ob tel ooh‘ ih g.zI 00S ‘zh Sert oof *gE S.o1 009 ‘SE 9.01 004 ‘SE v.01 o0z ‘Se €.01 oo€ ‘hE ‘uso 19g |*paXodurg ||'}u90 19g |'pesordurg |)'}u99 19g |*paXojdurg ||'jue0 rag |‘ pekojdurq *sivah QI *sivoh LI *szeah OI *s1voh SI oof ‘bre OOI‘IIZ ooz‘€€1 I oof ‘g . 006‘g 009 ‘I 004 ‘gf oor'€z oor ‘Sz o00z ‘re HS Oro *yu90 Jog |'pesojdurq ‘sieak $1 | eorvreovo4aeeoe 2 ® TeIOL * pardnoooun [e}O ‘eee patdnoo0 [ejoL Debt eeeeeeeeroes IOMIO [elOISWIWIO7) Pete eee seer eee e* QoTAras ‘-o19 ‘JuBINE}SeI pue [9}]OH] [bee eeeeeeee es onsguIOp Joy}JO pue IOOpUL 9}eATIG : QOIAJOS JURING} -sal pue ‘jajoy ‘orsewod be eeneeeerereeeers IONIC ssoiqy beet ee seen eseeseegrixaT LoINOVINUL IL eeoepeaeoeveree oe ceoaeeseevrere ener re ee ‘sopel, ‘'II6I JO SASNHO OL DNIGUOOOV ‘SHTIVM GNV GNVIDNGA NI STUID AO SNOILVYdO990 284 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. PROPORTION OF JUVENILE WORKERS IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN CERTAIN GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS ACORD- ING TO 1911 CENSUS. ces os we 2S o = 2 pee | Song) 38 | g58e Class of workers. Rs} a : cach “28 5 gag Bee | Buse] Bas | use a9 a Be AS So Pa 20'S All Manufacture ......eeeeeees 424,514 9.9 | 446,140 | 23.1 PRI Leia cal vinth seins x wis eiv see's 40,788 4.3 I — Engineering, shipbuilding, ' vehicle making, and metal trades ....... pen eee re sawe . 144,780 | 10.1 27,4264 28:8 Textiles and dyeing .......... 94,817 | 20.2 | 165,427 | 25.2 Clothing and boots ........ oe 34,155 | 10.3 | 152,375 | 21.3 bimaber trades 1082.5) Uv abies ‘ 20,934 9.6 -|. 6082 4 iaive EBUNTICS: 1, wiclee Gone eae ek ae 1,013 8.1 | 397,060 I0.2 Printing and paper trades .... 25,020 | 14.2 29,385 | 30.0 Food, drink, and tobacco manu- FACHULE s', Sis atec ava s be Ree 19,702 1°. 30.3 21,010 | 28.5 Brick and pottery trades ...... 18,804 | 14.7 9,462 | 27.0 Chemicals, oils, soap, etc. .... 10,908 8.8 | 10,147 | 28.7 Leather and saddlery ........ 5,900 8.9 | 4,826 | 27.0 DUISCEMANGOUS escnn ss esduns cs 7,693 5.5 | 3,939 | 25.1 EES Sa Gus s enmelk> s os b aN biealo 123,328 | 12.2 | 1,013] 28.1 Agriculture (including commer- | cial gardening and forestry) .. 137,945 | 12.1 13,953 | 14.7 All Domestic Service ......... 4 45,592 9.6 | S7a;9a0 | eee (01S (ole eerie pear reese pare | Pe ar rare 7,111 16.8 | 239,841 18.8 EEREL CT ites. odd aX tiv vee ee onee 11,398 4.8 17,506 6.0 Outdoor ......eeeeeeesceeees 17,137 7.5 | 75 6.7 Day girls and charwomen — a 13,995 9:3 DRED NS baa 4's cine aeo4 ees re 9,946 | 10.5 | 3,380 4.1 All Transport ....+...0- aa) We rs st 215,169 | 15.4 | 9,824 | 40.7 Pode Sphere © w's.e Shes Ba om los 20,101 5.0 i 152 5:7 RAE EIG a nag sia wav els ws aed. aie 14,295 | 84.9 | — — Ors ON TOAS. ay. die cots aieints 16,775 3.6 164 5.8 On the seas, rivers, and canals. 5,112 3:9 44 58 5.6 On docks, harbours, etc....... 2,672 2:2 z 8.7 Messengers, porters, etc....... 152,717 68.5 7,835 89.6 Others in transport .......... 3,497 6.8 1,013 | 17.5 Commercial occupations ........ 156,953 9.7 | 65,528 | 13.3 Others and miscellaneous ...... 107,040 6.5 i 31,807 5.7 ONAL che aaa ud tee Alo ossenns |, 2) 220,542 (1, 130.6 | 843,053 | 149 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 285- CLASSIFICATION OF JUVENILE WORKERS IN SCOTLAND, ACCORDING TO AGE. (Extracted from A. Greenwood’s article in the ‘‘ School Child and Juvenile Worker,’’ October, 1913.) | Percentage of total employed Number employed. at all ages. Age. Males. Females, Males. Females, Under 14 .... 1,016 590 .07 .10 COVEN 340 i5 ess 25,319 16,490 1.72 2.78 kt Preres 38,395 27,356 2.61 4.61 Sida tS eee 43,178 31,428 2.93 5.30 ry TZ veces 43,867 33,432 2.98 5.64 i es | | | eee 286 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. CLASSIFICATION OF JUVENILE WORKERS IN SCOTLAND, | seis acre See Be INDUSTRIES, . Number Total il Parsenciee of boys number of | of boys to employed males total males (under 18). | employed. | employed. Industry or group of industries. AgricultUTe 1... cece sere cece este cere: 19,797 | 165,689 12.0 Engineering and machine making ete 12,720. . | 132,925 9.6 Manufacture of ships and boats........ 4,522 50,856 8.9 On the roads (transports)* ......... ois oh syed OR 56,758 9.4 Manutacture of ‘metals. io .5. eee ak ee ae 2,423 29,051 8.2 Manufacture of vehicles .......-.e0e02. 1,023, 10,463 9.8 TLOWSE DUIGINE, CLC. 60.0 oe ahs ob whine vine 6,703 | 96,087 7.0 Other works of construction .......... 225 10,303 2,2 PRAIA YS, sb a<.4> Mis 5 ne > 55 5 vie hei oatate 3,014 49,450 EN On seas, rivers, and canals ............ 745 21,645 3-4 Gas, water, electricity supply, and MattATY BETVICE |, ss is:cy ny ven s » ole Ee 169 II,040 1.5 Messengers, porters, watchmen (not | : railway or Government) ..........6. 15,054 20,760 72.5 Commercial and business clerks........| 6,859 40,337 17.0 Textiles (excluding dealers){ ........--| 9,327 56,250 16.6 VOL CN ee Wie ah c's uns sess cosh. sel ee 4,857 24,548 19.8 PULELIOUGES bps sv ceiva Ohis & ws saw eee Heys 2,395 13,198 18.1 ADTAPCTS leas ses Peis eimvoce es 50 a ple Nie alate lee 1,573 I1I,566 13.6 = TFONMONGETS, CC. wrcccavecnesncwerece 652 4,491 14.5 Chemists and druggists ..........0. ae 568 | 3,782 15.0 | emp and jute ....... ares vale s Rlehe oe 2,585 12,618 20.5 Woollen and worsted .2....cecccevess 1,742 10,138 17.2 Plax and linen ....... cia hiss ele ie wae a | obsh 54 5,503 | 21.0 Glass bottle manufacture..........e.00. 475 2,010 23.6 Bolt, nut, rivet, screw, and staple makers 199 | 857 23.2 Cycle makers{ ....... as wiki wee wi 6 6's 171 947 18,1 Nail manufacture ..... sini ne ie Dele leis Ginten 52 | 294 LiF Soap : boilers and makers ..... Ay: ye ie 420 17.6 Wigmakers and hairdressers .......e0. 849 4,834 17.6 Domestic coachmen and grooms ...... 268 4,886 5.5 Domestic motor car driversand attendants 52 | 2,564 2.0 Motor car, cab, and van divers (not 60 domestic) ....++. aRkiwis o6'y eh axes seek 1,283 4.7 PSHETINEH oss v.s'c10's via =e Dae ot bain ew alee 1,297 24,163 5.4 Manufacturing puenists on baa seedy salem 134 3,849 3.5 —_— * This indices 6,504 tramway workers aria IS VE etc.), of whom only 139 are juveniles. + This includes 21,347 workers in the flax, linen, hemp, and jute industries, ot whom 4,357 OY 20.4 per cent. are juveniles, t Also included in ‘‘ Manufacture of vehicles *’ above. THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. boS'gt gLE'gt Lore clz'e z60'T 606 £16 £96 ELS‘9g o1Z‘9 LGG'G Che's FOr'e o61‘€ 1£o'z o6F‘z 1zv zfg 6Fo'r bL zol‘1 £0E _(VI.) THe EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN ACT, 1903. Main provisions :— The Act requires absolutely that— 1. A child shall not be employed between the hours of g in the evening and 6 in the morning, unless the local authority shall have varied these hours by bye-law, which it is empowered to do, either generally or for any specified occupation. 2. No child under the age of 11 shall be employed in street trading, and no child employed half-time under the Factory and Workshop _ Act, 1901, shall be employed in any other occupation. 3. A child shall not be employed to lift, carry, or move anything so heavy as to be likely to cause injury to the child. 4. A child shall not be employed in any occupation likely to be injurious to life, limb, health, or education, regard being had to his physical condition. 5. Local authorities shall be empowered to raise the minimum age of children in general employment to 14 years. The Act permits local authorities to make bye-laws— 1. Prescribing for all children, or for boys and girls separately, and with respect to all occupations, or to any specified occupation. (a) The age below which employment is illegal; and (2) the hours between which employment is illegal; and (c) the number of daily and weekly hours beyond which employment is illegal. 292 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 2. Prohibiting absolutely, or permitting subject to conditions, the employment of children in any specified occupation. Bye-laws may be also made with respect to street trading under 16 years of age to— (z) Prohibit such street trading, except subject to such conditions as to age, sex, or otherwise, as may be specified in the bye-law, or subject to the holding of a licence to trade to be granted by the local authorities. (2) Regulate the conditions on which such licences may be granted, suspended, or revoked. (c) Determine the days and hours during which, and the places at which, such street trading may be carried on. The weakness of this Act is undoubtedly its permissive nature, which has been retained in spite of the well-informed efforts of the Committee on Wage-earning Children. Up to the year 1913 only 98 out of 329 local authorities had made bye-laws restricting the general employment of children, and only 131 in the case of street trading. The figures quoted above in relation to the employment of school children out of school hours in Manchester are specially interesting as showing how inadequate and incomplete is the operation of the permissive clauses of this Act. (VII.) THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN ACT, 1904. Main provisions :— It is penal to procure or allow a boy under 14, or a girl under 16, to ae or procure alms, whether under the pretence of singing, playing, performing, offering anything for sale, or otherwise, or to be in any street or premises licensed for the sale of intoxicating liquor (other than premises licensed for public entertainments) for the purpose of singing, playing, or performing, or being exhibited for profit, or offering anything for sale, between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m. 2. It is penal to procure any child under the age of 11 to sing, etc., in any street, licensed premises, place of public entertainment, circus, or place of amusement to which the public are admitted by payment. 3. It is penal to procure or allow any child under 16 to be trained as an acrobat, contortionist, circus performer, or for any exhibition or performance. of a dangerous nature. 4. Discretional powers are, however, given to local authorities and petty sessional courts, which may allow children over 1o years of age to take part in public entertainments. (VIII.) Ropson’s Act (AGRICULTURE), 1899. Main provision :— When this Act is incorporated in their bye-laws local authorities may grant partial exemption of children from school attendance for the purpose of employment in agriculture at so early am age as 11 years. LEGISLATION IN RESPECT OF DANGEROUS TRADES. In certain occupations which are regarded as dangerous it is prohibited to employ young persons of either sex at an earlier age than 18. Under this heading come, for example :— Manipulating lead colour in manufacture of paints and colours ; working between fixed and traversing parts of spinning mule in THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 2903 motion ; in rooms where bisulphide of carbon is used in vulcanising rubber; white-lead making, etc. In other cases the minimum age in dangerous occupations is fixed at 16, e.g., vitreous enamelling of metal or glass; heading yarn dyed by means of lead compound; tinning of metal hollow- ware, etc. THE LABOUR EXCHANGE ACT, toto. This Act, in view of the unexpected development of the Juvenile Exchange Department and its importance for our present purpose, is treated of in a separate section. THE CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATIONS. “The recurring note,’ writes Mr. Charles Booth, ‘‘ throughout the » whole of the industrial volumes of the present inquiry* is that the system of apprenticeship is either dead or dying.’’ This method of © apprenticeship, as a means of improving the quality and limiting the supply of labour, was well recognised by Trade Unions, and, as Mr. and Mrs. Webb have shown in their ‘‘ History of Trade Unionism,”’ it is a method which occupied an important place in the tactics of Trade Unionism during last century. But, in face of the conditions created by the Industrial Revolution, all attempts to preserve the system of indentured apprenticeship, and especially when the period was for five or seven years, were doomed to failure, except in the case of a few unusually conditioned industries. Thus the system of indentured apprenticeship as a means of determining the conditions of employment of young persons has tended to be less and less used by Trade Unions. On the other hand, in those unions especially which cover industries in which the transition from juvenile to adult labour is comparatively easy and assured, the conditions relating to the labour of young persons are laid down in the collective agreements of the unions, while in some industries where high skill is demanded indentured apprenticeship of some kind is still an effective instrument of the unions. Where this takes place the work of the unions may be classified under three heads :— (1) Regulation of conditions under which apprentices and learners are accepted and taught. (2) Care and control during the process. (3) Work in connection with the provision or improvement of technical instruction. REGULATION OF CONDITIONS. The regulation covers three sets of facts: the proportion of apprentices to journeymen, the period of service and the age at which it starts, and the position of the apprentice who has served his time. In regard to the proportion of apprentices, (1) SoME UNIONS INSIST UPON A FIXED PROPORTION, e.g., the unions covering the printing trades. The usual limit with them is one apprentice to three journeymen, as in the case of the London Society of Compositors, the United Machine Managers’ “Tife and Labour in London.” 294 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Society, and the Consolidated Society of Journeymen Bookbinders. The Federated Electrotypers allow one to two, while the Amalgamated Lithographers fix the scale at one to five, with a maximum of six in any establishment. Other societies under this heading are the London and Provincial Society of Coppersmiths and Metal Workers (one to three), the Silver and Electro-Plate Operatives’ Society, London Branch (one to four), the United Pattern Makers (one to five), and the Amalgamated Brushmakers. (2) OTHER UNIONS ADOPT VARYING PROPORTIONS, ACCORDING TO LocaL CONDITIONS. The chief examples are to be found in the engineering trade, and particularly in the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. The Friendly Society of Ironfounders also leaves the proportion to be regulated by its branches according to local needs. (3) A LarGe NUMBER OF UNIONS CANNOT OR DO NOT ENFORCE ANY PROPORTION AT ALL, e.g., the unions covering the building trades, and some of the unions in the precious metal, instrument, and electrical industries. So far as the period of service and the age at which apprenticeship begins are concerned, a seven years’ apprenticeship is as a rule strictly observed in the printing trades. Five or six years is accepted, however, -by the Amalgamated Lithographers, who also permit a verbal agreement in place of an indenture. The Stereotypers fix an age limit of 17 for starting, the Amalgamated Lithographers 15, and the Compositors try to get 16 enforced. In the metal trade five years is more usual, and sometimes a definite start must be made before the age of 16. An alternative of three years’ work, with a previous period of four years in the engineering department of a technical institute, is permitted by the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. In the building trades, with one possible exception, where the period is five years and the starting age 15, no rules appear to be enforced, at all events in London, and the same is true of the art metal and instrument trades. When an apprentice has completed his time the Amalgamated Society of Engineers provides that he must get the full rate within two years, or if a lower rate be paid it must be with the approval of the district committee. According to the rules of the Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders, an apprentice must receive the journeymen’s rate one year after the service period has expired. In the printing trades the full rate must be paid to apprentices immediately they have served the recognised time. In many trades no regulation in this respect is attempted. CARE AND CONTROL DURING APPRENTICESHIP. Generally speaking :— (1) Wages are arranged by the employer and the apprentice. (2) Hours and overtime are fixed by the working rules of a district, apprentices working the same time as the men. Sometimes special provisions are made to safeguard the interests of apprentices. The London Society of Compositors, for example, have recently created committees to supervise the instruction of apprentices and watch their interests generally. The Amalgamated Society of THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 295 Engineers, the Boilermakers’ Society, and societies in the printing trades are also taking steps in this direction. WORK IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROVISION OR IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION. As a general rule, the schools providing technical instruction receive the support and encouragement of the unions, although here and there objections are made on the ground of the danger of over-stocking particular trades or the fear that the schools may become a source for providing blacklegs. The union encourage apprentices, wherever possible, to attend the schools, but anything in the nature of compulsion is out of the question, since apprentices do not generally become members of a union until their time has nearly expired. Perhaps the most practical step in recent times to co-ordinate the technical schools in a general scheme of apprenticeship is that already mentioned of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, which substitutes a three-year period of apprenticeship in place of a five-year in the case of those who have spent at least four years previously in the engineering department of a technical institute. A few unions also approach employers with a view to getting time off for apprentices for attendance at classes. For further information see ‘‘ Industrial Training,’’ by N. B. Dearle. THE CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUALS, THE HOME, AND OF VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS. INDIVIDUALS. It is impossible, of course, to estimate the value of the contribution of individuals in helping youths within the sphere of their influence, a contribution which fulfils the spirit-and aim of apprenticeship. In this connection, perhaps, the voluntary efforts of teachers, schoolmasters, and ministers of religion, owing to the positions they hold, by connecting up the school and industry through the ‘‘ placing ”’ of boys under their control, are specially worthy of mention. It is scarcely necessary to point out that the result of their efforts, as indeed of the great mass of individual effort, is to place in good positions boys who show special ability or general ability far above the average. THE HOME. The careful investigations which have been carried out in recent years, particularly in the homes of the poorer sections of the community, in order to discover the effect of home life as a force making for the training and discipline of character on the one hand, and as a force which encourages the ‘industrial virtues ’’ on the other, have been gravely disquieting in the revelations they have made. The recognition of the inadequacy of the poor home to promote even the health of the children, a pre-requisite in any scheme of apprenticeship, inspired the pioneer work of Miss Margaret McMillan, and has led to the gradual development of a school clinic and camp-life system throughout the country. The defectiveness of the home life in promoting health has become in recent years a matter of national concern, as the School Feeding Act and other permissive legislation for the supply of dental and school clinics by local authorities show. 296 | THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. One valuabie result of this development of the national-care of health has been to bring a weight of medical evidence of the evil result. of excessive hours of labour on the health of children, as recorded, for example, in the Medical Reports of the Board of Education. If the contribution of home life is defective during the years of the children’s attendance at school it is still more defective in the period between 14 and 18 years of age. Not only has the education received in the schools opened a wide gulf between children and parents, but the fact of becoming a wage-earner does in itself produce a large measure of independence which results in virtually a democratisation of the family. Thus, of the children proceeding from a very large number of families in this country, and upon whom the problem of apprenticeship presses in its most acute form, the general conclusion of Mr. R. A. Bray, in his book, ‘* Boy Labour and Apprenticeship,’’ is probably true: ‘‘ At the age of 14 the control of school and home end together. The lad goes to bed a boy; he wakes as a man. There should, therefore, be little cause for surprise if the habits of the school and home are rapidly sloughed off in the new life of irresponsible freedom.”’ | VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS. A variety of institutions have grown up whose worth ‘in the main consists in finding places for children, either by means of apprenticeship or otherwise, when they leave school, or in exercising supervision during the period of transition. Such bodies are the Apprenticeship Societies and Apprenticeship Charities, the Skilled Employment Association, Boys and Girls’ Homes, Boys and Girls’ Clubs, Boys’ Brigades, and the Boy Scouts’ movement, as well as the Sunday School movement and religious organisations of various kinds for young people. The aims of these organisations are well indicated by their names, and the work they accomplish is too well known to need description here. Whilst each of these bodies does exceedingly useful work in its particular sphere, they all fall short of a comprehensive policy, and all have suffered in their utility in the past because they have been attempting to solve the same problem without reference to each other. Indeed, the disorganised nature, not only of the voluntary organisations here mentioned, but of all the forces operating to supply the essentials of apprenticeship is characteristic, and it was not until the passing of the Labour Exchange Act, the operation of which we shall now briefly consider, that the basis of an organisation was laid which has in it the possibility of co-ordinating the whole of these forces in a systematic effort to grapple with the tremendoys problems which the hitherto largely unregulated transition of children from school to the world of labour has created. A good analysis of the voluntary associations at work is given in Mr. A. Greenwood’s book, ‘‘ Juvenile Labour Exchange and After Care,’’? from which the following summary is extracted :— RELIGIOUS— Sunday schools, institutes, P.S.A. meetings and classes of all denominations, and the devotional societies connected with them (Christian Endeavours, International Bible Reading Association, Confirmation and Teachers’ Classes, etc.), Y.M.C.A., Y.W.C.A., THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 207 Ragged School Union, London Diocesan Council for the Welfare of Lads, etc. PHyYSICAL— (2) The National League for Physical Education and Improvement, and similar bodies. (4) Boys’ Brigade, Church Lads’ Brigade, Boys’ Life Brigade, Catholic Boys’ Brigade, Jewish Lads’ Brigade, Boy Scouts, National Peace Scouts, Girls’ Life Brigade, Girl Guides, etc., London Playing Fields Society, Athletic Clubs, etc. SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL— (a) Lads and Girls’ Clubs and Institutes, Homes for Working Boys and Girls, Federation of London Working Boys’ Club, National League of Workers with Boys. (2) Literary, Debating, and Mutual Improvement Societies, Reading Circles, National Home Reading Union, etc. INDUSTRIAL— (a) Apprenticeship and Skilled Employment Committees, Lads’ Employment Association, Mansion House Advisory Committee for Associations for Boys, National Industrial Education League, National Institution of Apprenticeship, Boys’ Country Work Society, etc. (4) Industrial Homes for Working Boys. JUVENILE LABOUR EXCHANGES, AFTER-CARE COMMITTEES, AND JUVENILE ADVISORY COMMITTEES. The Juvenile Labour Exchanges, which received a great impetus as a secondary result of the Labour Exchange Act of 1910, are at present of three kinds: the Board of Trade Exchanges, those organised by local Education Authorities, and a few organised by voluntary institutions, which are now becoming of minor importance. Much discussion at first arose as to whether the Education Authority in virtue of powers under the Education Act (Feeding of School Children) and the Education (Choice of Employment) Act, 1910, or the Board of Trade was best qualified to administer, but the practical solution which has been found in Birmingham and one or two other cities seems likely to be generally accepted. In these latter instances the Choice of Employment Committees, formed under the 1910 Education Act, have succeeded in satisfactorily co-ordinating their work with that of the Juvenile Labour Exchange. The work of these Committees and of the Juvenile Advisory Committees is of the greatest value in the assistance it affords to young persons about to enter employment, and should be carefully studied as one of the most promising efforts in this difficult field. In Appendix F of Mr. A. Greenwood’s book, ‘‘ Juvenile Labour Exchanges and After-Care,’? a summary is given of the results of the first year’s working of the Labour Exchanges, 1910-1911. The number of Exchanges increased from 93 in February, 1910, to 161 in January, 1g11, and Juvenile Advisory Committees were appointed in 27 districts in the course of the year. a 298 - THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. NUMBER OF VACANCIES NOTIFIED AND FILLED DURING TWELVE MONTHS ENDING JANUARY, 1ro11. Vacsnties [ Vacancies Vacancies Vacancies notified. notified. filled. filled. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. 1910. ROULOATY to wie ck wees vines 2,427 1,520 1,715 680 WEIR tee. rhe | 3,507 1 3,897 2,397 1,069 APTI) wees n'e'siy so bs ya bears | 3,945 | 1,791 2,973 1,202 fo) Oe ais Che aap h rch aura | Ei s.© thioee himehe Ae fic’ | 2,695 1,275 yunes(5 weeks) cj .4ucievind | gst | 2,797 4,454 2,068 RU wiee grace siais sla eats b [85,920 ) 2, Lie 3,149 1,758 : | PAMELA ik oa Sactw miesa's Nivegs 4,197 2,183 3,458 1,752 September (5 weeks)....| 6,473 3,270 5,184 2,752 October eeeneeoeseoeses 5,514 3,934 4,295 2,502 INGVERDESS Chiba ce 4s Se: 5,473 2,920 4,374 2ate December (5 weeks) .... 5,010 | 9 2,601 3,954 2,086 Igil. | ; PATA TY) OR i 20n Oye y's Bat eras 3,315 4,406 2,723 | 55,693 29,333 43,054 22,279 — So ———~_-———— | 85,026 | 65,333 | | The following information and tables as to the working of the Juvenile Labour Exchanges for the years 1913 and 1914 are taken from the “‘ Board of Trade Gazette’’ for February, 1915 (p. 45). In certain districts the work of placing juvenile applicants is carried on in co-operation either with special advisory committees for juvenile employment, of which some 54 have been appointed under the Labour Exchanges Act, 1909, or with committees appointed under the Education (Choice of Employment) Act, 1910, under which about 66 schemes have been approved. The London Advisory Committee for Juvenile Employment has, in addition, appointed local advisory committees in connection with 19 London Exchanges; while the Surrey Advisory Committee has also appointed a number of district advisory committees. The duty of the committees is to give advice with regard to the management of any Labour Exchanges in their districts in relation to juvenile applicants for employment; and they may take steps, either by themselves or in co-operation with any other bodies or persons, to THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. - 299 give information, advice, and assistance to boys and girls and their parents with respect to the choice of employment and other matters bearing thereon. NUMBER OF VACANCIES FILLED BY BOYS AND BY GIRLS IN 1913 AND 10914. Number of vacancies filled. Groups of trades. Boys. Girls 1913. Igl4. | 1913. | 1gt4. Insured trades :— Building and constructicn of Works cu Ss oats ose ee 1,638 I,593 eR ayes Engineering, shipbuilding construction of vehicles, sawmilling, and related insured occupations.... 8,370 | 8,809 362 398 Uninsured trades :— | Conveyance of men, goods, and messages ........ 30,167 31,659 2,942 4,175 DOMES HC Hawes 5. Seah 2,744 3,682 20,181 ax. 7 55 Dress 2.2450) mime sin.e Was 2,105 1,851 7,793 10,004 POSNER Hates pie was ele 3,188 3,036 6,165 5,500 Food, tobacco, drink, and Og tt ee ee 3,341 3,258 5,324 4,074 Commercial ...... een 8,549 9,948 3,154 3,129 All other trades, «..05.)s 30,285 39,444 20,000 23,233 inate Aerie Lok 90,387 103,280 65,921 74,236 The increase of 12,893 in the number of vacancies filled by boys compares with 2,301 in the previous year; and the increase of 8,315 in the number filled by girls with 7,981 in 1913. Of the boys’ vacancies filled in 1914, 25,007, or 24.2 per cent., and of the girls’ vacancies filled 20,823, or 28 per cent., were filled by applicants who obtained their first situations since leaving school. 300 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. NUMBER OF BOYS AND GIRLS (INDIVIDUALS) PLACED IN THE YEARS 1913 AND 1orq. Number of individuals placed. { | Groups of trades. | Boys. Girls. | 1913. 19l4. | 1913. IQT4. | | Insured trades :— | Building and construction | | PLN OEKS 00 «hewn mooie DEIN 8th. Ble 1,534 — — Engineering, shipbuild- | ing, construction | of! vehicles, sawmilling, | | and related insured) occupations ...... tes z 8,068 8,411, | 343 387 Uninsured trades :— / Conveyance of men, goods, | and messages ........| 27,224 28,558 | 2,765 3,938 EI RIEOG LIC, sve o's. 6 a's 4 olhsie | 2,590 3,486 | 17,334 20,623 ASTPES ck Gadh ee ne karen ah. tiooe 1,758 | 7,400 9,601 EORUMOS Boose caw ee toes: aan a ye 2)3870°-1 SG ay" 5,277 Food, tobacco, drink, and | lodging Snaeed weak s | 3,257 | 3:147 | 5,166 3,977 COTAINET CIAL als eu dadakeut 8,019 9,233 | 2,880 . 2,931 All other trades ....... | 29,105 37,602 | 18,957 | 22,020 POtAL et. OGL yo awe | 84,813 96,599 | 60,692 68,754 Deduct for placings of i in- | | dividuals in more than | | - one occupation........ | 10,278 11,53t } -6,486 | © 7434 DUBE SOLAY 6.6 vs inte aos | 74,535 85,068 | 54,206 | 61,320 The five years’ working of this Act have been rich in experience, in suggestion and criticism, and in better comprehension of the difficulties to be overcome. .The Labour Exchanges cannot, of course, render their full contribution to the problem of child labour and apprenticeship until, either by compulsion or otherwise, they are definitely recognised by the whole body of employers on the one hand, and by the whole of the children seeking entrance into industry on the other. By the development of an intelligence department they will then be in a position to cope with the demand and supply of juvenile labour throughout the country. The gradual extension at the same time of the work of After-Care and Juvenile Advisory Committees, so as to co-ordinate the activities of individuals and voluntary associations in this sphere, as indicated in the last paragraph, would then achieve something like a national effort to secure the survival of what was precious in medizval apprenticeship, and at THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 3018 the same time the logical continuation of the work of the great education and child-protective measures of last century. SUMMARY AND INDICATION OF DEFECTS AND TENDENCIES. The attempted revival of a system of indentured apprenticeship by societies like the Skilled Employment Associations and Apprenticeship Societies can only be effective within certain narrow limits, but within those limits they may be very useful. These limits are conditioned by the broad fact that the modern industrial system has, by the division of labour, made it necessary that two-thirds of the children leaving elementary schools must enter a form of occupation which leads only to unskilled labour, and that among these occupations a very considerable percentage are limited, under existing conditions of business organisation, to boys. It is indeed the enormous demand for boy labour of an uneducative sort, involving to such an extent the ‘blind alley ’’ issues, which is a prime cause of the irreparable waste which accompanies the transition from the school to the world of labour. The reorganisation of the Post Office* during the last few years has shown to what extent the demand for juvenile labour can be reduced, and to what extent juveniles can be absorbed into adult forms of labour, when a deliberate attempt is made to shoulder the responsibilities. There can be no doubt that a deeper sense of the value of young persons to the community would be able to effect similar reorganisation in other industries, and with corresponding benefits to the community. In this way the evil of ‘‘ blind alley ’? employment would be considerably mitigated, while the increasing effectiveness of the Labour Exchanges, in combination with Juvenile Advisory and After-Care Committees, as well as other forms of voluntary organisation, would secure either that the period of unemployment of young persons was reduced to a minimum, or that such time, as well as leisure time, should be put to educative and socially profitable uses. The multiplication of tasks for which boys may conveniently be used in modern industry, and which offer little prospect of permanence when manhood is reached, has given rise to a problem most complicated and far-reaching in its ramifications, and one of the urgent needs of Labour is to evolve a reasonable policy in the solution of it. We have shown to what extent the State has assumed responsibility for young people until they reach the age of 18 years. We have shown where that responsibility, as tested by the production of efficient workers and good citizens, breaks down. We may, in conclusion, indicate what seem to be the main lines of progress upon which practically all who have investigated this most important aspect of social life are agreed :— PROHIBITION OF CHILD LABOUR DURING THE YEARS OF ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL. The fact that nearly 600,000 children under the age of 14 years are employed for wages, of whom 300,000 are school children employed out of school hours, represents the gravest defect in that responsibility which the-State undertook in the beneficent measures of last century. * See Appendix V., “ Industrial Training,” by N. B. Dearle. 302 THE INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. INCREASING NATIONAL CARE FOR THE HEALTH OF SCHOOL CHILDREN AND JUVENILES. Health as an asset in apprenticeship has attracted great attention during the last 20 years. The Feeding of School Children Act and the dental and school clinic developments represent the beginnings of a national policy of health in this sphere. RAISING OF THE SCHOOL-LEAVING AGE TO 15 OR 16. Apart from the educative value of such a step, the withdrawal of the supply of boy labour during the years 13 and 14 to 15 or 16 would introduce a form of economy into industry and give a fillip to reorganisation which would, in the long run, be to the economic advantage of the State. A HALF-TIME SYSTEM AND COMPULSORY CONTINUATION SCHOOLS FOR. JUVENILES FROM 15 OR 16 TO 18 YEARS OF AGE. Much discrepancy of opinion exists as to the most effective method of working such a system, but on the fundamental idea there is agreement that such a system ought to provide on the one hand sound general training, and on the other sound industrial training so as to secure a high level of civic qualities among the large numbers who are at present destined to be engaged in labour which is classed as unskilled. DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUVENILE LABOUR EXCHANGES. The extension of the work of the Exchanges should continue untii they cover the whole field of juvenile employment. This hardly seems ossible until compulsion is applied in some form or other by the tate. With this would come the full correlation of the demand and supply of juvenile labour, and hence the possibility of reducing waste to a minimum. Organisation in anticipation of future need would then also be possible. In co-operation with the variety of voluntary organisations already at work for the welfare of the young, a national system of beneficent supervision in this transitional period, to bring within its scope the great majority of boys and girls of the country, would be obtained. It may be that the great crisis through which we are now passing will retard some, if not all, of these tendencies. But the war, on the other hand, is making unparalleled demands for industrial efficiency and for a high level of civic attainment, demands which should not be withdrawn when peace is secured. PART Ili. —_ THE CONTENTS. Page Page FAISLOSICAL. si 84 dale 0 pOe ass 303 | The Independent Labour . Arty as atid pislemene gee ete 344 Parliamentary Labour Repre- bat sie sentation, 1874-1915 .... 308 | The British Socialist Party.. 348 The Labour Party ...25i5). 5. 310 | The Fabian Society ........ 349 The Parliamentary Labour The: Jomt Boards) us ieee ss 353 od Be i Pe it Ate 318 | The Women's Labour League 354 Parliamentary Review, 1906- Miscellaneous Labour and OEY ie wkd had aaron tia & 322 Socialist Organisations... 355 The Labour Party and Edu- Local Labour Parties ...... 366 CALTON cevesesasccovess 333 | Addresses of Political, Reform The Labour Party and Agri- and other Organisations. 370 OOIOTE, Fn eth dniee nd dwe 340 ' Socialist and Labour Press... 373 SPECIAL ARTICLES: Catherine E. Marshall... The Future of Women in Politics ...... 376 Philip Snowden, M.P... The Principles of Democratic Taxation.. 380 HISTORICAL. THE FIRST LABOUR MEMBERS. The collapse of the Chartist Movement in the late forties was succeeded by a period of inactivity, and there was little indication of © any national political organisation on the part of the working classes until the passing of the Reform Act in 1868, which enfranchised workmen in the boroughs. In the same year the first Trades Union Congress was held at Manchester, the movement originating with the demand that an end should be put to the legal grievances which Trade Unionists then suffered. No records of that gathering are now available. At the second Congress, held at Birmingham in the following year, a paper was read on ‘“‘ Direct Labour Representation in Parliament,”’ and about this time a Labour Representation League was formed for the purpose of securing the return of Trade Unionist Members to the House of Commons. The League failed in its effort to get its candidates recognised by either of the political parties and was forced into three-cornered contests. A bye-election in Southwark 304 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. in 1870 was fought by George Odger, who obtained 4,382 votes against his Conservative opponent’s 4,686, the Liberal securing 2,951. At the General Election of 1874, 14 of the League’s candidates went to the poll, and of these only four were allowed a straight fight, viz., Alexander Macdonald, Stafford; T. Burt, Morpeth; S. Mottershead, Preston, and W. R. Cremer, Warwick. The following were opposed by candidates of both the other parties: Ben Pickard, Wigan; George Howell, Aylesbury; Henry Broadhurst, Wickham; George Potter, Peterborough; T. Halliday, Merthyr Tydvil; John Kane, Middles- brough ; George Odger, Southwark; W. Morris, Cricklade; B. Lucraft, Finsbury; and A. A. Walton, Stoke-on-Trent. Only Alexander Macdonald and Thomas Burt (now a Privy Councillor and ‘‘ Father of the House of Commons’’) secured election. In the 1880 election Henry Broadhurst was also returned for Stoke-on-Trent. In the 1885 election eleven Labour Members were returned to the House of Commons. (See table on page 308.) THE COMING OF THE SOCIALISTS. The year 1881 witnessed the beginning of definitely Socialist organisation in this country when the Democratic Federation was formed. This subsequently split into the Socialist League, centring around the personality of William Morris, and the Social Democratic Federation, of which H. M. Hyndman was the leader. In 1884 the Fabian Society also came into existence. The propaganda carried on by these various bodies found reflection to some extent in the Trades Union Congress, and was all the more intensified owing to the disappearance of the Labour Representation League. At the Congress held in Hull in 1886, of which Fred Maddison was the president, the various pious resolutions on Labour representation passed in previous years found concrete expression in a proposal to form an Electoral Labour Committee to act in conjunction with the Congress, the Labour representatives in the House, and the friends of Labour representation throughout the country. The first Electoral Committee was formed at the Hull Congress, and T. R. Threlfall, who had been responsible for putting forward the resolution, was appointed secretary. This new association failed to fulfil expectations, and by its inability to free itself from the hindering influences of the Liberal Party led to the inception of independent Labour politics. The Swansea Trades Union Congress in 1887 witnessed the opening of a new campaign, when J. Keir Hardie, as a representative of the Ayrshire Miners, laid down in the opening sentences of his first Trades Union Congress speech the principles of political independence for Labour to the propagation of which he afterwards pile the whole of his career. In the April of 1888 a vacancy occurred in Mid-Lanark, and Keir Hardie stood as Independent Labour candidate against an official Liberal and an official Tory. Attempts were made to secure Hardie’s withdrawal by an offer of £300 per year, a safe Liberal seat, and the payment of his election expenses. These offers were rejected, and Hardie was handsomely defeated, receiving only 619 votes. This experience, however, led to the formation of the Scottish Labour Party, with R. Cunninghame Graham, M.P., as chairman, and Keir Hardie as secretary. THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 305 THE INDEPENDENT LABOUR PARTY. The Dock Strike of 1889, in addition to stimulating Trade Unionism on the industrial side by the creation of the ‘‘ New Unionism,”’ was also responsible for a great awakening of the political aspirations of sections of the working classes throughout the country. Economic study also received considerable impetus from the visit of the late Henry George to this country, his lecture tour, in which he dealt exhaustively with his Land Reform and Single Tax proposals, leading many of the more enlightened artisans to a wider economic knowledge. The result of these various incentives was the springing up in many of the industrial centres of independent groups of working people who had failed to find any satisfaction in the theories or practice of the orthodox parties. In 1893 a conference, representing Over 50 of these local organisations, together with delegates from other Socialist and industrial bodies, was held in Bradford under the chairmanship of J. Keir Hardie, who had been returned for South- West Ham at the General Election in the previous year, together with John Burns, J. Havelock Wilson, and twelve other Trade Union representatives. The outcome of this conference was the formation of the Independent Labour Party, into which the Scottish Labour Paity was formally merged. The next five years were notable for the strenuous propasande of the I.L.P. and the gradual development of Socialist opinion in the tanks of many of the Trade Unions. Numerous bye-elections were unsuccessfully fought. In 1895 28 I.L.P. candidates went to the poll, but none was returned, and Keir Hardie lost his seat at South-West Ham. Other losses reduced the number of Labour representatives in the 1895-1900 Parliament to twelve. THE LABOUR -REPRESENTATION COMMITTEE. The time had come for a broader movement. In 18g9 the following resolution was moved at the Trades Union Congress at Plymouth on dSehalf of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants :— “That this Congress, having regard to the decisions of former years, and with a view of securing a better representation of the interests of Labour in the House of Commons, hereby instructs the Parliamentary Committee to invite the co-operation of all the Co-operative, Socialistic, Trade Union, and other working-class organisations to jointly co-operate on lines mutually agreed upon in convening a Special Congress of representatives from such of the above-named organisations as may be willing to take part to devise ways and means for the securing an increased number of Labour Members to the next Parliament.”’ The resolution was carried by 546 to 434 votes. A conference of delegates, two each from the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress, the I.L.P., the $.D.F., and the Fabian Society, was responsible for the drafting of a party constitution, which formed the agenda of a Special Congress held at the Memorial Hall on February 27th, 1900, when the Labour Representation Committee was formally inaugurated. The conference was attended by 129 delegates, representing 568,127 members. A composite executive of twelve members was appointed, representing the various sections forming the federation, and J. Ramsay MacDonald was appointed secretary. 306 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. The resolutions adopted included the following :— ‘That this conference is in favour of working-class opinion being represented in the House of Commons by men sympathetic with the aims and demands of the Labour Movement, and whose candidatures are promoted by one or other of the organised movements.”’ ‘‘That this conference is in favour of establishing a distinct Labour Group in Parliament, who shall have their own Whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to co-operate with any Party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interest of Labour, and be equally ready to.associate themselves with any Party in opposing measures having an opposite tendency; and, further, members of the Labour Group shall not oppose any candidate whose candidature is being promoted in terms of Resolution 1.” From the outset the L.R.C. sought to include in its affiliated membership the Trades Councils throughout the country, which after many years’ inclusion at the Trades Union Congress had been excluded on the ground of being merely a duplication of membership. The financial basis was an affiliation fee from Trade Unions and Socialist Societies of ros. per annum for every 1,000 members or fraction thereof, each organisation being responsible for the expenses of its own candidates. Trades Council fees were fixed at 45 per year, but were reduced in the following year to £1. It will be noted that the early years of the L.R.C. coincided with the period of the South African War, and when the appeal was made to the country by the Conservatives in 1900 the Committee were unprepared for any serious widespread campaign. Fifteen candidates were run under the auspices of the Committee, of whom two were returned, Keir Hardie re-entering Parliament for Merthyr Tydvil and Richard Bell being returned for Derby. In 1g02 the L.R.C. put forward Philip Snowden at a bye- election at Wakefield, when he poiled 1,979 votes against 2,960 for his Tory opponent. Later in the same year D. J. Shackleton (Lancashire Weavers) was returned unopposed for Clitheroe, and in 1903 Will Crooks won Woolwich and Arthur Henderson Barnard Castle, under the Committee’s auspices, unsuccessful bye-elegtions being fought by John Hodge at Preston and G. H. Roberts at Norwich. POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE. The constitution of the L.R.C. was the subject of much discussion at the third annual conference held in Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1903, and many of the dangers that had beset the earlier attempts to initiate independent Labour political movements were avoided by the definite adoption of the independent political principle in the following resolution :— ‘*In view of the fact that the L.R.C.is recruiting adherents from all outside political forces, and also, taking into consideration the basis upon which the Committee was inaugurated, this conference regards it as being absolutely necessary that the members of the Executive Committee should strictly abstain from identifying themselves with or promoting the interests of any section of the THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 307 Liberal or Conservative parties, inasmuch as if we are to secure the social and economic requirements of the industrial classes, Labour representatives in and out of Parliament will have to shape their own policy and act upon it regardless of other sections in the political world; and that the E.C. report to the affiliated association or bodies any such official acting contrary to the spirit of the constitution as hereby amended.”’ The Newcastle Conference was also notable for the initiation of a Parliamentary Fund for the maintenance of Labour Members and for assisting in paying election charges. Contributions were fixed upon the basis of 31d. per member per year from all affiliated organisations, except Trades Councils. After {£2,500 had been accumulated, 25 per cent. of returning officers’ fees at elections was paid to candidates approved by the Committee, and maintenance at the rate of £200 per year to elected Members. Upon Payment of Members becoming law this fund was abolished and affiliation fees from the unions and Socialist societies reduced to 1d. per member per year for all purposes. The years 1903, 1904, and 1905 witnessed the most carefully planned and enthusiastic period of political organisation in the history of the British Labour Movement, the result being that when the General Election took place in 1906 50 candidates were run under the auspices of the Committee, 29 of whom were returned and formed a compact and coherent Labour Group, with its own officers and Whips, acting independently of all other parties in Parliament. At the same time the name of the organisation was changed to that of ‘‘ The Labour Party.’? The appearance of the Labour Party as a definite element in British politics and as an unmistakable indication of the democratic tendencies of the time, resulting in the definite establishment of a Parliamentary Labour Party in the House of Commons, made a great stir in the political world, and the ‘‘ Condition of the People’ question at last secured attention. 308 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. PARLIAMENTARY LABOUR REPRESENTATION, 1874-1915. The following table is a complete record of Labour Members who have been returned to the House of Commons since 1874. R indicates Returned to Parliament, and R indicates Returned under the auspices of the Labour Representation Committee or the Labour Party. D and D indicate Defeat. When a Member was returned at a bye-election the year is given in the last column, Labour Party candidatures being indicated in heavy type. Members marked + are dead; those marked * form the present Parlia- mentary Labour Party. Bye- Members. 1874. 1880. 1885. 1886. 1892. 1895¢ 1900. 1906. 1910. 1910. elec- Jan. Dec. tion. Abrahant, We8 oe.. GO ES ORS Re Re RE Ree PARSON, | Wee ea) AP 0 EROS AMSHN MES Be Set eS UB ge SRR ES ie Anderson. Wee Ps er US Re SONGS, eee TOD: He Si ei si ee SRR DR RR | RO ee oumes Darties, Gro Nites eee ore we a OR Sy a Py Ce et Bee ey ee eee RR a aa w<«e Bowerman, C. W.*.. Fes eiets es BR Roma Bara W occ s ee cee Be tar FRAC cred Pete ae R Ro 5Re ee Prescnorst, Ft ik OR ORR R «Ro: 3 Mars, JOR. 3s. sic oe tee de ee RO Res, Ra SNS Bias BO OR re a Row Ro aR OR OR: Re OR Aaa poet iyries, JR." 0s a or a ye fs a oo ae! ROR ee Crawford, W.+ .... Ki oe ele 4 teh e ee Cremer, WoiR tT... . RoR °R DE OR She ER Se ae ee de We RY Row si meme Crooks, Will*...... res Renae RF D_ R i903 Curran, Pete+...... -. wD Gooner jee Duncan, C.* <2... R Rw eee Edwards, E.}{...... Si ite) ae LOWE 26° Eg) he gl ee Peawick os. ies cg her) ROR OR AR Re @eeGill, A. H.t........ BE Oe eae ie Ae ee / ummmeaXslover, T.4 00.0.0... R 3 Aaieee Goldstone, F. W.*.. Pa Rie 04, Gaon eee Graham, Cunninghame os Ye ad R Z ay wa ss Grayson, V......... PORT evo Tie a ears. D+ sanetoos yO Ne cy es Laie Si BCte a aerated Ose Gc eae Ro Rees. Pancock, § Gasca wa bie tates. hin ile =.) teehee ae weomtiiardic, J, Keith oii ve ee oan ew dR OD « Ro Re eRe PAOEVCY NV 6 EOP aie ee Ge ea el tee gia fess Tg os tae THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 309 ‘ Bye. Members. 1874. 1880. 1885. 1886. 1892. 1895. 1900. I906, I9IO. 1910. elec- Jan. Dec. tion. eh Ot 0 FS gk AGS: A na Br eel Slenievson, Ait.0.5. Si UGE OBE REE VISE ee eee TORN. va of. « a eee ee hoe ee ae eeeewe te Fc ks oe he SMR ALR Bs RG DD oes WF... he a ORES hati ial oes Sar far aap CVT TS ORR 2 are jobnson, John} .... Fennson GW «+a 3/2 ead abn le desig Ic ed Tr MVCN CL) ESS VW ai is wn Ce ystems tiie © gata iah Boia wumut elley, Geo. D.t+ ¥ pa? tM Gare a nie es Re 3 TRY OU 90.6 Ss gs) KmspiNGh Sage tiestee aban atten) mee Y Sea Siw siae naeate IQt4 ESAS DUE Yu ACO othe. caine. 0ae lend Pat aie Doeniester Ff a4 + sis's aoe ise Rail ® wal a oe TOR ALGSOM. EE cee oe ae Be ipa! ti) RL 2 eo aa Dg eee ee ee Rowlands, J. ...... OU SAE See Sees 5 Taras Ube: 8, Seddon, J. Ai’../-.. Da Phe ttg wis eee u“«Shackleton, D. j. .. Smith, Albert* SAE EL ORG TSE: re etaa Bae womSnowden, Pes. dees SSA heed el Rag a eg ny Rt ey SERINE Faso bd 2 PWIMALT aby: e po termes ela elon once a 2 eh 4 UE SR eee ine ach SP als Due By, 1903 MWA: PbO: - WSU: wrt POR. 2 mo: PoP . : of > PHAAAWH: S: og ii edad edt S my bose! trae pobdl pot: Leal PS te oe # Oe [o-) ao: Be - Bee = Be olin - - Be Mrmr: pO pl OW: OW wm ow: sl: eA Ai Peta. ea RR oe IM ote as SERN TG. ui so oe PALE eee te ems) ie ah weak dg R Be PAR Ws a tine Vee eee ee R wk Sets Wilde dear ae SRS ara ALN a taeda tar itil ai Ress sel horne, Wili*...... Pee gal ait OMI Oe ae CEL 3 Ros GROMER, TS Sts arate or va : ae ae ~» 1945. Be > Eee ee Sah Re ene a an NG) MARES Pr a Dae, RON oe dn el cae eh hd cee hoe ee ee Dati eNO Lag) ww ktihcer’. ca) Sh" Mires! Vom e { ceandceees See Ret Bek ee MSDS Ne Pes AT eka: Mk an OCU PUREE PP RO EO: « Rai csy Ward ponny 35%..." he acd eae orate oe coat tre Boe Re Bras RAND SON STI pita di lute 4. Simp iie'e sb hers Glee) lates bs ‘edie ee Bake. enV Sh) Fave eS Le Rath aay einer: eae Ree ERE Fee ee Roun SAIS POTEET. 6 anh ee ge Oe ps he Raw RAISON? 7 One eee ee RD a Re, TR Ret ass Wilisen,” Fy itavelocke’ i LS RR, DP ea eet R R R PEN V USOe, Wy sit DS SCO Sy Woods, Sam.+ eres ee ee ee D D ee 2 © ®, | 1897 310 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. THE LABOUR PARTY. (FORMERLY LABOUR REPRESENTATION COMMITTEE). CONSTITUTION. The Labour Party is a federation consisting of Trade Unions, the independent Labour Party, the Fabian Society, and a large number of Trades Councils and Local Labour Parties. The Women’s Labour League and one Co-operative Society are also affiliated. From the inception of the Party Co-operative Societies have been eligible for affiliation, but there has been, so far, but little disposition on their part to associate with the political Labour Movement. The Party is financed by affiliation fees from the Trade Unions, Socialist, and Co-operative Societies at the rate of 1d. per member per year, in the case of the Trade Unions the recognised membership being that contributing to the unions’ political funds under the Trade Union Act (1913). Trades Councils and Local Labour Parties, together with the Women’s Labour League, now contribute on a basis of 15s. per year when their respective memberships are under 5,000, and 30s. when their memberships exceed that number. The following table indicates the growth of the Party :— Trades Councils Trade Unions. and Local Socialist Societies, Labour Parties. Total, No. Membership. No. No. Membership. FQOO~T 6s Gs AL ise. | 353,070 00 97% ve" Qs s 22,00 nog ee TGOI—2s5 nw 65...) 455;450 4. QI ns 2 es 13,861 Vea 1902-3086. 1270.. -847,315 2s 40 (26 2 2. 13,935 eee 1903-4 ... ,165;.. 956,025 .. 76 «2 2 «, 13;77%) gar ee 1904-5 .. 4158 .. 855,270 .. 73 2 «+ 14,7390 ss noe vou 1905-6... 1585.4 904,496 .. 73 «. 2'.. 16,984 “Se eee BOGG Foe 19H ss. 975,152 as 83 2 .. 20,885...) 905,487 1907 wie EST. 5, 2,049,073; 20 92. es 2.4 22)\207 ee 1908 ¢ 0 9 17Gi.» 1,127,035 \.. 133) os Ziv» 27,4050 spa ee 1909 os (172 »» 1,450,048 4. 155 «3 2. 30,0824 seen eee IgIO oe TAL ice, 1,394,402 .. 148° «5. 2 26. 31537 e pe IQII sa IQI os, 1,507,783... 149 «.. 2 4. 31,404: pee ee IgI2 ws T30%6. 1,858,178 ... 153 - oi 2 ee 91,2370 eee 1913 11s & RE tt ee IGF we) Bian 39, aCamuma tt * This total includes 2,271 co-operators. + Includes 472 co-operators. t Includes 565 co-operators and 3,500 members of the Women’s Labour League. § Includes 678 co-operators and 4,000 members of the Women’s Labour League. || Includes 760 co-operators and 4,000 members of the Women’s Labour League. {| Includes g11 co-operators and 5,000 members of the Women’s Labour League. ** Includes 1,073 co-operators and 5,000 members ot the Women’s Labour League. ++ Owing to the effect of the Osborne Judgment, it was impossible to compile accurate statistics of membership for 1913 and 1914. The Party holds an Annual Conference of delegates each year, the next being convened for Bristol in January, 1916. Delegates attend on behalf of affiliated societies in the proportion of one delegate to 1,000 members; Trades Councils and local Labour Parties, one or two delegates according to whether the membership is under 5,000 or over. it has been the practice for the Chairman of the Party Executive for THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. ep en the preceding year to preside over the Conference. Owing to the war the Conference in 1914 was postponed, but the number ‘of delegates iN 1913 was 551, who represented 149 organisations. . THE NATIONAL EXECUTIVE, ETC. The National Executive consists of 16 members: eleven represent the Trades Unions, one the Trades Councils and Local Labour Parties and Women’s Labour League; three the Socialist Societies, who are elected by ballot at the Annual Conference by their respective sections, and the treasurer, who is elected by the Conference as a whole. The secretary, who is a paid official, is also elected by the Annual Conference. The Executive Committee elected at the Glasgow Conference on January 2oth, 1914, is as follows: Chairman, W. C. Anderson (1.L.P.); Vice-Chairman, A. G. Cameron (Carpenters and Joiners) ; Treasurer, J. Ramsay MacDonald, M.P. (I.L.P.); J. R. Clynes, M.P. (Gasworkers), Tom Fox (British Labour Amalgamation), John Hodge, M.P. (British Steel Smelters), W. H. Hutchinson (A.S. Engineers), W. F. Purdy (Shipwrights), George H. Roberts, M.P. (Typographical Association), W. C. Robinson, J.P. (United Textile Factory Workers), W. Stephen Sanders (Fabian Society), Ben Turner, J.P. (General Union of Textile Workers), H. Twist (Miners’ Federation), Egerton P. Wake (Trades Councils, Local Labour Parties, and Women’s Labour League), and G. J. Wardle, M.P. (Railwaymen). The late Mr. J. Keir Hardie, M.P., was also a member of the Committee. Secretary: Rt. Hon. Arthur Henderson, M.P., 1, Victoria Street, “London, S.W. (Telegraphic address: ‘‘ Labrepcom, Vic., London.” Telephone: Victoria 1213.) Assistant Secretary: J. S. Middleton. National Agent: Arthur Peters, J.P. Scottish Secretary: Ben Shaw, 102, Holm Street (City), Glasgow. (Telephone: Central 1847.) Organisers: S. Higenbottam and W. Holmes. Secretary of Information Bureau: W. Gillies. Standing Counsel: Henry H. Slesser. The National Executive elects its own chairman and vice-chairman, controls the Party organisation, approves candidates and sanctions candidatures, issues Party literature, and in a general way is _ responsible for the work of the Party outside the House of Commons. it co-operates with the Parliamentary Party in considering the legis- lative programme of each Session, and on important matters of Party policy arising joint meetings between the two bodies are arranged. The important decision that the Party should co-operate in the formation of the Coalition Government was the subject of a joint meeting before the proposal was finally adopted. The National Executive is also represented by five of its members upon the British Section of the International Socialist Bureau, and the secretary to the Party is, ex officto, secretary to the section (see Part V.). It is also represented by three of its members and the secretary upon the Joint Board (see page 353), and when important Parliamentary proposals, such as the Trade Disputes Bill, the Trade Union Bill, and the Insurance Bill, were before the country the National 312 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. Executive met in joint session with the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress and the Management Committee of the General Federation of Trade Unions. The National Executive is represented by invitation at the Trades. Union Congress, the Annual Council Meeting of the General Federation of Trade Unions, and congresses of various kindred parties abroad, in addition to conferences dealing with matters generally appertaining to Labour at home. The activities of the Party have grown steadily during the last nine years.. A national agent was appointed in 1907 to improve the Party organisation throughout the country, generally to advise upon electoral and registration work, and when necessary to act as Party agent at bye-elections. Early in 1914 two national organisers were appointed in order that more frequent visitation of constituencies could be conducted, and to secure closer attention to Scottish Labour organisation a proposal to form a Scottish Advisory Councii of the Party was adopted. A Scottish secretary was appointed, and the inaugural conference to form the Council, which was to have been held in August, 1914, did not meet until August, 1915, when the Council was definitely constituted. An information and statistical bureau has been set up, and a library of Blue Books, Parliamentary Reports, and other works of reference, etc., is being instituted in order to perfect Party propaganda, and to act as a general centre for reference on all subjects of industrial, social, and political interest. The National Executive is considering the publication of a periodical for official and propaganda purposes. In order to encourage the appointment of full-time agents in Labour constituencies the Executive has adopted a scheme by which 25 per cent. of the salary of approved agents is contributed from Party funds, and during the last two years special contributions have been made to assist local Labour organisations undertaking specific schemes of registration and organisation work. Owing to the Party Conference being postponed in 1914 no financial statement was issued, but the statement of accounts for 1913 showed a balance of £9,300. A considerable amount of expenditure and income is occasioned by the printing and sale of leaflets, pamphlets, and miscellaneous publications of a Party character. SCOTTISH ADVISORY COUNCIL. The Inaugural Conference was held in Glasgow on Saturday, August 21st, 1915, and was attended by 92 delegates, representing eight Scottish and 22 British Trade Unions, twelve Trades Councils, four local Labour Parties, 100 branches and 15 Federations of the I.L.P., three local Fabian Societies, and twelve branches and one Council of the Women’s Labour League. The chief business of the Conference was the election of the Executive Committee, and general discussion upon the political organisation of the Scottish Labour movement. The Executive Committee, which was elected in accordance with a scheme approved by the Annual Conference of the Labour Party in 1914, is as follows :— Robert Smillie, J.P. (President); W. Westwood, J.P., Councillor James Walker, Neil Beaton, Hugh Murdoch, J. Campbell, representing THE POLITICA! LABCUR MOVEMENT. 313 the Trade Unions; James Maxton, M.A., and William Stewart, the Scottish I.L.P. Council; Councillor J. S. Taylor and Cecil Mitchell, thé Trades Councils and local Labour Parties; Councillor Miss McNab, the Women’s Labour League; and William Twaddle, the Fabian Society. Ben Shaw, J.P., 102, Holm Street (City), Glasgow, is the Secretary and Treasurer of the Council. CANDIDATURES. Candidates before receiving official sanction by the Labour Party must first receive the endorsement of an affiliated organsiation. Candidates of Trade Unions are usually selected by ballot of their members, while 1.L.P. candidates are either selected by District Conferences or put forward by the National Administrative Council. The election expenses of candidates must be guaranteed by the organisation responsible for the candidature. It is competent for a ‘number of societies to combine for this purpose, and on occasion even Trades Councils and Local Labour Parties have accepted this responsibility. The names of endorsed candidates are then sent forward to the head office of the Party, and after receiving the approval of the National Executive are placed on what is known as the list of approved candidates. When the local organisation in a constituency desires to put forward a Labour candidate communications must be entered into with the National Executive, and, if in their opinion it is advisable to proceed, the local and national organisations co-operate in convening a conference of all branches of societies affiliated to the national party in the constituency. It may happen that branches of societies unaffiliated to the national Party are affiliated to the local organisation, and in that case the local party is at liberty to invite such branches to appoint delegates to local conferences. At the initial conference the general proposal that the constituency should be contested is discussed, and if agreed upon local branches are invited to send forward nominations for the candidature, such nominations to be accompanied by undertakings respecting finance. Upon these nominations being forthcoming they are submitted to the various local branches, who ate invited to instruct their delegates as to whom their support is to be given, and at a subsequent conference, at which the National Executive must be represented, the nominations are considered and a definite selection is made. The representative of the National Executive at the conference reports upon the general character of the conference, and, providing the society accepting the financial responsibility for the candidate in the first instance endorses his selection for the particular constituency, the National Executive then gives its final sanction. Circumstances may arise in the course of this procedure which may lead the Party Executive to withhold its final sanction, but, generally speaking, the course adopted is as described. In the case of bye-elections the procedure may be expedited, but the candidate must receive the endorsement of a conference held in the constituency, otherwise the National Executive has power to withhold its sanction. Candidates must appear before their constituencies under the title © oi ‘‘Labour Candidates’? only; they must abstain strictly from identifying themselves with or promoting the interests of any other 314 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. party, and accept the responsibilities established by Parliamentary practice. Prior to 1911 they had to sign the Constitution of the Party as an expression of their loyalty to its principles. As a result of the Osborne Judgment, however, this formal pledge was abolished, as it was held by certain of the judges, who delivered that judgment, that the extraction of a party pledge from political candidates was against public policy. The following are the constituencies for which Labour candidates have been sanctioned; and the affiliated organisations which have accepted responsibility for the election finances are appended :— Accrington.—J. BELL, Weavers’ Offices, Bartlam Place, Oldham. (United Textile Factory Workers’ Association.) Ayrshire, South.—JamMes Brown, 56, Annabank-by-Ayr, Scotland. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.) Bermondsey.—Dr. ALFRED SALTER, J.P., 5, Storks Road, Bermondsey, London, S.E. (I.L.P.) Birmingham, East.—Councillor Grorcre SuAnn, Chellowdene, Linton Road, Bournville. (Birmingham L.R.C.) Birmingham, West.—Councillor J. W. KNersHaw, 285, Shenstone Road, Birmingham. (I.L.P.) Bishop Auckland.—Councillor BEN Spoor, 4, Westfield Road, Bishop Auckland. (I.L.P.) Bristol, East.—Councillor W. H. Ayres, The Kingsley Hall, Old Market Street, Bristol. (I.L.P.) Camlachie.— Bailie ALSTON, Annandale, St. John’s, Cathcart, Glasgow. (I4L:P:) Chester-le-Street.—J. GILLILAND, Birtley, co. Durham. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.) Coventry.—R. C. WAaALLHEAD, 21, East Avenue, Garden Village, Burnage, Manchester. (I.L.P.) Doncaster.---S. RoreBuck, Clifton House, Huddersfield Road, Barnsley. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.) Durham, N.W.—G. H. Stuart, Parliament Mansions, Victoria Street, London, S.W. (Postmen’s Federation.) -Eccles.--J. H. Hupson, M.A., Oaklands, Flixton, Lancs. (1.L.P.) Glamorgan, East.—A. Onions, J.P., Miners’ Agent, Tredegar, Mon. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.) Holmfirth. W. Lunn, Carlton Lane, Rothwell, Leeds. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.) Houghton-le-Spring.—_W. P. RicHarpson, Manor View, New Washington, Co. Durham. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.) Lanark, N.E.—J. Roserrson, Miners’ Office, Hamilton, Scotland. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.) Leigh.—T. GREENALL, J.P., 94, Leigh Road, Boothstown, Manchester. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.) Leith._J. N. Bett, J.P., 4, Higham Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne. (National Amalgamated Union of Labour.) Merthyr Tydvil.—James WINsTONE, Snowden House, Freehold Land, Pontnewynydd, Pontypool (Mon.). THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. 315 Midlothian.—Ropert Brown, J.P., Miners’ Office, Dalkeith, Scotland. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.) Morpeth.—J. Cartrns, Burt Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.) Newton.—]J. A. SEppoN, Laurel Dene, St. Helens. Oldham.—W. C. Rosinson, J.P., Briar House, Bury Old Road, Heywood. (United Textile Factory Workers’ Association.) Portsmouth.—j. MacTavisu, 68, Cuthbert Road, Kingstown, Ports- mouth. (Portsmouth Labour Party.) Preston.—Tom SHaw, J.P., Weavers’ Office, Colne, Lancs. (United Textile Factory Workers’ Association.) Rotherham.—JAMES WaLKER, 49, Jamaica Street, Glasgow. (British Steel Smelters’ Association.) St. Helens.—Councillor James Sexton, J.P., 17, Norton Street, Liverpool. (National Union of Dock Labourers.) Sowerby.—]}. W. OcpeN, 2, Grosvenor Street, Heywood, Lancs. (United Textile Factory Workers’ Association.) Wigan.—H. Twist, J.P., The Laburnums, 296, Bolton Road, Ashton- in-Makerfield. (Miners’ Federation of Great Britain.) Wolverhampton, West.—A. G. WALKDEN, 337, Gray's Inn Road, London, W.C. (Railway Clerks’ Association.) York.—H. H. Siesser, 11, King’s Bench Walk, Temple, London, E.C. (York Labour Party.) The following candidates have received the official endorsement of the Party Executive and are available for selection by constituencies. The various organisations indicated have assumed financial responsibility for their candidatures provided that such meet with their approval and receive the official sanction of the Party :— J. H. JENKINS, J.P., 101, Romily Road, Cardiff. (Shipconstructors and Shipwrights’ Association.) BEN TILLETT, 425, Mile End Road, London, E. W. Pucu, Siddall Buildings, Alexandra Road, Swansea. (Dock, Wharf, Riverside, and General Workers’ Union.) Tom GRIFFITHS, 7, Queen Street, Neath. (British Steel Smelters’ Association.) J. Bruce GLAsiER, 2, Bedford Road, Liscard, Cheshire. J. Burcess, 278, New Hey Road, Bradford. T. RusseLL WILLIAMS, Kildwick, near Keighley. H. SNELL, 3, Leighton Crescent, London, N.W. T. McKERRELL, Mary Villa, Riccarton, Kilmarnock. M. T. Simm, 15, Oakfield Terrace, Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne. J. H. Pain, 121, Lower Rushton Road, Bradford. GEORGE BANTON, 19, St. Margaret’s Street, Leicester. H. WiTakD, 75, St. Margaret’s Street, Norwich. Dr. E. H. Stancoms, Westbourne, College Place, Southampton. Davip WILLIAMS, 25, Windmill Terrace, St. Thomas, Swansea. LEONARD H. VERITY, 38, County Arcade, Leeds. (Independent Labour Party.) 316 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. W. H. Carr, J.P., Delamere Street, Ashton-under-Lyne. (Amal. Association of Card and Blowing-Room Operatives.) T. F. RicHarps, 94, Uppingham Road, Leicester. FRANK SHEPPARD, 190, Cheltenham Road, Bristol. J. GrippLe, Clare Street, Northampton. (Boot and Shoe Operatives’ Union.) W. S. SANDERS, 172, Boundaries Road, Balham, London, S.W. \Fabian Society.) Harry GOSLING, 31, Great Prescott Street, London, E. (Amal. Society of Watermen, Lightermen, and Bargemen.) W. MARSLAND, J.P., 3, Blossom Street, Manchester. (United Textile Factory Workers’ Association.) ALBERT BELLAMY, 93, Fox Street, Edgeley, Stockport. THoMaAs LowTH, Unity House, Euston Road, London, N.W. (National Union of Railwaymen.) ALFRED GOULD, 1, Laurel Grove, Park Road, Hull. (Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners.) PARTY AGENTS. The following is a list of full or part-time agents in constituencies for which Labour Members have been elected (*) or where Labour candidates have been adopted :— Accrington.—_J. T. ABBoTr, 83a, Whalley Road, Accrington. Ayrshire, South.—DuNncan GRAHAM, Stanley Cottage, Low Waters, Hamilton. “Barnard Castle.——T. W. Dowson, Greta House, Crook, R.S.O., Co. Durham. Birmingham, East.—D. H. THOMAS, 216, Sladefield Road, Ward End, Birmingham. *Blackburn.—G. R. SHEPHERD, 69, Azalea Road, Blackburn. *Bolton.—H. WHITTAKER, 38, Glen Avenue, Deane, Bolton. *Bradford, West.—Councillor A. T. Sutton, I.L.P. Office, Church Bank, Bradford. *Clitheroe.—F. CONSTANTINE, 45, Rhoda Street, Nelson. Coventry.—R. Barton, 3, Alfred Road, Coventry. *Deptiord._W. H. TayLor, c/o Co-operative Printing Society Limited, Tudor Street, London, E.C *Derby.—Councillor J. BENNETT, 42, Full Street, Derby. *Dundee.—W. Westwoop, J.P., 25, Battlefield Avenue, Langside, Glasgow. Durham, N.W. Co. Durham. *Fife, West.—W. M. Watson Weston Cottages, Cowdenbeath, Fife. Boe oes Gower.—MetTH Jones, Albany Road, Pontycymmer, lam. heute East.—T. I. Marpy JONES, 16, Llantwit Road, Treforest, lam. *Gorton.—Councillor S. Hacur, 3, Hyde Road, Gorton. *Halifax.—Joun Law, Friendly and Trade Club, St. James’s Road, Halifax. B. J. Burripcre, Front Street, Stanley S.O., THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. R17 “Hallamshire.—T. SmirH, 26, Ribston Road, Darnall, Sheffield. Houghton-le-Spring.—H. BarInBripce, 44, Farnham _ Terrace, Sunderland. *Ince.—R. T. PHILLIPs, 27, First Avenue, Hindley, near Wigan. Lanark, N.E.—Duncan GraHaM, Stanley Cottage, Low Waters, Hamilton, *Leeds, East.—J. W. Lake, 84, Upper Accommodation Road, Leeds. *Leicester.—Councillor A. H. REYNOLDS, 38, Colton Street, Leicester. Leigh.—J. Prescotr, 112, Windermere Road, Leigh, Lancs. Leith Burghs.—A. McQuater, Labour Hall, 1, Smith Place, Leith Walk, Leith. “Manchester, East.—J. MCQuEENY, 395, Manchester Road, Droylsden, Manchester. “Manchester, N.&.—A. James, 2a, Enoch Street, Miles Platting, Manchester. eee Boroughs.—T. I. Marpy JONEs, 16, Llantwit Road, Treforest, lam. Midlothian.—W. M. Watson, Weston Cottages, Cowdenbeath, Fife. *Monmouth, North, South, and West.—W. Harris, ‘‘ Arfryn,’’ Bryn Road, Pontllanfraith, Newport (Mon.). *“Newcastle-on-Tyne.—Councillor E. GIBBIN, 9, Regent Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Newton.—R. Lewis, 178, Cansfield Grove, Ashton-in-Makerfield. *Norwich.—Councillor W. R. SmirH, J.P., 26, St. John’s, Madder Market, Norwich. Oldham.—I. CRABTREE, 12, Clegg Street, Oldham. Portsmouth.—_J. M. McTavisu, 68, Cuthbert Road, Kingston, Portsmouth. Preston.—J. WooLLEy, J.P., Weavers’ Institute, Preston. *Rhondda.—T. I. Marpy Jones, 16, Llantwit Road, Treforest, Giam. Sowerby.—Mark CrossLEy, Commercial Buildings, Sowerby Bridge. St. Helens.—Councillor R. Warinc, Windle Labour Club, Duke Street, St. Helens. *Stockport.—Councillor F. PLant, 97, Petersburg Road, Edgeley, Stockport. *Sunderland.—T. S. Date, J.P., 83, Forster Street, Sunderland. Wansbeck and Morpeth.—E. E. Hunter, c/o Northumberland Miners’ Association, Burt Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *West Ham, $.—Alderman D. J. Davis, J.P., 2, Custom Street, Custom House, London, E. *Whitehaven.—D. PLews, 2, West View, Bransty, Whitehaven. Wigan.—Councillor J. R. HOLLAND, 21, Sovereign Road, Wigan. Wolvyerhampton.—J. WHITTAKER, J.P., 39, Owan Road, Wolver- hampton. *Woolwich.—Councillor W. Bareroot, J.P., 3, New Road, Woolwich, London, S.E. 318 THE POLITICAL LABOUR MOVEMENT. THE PARLIAMENTARY LABOUR PARTY. Of the 29 Labour Members returned under the auspices of the Labour Representation Committee in 1906 only four had had any previous Parliamentary experience, but Party procedure was immediately put upon a regular business basis. J. Keir Hardie, M.P., was elected Chairman of the Party, and a Vice-Chairman, Secretary, and Whips were also appointed. will be £56 5s. The owner of £10,000 can, therefore, after paying - an increase of 100 per cent. in income tax get a net income of £68 gs. more than was possible in Government security before the war. If- the income tax were raised to 5s. in the £ such a person would still be a gainer by the war. Further, all over the country mortgages are . being called in, with the alternative of paying a higher rate of interest. An increase of 1 per cent. in mortgage interest will, after paying the income tax of 2s. 6d. in the £, leave the money lord 12s. 6d. better off = for every {100 he has invested. 382 THE PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRATIC TAXATION. These illustration are of all-round application. Those who have money to lend are not contributing at all to the cost of the war. They are gaining by it. Here, then, is an opening for applying the first of our canons of taxation. Instead of the taxation so far levied on incomes tending to secure for communal purposes a larger part of the unearned increment of wealth the very opposite is the result. There is a wide-spread demand for the taxation of war profits. War profits ~ are not confined to the profits of business. The increase in the rate of interest is a war profit, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer will be lacking in consistency if he does not take back in taxation the increase in the rate of interest due to the war. TO ENFORCE ECONOMY. The war is bringing about a new distribution of wealth. No doubt many people have suffered considerable losses in the capital value of their wealth and in the amount of their incomes. But others are making money beyond all their former dreams. While some people have been compelled to economise, others have suddenly come forth dazzling us by their new-gotten gains. This is being spent in ways which are socially harmful. They are employing men and women in occupations which do not help the national economy at all. This is disastrous. Taxation is the best way to enforce national economy and to turn the current of personal expenditure into right channels. The employment of people as servants of the rich in any capacity prevents the wages of labour from rising. Only in so far as we lessen the number of parasites and increase the number of those employed in producing the things the working classes consume can we raise the wages of labour materially. Our third canon of taxation is the most uncontrovertible of all, and yet none is more flagrantly violated. The rich are not bearing any part of the burden of the war as a class, but are passing it on to the working class, although it is for their economic interests that this war is being waged. Nevertheless, it is still seriously proposed that the working class shall be taxed still more, in addition to the enormous sums they pay by indirect taxation. OUR ONLY COURSE. The present taxation on the masses is in reality a tax upon their standard of living. In the words of Mr. Gladstone, it is “‘in no small degree a deduction from a scanty store which is necessary to secure them a sufficiency not of the comforts of life, but even of the prime necessaries of clothing, shelter, and fuel.”” The only course open to Socialists and Labour men in the matter of taxation is to insist upon the observance of the principles I have laid down. The special circumstances of the present time strengthen our demand. The prosperity of some part of the working classes is only temporary. Any taxation which is imposed now will be permanent. There will be a permanent addition of £100,000,000 a year to our national expenditure. The rich, on the contrary, were never so well able to bear more taxation. The price of money will remain high after the war. Their incomes, therefore, are likely to remain high. Not only on grounds of expediency, but on the grounds of strict justice, we should continue to press for the abolition of a considerable part of the taxation which is now paid by the working classes, and to insist upon all additional taxation being raised by further additions to the income tax and by additions to the death duties. PART IV. THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. CONTENTS. Page esi eae Page Structure of the Co-operative Producers’ Organisations .. 393 Movemént..... i .. 383 The Amalgamated Union of ees ; 3 Co-operative Employees .. 395 te ee ote dee *+ 3°4 | Agricultural Co-operation .. 396 Educational Work .. -» 388 | The Women’s Co-operative _ Co operative Statistics iui) 301 Gad? ve ies e- 399 STRUCTURE OF THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. We British are notoriously empirical and the co-operative movement | is entirely British. It has the good and the bad points of an organised body growing without a previous plan or method. There is in its organisation an absence of uniformity which makes it rather difficult for an outsider to understand. The common type, which is the average consumers’ co-operative society on the Rochdale model, is in itself not a problem. It stands for a local group of purchasers, which may be 100 Or 30,000, organised upon purely democratic lines for mutual supply, a common education, and a common social advancement. _ These societies are nationally organised in federations for the first object: mutual supply. The two main federations, which include no private shareholders, are respectively the English and the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Societies.* But there are other types of societies. There are associations for production formed partly of self-employing workers, partly of private shareholders, and partly of consumers’ societies. The number of worker-members will vary; sometimes their share is almost nominal. These societies are federated in the Co-operative Productive Federation. Again, there are lesser federations, like the Co-operative Newspaper Society, which include both consumers’ and productive societies. The Co-operative Insurance Society used to be of this kind, but it is now the joint property of the English and Scottish Wholesales. The Co-operative Union is a - federation over Great Britain and Ireland of societies of every type conforming with the provisions of the Industrial and Provident Societies Act. The functions of the Union are propaganda, legal assistance, and co-operative education and defence. It is the Union which holds the annual congress of the co-operative movement in * For convenience the word ‘‘ Limited” is omitted, but these societies, like all others doing business of any kind, including the Co-operative Union itself, and now the Agricultural Organisation Society, are registered corporations with limited liability 384 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. Great Britain and Ireland. A curiosity of the’ Union is that its Central Board, the governing authority, meets only once or twice a year (regularly just before the annual congress), the administration during the year being deputed to the United Board, so-called because it represents all the boards of the territorial sections of the Union. Apart from the Union, yet within the co-operative movement, are the Women’s Co-operative Guilds. These are national self-governing organisations—English, Scottish, and Irish—of women attached to the consumers’ societies. The National Men’s Guild is more closely connected with the Co-operative Union, as are the Students’ Fellowship and the Co-operative College Circle. The 1,390 consumers’ and the 108 productive societies form a great majority of the members of the Co-operative Union, and are usually classed as the industrial societies in contradistinction to the agricultural co-operative movement. The latter is made up of societies of farmers, smallholders, and others, who are consumers as to their fertilisers, feeding stuffs, implements, and other agricultural necessities, and are also domestic consumers, but who are mainly producers, marketing through their associations. Agricultural Co-operative Poultry Societies, Credit Banks, Dairy Societies, also add to this agricultural movement. The national Agricultural Organisation Societies, English, Scottish, and Irish, are advisory and propagandist bodies for this movement. In addition, Ireland has an Irish Agricultural Wholesale Society for the supply of all agricultural requirements. Ireland possessing too few working-class consumers’ societies on the Rochdale model to constitute a national C.W.S., the Irish Agricultural Wholesale seeks to fulfil the functions of a C.W.S. in Ireland. This brief account of the main lines of organisation within the wide and rather vague co-operative movement may help the reader to follow THE PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT IN 1914-15. During the year 1913-14 Dublin became, for co-operators, am historic name. The dramatic Dublin strike, and the no less dramatic swiftness with which the Co-operative Wholesale Society delivered in the Irish capital the food supplies ordered in Manchester by the Parliamentary Committeeof the Trades Union Congress to save the strike from collapse, had impressed the co-operative and the trade unionist mind. Arrangements were in progress at the time for the 46th annual Co-operative Congress, and it happened that it was due to assemble in Dublin and for the first time on Irish soil. This congress met at Whitsuntide, 1914. The honour of entertaining the assembly, which a few years earlier would have been out of place in Ireland, had been competed for by Belfast and Dublin. This fact emphasised the great growth in Ireland, since the opening of the century, of the co-operative movement from its two main sides—that of the industrial consumer, with Belfast for its chief Irish centre, and that of the agricultural producer and peasant farmer, the Irish headquarters of which are in Dublin. ‘FUSION OF FORCES.” In Ireland these two wings of the movement both derive strength from the traditional neutrality of co-operation in regard to politics and religion. Attention was directed to this by the congress meeting THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 385 in Dublin and by the coincidence that two questions at issue in the movement could be said to raise political and religious feelings, One was the question of the ‘‘fusion of forces.’’ Originating with an expression of opinion by Mr. W. Maxwell, the then Chairman of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society in 1912, this question had resolved itself into a proposal for a joint Co-operative and Labour Board, constituted from the Co-operative Union, the Wholesale Societies, the Trades Union Congress, and the national Labour Party. The board was to further the investment of Trade Union capital in co-operative enterprise, to secure co-operative assistance in industrial disputes, and promote common propaganda and educational work. The formal associating of Co-operation with the Labour Party, however, had been condemned at the previous congress of 1913, as impairing the political neutrality of co-operation. At Dublin all debate was prevented by a motion for adjournment, a motion which also included an instruction to maintain neutrality during the period of suspense. After the Dublin congress the issue was remitted to the societies, and, although only a minority of the constituents of the co-operative movement actually voted for or against the proposals, a resolution disapproving of any joint action with any organisation outside the co-operative movement was carried by 1,799 votes to 1,227. The following is the summary of the voting on the three resolutions submitted : Resolution 1 being in favour of the joint Co-operative and Labour Board, resolution 2 approving such a board minus the Labour Party, and resolution 3 negativing the entire question :— SUMMARY OF VOTING. Resolution 1. Resolution 2. Resolution 3. For. Against. For. Against. For. Against. At conferences .....-++ 464 905 ++ 477 748 .. 740 668 By committees of socie- aero cdagadrucn ao MAY F SEP EBS O 5. a By members of societies 613 859 .. 601 624 .. 881 559 RIMAIE wp ccloye ong Bll 5. 3,704 I,IIQ 1,372 1,799 1,227 ——_ mma —az Eee ad ue At the congress of 1915, held at Leicester, the negative vote was confirmed on a show of cards by a large majority. “INDEPENDENCE OF THE GUILD.”’ The issue considered to involve religious belief arose from the inclusion in their programme of divorce law reform by the English Women’s Co-operative Guild. In 1gto the annual congress of the Guild passed a resolution in favour of an equal divorce law for men and women and the cheapening of divorce law proceedings. Members and officials of the Guild afterwards gave evidence before the Royal Commission on Divorce Law Reform, and in 1913 the Guild congress approved the proposals of the Majority Report. Objection, however, was taken to the action of the Guild by the Salford Catholic Federation. It was stated that Catholic co-operators were opposed to co-operative funds being used for, and the co-operative name being associated with, the effort to create greater facilities for divorce. The whole issue being fully considered, eventually the Central Board asked the Guild to cease its N 386 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. efforts for divorce law reform and to take up no work not approved by the congress executive. A customary grant, amounting in 1914 to £400, was made conditional upon compliance. The Guild reply was to read this action as destructive to the self-government of the Guild, and at its own congress, held at Birmingham on the 16th and 17th of June, 1914, passed practically unanimously a resolution in favour of the Guild policy being controlled exclusively by its own members. In September, 1914, the Central Board renewed its offer of the grant on conditions, but the Guild again declined to accept any terms limiting the Guild’s control of its own policy. The co-operative congress at Leicester (24th to 26th May, 1915) was, therefore, asked to confirm the action of its executive and to uphold a right to withhold grants from any organisation pursuing a policy detrimental, in the opinion of the board, to the co-operative movement. This the Congress did by 1,493 votes to 627. The Guild congress for 1915 was held. at Liverpool on. the 15th and 16th of June, and here the Guild women presented a still undivided front. They decided to maintain their attitude, and to make up the lost grant from amidst their own ranks. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES AND THE FOOD. PANIC. These two important issues lay curiously outside the influence of the war, yet the European crisis naturally has overshadowed the co-operative movement during 1914-15. The question at the very beginning was, how would co-operation stand a strain unexampled in its history? If its benefits were elusive and its methods unsound, as its enemies constantly asserted, now had come the hour of failure. An hour came, but amidst a general panic the co-operative system of trade proved its remarkable strength. While the private pursuit of gain looked its ugliest, the voluntary. collectivism of co-operation showed at its truest and best. Not by any special virtue, but as a natural result of a commercial system founded upon a principle of equal responsibility toward all, the co-operative movement kept prices down and put a limit upon individual supplies. Some details may be be found in the Co- operative Newspaper Society’s pamphlet, *“Co-operators and the War.’’ Other particulars are hidden away in the files of the ‘‘ Wheatsheaf’’ local pages, from which they have not been collected. EFFECTS OF THE WAR. The Wholesale federations took the same course as_ their constituents. The flour mills, especially, in contrast with the private millers, maintained their contracts, and continued. to sell decidedly below the enhanced market prices. The less immediately necessary departments of co-operative societies are always the first to suffer and the last to recover in periods of bad trade, and there were many fears for the future of drapery and furnishing businesses. This fear was relieved in the case of the Wholesale Societies by the receipt of Government contracts. The equipment of the Wholesales for providing articles of wear and use both in quantity and variety came as a surprise to War Office officials. They placed large orders, the exact amounts of which, however, like those of orders upon private contractors, have not been made public. In the December ‘‘ Wheatsheaf ’’ it was stated THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 387 that these orders had been executed to the entire satisfaction of the authorities, and that further orders had followed. As the situation developed the retail societies soon found that their trade, so far from declining, went up in all departments. Their action in regard to prices appealed to the public and brought many new members,. while the free spending of Government money upon munitions and manufactures of war reacted in favour of their businesses as a whole. Big orders also were placed with the bakeries or various societies for bread for the troops in training, and even in the seaside towns societies profited by their members undertaking the billeting of soldiers. Although no really comprehensive official record exists of co-operative action under stress of war, certain inquiries — were made by the Co-operative Union, and the following summary of the results, giving the figures available up to an indefinite date, which may be taken as December 31st, was presented in May last to the Leicester congress :— 9,407 employees of societies have joined the forces. 273 societies are paying part wages during their absence. 44 societies are paying full wages, less Government allowance. 2,248 horses have been commandeered. 291 vehicles (horse and motor) have been commandeered. £91,626 has been granted to the various funds up to 31st December, 1914. £6,758 is the estimated value of grants of food and clothing. *‘In many instances societies have been called upon to undertake work for the Government, either in supplying bread, milk, or foodstuffs for troops, or in the manufacture of clothing, which may be estimated at £219,822 (exclusive of the Co-operative Wholesale Societies). In other cases societies have granted the use of their halls (for various military. or relief purposes) free or at a very nominal charge.’ Co- -operative dividends being paid upon purchases, it follows that increased prices, with a proportionately less, and in many cases an absolutely less, margin mean a. lower dividend per £ of sales, and in general dividends. have fallen. On the other hand, the fall has been checked by an increase of trade beyond the proportion of increase in standing charges. Hence, on the whole, the effects of the war upon dividends (and it should be remembered that very frequently her credit in ‘‘divi.’’.is the working housewife’s savings bank) has. been less untoward than was feared. In common, however, with all other workers, co-operators have been profoundly moved by the commercial exploitation of the economic crisis. It has not only touched their pockets, not only ‘‘ hit them in the stomach,’’ but it has stirred the indignation of men and women whose own. system of trade, like their.conception of right living, is different. Hence has arisen a desire to hasten the extension of co-operation still further back to the sources of supply. RAW MATERIALS AND THE SHILLITO LEAGUE. This desite was voiced in the ‘‘ Co-operative News” by ‘John Smith of Oldham.” The co-operative ownership of wheatfields, coal rie tea plantations, and other sources of supply was advocated and ** Shillito igs ” formed, the name being a memorial to the late 388 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. Chairman of the Co-operative Wholesale Society, Mr. John Shillito, who died in February, 1915, and who had himself advocated the owner- ship of raw materials. This agitation is still active, and it is too early to speak of results. The Co-operative Wholesale Society, which, with the Scottish Wholesale, is looked to as the necessary agent, is understood to be contemplating extensive plans. The issue, at any rate, will be watched with deep interest by all friends of democratic progress. After the Franco-German War, when inflated markets and high prices produced a rather similar movement, the ultimate result was disastrous. But this is not likely to deter the present generation. The feeling is too strong and the steps contemplated are too logically a part of the co-operative system. It is true that since the 4% per cent. War Loan co-operators have been a little concerned for their usually superabundant capital. Uncertainty on this score may postpone or prevent action. Otherwise it seems likely that, whether to succeed or fail, new efforts will be made; and those efforts either will triumphantly demonstrate the all-round power and progress of the British co-operative movement by their success, or will humiliate it by such failure as has not been known for many years and cause it to reconsider matters closer at hand. GENERAL CO-OPERATIVE SURVEY. In 1906 the late Mr. J. C. Gray, as Chairman of the Birmingham congress, proposed to recast the entire organisation of the co-operative movement and change it from an array of independent local societies united only by their various federations to a single, closely-knit, national body. Another old member in January of this year offered to a sectional conference of the Co-operative Union other proposals for improving co-operative action in its elements and at its base. These ‘‘TIdeas of Progress’? now form a Union pamphlet. BEBIS0uaIM| teudeo weoy | vssoquiout | SONeIOE) oes *y1O1-So6r ‘SHILHIOOS AAILAGIULSIAC TVLAa LL3'8 ‘TIN | POb'gch | EgE'Szb'6 \€Zg'6g4 |odrto€1'r | g9z I ****(9aTINqLISIp pue aatonpoid) AyetII0S aTessJOUM YSt}}OIS ¥SE'6ES‘1 | o61'Ez | bz Qf6'br6 | Crg‘or6' rE | 1z6‘Egg'r | OS 1'961‘g | COr'I I "s**(QATNGLIYSIP pue aaryonpoid) AzstII0S gTessjoguM §=4sittsuy GzL'or |1Sb'z | Prbo'Ly Lzg‘oog'€ |SriZ‘gzz_ | GFE'zeP'1 | Ogg‘gk SOI |** SatjeIN0S dATJONpOIg L96‘6zE'g | PLo‘Eor | o£ r‘or1 | og1'QSS'r | 6zz‘ ¥Qg6'Lg | ESg'z16'z | GEG'LIE ‘gh | L6z‘vSo'E o6€'T |* *satjazoos aanngi3sic] pal GEST he eee IE ae ee ee ee | | *s33 ‘seaford | “syuesd F ‘reat 2 ‘pun ‘jeudvo uvoy | *siequiso ap oe jo ‘on ae SIF Old sueing Sc See are oieae joron | s208 | ‘biO1 ‘SHILAIOOS AAILVUAdO-09 IVIULSNGNI THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 393 FEDERATIONS OF DISTRIBUTIVE SOCIETIES. The principal federated societies are the Co-operative Wholesale Society and the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society. The United Co-operative Baking Society is also a large federation, with principal headquarters in Glasgow, but with an important branch in Belfast. The selected statistics of these societies are given below :— CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY (ENGLISH). No. of| Share and Year.) mem- loan Reserve. Sales. Profits. bers. | capital. Wages. | Bonus. Workers. £ £ TQIO}| 1,160 i Sisinee tal, ves 2656:843 uation 17,876) 1,458,618) Nil I9T1| 1,158} 5,413,728] 1,357,535] 27,892,990) 669,798} 18,731} 1,203,431) Nil IgI2| 1,162) 5,769,427] 1,505,761! 29,732,154| 706,734| 19,801) 1,298,611; Nil 1913] 1,168} 6,220,763) 1,564,814] 31,371,976] 734,583] 20,994] 1,383,254), Nil I914| 1,193] 6,196,150] 1,833,921) 34,910,813] 944,936] 23,190] 1,539,354, Nil SCOTTISH CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY. No. of | Share and Year.) mem- loan Reserve. Sales. Profits. bers. | capital. Wages. | Bonus. Workers. £ £ 359,947 | 14,366 357,191 | 15,433 375,063 | 15,340 405,815 | 16,583 430,378 | 18,783 £ IQIO| 274 | 2,836,573 eae 7,738,158 294.823 IQII| 270 |3,161,499| 674,169 | 7,851,079 | 330,720 IQI2} 270 | 3,321,501} 714,323 539% 258 | 323,514 1913} 268 | 3,696,415] 772,015 | 8,964, 383 420.05 IgI4| 266 | 4,130,170) 789,873 | 9,425,383 | 426,494 ~ ~~ ~~ oo CO ONIN CONHWO DN SJ CONCH: ©: SIO HoH © UNITED CO-OPERATIVE BAKING SOCIETY. No. of | Share and Year.| mem- loan bers. | capital, | Reserve. Sales. Profits. Wages. | Bonus. Workers. £ ~ IQIo| 179 Othe COR 568.782 57,073] I,255| 85,020 | 6,678 TQIt) 187 | 398,845 | 67,748 | 569,574 | 60,428) 1,260} 87,522 | 7,226 1912} 192 | 416,776 | 71,975 | 635,787 | 62,379] 1,292| 92,260 | 6,864 1913] 201 | 429,520 | 79,583 | 692,662 | 74,923] 1,420] 102,363 | 8,675 1914] 207 | 477,183 | 86,276 | 714,746 | 79,923] 1,635| 109,303 | 9,030 PRODUCERS’ ORGANISATIONS. In practically all the societies recognised as productive societies a part of the capital is held by associations of consumers or persons who are not working members. The distinctive feature of these societies - is the participation of the worker in the shareholding, management, and profits of the society in which they are employed. Many of the societies also share profits with customers. The Co-operative Nii 394 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. Productive Federation is an association of most of these societies, and, following its membership and the classification adopted by the Co-operative Union and Government Reports, the statistics showing operations during recent years are given below. Of the membership of the associations of workers in 1913 approximately 21.7 per cent. were employees, 60.6 per cent. were other individuals, and 17.7 per cent. were societies. Of the employees 62 per cent. were members and 38 per cent. non-members. The membership of management committees included 40 per cent. employees, 43 per cent. other individual members, and 17 per cent. representatives of societies. The capital investments were held to the extent of 14 per cent. by employees, 36 per cent. by other individual members, 41 per cent. by societies, and 9 per cent. by non-members. PRODUCERS’ CO-OPERATIVE ORGANISATIONS. Membership, Capital, etc. Membership. =| a PX uw g soa as P Og an a5 pS Wee feb) a —_ oF cu $ 3 “u | ox = a Og Pe “f 2o2 > a 129 5 @ an 5} a pea 2 < a oO mrs " Dw ea, aS CS] nor St a a 30 ce BS 2§ Bs wi: ES S| r= a 9 g gs fea | a G A n a ea: ERS £ £ £ 1904| 125 | 18,704 | 3,494 65.003 72,578 | 1,109,318 | 32,490| 7,391 | 350,177 1905] 117 | 17,987 | 3,033 | 630,240] 75,894 | 1,105,166} 35,863 | 6,966) 342,419 1906} 120 | 17,871 | 3,766 | 648,385 | 73,757 | 1,203,559| 47,442] 7,271 | 362,506 1907| 114 | 17,603 | 3,889 | 664,432 | 75,328) 1,319,117} 58,374| 7,341 | 368,586 Tg08| 105 | 17,394 | 3,838 | 654,869 | 74,207 | 1,265,796) 61,231} 7,179 | 373,983 1909] LOI | 17,233 | 3,978 | 669,655 | 79,709 | 1,246,879) 55,751 | 7,005 | 348,647 IQIO} 95| 17,567 | 4,073 | 676,313 | 86,051 | 1,382,125} 67,624| 7,049 | 360,298 IQIX} 99] 17,602 | 3,645 | 685,771 | 86,965 | 1,440,357] 73,3191 7,511 | 380,663 IQI2| 94 | 17,576 | 3,708 | 711,030 | 94,538 | 1,580,309| 94,382] 7,921 | 410 444 1913} 93| 18,381 | 3,902 | 749,674 |109,855 | 1,732,337 |101,280| 8,205 | 442,361 isso en St see Amount of profit allotted to Total profit uy 1 Percentage pict ‘mem beng, | Of Preceding Year dividing seenhers ee Employees customers, BR soe to profits, |(on capital). chases), (on wages}. employee employees. £ £ 3 ‘ 1904 65 15,329 10,108 6,514 31,951 20.4 1905 62 16,026 11,446 6,518 33,630 18.3 1906 60 16,958 13,397 8,054 38,409 21.0 1907 67 18,446 16,269 10,183 44,898 2a. F 1908 68 19,988 17,163 10,958 48,109 22.8 1909 64 18,621 17,918 11,058 47,597 23-2 IQIO 63 19,605 18,822 II,471 49,898 23.0 IQII 64 20,540 21,751 13,125 551410. 23:7 Igi2 69 22,952 25,597 15,147 63,696 23.8 1913 68 23,271 30,265 16,431 69,967 23-5 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 395 THE AMALGAMATED UNION OF CO-OPERATIVE EMPLOYEES. Of the 140,000 employees in the co-operative movement approximately one-third are members of the Amalgamated Union of Co-operative Employees. The membership of this union does not indicate the total number of Trade Unionists employed in the movement, as a large number are members of other Trade Unions. The union is strongest in Lancashire and Yorkshire. The total membership at 31st December, 1914, was 45,044, as against 40,942 at the end of 1913, and the number of branches 763, as against 771. The contributions were £33,773, as against £45,518 for the 18 months ending December 31st, 1913. The funds (branch and central) of the union at 31st December, 1914, were £69,626, as against £61,903 at the end of 1913. The principal disbursements for 1914 were as follow: Sick payments, £13,851; out-of-work payments, £3,410; disablement payment, £1,292; dispute of victimisation, £1,321; and funeral payments, £1,170. There were 80 persons on the employment register at the end of I9t4, as against 197 at the end of 1913. The insurance section is approximately 26,000. .The annual statistics of membership, etc., are given below :— AMALGAMATED UNION OF CO-OPERATIVE EMPLOYEES. Membership, Income, and Funds, 1896-r9r4. | | Expenditure. a Central Member- endihe _ Total : Added io | funds at ap i June income. | Branch | Central | ponert fonds: fhe end the end goth. | 8 Bebase: payments. of year. of year, oy £ ak ae 1896 559 ee 135 242 340 2,179 1897 1,152 158 187 270 537 877 3,168 1898 2,114 294 292 614 914 1,791 4,320 1899 3,098 428 373 1,071 1,226 3,017 5,430 1900 | 3,899 524 733 1,429 | 1,213 4,230 6,276 IQOI 4,659 631 768 1,578 | 1,682 5,912 7,338 1902 5,732 743 842 2,048 2,099 8,011 8,294 1903 | 7,129 847 985 2:525 | 2,772 | 10,783 9,404 1904 8,493 ¥,IZ1 1,159 3,362 2,851 13,634 10,535 1905 | 10,023 1,495 1,203 4,343 | 2,982 16,616 11,819 1906 | 12,143 1,748 1,571 5.314 | 3,510 |} 20,126 13,203 1907 | 14,445 | 2,059 | 2,119 6,495 | 3,772 | 23,898 | 17,393 1908 | 18,451 2,728 « +}: 3,220 71982 |-415T5 | 28,413-° |) 23,322 1909 | 25,049 | 3,696 | 3,750 | 12,166 | 5,437 | 33,850 | 27,032 IQIO | 27,552 | 4,019 | 4,527 | 13,384 | 5,022 | 39,472 | 20,518 191 | 29,946 | 4,369 | 5,101 | 13,979 | 6,679 | 46,151 | 30,620 1912, | 32,225 | 4,620 | 5,798 | 17,459 | 4.348 | 50,499 | 32,741 1913” | 55,780 | 7,552 [11,183 | 27,824 | 9,215 | 59,714 | 40,942 1914t | 44,223. | 5,008 | 8,954 | 22,098 | 7,503 | 67,277} | 45,044 —_- ST RA TES ES EET TAT OTE T 3 AS EDD SS) DN ND ATR OT A PT OAISTER AT LES ATIC SAE LEEDS ATES LEED SCS ALLOA LETS GOTT COATT * Eighteen months ended December gist, 19:3. + Year ending December atst. tin addition to this amount funds totalling £2,349 were in the hands oi branches, for egal purposes. 396 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. CO-OPERATIVE GUILDS. There exist three, Women’s Co-operative Guilds, one for England (including Wales), one for Scotland, and one for Ireland. The figures of membership at the date of the last annual meetings were :— No. of Branches. No. of Members. English Guild 611 Pe 31,658 (a net reduction of 524 on the figures for 1913). Scottish Guild 167 uly 14,000 (approximately). Irish Guild .. 12 ‘i 500 THE NATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE MEN’S GUILD. This Guild operates over the whole of the United Kingdom, but the Guilds connected with some societies are not yet affiliated with the national organisation. At the end of 1914 there were 72 Guild branches affiliated with the national organisation, representing 2,120 members. AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATION. ENGLAND AND WALES. At the Leicester congress Mr. Nugent Harris, the General Secretary of the Agricultural Organisation Society (England), despairingly asked the delegates when they intended to devote to agricultural co-operation a full day’s discussion. He certainly had the right to put this question. Few townspeople realise how rapidly agricultural co-operation, from the side of the producer, has grown and is growing. In Ireland the movement includes a great number of peasant farmers. In England and Scotland the movement extends from very small holders to substantial farmers organised in powerful societies. The movement has also attracted to itself a number of men from the landed class, who, from motives like those of Hughes and Neale in the early days of industrial co-operation, are earnestly desirous of restoring and uplifting rural life. Since 1tg0g a Joint Committee from _ the Co-operative Union, the Agricultural Organisation Societies, and the C.W.S. has been in existence for promoting mutual trade between the industrial and the agricultural movements for their common economic benefit. The economic difference of interest, however, between producer and consumer hitherto has proved an obstacle to complete and permanent relations, and there is a danger of the movements drifting into antagonism. Practically the whole of English agricultural co-operation is organised by and affiliated to the Agricultural Organisation Society (A.O.S.): President, R. A. Yerburgh, M.P.; 36 governors, of whom twelve are appointed by the Board of Agriculture, including G. H. Roberts, M.P., and G. N. Barnes, M.P.; secretary, J. Nugent Harris. Offices, Queen Anne’s Chambers, Westminster. There are six branches, in groups of counties, for local work. The A.O.S. was constituted in rgor out of two earlier organisations for the promotion of co-operation in agriculture. It is financed by subscriptions (£1,800), affiliation fees (4224), and a Government grant (Small Holdings “Account £2,000, Development Fund £7,500, less unexpended balance refunded). It has recently formed a Farmers’ THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 397 Central Trading Board for ‘wholesale’? purposes. Organ : ‘Co-operation in Agriculture’’; monthly, 1d. Agricultural co-operation is, with few exceptions, the co-operation of independent producers for special purposes, either in obtaining commodities which producers require or in the disposal of their produce. It may be classified in England as follows :— Purchase Societies.—Purpose : Co-operative purchase of agricultural requisites ; but some societies also supply domestic requisites for their members. Number, 188. Except seven, all were founded in the present century. Membership, 21,330. Trade, 41,485,585. Egg and poultry societies for wholesale supply of eggs. Thirty-four societies, 2,886 members, trade £64,760. Dairy societies for wholesale milk supply and cheesemaking. Thirty-three societies, 3,348 members, trade £508,916. Miscellaneous societies for auction sales, cattle improvement, fruit, bacon, etc. Thirty-two societies, 3,859 members, trade £78,678. The foregoing are predominantly societies of farmers and large scale producers. The following consist chiefly of working-class producers :— Small Holdings and Allotments Societies.—Purpose: the collective renting (not working) of land; 191 societies, with 14,117 members, hold 8,ors5 acres from local authorities and 5,345 from private owners. They did collective business amounting to £5,536. Societies of allotment holders, usually townsmen, do useful work. Whether societies of small holders for renting land have proved successful is disputed. Credit Societies.—Fifty-three societies, 609 members; loans in 1913, 41,191. There is little scope at present for these societies, and only a few do any business. Totals: Societies, 531; membership, 46,149; business, £2,144,666. Increase during year: Societies, 61; membership, 8,885; business, £321,184. SCOTLAND. The Scottish Agricultural Organisation Society was formed about 1905 as an offshoot of the English society, and has offices at 5, St. Andrew’s Square, Edinburgh. Secretary, J. Drysdale. At the end of 1914 there were 137 agricultural societies affiliated with the Scottish society. The reports of 76 societies available at the end of 1914 showed their total membership to be 6,653, the nominal share capital £24,638, and paid-up share capital £12,310. Their sale of poultry and eggs amounted to £34,043, of dairy produce to £84,925, of agricultural produce and requirements to £240,526, and a total trade turnover of 4,300,463. There are no credit societies. Co-operation flourishes in the Crofter counties and the islands. The S.A.O.S. does not publish classified statistics of its societies. IRELAND. But it is in Ireland, a country in which agricultural enterprises are for the most part on a small scale, that agricultural co-operation has 3y8 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. proved marvellously successful and shows promise of great develop- ment. Whereas the total membership of all sorts of agricultural co-operative societies does not reach 50,000, or only 1 in 800 of the population, in Ireland it exceeds 100,000, or as many as 1 in 45 of the population. It is estimated that one-eighth of all the farmers of Ireland are members of co-operative societies. The movement was started by Sir Horace Plunkett in 1889 with the formation of a creamery. By 1894 33 societiés were in existence, and the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society (1.4.0.8.) was founded to carry ou the propaganda. By 1903 840 societies had beén founded. The I.A.0.S. has its offices at the Plunkett House, Dublin. Sir Horace Plunkett is President and Mr. R. A. Anderson, Secretary. : For a long time the co-operation of the Irish farmers took the form, almost exclusively, of a combination of milk producers to maintain a joint creamery, which made butter and placed it on the market to much greater advantage than the individual small dairy farmer could do. During the last few years, however, the Creamery Societies have been adding new branches of work, especially in buying implements, seeds, and fertilisers for their members, and in supplying the domestic needs of their households. The Irish Agricultural Organisation Society at the end of 1913 had affiliated with it 985 societies, as against 947 in 1912. Three hundred and seventeen societies did not supply returns, and of the remaining 668 the membership was 104,702 at the end of 1913, as against 101,991 at the end of 1912. The total turnover for the year was £3,333,189, as against £3,205,819 in 1912, the average sales per member being £31 17S., as against £31. The nature of these societies is as follows :— ) Deieription of soolety. | yin tr tgiz.| in tory,” | am forge Dace Wade Creameries: .4%.:.05 « re 329 12 i 341 ALUXIUTATIES wo. es a's so 0 87 2 ~- 89 PURTAGUICOLEL (Gils sav lola 175 20 2 193 EOC ii na! Wviv ey v'¢,6 me 234 3 2 235 Poultry keepersiec iw anes 18 — — 18 TMG ustries: os as 0.5% ¢% & 19 ~— I 18 Pig and Cattle | os cesar, 49 3 — 52 Bc Od din ink kas es, wal 9 I — Io Miscellaneous. ........ 25 2 -- 27 Bederations.. css sac a>s 4 2 — — 2 OLRIS a wdigieote i's tins 947 43 5 985 The I.A.0.S. is well served by literary exponents of its ideas, particularly Mr. G. W. Russell (‘‘ A.E.’’). The Co-operative Reference Library (the Plunkett House) publishes monthly Bulletins (6d.) dealing with co-operative problems. Its organ is the ‘Irish Homestead,’’ 34, Lower Abbey Street, Dublin; weekly, 1d. THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 399 THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE. This interesting organisation for disseminating accurate information about the harvests of the world is now supported by nearly all Governments. Expenditure, 1914, £36,000, to which the King of Italy contributes £12,000. The publications are issued in several languages, including English. A monthly ‘‘ Bulletin’? gives valuable reports, with statistics, of agricultural co-operation all over the world, and of any Governmental assistance to agriculture by legislation, administration, ot otherwise; i8fcs. per annum. There are also a monthly Bulletin of ‘‘ Agricultural and Commercial Statistics *’ (6fcs. p.a.), and another of ‘‘ Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases’’ (18fcs. p.a.), also Year Books, etc. The agency for the United Kingdom is the Board of Agriculture. THE WOMEN’S CO-OPERATIVE GUILD. The Women’s Co-operative Guild is a self-governing organisation of 31,658 working womeu, with 611 branches. Every member must be a purchasing co-operator, and the miajority are shareholders in co-operative societies taking an active part in their work. It has always been one of the principal objects of the Guild to train and encourage women to share in all the work of co-operative societies, and the result has been that women now attend the quarterly meetings in large numbers, and are gradually being elected on to the boards and committees of the movement. At present there are 89 women on the management committees of 61 societies, and 413 women on the education committees of 155 societies. The co-operative policy of the Guild is to advocate all reforms and developments which strengthen the principle of the control of industry by the people, and to use its power to transform industrial conditions. The Guild, therefore, urges loyalty to the store and to co-operative productions; it stands for cash trading, moderate dividends, and all the methods of doing business which should enlarge the sphere of co-operative industry and keep co-operative policy progressive and sound. It has made proposals for the extension of co-operation in poor neighbourhoods, which have been partially adopted by many societies. These include adaption of methods of trading to the needs of the poor, such as the abolition of entrance fees, provision of suitable goods, selling in small quantities, and special propaganda work. On questions of employment, the Guild supports short hours, Trade Union wages, and the employment of Trade Unionists only. Its chiet work in this direction has been to secure the recognition of a minimum scale for co-operative women employees by the movement. This scale was as follows :— Age 14. Age 15. Age16. Agei7. Age18 Ageig. Age2o. Wages... 58. 4S, gs. IIs. 13S¢20:inb5Ss 17s. Co-operative societies are gradually adopting the scale which is in force in most of the larger societies where women are employed. In January, 1914, it was adopted by the Co-operative Wholesale Society for its 7,000 women employees after three years’ agitation by the Guild. : The Guild has always realised that the co-operative movement cannot fulfil its objects unless it takes its part both in general Labour 406 THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. questions and in national life, and has, therefore, warmly supported the proposals for closer co-operation with Trade Unions and the Labour Party, and at its annual congress June, 1915, re-affirmed their approval of the formation of a joint board to organise common action on questions affecting the welfare of the people. Not only has the Guild supported national action by the co-operative movement, it has also developed national action of its own. The members are almost entirely married, non-wage-earning women, a class previously unorganised and voiceless. Through the Guild they have been able to express their needs and desires and to bring pressure to bear on Parliament and Government departments. The importance of giving married women the vote has been urged and adult suffrage supported. Valuable evidence was given before the Royal Commission on Divorce Law Reform, the only evidence given directly from working women. Taxation of necessaries has been protested against. Efforts to secure a better status for the British wives of aliens have been made. But the chief citizen work has been the development of the national care of maternity, and special funds for this purpose have been raised. Before the Insurance Act was introduced the Guild asked Mr. Lloyd George to include a maternity benefit. During the discussion on the Insurance Act endeavours were made to secure better provision for married women. In 1913 the reform by which maternity benefit was made the property of the wife was secured. In 1914 the Guild drew up a scheme which advocated : (1)That the maternity and pregnancy sickness benefit should be taken out of the Insurance Act, that they should be increased and extended to all women, and administered by public health authorities; (2) that public health authorities should greatly develop the work already begun on behalf of expectant and nursing mothers and children up to school age. In July, 1914, the Local Government Board issued a circular embodying most of the Guild’s proposals and offering a grant of 50 per cent. of the work. The outbreak of the war made the question of saving life even more imperative, and it was clear that the Guild contribution to the problems of the war would be its scheme for the care of the mothers of the race. Other women’s organisations agreed to co-operate, and after a joint deputation to Mr. Samuel—who made a most sympathetic reply, promising fresh Government circulars—the Guild set to work to arouse local health authorities and to press the scheme upon them. A new Act enlarging the powers of local authorities has been promised this Session (June, 1915). The Guild funds are raised (1) by subscriptions of 1s. to 2s. a year from members to their branch funds and by special efforts; (2) by grants varying from £1 to £50 from co-operative societies. The central fund has in the past been raised by (1) an affiliation fee of 2d. per member from branches, and (2) grants from the Co-operative Union and Co-operative Wholesale Society. Last year, however, after repiesentation from the Salford Catholic Federation, the Co-operative Union felt obliged to refuse its grant of £400 unless the Guild gave up its agitation on behalf of referm of the divorce laws and took up no subject disapproved by the United Board. This year the Co-operative Congress passed a resolution endorsing the action of the United Board. The Guild, however, has resolutely refused to part with its control of its own policy and subjects. It is not a member of THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. : 491 the Co-operative Union, and has no representation as a Guild either on the governing body of the Co-operative Union or at the co-operative congress. During 1914 to 1915 a special fund, which reached £430, was raised by the branches to replace the £400 grant from the Co-operative Union, and the Guild annual congress of June, 1915, has decided to maintain its self-government and to raise its own funds. It will be understood that the activity of the Guild cannot be maintained without a large amount of educative and propaganda work. For this its own speakers and lecturers are trained. Its educational scheme includes the holding of an annual Guild school for ‘‘ Head Guides ’’ ; courses for ‘‘ Guides,’’ held in different parts of the country and attended by between 400 and 500 women; two-days’ schools, held at different co-operative societies and attended by members in the district; and members’ classes, held at local branches. The subjects taken last year were : The Democratic Control of Industry, the Effects of War on Commerce and Industry, Co-operative Action in National Crises, the National Care of Maternity, and How to Read a Balance Sheet. In addition to all this class work, general campaigns on co-operative and women’s questions are organised, for which information is supplied to 200 to 300 women speakers. The work of the Guild culminates in its annual congress, attended by about 700 delegates. This great Parliament of working women is practically unique in the country. Here married women, who find it possible to organise themselves through the Guild, making of it what might be called their Trade Union, give expression to their needs, desires, and aspirations. PART V. THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING- CLASS MOVEMENT. CONTENTS. Page Page OICAL As. a an nek a “nie ae wa Od | Labour and Socialist Or- The Old international .... 404 ganisations Abroad .... 408 The Modern International. 405 For eign Socialist and International Socialist Labour Newspapers .... 424 Wendy. Gea whee. ek . 405 | Industrial..... sess eeevene 426 International Socialist Coh- International Federations... 431 eresses 265.20. FS TERS PRS poy Trade Unionism Abroad .. 433 AND SPECIAL ARTICLE BY EMILE VANDERVELDE. THE INTERNATIONAL. By EMILE VANDERVELDE (Belgian Minister of State, Chairman of the International Socialist Bureau). By a tragic coincidence, at the very moment when the delegates to the International Congress were preparing to start for Vienna to celebrate both its 25th and its soth anniversary, it was from Vienna that spread the formidable catastrophe that now divides the peoples of the world into two hostile camps. After a whole year of war the question is being asked in certain quarters whether the International has still any existence. Officially the answer is yes. Its Executive Committee, driven out of Brussels by the German invasion, is to-day sitting at The Hague. Two representatives of the Dutch Socialist Party have been added for the duration of the war. This Committee has sent delegates to the German Socialists to complain to them of the system of forced labour which is being imposed, or rather, which it is sought to impose, on the Belgian workmen. This Committee is also summoning, separately and successively, the various national sections of the International in order to learn their views upon the war and the peace. But, in actual fact, we must recognise that the life of the International has been suspended. As long as the German and Austrian Socialists declare themselves in alliance with their Governments, abstain from any word of condemnation of the aggression committed against Belgium, content themselves with vague and purely platonic declarations against THE INTERNATIONAL. 403 eventual annexation of territory—as long as Belgium and France remain unliberated—we must not expect that the French and Belgian Socialists, to say nothing of any others, will decide to renew their international relations. - Further, we must not hide from ourselves the fact that, even after the war, attempts at reunion will meet with some obstinate resistance. Must we, therefore, despair? Can we admit that the International is dead—that Socialism is bound to remain for an indefinite time divided against itself? I absolutely refuse to believe it. On the contrary, I am inclined to think that, merely by natural reaction, international sentiments will express themselves all the more forcibly the longer they have been restrained. Those underlying causes which called into existence the first International, and, after 188g, the second International, will once more produce their effect. Class antagonisms will reveal themselves all the more bitterly the longer and the more exhausting is the war. However great may have been their prejudices one against the other, or their grievances, the workers cannot fail once again to realise their essential unity of interest. : But let us not disguise the fact that, at starting, the difficulties will be enormous. There will be many things that it will be the duty of some amongst us to forget: there will be much that it will be the duty of others to permit to be forgotten. We can all do our part, by the attitude that we take up, to render these difficulties less insurmountable. So long as war lasts let us take care to say nothing, to do nothing, that widens our cleavages. Let us try rather to understand each other and to free our minds from the influences of the environment to which we are all subject. In Germany there are some comrades, such as Liebknecht, Rosa Luxembourg, Clara Zetkin, who have had the courage to stand by the Right in face of everybody. There are others, such as Bernstein, Haase, Kantsky, who are doing their utmost to counteract tendencies of ‘‘ the majority ’’ that make us uneasy. I do not believe, I must own, that their efforts can have any immediate results. The peoples at this moment fighting for their own liberties, and for liberty in Europe, would fall into the most fatal of illusions if they were led to count on anyone but themselves. Liebknecht’s protest to-day will have no greater effect than the equally courageous protest of his own father and Bebel had, at the time, against the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine. But declarations of this kind have a moral value which is beyond all price. They assert a Socialist unity of conscience among all who are not blinded by passion or prejudice. They will make more easy, in the days to come, the drawing together again of all those who proclaim their faith in International Socialism. It will always remain the greatest sorrow of my life that I should have seen the workers of Europe divided among themselves. My strongest hope is that I may one day look upon their reconciliation. 404 THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT. POLITICAL. THE OLD INTERNATIONAL. The first real attempt to form an international organisation of the workers was made by a group of continental exiles at a Congress held in London in 1847, in which Karl Marx took part. An association was formed under the title of the Communist League, which issued the famous Communist manifesto written by Karl Marx and Frederic Engels, and published just before the Revolution of 1848. The Communist League existed only a few years. The triumph of reaction caused it to disappear completely in 1852. In 1862 a revival of internationalism took place through the visit of a deputation of French workmen to the exhibition then being held in London. Meetings took place between the deputation and English working-class representatives, and out of these gatherings arose the beginnings of the International Association of Working Men. In 1864 a public meeting was held in St. Martin’s Hall, London. ‘Professor Beesley presided. Among those present were Karl Marx and of those still living, Robert Applegarth. A committee composed of 50 representatives of different nations was appointed by the meeting to draft a constitution for the new association. To Karl Marx was given the task of drawing up the constitution, which, together with an inaugural address, was adopted by the committee. A General Council, having its seat in London, was established. The president, treasurer, and general secretary were to be Englishmen; other nations were to be represented on the Council by corresponding secretaries. The duty of summoning annual congresses was placed upon the Council. It was recommended that the workmen of the various countries should be united in national bodies represented by national central organs, which should be the chief links with the General Council. Difficulties soon developed in connection with the holding of annual congresses, as continental Governments began to be alarmed at the proposed activities of the new organisation. Being forbidden by the Belgian Government to hold a Congress in 1865 in Brussels, the Council was compelled to content itself with a conference in London. In 1866, however, the first congress took place in Geneva. The constitution and statutes drawn up by Marx and ratified by the Council were approved, and a comprehensive programme adopted. A second congress was held in Lausanne in 1867, and a third at Brussels in 1868, which was attended by 98 delegates, represeating England, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland. This congress strengthened very considerably the Socialistic proposals contained in the programme of the association. In 1869 a congress was held in Basel, but the outbreak of the Franco-German War prevented the holding of a congress which had been arranged to take place in Paris. In 1872 at a congress held at the Hague it was decided to remove the seat of the General Council to New York. This transference brought about the death of the association. In 1873 one more congress was held at Geneva, and then the organisation expired. During its short life the International Working Men’s Association loomed large in the public eye, and exercised considerable influence a: THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT. 405 over national working-class movements. It induced British Trade Unions to make substantial contributions to strike funds in France and Germany. But its prestige was based more on the possibilities of the cause it represented than on actual power. Its organisation was loose, and its financial resources negligible.* THE MODERN INTERNATIONAL. For a period of about 16 years following the collapse of the International Association of Working Men there was practically no organisation for keeping the politically organised workers of the different countries of the world in touch with each other. Then in 1889, the centenary of the French Revolution, a new beginning was made by the assembling, at the invitation of the French Socialist parties, of an International Socialist Congress at Paris. There were, in fact, two congresses, one representing the rigid Marxist school, and the other composed of Socialists of a more opportunist character. The Marxist Congress consisted of 395 delegates; the other, called the Possiblist Congress, was attended by about 600 delegates. In 18g91 a congress was held at Brussels, followed by others at Zurich (1893), at London (1896), and at Paris (1900). At the Paris Congress (1900) a new central international organisation was formed, with the title of the International Socialist Bureau. INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST BUREAU. Affiliation to it was open to— (x1) All associations which adhere to the essential principles of Socialism: socialisation of the means of production and distribution; international union and action of the workers; conquest of public powers by the proletariat organised as a class party. (2) All the constituted organisations which accept the principle of a class struggle and recognise the necessity for political action (legislative and Parliamentary), but do not participate directly in the political. movement. These conditions were drawn up in order to exclude Anarchists, and to admit Trade Unions and other Labour organisations which, although agreeing with political action, were not definitely political in character. The duties of the International Socialist Bureau, which has its seat at Brussels, are to continue the work of, and to put into execution, the decisions arrived at by the International Socialist Congresses; to make arrangements for the holding of congresses at stated intervals, usually every three years; and to summon special congresses when international crises arise. The Bureau established in Brussels an international archive for Socialist literature and documents. The Bureau is constituted of delegates from the national Labour and Socialist organisations of the countries affiliated to the Bureau. Each *“ History of Socialism,’’ Thomas Kirkup, 1913, 406 THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT. country is allotted three delegates, two representing the national organisations and one the members of the Socialist and Labour Party in the Parliament of the country, wherever such a party exists. Exceptions to this rule are made in cases such as Russia, where there are more than one national Labour and Socialist organisation, which refuse to co-operate for international purposes; and where the nation is so distant that the expense of sending several delegates would be too great. The following is the list of countries with organisations affiliated to the Bureau :— Great Britain ...... veers ie eT BR IOLMRY “Aiea deste oe oifrarc3 Germany hie as Alay 3° (Sweden .1..-0.40 20st jira LMASIMDULE. pcxeccrspe-oessceronge 2% “Denmark? 2). Gy tseaceae, peas i PAVSUIER. | rahe csakessrenrnperagasesass 3. LOLA tans asganceeeacereeene 3 BODGINIG. « « eysmre eve dada Seninsitpeale i Belgium. ...:.i00-¢daeassoemrieneennl ms Hungary-Croatia .......... vem Switzerland ...... vind aceite’ ama d try 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina .... 2 Turkey ...s....--..ceeceeees od anil te Rranee ioteccatsst eter oon jek LS SMES © TEI a eee iby ay PECL crenata sat -sine iqahnns seb dase 3 Bulgaria .....-20.-. tap eee Psi te SOS ESS ESA, ER ep Peale Rormyaria sc. beg ee 2 POUMUM AL loacypenercspsesahetamanan oe 3, PAR AES nce paad anor gerne axceestent tein OSE esas cusaru ng orakar eanon che 4 United States ........ss0rgars a Finland bid a cau Dadi oe oe ee | Argentine? is.5+..5544- hioneas vex it PANG) Vas ischin es doses wove 2 VAUUSELADIA | geccrenecedene Sansone pane ane The Bureau usually meets once a year at its headquarters at Brussels. In the intervals the business is conducted by an Executive Committee consisting of three members and a secretary, all of Belgian nationality.* The address of the International Socialist Bureau is, Maison du Peuple, rue Joseph Stevens 17, Brussels. The secretary is Camille Huysmans, and the members of the Executive Committee are Emile Vandervelde (chairman of the Bureau), E. Anseele, and L. Bertrand. The bureau is maintained by contributions from the national Labour and Socialist organisations of the countries affiliated. The connection between the Bureau and the Labour and Socialist organisations of Great Britain is carried on by a Joint Committee, known as the British Section of the International Socialist Bureau, composed of five delegates from the Labour Party, two from the Independent Labour Party, two from the British Socialist Party, and one from the Fabian Society, together with the three British delegates to the International Socialist Bureau. Two of the delegates to the Bureau are appointed at a meeting of the British delegates to the International Socialist Congress last held, and the third by the members of the Labour Party in the House of Commons. It is the duty of the section to consider all business of an international * Since the occupation of Belgium by Germany the seat of the Bureau has been removed to Theresiastraat, 49, The Hague, Holland, and the Bureau representatives of the Dutch Socialist Party have been added to the Executive Committee. Camille Huysmans is, however, still acting as secretary, THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT. 407 character, and to instruct the delegates to the Bureau thereon; and to collect, in proportionate sums, from the various. organisations represented in the section the financial contribution to the Bureau. The Secretary of the British Section of the International Socialist Bureau is the Secretary of the Labour Party, 1, Victoria Street, London, S.W. The British delegates to the Bureau are Dan Irving and J. Ramsay MacDonald, M.P., the latter being appointed by the Labour Party in the House of Commons. The death of J. Keir Hardie left a vacancy which has not yet been filled. INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST CONGRESSES. The dates and business of international congresses are arranged by the International Socialist Bureau, acting under instructions and advice from the previous congress and from the national Labour and Socialist organisations. The voting at the congresses is by show of hands or by nations. The votes of the nations vary according to their importance as factors in the Labour and Socialist movement. The number of delegates from the various countries is fixed on the same principle. The following is the number of the votes and the delegates allowed to each country :— Delegates. Votes. Germany, Austria, Bohemia, United States, France, Each. Each. MePOak BItAr, (RUSSIA vaecscrnrneestnta ntasdesaeresecegecsse 170s was eG WCU U TY SWEET cso os ck Weds leiey opp ting oh sai~ ev cavvsessne’ 92°) Ga eae Denmark, Italy, Poland ........ SATR > tah) “ary ersiegeoss- geseey ID Hcagh eee eas Finland, Holland, Hungary-Croatia ..................... et ea 8 RBI, DIOL WAY 55s cridnicn i vd nea) cpa aed cep pdlanmern vtsneens ee QO.) ene 6 SE EMOT lice erica eee ecacxs eicesk ag EB Matiton, Da cksluath tar? EDGBASTON, 13,383, *Sir F. W. Lowe, U....Unop. EAST, 15,244. *A. HD, Ramsay- Steel- Maitland, U. .........6,639 j..V. ein Dy. isangytgo ORTH, a 5 ae Middlemore-G -Unop. | Sourn, 11,178 (Bye-election, April 3, 1911.) C.M.S. Amery, U.Unop. WEST, 12,313, (Bye-election, July 13, 1914.) '§Rt. Hon. a res Cham- berlain, U.. nop. Blackburn (Two Mems.), 22,572. *P, Snowden, Lab......10,762 Sir H. Norman, L. ...10,754 W.B.Boyd-Carpenter Ue eens Pe RE a8 Fl H. L. Riley) Uae 9,500 Bolton (Two Mems.) 21,224. (Bye-election, Nov. 23, 1912.) T: Taylor tas 10,011 A. Brooks, U. s.sscene 8,83 | (Bye-election, Sept. 22, nn Robt. Toothill, Lab... Unop. Boston, 4,037.. eroeses | *C. H. Dixon, Us.chaeiies | Hon. F. Hemphill, L..1,712 Bradford. CENTRAL, 9,848. | “Sir G. S. Robertson, | RGuSalae aaa anc ed A GOT. G. "Pauling, a singdvetean gy dod | East, 15,879. ae W.E.B. Priestley, { R. Mortimer, U.....0.804,734 WEsT, 14,825. *F. W. Jowett, Lab...... 9,929 Sir Ea FS. Flower, U.4,339 Brighton. wo Mems.) *Capt. G. C. Tryon, U 10,780 (Bye-election, June 29, 1914.) C03 Stanford, U......Unop, Bristol. East, 15,060. (Bye-election, Nov. 3, rgrt.) *Rt. Hon. C. E. H. Hob- house, Li's. cccconeateasedyQlS W., Moore, Lindh oos.504.2,923 =" oo IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. NortuH, 13,989. *Rt.Hon.A. Birrell,x.c. a L Peewee der een eer eieeiesreaee 6,410 a Magnuss U oasciic. 5,084 _ __ SOUTH, 16,171. *Sir W. H. Davies, L...6,895 | J. T. Francombe, U....6,757 | WEsT, I0,127. *Lt.-Col. G.A.Gibbs, U.4,871 J. W, Stevens, L. ...... 3,595 Burnley, 16,992. PB. B Morrell, 1.2.0... 6,177 | *G, A. Arbuthnot, U....6,004 H. M. Hyndman, Soc.3,810 Bury (Lancashire), 9,657. Sir G. Toulmin, L...... 4,509 | E. L. Hartley, U. ......4,254 Bury St. Edmunds, 2,817. *Hon. Walter Guinness, Nesdduewetoaaeeotes TOD Cambridge, 9,392. * AC. H. Paget, We aes ak 4,427 | S. O. Buckmaster,k.c., Ba istiawedsacuspucas Res eesets 4,084 ‘Canterbury, 3,836. F, Bennett Goldney, W. J; Fisher, Du... a, 4 Carlisle, 7,456. *Hon.R. D. Denman,L.3,243 J. Raymond, U.......... 3,176 Chatham, 15,799. *G. F, Hohler, k.c., U.6,989 | L. C. Bernacchi, L. ... F. Smith, Lab Cheltenham, 8,353. (BYE. hapten Mar. wD IgI1.) Agg-Gardner, U.4,043 Nai. L. Mathias, L....4,039 Chester, 8,102. ¥*R, A. Yerburgh, U......3,787 PP aly ese tn sce sdeces 3,681 Christchurch, 10,991. Pre P Oroh, Ue" .:. 3.4... 5,275 $F. W. Verney, L. ......4,619 Colchester, 7,226. | ¥*L. W. Evans, U......... 3,489 SirE. Vincent,k.c.M.c., , Shee a meee, Mee 2,874 Coventry, 16,463. eas Mason, L......... 9,351 f POSET gic sracessacOyO Croydon, 27,350. 8 Ian Z. Malcolm, U.,. 11,875 | Avy Leott, Direc: 10,343 | Darlington, 10,997. H. Pike Pease, U....... 4,981 F. Maddison, L,......... 4475 Derby (Two Mems.), 20,118, | *Sir DT, RGOGs ihe .csssss.005-9)515 *J, H. Thomas, Lab. . +695144 A, E, Beck, Wee iis §,160 {Devonport (Two Mews), | *Sir J. Jackson, K.C.v.0. A (Tilbury), 30, 194.) 4,645 (Bye- lection, Mar. 16, 1912.) Hon. R. E. C. L.Guin- NESS, U. ssserveresvees NOP. WEST or Wavtnansrow, *Rt,Hon. Sizy. mr ‘Simon, aes K.C., L, «16,998 Lieut. W. Bellairs, RN, "9 se! Rogesserevcrgre 13,275 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, Gloucestershire, East or CIRENCESTER, 1934. *Lt.-Col. Hon, A, B, Bathurst, U,. .........4,788 G.H, Beyfus, Lic cxaveeh O07 | Forrest OF Dean, 10,881. Deeeenseeeres eG or Poe to int *Rt. Hon,C. P. Allen, 1.,.5,051 | ee PatO DY Us omnese ven 4,849 NorRTH or TEWKESBURY, 13,155.4 *Viscount Quenington, ceieuee demas dass buae cae ++5,099 R. A. Lister, . SouTH ey THORNBURY, 42. *A, Rendall, iy: Re ee ..6,820 Maj. Cockerill, Dieses vas 5,537 Hampshire, WEST or ANDOVER, 11,370. *Capt, W. V. Faber,U.Unop, NORTH or BASINGSTOKE, 13,136, *A, C, Salter, x.c,, U.Unop, SouTH or ree 18,695. *A, H. Lee, U. ..Unop, IsLE OF Winse 15,969, ‘De Be Patio Wes biases OF Scaramanga Ralli,L, 6, G2 New Forest, ree W. F, Perkin, vu. ,.Unop. EAST or PerERsFizLp, 11,110, *Col. W. G. Nicholson, Unop, DS eoreeerecer -@eeerrere eer Hereford. NortH or LEOMINSTER, 9,689. hp gt sleotion, Mar. 18, 1912.) Wright ... Unop. SouTH or Ssh 10,946. *Capt. P. A. pistes U. 4,748 H, Webb, cidsasiseee od O27 oo EAsT or LUE 11,838. * Sires la vp U, ...5,594 G. S. Pawle, L ..4,226 NorTH or Hircum, 10 883, (Bye-election, Nov. 23, 1911.) Lord Rebert Cecil, U.5,542 PuT Gareges Dy iccs 3,969 Mrp or ST. ALBANS, 13,929. *Col. Sir E.H,Carlile, U.6,899 R. C, Phillimoere, Ta: A777 West or WaTFoRD, 17,710. AS: Ward, U, ..... +0+-8,043 N, Micklem, k.c., L..,..7,160 Huntingdon. SeuTH or HUNTINGDON, 5175, *J. Cator, Tac nee ravihxcs 2,287 Hon, Oliver Brett, L.2,139 |. NorTH or RAMSEY, 7,034, O _ Locker-Lampson, Ber seta 3 ere 3,072 A, C. Foster-Boulton, ya ; 1954 Kent, SouTH or ASHFORD, 14,202, Rt. Hon. L. Hardy, U.Unop. NortH-WEs?T or Dart- FORD, 21,398. . Rowlands, batt | NortTH-EAst or FAVERSHAM, 14,649. | *G. C. H, Wheler, U....6,807 P Gry INICHONUS,) Las. cevecck 5) LUE Istze OF THANET, 12,588, \*N. C, Craig, x.c,, U.Unop. Mip or MEpway, 15,181, East or St. AUGUSTINE’S, 16,614, (Bye-election, July 7th, 1911.) Rye McNeill, Un ts.s. Unop. WEST or SEVENOAKS, I9,035, *H, W. Forster, U....Unop. SouTH-WEstT or Ton- BRIDGE, 17,116, *H. H. Spender-Clay, A. P. Hedges, E Lancashire, North, BLACKPOOL, 22,360. ;*W. W. Ashley, U....Unop, CHORLEY, 15,135, (Bye-election, Feb. 19, 1913.) J. P. T. Jackson, L. .,.5,606 LANCASTER, 14,797. *N, W. Helme, L. H. Ramsbottom, U. ...6,052 NortTH LONSDALE, 9,702. *G. B. Haddook, U. Di PoUese Be eRe ie 4,066 Lancashire, North~ ast. ACCRINGTON, 16,297, Pe TL AROr Dany ssecrses0) 220 By Gray Ui ciiseveessse ..6,461 CLITHEROE, 22,368. AL Simith, Labi ck.. 12,107 Tey Blaney Use cx cshsss 5,783 DARWEN, 17,734. Sie di pans ai Ee See +B, ie ‘Hindle, Pic araven ",.8,169 ROssENDALE, 13,287. *Rt. Hen. Lewis Har- Lancashire, South~ ast. Ecctres, 18,786, | *Sir G, H. Pollard, m, sae COPD PORE ORT ETO SOO ROO aes *W, Foot- Mitchell, UG: Bors *Col.C. E. Warde, U,Unop. | Sir H,. F. Hibbert, U.7,573 | elie eles 6,186 | 8,384 | / Je G. D. ‘Campbell, U. vie 455 aes 18,185, ee Raw, aieny eyes 7,840 ate We agepsanes sp 9,187 HEYWOOD, 11,339. pale ye Cawley, bo are 5,430 R. A, L. Hutchinson, ee eres sits tetemeaae ae 4,641 MIDDLETON, 15,391. (Bye-election, Aug, 2, r9gtI,) *Sir W.R. D. Adkins, L.6,863 W. A, S. Hewins, U.,.6,452 PRESTWICH, 22,123, “*Sir F. Cawley, Bt., L.10,355 F, Brocklehurst, U. .,.7,189 RADCLIFFE-CUM-FARN, WORTH, 14,046, aD, Co Taylor laiijcse E. A. Bagley, U. ......5,937 STRETFORD, 27,629, * PEN ittell,* bei sess seaas 11,343 A. M, Samuel, a. wee 10,407 West HoucuHTon, 19,751, *W. T, Wilson, Lab,.,.9,064 G. F, Clarke, U,........-7,974 Lancashire, South West. BooTLeE, 23,903. (Bye-election, Mar, 17, torr. Rt. Hon, A. ercien Law Us ieee 9,776 M. Muspratt, Lacie 7,782 INCE, 14,107. *S) Walshy Labrie. 7,117 W)C. Lord Use cca: 4054892 LEIGH, 14,150, *P; W. Raffan, Li. ....6,706 W. T, Oversby, U. ...5,507 NEWTON, 14,803. Viscount Womer, U....6,706 *J, A, Seddon, Lab......6,562 ORMSKIRK, 13,511, ...4,140 | *Hon. Arthur Stanley, MMO oo aaschaue ..Unop, SouTHPORT, 16, oe *Maj. G. D, White, U H. D. Woodcock, 1... WIDNES, 11,780, W. Hall-Walker, aiteeees des VavdpieeseaceLaODs Leicestershire, 7,467 6,798 *Col, | WEstT or BosworTH, 13,681, Hon.H,.D.MeLaren,L.7,500 Cnt, D. B. Garouski, U.4,120 Sout or HARBOROUGH, 17,921. J. W. Logan, L......... 8,192 MID or cae *Sir M, tare, 7, L,...6,488 N. W. Smith- -Carring: E37 6 pial W bench da beats 5,916 East or Merton, 16,873. | Col. C. E. Yate, 8.0, CUM Gig Up crssaatecstwec Maj. E. M, Dunne, L yer 456 Lincolnshire. WESTERN, 20,399. Norru Linsey or Barce, | *T. Richards, Lab..... Unop. ny 14,048, Norfolk, (ai ie 5 dani psaactohi 506 East (North Walsham), A ces Seen si segetinndl tin? : or T. J. Bennett, U. i 5,037 | a. 11,5 Wesr Lixpsty or Gams: | BER eee oe has *G. J, Bentham, f.,....5,825 |, Mrp (Dereham), 9,984. Capt. A. F, Weigall,U.3,745 | WR Locten . NE 4/345 : SoutH LinpsEy or Horn- | ESTET, Lis.ssvseee- 45308 | CASTLE, 10,508. (Bye-election, Feb, 17, 1911.) Capt. .W.. Bi G.vAy Weigall, Unecsscadseces 4,005 i F.C, Linfield, \ BRIBE 1838 East Linpsry or LouTtnH, 10,315. i AWIeS | Lair. westudease 260 *H. L. Brackenbury, U.4,188 NortH KESTEVEN or SLEA- _ FORD, 10,389. ph Digs Soh Tels BARE TE ae Unop. HOLLAND or SPALDING, 14,846. *Hon.F.W.S. Rieiiaront Ls ia: Wel ee tae corde Weta 53337 W...S:Royoe, Us... 2c. 5,070 SouTH KESTEVEN or STAMFORD, 10,056. *Maj.Hon. ClaudeHeath- cote-Drummond-Wil- lough by, Us, ssidavahs ss. 4,545 G. H. Parkin, L......0:. 4,206 Middlesex. BRENTFORD, 20,701. (Bye-election, Mar. 23, 1911.) W.Joynson Hicks, U.Unop. ~ HEALING, 25,073. *HNield, Ki. Uy. c.. ENMELD, 28,571. *J. R. Pretyman New- 11,495 J. Branch, Drea te eek 10,559 HARROW, 35,379. *H, Mallaby-Deeley, U. U Jnop. HORNSEY, 23,450. *EarlofRonaldshay, U.11,066 R. E. Dummett, L.. 7,633 TOTTENHAM, 29,620. PPE SAI en bisects « bis 12,046 Ee ¥. Sturdy, Hh f.3% 10,045 UXBRIDGE, 17,634. *Hon. Charles Mills, U.9,005 M. C. Mallik, Ly......... 4,286 Monmouth, NORTHERN, 15,711. *Rt. Hn. R. McKenna, L.7,722 eos .D.E, Williams, Peers eoevcserecess Cecetces See eer oesecerececrass® 44,586 SOUTHERN, 19,134. Mal.-Gen. Sir I. J.C Herbert,Bt.. c.s., L.8,597 L. Forestier - Walker, OHA: + 6,656 Cerecerttateree i*R: De Holt, L Nortu (Aylsham), 11,160. +N 2. Boxtom Tey 20.: 5,187 | H. D. King, Ehtey' t 4,492 Nortu-W eee (Freebridge), 11,613, (By- -election. May 31, 1912.) *E. G. Hemmerde, k. a 1 SA PN fee Ror me APE. 5,613 N. P. Jodrell, U. .......4,965 SouTH (Diss), ovr: *A, W. Soames, - iguase 4,740 T. S. Timmis, U. SouTH-WEST (Thetford), _ 9,045. *SIf RR. Wintrey, asks. tes 4 Capt. A. E. S, Clarke, MMOs mentee Hep Py fb) Northampton. East (Wellingborough), 17,470. ae ah panos Sir A. R. de Capell- | BIOOKE Blo. Waal: 6,676 RL Os Richards, Lab...25,490 t Mp, 14,189. "ET. Manfield, a ey ae le 6,281 | | T. Fy G, Paget, LD acpi 6,031 in NORTH, 10,767. 32 ie Onn OF Brassey, U... 5,272 J. R. Wilkinson, L. ...4,221 SOUTH, 9,290. *Hon. Edward Fitzroy, wee 8 ses Huila ia on Pract ew 4,340 A. A. Thomas, 1 AIRY i fe 4 Northumberland. BERWICK-ON-TWEED, 9,420. *Rt. Hon. Sir E. Grey, Bart irate. sna ast 4,612 Crt Ploame ree 2,926 HEXHAM, I1,i51. a eee 5,124 A. H. Chaytor, ics 4,334 TYNESIDE, 25,667. a M. Robertson, Ta . M. Robertson, U., WANSBECK, 18,950: *Rt. Hon. C. Fenwick, Disa, aaa posnahesk ato neaeaet Unop, Nottingham. BASSETLAW, 12,012. Pie ie Hume- bia ame Peewee ereereans 11,693 , oO 857 ip 436 WwW. Stopford. Brooke,L, ; 221 | | | | °| E. Powell, L. | Mip or WELLINGTON, 8,751. | ] Bee B. Markham, Bt,, | *B. Stanier, U. *J. King, IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERRMENT. MANSFIELD, 21,075. +e TT, 383 P: Cockerill, ie Reatsasis (yee NEWARK, 11,320. .R. Starkey, U. ......5,049 _B. Wallis, Tereiveres. 4,307 RUSHCLIFFE, 19,640. LS pene ear eat 9,186 | COR, Disraeur ts, ty0: 6,580 Oxford. NorTu or Bansury, 8,021 Hon. Eustace Twistle- cies Wykeham Fien- S, Lice 3,629 “*Capt. RB. Brassey,U. ee SouTH or HENLEY, eo, i*V, Flemin : +543 G.C,N. Nichdlson:i L. ee MipD or WooDsTOCk, 10,525. i*A, St. G. Hamersley, K,Giy Us tare teen 4,773 BEN Bennett, lec hs 4,381 Rutland, 4,128. | Which. gs sans.cuev oacun tes ..4,960 w H. S. Pyman, L....4,508 Yorkshire. East Riding. BuCKROSE, 10,652. \*Sir L, White, L......... ye | Maj. M. Sykes, U HOLDERNESS, 10 850% *A,S. ee sen BBE S. Arnold, L. +104,480 Havpamaunde 35 587: (Bye-election, Feb. 10,1915.) Lt.-Col, Hon. F. | boy Jackson, U. ..... Unop Yorkshire, West i. Riding. BARKSTON ASH, 10,871. *G. R. Lane-Fox, U. ...5,066 Fibre Li! cosidac. 4,372 BARNSLEY, 20,861. *Sir J. Walton, Bt., L.Unop. CouNE VALLEY, 12,489.- *C; Leach; bs si. 15 147 Capt. A. B. Boyd- -Car- penter, Urissrsrcares $104,047 rae ae Q1,511. aS econo Negees C. Ww. ‘hitwouts, Ub656 ELLAND, 13, 1956: *C, P. Trevelyan, L, ‘6,613 G, oth Rams en; U, 00149549 458 HALLAMSHIRE, 19,935. *J. Wadsworth, Lab....8,708 DT. Smith; Uss...: 357037 HouMFIRTH, 12,788. (Bye-electien, June 20, 1912.) S, Arnold, Lic ‘ascii. 4,749 RoG. Bilis Uses. 3,379 W.. Buna) Laba iii... 463,195 KEIGHLEY, 13,373. (Bye-election, June 29, 1915.) Sir Swire Smith, L...Unop. MORLEY, 15,823. *G. A. France, L....... Unop. NORMANTON, 16,466. cP Hall; Labo. ct. Unop. OSGOLDCROSS, 18,286, *Rt. Hon. Sir J.Compton- Rickett, Lites svg: 51 M. Campbell -Johnston, Nyy (oedvaconsadouceinso4e a4? OTLEY, 13,397: ay ByeDuncan sss ast 6,151 W. W. .. Thompson, PAB ako sesasooe amar as 4,892 PUDSEY, 15,071. ME WO eden, doe \urcsacseaces 6,518 Fe OCU YS Wieser 5,888 RIPON, 12,860. *Hon.Edward Wood, U.5,894 H. N. Rae, ie poerttaeeee ROTHERHAM, 20,487, *Rt, Hon, J.A. Pease, L.9,385 J. H. Dransfield, Usa 4,511 SHIPLEY, 16,329. (Bye-election, Feb. 9, 1915.) O, Partington, L. ...Unop. SKIPTON, (3, Bis ¥*W. Clough, L... 6,151 R, F. Roundell, een 6, 100 SoWERBY, 12,805. *J. S. Higham, L....... Unop. SPEN VALLEY, 11,631. *Rt.. Hon. Sito... Whittaker, .L......... F. A. Kelly, U. wu... 5,041 4,545 ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES Oxford (Two Mems), 6,895. *Lord H. Cecil, U. ...Unop. (Bye-election, June 30, 1914.) R. E. Prothero, M.V.O., TDs Von pacauabone vets cate’ te Unop. Cambridge (Two Mems.), 7145. Bye-election, Feb. 16, zg1z). 4], FB. OP. Rawlinson, K.Cs, Unop. Sir 1: Larmor, D.s¢c., F.RSy Wo Sree +012, 308 Hi Coxpind.aU wi. 1,954 DT APages; ile West London, 6G. *Sir P. Magnus, U...... 2,579 Sir V. Horsley, F.x.c.s. | OS bivshcludevecermecthegntetk gag? eoeerccestetoseces 5,020 | + WALES. WELSH BOROUGHS. Cardiff District, 28,723. Lord N. _ Crichton- StiarewUh, ey 12,181 Sir C. G. Hyde, L... 11,887 earmartes District, 1772. *W.L. willigeas, L...Unop. (Elected Mar. 16, 1915.) Carnarvon District, 5,717. |*Rt. Hon. D. L. George, TE Siesta aun hawtivak onan mcwate 3,112 Ne JORGE apis coe 1,904 8 | Denbigh Boroughs, 5,130. *Hon. William Ormsby- Gore, Ui weit ncteat 2,385 GG, Reesidiy oy. 4 2,376 Flint Boroughs, 4,359. (Bye-election, Jan. 21, 1913.) TL. Patryy Ba ites. 25152 J. H. Roberts, U. :.....1 Merthyr Tydfil (Two Mems.), 23,219. | *E, R. Jonés, L. 1.0... 12,258 *J. K. Hardie, Lab.... 11,507 H. Watts, die ie eas ig Mts Coil a cima i's £1,300 Deputy Surgeon- General tRosccneec’ Fede ticnse ts £766 BiCRt SOPkG00 0. res ecb ose Wews AA oes ees : £492 to £656 Staff Surgeon ...csesceeee aN I ee ee £365 to £457 SUMO ia ss cee veeccsdlve'e iota Pa WR ae dhe deh lob £256 to £328 SEPARATION ALLOWANCES FOR THE DEPENDANTS OF SEAMEN, MARINES, AND NAVAL RESERVISTS BORNE ON THE BOOKS OF H.M.’S SHIPS. It has been decided that for the period of the war separation allowances will be paid to members of the family of a Naval Rating, Marine, or Reservist who was actually dependent on him, wholly or partially, before the war, provided he is willing to continue his own contribution by making an allowance. The rate of a separation allowance payable would depend in each case on the amount the man was in the habit of contributing and the amount he is now allotting or is prepared to allot, but in no case will the separation allowance be reduced in consequence of the man increasing his allotment. In the case of men serving at home, the necessary information will be obtained in the first place from the man, and no action is necessary until he or she receive a form from the Admiralty or a Naval Marine Division. In the case of mea serving abroad dependants who wish to claim an allowance will have to prove that the man actually contributed to their support, and they should ask at a post office for a form to fill up and send to the Accountant-General of the Navy. The same form should be used in making a claim by the wife of any man who is serving abroad but has not declared an allotment in aa favour. These allowances will be paid weekly through the Post Office. 472 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. ADMIRALTY DOCKYARD EMPLOYEES. The rates of pay in Admiralty dockyards do not correspond with those settled between employees and Trade Unions in profitmaking establishments, and comparison is rendered difficult by the differences in grading and the pensions and allowances made to some of the Government employees. As will be seen from the table below, the rates per week for labourers are from 1s. to 3s. below the current Trade Union rate. x RATES OF Pay. Skilled labourers (about 13,400 employed; these include ship- wrights, fitters, platers, etc.). Time Rate. Probationary: Rate, \.5,.cccseseccmncadsvs 238. Neotmal Scale ©: is..0iiccka.d dei dedebolbaek 24s. to 28s. Special Rates oo lz.i2insniectaacs vat 29S., 303., 335. A skilled labourer who is secured his time wages may, when employed on piecework, earn from 25 to 50 per cent. additional. Unskilled labourers (about 4,600 employed). AAPAG IRACG gives cx'gepacauonenties saan pe cee 238. (At Haulbowline, Ireland) ...........cccseescsceeeeeeees 223. The minimum wage of adult men. employed in London is ass. per week. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF RATES OF WAGES AND RELATIVE COST OF | Rates of wages of labourers. Town. | b | Co-opera-| Trade < | Food, / fos: oe dba | tive secie-| Union ey Rent, | rent & lamplovaes i s|___ ties’ district ai a ae ==: ipa betas Aca bike jemployees| rate. foe , com- [BagodTh eked ladies abate Se Penta Ss EE 2 ; | Londen (ship-|; s. d.j s. d. | Sa oi eal pated. 2 ) building and} | | ° 64 | engineering | and | COMME) Ouse atl 26 500 $0 1G.) ee | 9 7. | 100 | too | 100 Chatham ......; 23 0) 25 6 | 24°00)" 04.9 | Tor | 57 92 Portsmouth..... 23 0, 24 0} 24 0; 0 6 | 100 | 61 92 Devonport ...., 23 9} 24 0) 24 0/| 0 6$)| 99 | 81 95 Sheerness’ 43h: °23 0 | 23. 0 | 24.0 | One | 192 67 95 | | } | | a II AT SR I ATION I ST A A ET RE Sa *In the above table London is taken as the standard, and the cost of living (rents and prices) in other towns is reckoned as a percentage of the cost in London. Thus, food and coal are 1 per cent. dearer in Chatham than in London, while rents are 43 per cent. cheaper. PRESENTATION OF EMPLOYEES’ GRIEVANCES. Any Admiralty employee can submit a complaint with regard to rates of wages, conditions of service, etc., in the following manner :— t The complaint should be made— (x) To the responsible local officers. IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 473 (2) If not satisfied with the results of such representations appeal may be made to the Admiral or Captain Superintendent. (3) In the last resort the matter may be placed directly before the Board of Admiralty in a petition. Once a year an opportunity is given for the employees to present petitions, requests, or statements of grievances to the Board of Admiralty : and after these have been received deputations representing employees can be accorded interviews with the Financial Secretary. In questions affecting all the employees in any yard, after the formal petition has been presented, a limited number of representative employees are invited to interview with the Financial Secretary and Admiralty officers in London. Such representatives of employees are paid ordinary time wages and travelling expenses whilst on a deputation. The maximum number of directly elected representatives of the skilled and ordinary labourers who are permitted to attend the interviews in London is as follows :— Portsmouth ... 4 representatives. Sheerness ... 2 representatives. Devonport ... 4 3 Haulbowline... 1 i Pembroke ... 2 e Greenock......... I a Chatham ...... 4 3 : No decision is ever given at these interviews, and, though the representatives may be questioned, they are not permitted to ask any questions, nor is anything in the nature of discussion allowed. The Admiralty admits no bargaining, collective or otherwise. Some months after the interview the decision of the Admiralty is published in the form of an order. A considerable proportion of the Admiralty employees are members of Trade Unions, but the Admiralty still refuses to recognise or admit that any Trade Union has a right to speak for its members. It does, however, consent to receive deputations, on grievances affecting Admiralty employees, from the Trades Union ‘Congress, though not from any individual Trade Union. AGRICULTURE—ENGLAND AND WALES. BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES. Address: 4, 5,6and 8, Whitehall Place, S.W. (Other offices at 3 and 21, St. James’ Square, raat ; 43,540 Parliament Street, S.W.; and Craven House, Northumberland venue, W.C.) The Board of Agriculture and Fisheries controls all matters connected with farming, diseases of animals and plants, agricultural education, forestry, small holdings and allotments, and fisheries throughout England and Wales. It collects the annual returns of acreage and produce of crops, live stock, etc., and makes reports thereupon. President, Right Hon. the Earl of Selborne (£2,000). Permanent Secretary, Sir Sydney Olivier (£1,500). Parliamentary Secretary, Right Hon. F. D, Acland, M.P. (£1,200). 273 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. There are five sub-divisions :— (1) The Animals Division, dealing with their diseases, transport, import, and export. (2) Fisheries Division. (3) Intelligence Division, dealing with general farming subjects, agricultural education in England and Wales, and forestry. (4) Land Division, dealing with small holdings and _ allotments. (5) Statistical, Tithe and Establishment Division, dealing with statistics of acreage, produce, etc. The agricultural output of Great Britain, 1913, was valued at 4,150,800,000. Number of persons employed, 1,840,000. The Agricultural output of Ireland, 1913, £45,574,000. Number of persons employed, 984,000. Of the total area of the United Kingdom—76,646,977 acres— 19,414,166 acres were under crops in 1914 and 27,349,650 under permanent grass. FISHERIES. In 1911 the number employed in industry ...... 102,000 the number of sailing ships ............... 21,827 the number of steamships .................. 39155 Total value of fish caught in 1913 ....... sey tian 2,14,229,000 LocaLt FISHERIES AUTHORITIES. There are eleven Local Fisheries Authorities in England and Wales regulating the sea fishing within three miles of the shore. The largest area of jurisdiction is about 490 miles; the smallest about 80 miles. The chief powers are as follows :— To control, restrict, or prohibit any particular method of sea fishing. To prohibit or regulate the deposit of any substance likely to hurt sea fish. To fix the sizes at which shell fish may not be taken from a fishery. To protect shell fish laid down for breeding. These local authorities include practical fishermen, or persons chosen by them as their representatives. In Scotland all the fisheries are controlled by the Fishery Board for Scotland. In Ireland fisheries are administered by the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, while on the West Coast the Congested District Board takes care of the development and improvement of fishing. The expenditure on fisheries for the United Kingdom during the year ended March 31st, 1913, was as follows :— Board of Agricul- Department of Agri- ture and Fisheries culture and Technical (England and Fishery Board tor Instruction for Congested Districts Wales). Scotland. Ireland. Board for Ireland. £ £ £ £ IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, 575 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. England and Wales are divided into eleven educational provinces, each containing an agricultural college, where training can be obtained in all matters connected with agriculture. In 1912-13 1,269 students attended full courses at these institutes, while 570 took shorter courses. Technical advice is also given to farmers, and local problems are investigated. Day courses and evening schools in counties where there are no farm schools, and travelling dairy schools and instruction in manual processes are other activities undertaken by the Board of Agriculture. SMALL HOLDINGS AND ALLOTMENTS. The Small Holdings and Allotments Commissioners, in their latest report, state that up to December 31st, 1913, 179,204 acres had been actually acquired for small holdings by County Councils in England and Wales, of which 124,917 acres had been purchased for £4,074,885, and 54,287 acres leased for rents amounting to £65,442. Of this land, 157,883 acres had been actually let to 11,021 individual small holders and 476 acres sold to 42 small holders. In addition, 8,037 acres had been let to 61 Co-operative Small Holdings Associations, who had sublet the land to 1,424 of their members, and 3,314 applicants had been provided with over 44,000 acres by private landowners direct, mainly through the instrumentality of the Councils. The land that had been acquired, but which is not yet let in small holdings, will probably provide for another 917 applicants, and the Councils of County Boroughs have acquired 2,636 acres, of which 996 acres are let to 209 individual small holders and 97 members of Co-operative Associations. It appears, therefore, that the Act has resulted in the provision of land for 17,055 applicants in six years. During 1913 fresh applications were received by County Councils from 3,982 individuals and 15 associations. The total quantity applied for was 69,622 acres, showing an increase on 1912. During the six yeats since the Act came into operation applications have been received from 43,245 individuals and 89 associations, and the total quantity applied for amounts to 723,497 acres. A considerable number of the applicants, especially of those who applied in the first year, proved to be unsuitable for various reasons, mainly owing to lack of necessary capital, but 25,567 applicants have been provisionally approved as suitable, though it does not necessarily follow that it is possible to obtain holdings for them at rents which they are prepared to pay. A striking feature of the applications received is the continually increasing demand in certain counties in which it has been encouraged by an efficient County Council. The average price of the land purchased in 1913 was £32 12s. 5d. an acre, and the average rent of the land leased £1.4s. an acre. Norfolk maintains the lead with 1,045 tenants, followed by Cambridge with 931, the Isle of Ely with 870, Bedfordshire with 607, Somerset with 569, and Worcester with 496. Every Council, except that of London, has provided some holdings, but the following have not succeeded in doing much in that direction, viz., Westmorland with 9, Middlesex with 12, and West Sussex with 15. It is very largely true to say that the demand increases in proportion to the activity shawn in administering the Act. 476 IMPERIAL AND MATIONAL GOVERNMERT, How TO Get A SMaLt HOLDING. The County Councils vary very much in the way they deal with applicants for land, but no one is likely to secure a holding from a Council unless he has some experience of cultivation, and can find capital up to somewhere about £5 an acre. This capital need not all be in money; stock will be counted in according to its yalue. Moreover, competent applicants, who have not sufficient money, would be able to get land if they could obtain the money needed through a credit bank or some other source. If a man who wants a small holding has some experience, and can put his hand on the capital, he should apply to the Clerk of the County Council of the county in which he desires to take land. .A form asking for particulars of his requirements and qualifications will then be sent him, and when he has filled this in and returned it he will probably be interviewed by some members of the Council’s Small Holdings Committee; if the interview passes off satisfactorily he will be put on the list of approved applicants, and land should be found for him. If the Council does not quickly find him land, the applicant can appeal to the District Commissioner, to his local member of the County Council, or to the local Member of Parliament. The best course for applicants in any district is to band themselves together into groups, for it is far easier for the Council to deal with groups than with individuals. How TO GET AN ALLOTMENT. Any working man can apply for an allotment to his Parish Urban District or Borough Council, or to the parish chairman in small parishes where there are no Councils. These local Councils do not, as a rule, hold special inquiries, nor ask the applicant about his capital unless he needs a considerable holding of, say, four or five acres. No one has yet persuaded a Parish Council to build cottages on allotments as they have power to do, but it is to be hoped they will do so in the near future. If the local Council is not favourable, difficulties can be put in the way of applicants; so they also should, if possible, form a group. It is worth knowing that any public elementary school can be obtained free for a meeting to consider any questions relating to allotments. The Board of Agriculture have prepared leaflets on ‘‘ The Administration of the Small Holdings Act,’’ ‘‘ How to Obtain an Allotment or a Small Holding,” and ‘‘ Agricultural Credit Banks,”’ and have also published reports on the working of a number of holdings. AGRICULTURE— SCOTLAND. BOARD OF AGRICULTURE FOR SCOTLAND, 29, St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh. Minister responsible to Parliament, the Secretary of State tor Scotland. Chairman, Sir Robert P. Wright (41,200 to £1,500). This department deals, for Scotland, with the same agricultural business as the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries does for England and Wales. There is a separate Fishery Board for Scotland. IMPERIAL AND AATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 47 AGRICULTURE—IRELAND. BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND, 4, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, Vice-President (Minister responsible to Parliament), Right Hon. T. W. Russell, M.P. (£1,350). Secretary, T. P. Gill. Inspector for Irish Agricultural interests in Great Britain, R. M. Bowen-Colthurst (£500). CONGESTED DISTRICTS BOARD, 23, Rutland Square, Dublin. This Board was established in 1891 to attend to the problem of large congested areas of the West of Ireland, and to buy and deal with land, especially very poor or neglected estates. It also constructs ‘roads and bridges, opens fish-curing stations, develops female industries by means of training schools for lace, crochet, knitting, weaving, and domestic economy, and provides lessons in practical agriculture. ARMY—UNITED KINGDOM. THE WAR OFFICE, Whitehall, S.W, The War Office controls all matters in connection with the conduct of war, the upkeep of the Army, pensions to retired soldiers, their widows and children, and the manufacture of munitions and aircraft. The executive authority is the Secretary of State for War, acting by the advice of the Army Council. The responsibility for organising the defence of the Empire, and for co-ordinating the Army, Navy, and Colonial Forces, rests with the Imperial Defence Committee. This body, first appointed in Mr. Balfour’s Ministry of 1900-5, consists of the Prime Minister and such other Ministers and high officials as may from time to time be invited. It always includes the Secretaries of State for War and the Colonies - and the First Lord of the Admiralty. Secretary of State for War, Right Hon. Earl Kitchener (£5,000). Permanent Secretary, Sir R. H. Brade (£2,000), Parliamentary Under-Secretary, Right Hon. H. J. Tennant, M.P. (£1,500). Financial Secretary, H. W. Forster, M.P. (£1,500). ARMY COUNCIL. Secretary of State for War, Right Hon. Earl Kitchener (£5,000). Chief of the Imperial General Staff (First Military Member), Lieut.-General Sir J. W. Murray (£3,000). 478 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. Adjutant-General to the Forces (Second Military Member), Licut.-General Sir H. C. Sclater (£2,500). Quartermaster-General to the Forces (Third Military Member), Major-General Sir J. S. Cowans (£2,000). Master-General of the Ordnance (Fourth Military Member), Major- General Sir S. B. von Donop (£2,000). Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State (Civil Member), Right Hon. H. J. Tennant, M.P. (£1,500). Financial Secretary (Finance Member), H. W. Forster, M.P. (41,500). Secretary, Sir R. H. Brade (Permanent Under-Secretary of State) (£2,000). ROYAL ARMY CLOTHING FACTORY, Grosvenor Road, S.W. Chief Ordnance Officer, Colonel R. W. M. Jackson (£826). Medical Officer, Major H. A. L. Howell, R.A:M.C. (£493). ROYAL AIRCRAFT FACTORY, South Farnborough. Superintendent, M. O’Gorman (£1,400). ROYAL ORDNANCE FACTORIES’ CENTRAL STAFF, Woolwich. Chief Superintendent Ordnance Factories, Vincent L. Raven. Civil Assistant, J. T. La Brooy. Paymaster, C. Sendey. ROYAL GUN AND CARRIAGE FACTORIES. — Superintendent, Colonel C. P. Martel. ROYAL LABORATORY. Superintendent, Colonel Sir H. W. W. Barlow. Officers in Charge of Danger Buildings, Captains G. F. B. Turner and W. L. Browne. BUILDING WORKS DEPARTMENT. Superintendent, Major N. M. Hemming. Traffic Manager, Lieutenant L. H. Becher (temporary). Engineer (Railways), N. W. T. Gibson. Surveyor, G. J. Burns. Assistant Manager, H. G. Assister. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT. Superintendent, G. H. Roberts. ROYAL GUNPOWDER AND SMALL ARMS FACTORIES, Waltham Abbey and Enfield Lock. Superintendent, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel F. T. Fisher. IMPERIAL AND RATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 479 The following relates to the Army as before the European War, and is here inserted for the purpose of comparison. ARMY ORGANISATION, COST, AND ESTABLISHMENTS. The British Army was organised by Lord Haldane in two lines only: (1) The Regular Army, with its Reserve and Special Reserve (the latter replacing the old militia); and (2) the Territorial Force, constituted out of the Yeomanry and the former Volunteers. The object of the First Line is to furnish garrisons and field forces for India, Egypt, South Africa, and other places; to maintain at home a sufficiency of troops to supply drafts for the troops serving abroad, and out of the troops at home to constitute an Expeditionary Force, to be completed to war strength by the Reserve, while the Special Reserve takes up the work of making good the wastage of war. The object of the Second Line is to provide a force for home defence, with no obligation to serve abroad, but with the possibility that individuals and units may volunteer to serve abroad in case of hostilities. ARMY ESTIMATES, 1913 AND 1914, EFFECTIVE SERVICES, Net Estimate, Net Estimate, 1913-14. 1914-15, Pay, eG. OR AVI os tanita cs nas kann tee): 78,022 000 8,705,000 Medical Establishments—Pay, etc. .... 440,000 437,000 Special Reserve (including Officers’ Training COrps) ‘ass2 ces) scedss A Piogl 715,000 724,000 LOrritOrgae Orns sd iddiscds decd etaadd™.. 2,885,000 3,086,000 Establishments for Military Education.. 146,000 156,000 Quartering, Transport, and Remounts .. 1,694,000 1,732,000 Supplies apd Clothing oo ee.cssscseaves 4,507,000 4,388,000 Ordnance Department — establishments RUMP SOMCCREEIOEGS occ co's ones views s 720,000 : 621,000 Armaments, Aviation, and Engineer DME WGA clapa'e pb $635 6 05% bee d.ed.\, AsOT TOO se 1,732,000 WVORR BO FIUUCINGS foc. se ccsessencins 2,495,000 ii 2,791,000 Miscellaneous Effective Services.......- 66,000 ip 59,000 WEE IOC Faery hc cece tv eviataeecivscs 443,000 +“ 457,000 £24,281,000 £24,888,000 a SSS NON-EFFECTIVE SERVICES. Net Estimate, Net Estimate, 1913-14. 1914-15. Non-effective Charges for Officers ...... 1,849,000 eS 1,846,000 Non-effective Charges for Men, etc. .... 1,950,000 ae 1,977,000 Civil Superannuation, Compensation, and Compassionate Allowances ........ 140,000 134,000 Total Non-effective Services.... £3,939,000 £3,957,000 ne] See Total Effective and Non-effective PIOCVICED ae dss ia'd mpc t.6.9 9.9 9:9 3%4220j000 ess £28,845,000 Bo ica oo a 460 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. ARMY PAY. DAILY PAY (BRITISH ESTABLISHMENT), EXCLUSIVE OF ALLOWANCES. From To According to Regiment. s. d. s) ‘ad. Colonel or Lieutenant-Colone); 06.6049 sawed» vane en ee Om 24 9 Major: s2iv2s unk. 2200 cot Ae ate fad aes Se 16 0 18 6 Gaptain Sis crenets. as is fa et stews anes itt bole, Me 15 0 LICUIGUADL Lass cadences ata e cab ele trtte se oeek, re 9 0 Second LACUICUOUl sce as mcs v ack c senkaae om A a 2. oe 7S Fag ah CY 6 ana AS Sd a Ni wie ers Sern Ee ee | Oe 18 o Riding Master iivsiy's «o7%e bles aielels per week, + Bis aire BY HO Lee sae aud rae qe i 4 0 Be TK Dairy Le I 9g ue ” 5G se 7 Nb caiate micelle 2.1% nm oe DS ee ee Ol Chee Dat pie alt 2-87 Ge a A 9 aaa LOE One eee oe 3.6 - 59 AO FQ hey Fee ea ee seg O& ¥ A gE PS WE eh ee ee ee? ee 4 8 “ ai SEBAVOS Ser OS ee < 5 3 és io ted i) Tore ee lodexcks 5 10 - Limit for the dependent of a sergeant :~- The limit is raised to 16s. 6d. in the case of a colour-sergeant, to z2s. in the case of a regimental quartermaster-sergeant, and to 23s. in the case of a warrant officer, Class 1. PENSION FOR DISABLEMENT. Men disabled through war service are eligible for pensions varying according to rank and degree of incapacity. The rate for a private soldier totally incapable of earning a livelihood will be 25s. a week, with 2s. 6d. a week for each child (under age 16) born before discharge. PENSIONS FOR WIDOWS, CHILDREN, AND DEPENDENTS. Widows and children of men kilied in action or dying of wounds or injuries received on military duty, or of disease contracted or commencing on active service, are eligible for pensions. The private widow’s rate is 10s. a week, with an addition of 2s. 6d. a week at the age of 35s., and a further 2s. 6d. at 45. The first child (under age 16) receives 5s. a week, the second 3s. 6d., and each other child 2s. Motherless children receive 5s. a week each. Pensions or gratuities will be payable in certain circumstances to- other dependents of deceased soldiers, but the details are not yet settled. The Army in India consists of British Regular Forces, Indian Regular Forces, the various local corps, British Volunteers, Indian Army Reserves, Imperial Service Troops, and Military Police. IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 483 Recruiting is voluntary for three years, but the soldier usually re-engages, and often secures a career for life. During recent years Indian military expenditure has averaged about #19,500,000 annually. The Indian Forces of the second line are: the Volunteers, about 35,400 strong; the Imperial Service Troops, maintained by the Native States; the Frontier Militia on the north-west frontier; and the Military Police on that frontier and in Assam and Burma. The Militia’ and Police are under the civil power. The Territorial Force—Establishment and Strength.—The following figures show the establishment and strength, excluding permanent staff, of the Territorial Force, all ranks, provided for in the 1914-15 Estimates :— Establishment, 316,551; strength, 252,458. THE DEFENCE FORCES OF THE DOMINIONS. Colonial Military Systems are all framed primarily for home defence, no man being liable for service outside his country. Canada.—Under the provisions of the Canadian Militia Act, 1904, every Canadian between the ages of 18 and 60 is liable to military service, but. there is no compulsion. The Australian Defence Acts, 1909 and 1910, amended the Acts of 1903 and 1904, and were measures having for their object to enforce compulsory service on all able-bodied males. New Zealand.—The principle of compulsory military training was adopted by the Defence Act of 1909. South Africa.—A sum of £85,000 annually is contributed by the Union of South Africa towards the general maintenance of the British Navy. By the Defence Act, 1912, liability to military service in any part of South Africa is imposed upon the whole white male population up to the age of 60. Newfoundland.—Towards the maintenance of a branch of the Royal Naval Reserve Newfoundland contributes £3,000. AUDIT—UNITED KINGDOM. EXCHEQUER AND AUDIT DEPARTMENT, Victoria Embankment, E.C, Comptroller and Auditor-General, Sir H. J. Gibson (£2,000). The important work of auditing the public accounts is done by this department. The Treasury obtains its money through the agency of the Comptroller-General, who, upon the Sovereign’s order, countersigned by two Lords of the Treasury, gives the Lords of the Treasury a credit upon the Exchequer account at the Bank of England. The amount is then transferred by the Bank to the credit of the Paymaster-General. The Paymaster-General makes all payments required by the various Government Departments out of the money handed to him by the 484 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. Comptroller-General, as stated above. He is an unpaid official, and acts through the Paymaster-General’s office. The Comptroller-General examines and audits the accounts of the various departments to see that the credit given to the Treasury is spent in accordance with the Parliamentary grants, his report being presented to the Public Accounts Committee of the House of Commons. He occupies a position of great independence. He is not under the © control of the Treasury, or subject to any direction by the Cabinet. He is responsible solely and directly to the House of Commons. Estimated expenses of the department for 1914-15 were £68,235. BRITISH MUSEUM. Bloomsbury, W.C., and South Kensington, S.W. Director and Principal Librarian, Sir F. G. Kenyon (£1,500). The British Museum, subject only to the control of the Treasury as regards expenditure, is under the separate administration of a Board of Trustees, of whom the three principal are the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, and the Speaker of the House of Commons. This is one of the few cases in which the Board, as a form of administration, has remained a~feality. The trustees of the British Museum really meet and give orders. The British Museum contains one of the biggest and most valuable collections of books, manuscripts, antiquities, and natural history specimens in the world. It is open every day free to the public (except Christmas Day and Good Friday). It is estimated that about a million persons visit the Museum in the year. The reading-room contains about four million volumes, occupying over 40 miles of shelving, and the number of books is increasing at the rate of 60,000 per annum. Any person over 21 years of age can apply to the Director for a reader’s ticket for the reading-room for any purpose of study, but he or she must state the kind of work that it is wished to do there, and must enclose a recommendation from a London householder. The natural history specimens (mineralogy, geology, botany, zoology, and anthropology) are in a separate building at South Kensington. The annual cost of the maintenance of the British Museum was estimated at £195,273 for 1914-15. CHARITY COMMISSIONERS. Ryder Street, St. James’s, S.W. The Charity Commission was created in 1853 ‘“‘for the better administration of charitable trusts in England and Wales.’ Moneys left by will for charitable purposes, without any requirement for permanent investment,.are administered by the Commissioners. ~ Aggregate income for 1913, £9345533- Chief Commissioner, Sir Charles Cook (£1,500). Commissioners, A. F. Leach (£1,200) and Right Hon; GC.’ P. Allen, M.P. (unpaid). | IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GGVERNMENT. 485 CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, Burlington Gardens, W. Until 185 appointments to the Civil Service were made by nomination only, but from that date qualifying examinations were introduced. In 1870 the principle of open competition was adopted. During the year 1914 60,643 candidates entered for examination. Estimated Expenditure, 1914-15, £51,885. First Commissioner, S. M. Leathes (£1,500). Cemmissioner, H. W. Paul (£1,200). COLONIES. THE COLONIAL OFFICE, Downing Street, S.W. Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies, Right Hon. A. Bonar Law, M.P. (£5,000). Parliamentary Under-Secretary, A. D. Steel-Maitland, M.P. (£1,500). Permanent Under-Secretary, Sir John Anderson (£2,000). The salaries, etc., of the Colonial Office are estimated at £61,510 for 1914-15. The Colonial Office is responsible for the administration of our Colonies and dependencies (not including the Isle of Man and the Channel Isles, as to which the Home Secretary is responsible; nor yet India (with Aden:and Perim), which is under the Secretary of State for India; nor yet the Island of Ascension, which is under the First Lord of the Admiralty; nor yet the Egyptian Protectorate, which is under the Foreign Office). The Colonial Office is organised in three branches, I. The Dominions Division, dealing with the affairs of the self-governing dominions of the Empire, and with those Crown Colonies and Protectorates in the Pacific and in South Africa, which are intimately connected with the self-governing dominions. Emigration questions are dealt with by this department. Linked to it is the Secretariat of the Imperial Conference. II. The Crown Colonies Division, dealing with the administration and political work of the Crown Colonies and Protectorates. IiI. The General Department, dealing with the general routine business of the office and various matters common to all the Colonies, especially the Crown Colonies, such as currency, banking, postal, and telegraph matters, education, etc. The total trade of the British Empire with foreign countries was :— i a "904 DrpOPeNa sets. secs so 408,05 PORN esis 732,881,000 ...... 822,957,000 RXPOrtsy hs as closes. 3195795,000 ..... bia OE Gy 9S 8,000: 50.06 669,160,000 486 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. The trade of the United Kingdom with British Colonies and possessions was :— 1890 IQII Igi2 £ £ Eimports:: 3246206020. 101,080,000 ...... 215,540,000 ...... 236,316,000 Exports) 22: . cas: 106,515,000 ...... 192,374,000 ...... 218,267,000 The Inter-Colonial trade was :— r8a0 1QIt IgI2 iy b Eraports |y.5 sep ~ nosed 34,697,000 ...... 77,531,000 faa 83,585,000 ESTIMATED CAPITAL WEALTH. Uerted : Kingdom 9 2oocico snes san tedite- acces ee 15,000,000,000 Canada .., isas-b2s-cb bad=- ah heh canadienne 1, 350,000,000 PARSER ULSI G Se hace ae cea de ee 1, 100,000,000 Tihs... «on -cowab agape esunn te eee eee 3,000,000,000 Séuth ) Africa i hin aed 2a. et eee. De: 600,000,000 Remamder: of. Empire (227, 53sec 1,200,000,000 LOLA Vo bile) epee a ae ..+ £22,250,000,000 BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS. The area of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, exclusive of India, is 9,451,000 square miles—78 times the area of the United Kingdom. The population at the r9rr census was 56,845,000, the population of the United Kingdom being then 45,217,000. COLONIES IN EUROPE. Governor, Resident, Mail Transit Single Fares Name of Colony. Commissioner, ‘trom ; etc. England, England. Gibraltar .......... Gen. Sir Herbert Miles 4days.. oe (Governor and Com- mander-in-Chief) Maltatic isi foie te Gen. Sir Leslie Rundle 4days.. foto £14 (Governor and Com- mander-in-Chief) Cyprus . se yedan oss Major Sir J. E. Clauson 7days.. - (High Commissioner) COLONIES IN ASIA. Aden (under India Major-Gen. Sir James A. todays.. {21 to £38 Office) Bell (Political Resident); Lt.-Col. H. F. Jacobs (1st Assistant) Bahrein Islands Major S. G. Knox (Resi- as ae (under India Office) dent in Persian Gulf, Bushire) IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 487 Governor, Resident, Mail Transit singie F Fares Name of Colony. Coinmissioner, fro etc. Hagland, heed. British NorthBorneo C.W.C. Parr (Governor) 24 days.. ‘as Brubeiiive...beie . EF. W. Douglas (Resident) eatok a Ceylon Sir Robert Chalmers 16days.. £14 to £52 (Capital: Colombo) (Governor) Hong Kong........ Sir Francis Henry May 27-30dys £30 to £65 (Governor) Sarawak eseeeesees Hon. I. Kirkpatrick Caldi- 25-30dys cot, Hon. R.. Stair Douglas (Residents) Wei-hai-wei..... es. Sir J. H. Stewart Lockhart es (Commissioner) STRAIT SETTLEMENTS. Singapore “is .lis.. R. J. Wilkinson (Colonial 22 days.. Secretary) Labuan oF. 582, . Capt. Sir A. H. Young om (Governor and Com-— mander-in-Chief) POUR sal ees aes os A. T. Bryant (Resident 2odays.. Councillor) Malacts 2 fesse .. L.E.P. Wolferstan (Resi- 23 days.. dent) THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES. Perak +e aa (Capital: Taiping) Selaneor? 76% 005 ae as a Negri Sembilan .... ee . PAR ik sce s ae 7 Kelantan (Capital: W. Langham - Carter e Kota Bharu) (British Adviser — act- ing) Trengganu (Capital: W. D. Scott (British ee Trengganu) Agent) Kedah (Capital: Alor W. G. Maxwell (British Star) Agent) Perlis G. M. Laidlaw (British es (Capital: Kangar) Adviser—acting) WOES Je es 3G Capt. Sir Arthur Young 21days (High Commissioner) via Penang THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA. Governor-General, Viscount Buxton (£10,000). Premier, General the Right Hon. Lewis Botha. High Commissioner in London, Hon. W. P. Schreiner. ee ee £26 to {60 488 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. Secretary, T. Slingsby Nightingale, 32, Victoria Street, S.W. Area, 473,100 square miles. Population (census 1911), 5,973,394, Of whom 1,276,242 are European, 4,019,006 natives, and 678,146 other coloured inhabitants. By. the South Africa Act, 1909, the Colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony were united in a Legislative Union under one Government under the name of The Union of South Africa. There is an Executive Council to advise the Governor-General in the government of the Union. The Parliament consists of a Senate and House of Assembly. Cape Town is the seat of Legislature, Pretoria the seat of the Executive Government. The membership of the Union House of Assembly (as adjusted in accordance with the census of 1911) is: Cape, 51; Natal, 17; the Transvaal, 45; and the Orange Free State, 17. The membership of both Houses is limited to persons of European descent. The control and administration of mative affairs and matters affecting Asiatics in the Union is vested in the Governor-General in Council. Bills passed by the Union Parliament require the assent of the Governor-General, and may be disallowed within one year by the King. There is to be Free Trade within the Union as soon as the Parliament shall have made provision for it. The Union assumed the Colonial debts and the control of railways, ports, and harbours. In each of the provinces an Administrator, appointed for five years by the Governor-General in Council, represents the executive authority, There is a Council for each province, consisting of 25 members, or as many more as the number of members the province is entitled to send to the Union Parliament. Four members are elected by each Provincial Council to form, with the Administrator of the province, an executive committee. The election of senators and of members of the executive committees of the Provincial Councils is according to the principle of proportional representation, each voter having one transferable vote. Resident Commissioners and Colonies. Capitals. Administrators. The Cape .......... Cape Town .... Hon. Sir Nicholas F. de Waal. Natal ......ceeeee.. Pietermaritzburg Hon. C. J. Smythe Orange Free State .. Bloemfontein .. De A. E. W. Ramsbottom, The Transvaal...... Johannesburg .. Hon. J. F. B. Rissik. Basutoland ........ Maseru........ Sir H. C. Sloley (Kesident Commissioner). Bechuanaland Protec- Mafeking ...... Lieut.-Col. Panzera (Resident torate Commissioner). Swaziland .......... Mbabane ...... R.T.Coryndon (Resident Com- missioner). Rhodesia ...ssscccs \ ecvccccscsescsee F. Drummond Chaplin (Ad- ministrator of Southern Rhodesia); L. A. Wallace (Administrator of Northern Rhodesia). Mail transit to Cape Town 17 days. IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 7 489 ORDINARY FARES. Third class. Second class or saloon, Open Closed cabin. berths (men only) fue S baviS> ppetiderd ee SMG LOM oes deecaen viens ecket: FOU 22010 ae 9 9].10 I0 (17 to 20 days Mossel Bay and Port Elizabeth WUD: PTS a to18 18 | If If (About 23 days) East London...... re Se er js 28). 4:1 T3>239to.291 19}: Te 12 (About 25 days) Durban «is... Se Sey eRe Pe ; os 20 3b ta 14 102050 Lotents EMIGRATION TO SOUTH AFRICA. Note.—Owing to the war the labour market in South Africa is disorganised, and no one should go there now. In 1913 10,919 emigrants left the United Kingdom to settle in South Africa; and 10,534 persons left South Africa to settle in the United Kingdom. Assisted Passages.—On application by persons who are connected with the farming industry and are dond-jfide residents of the Union, the Minister of the Interior will be prepared, in his discretion, to arrange passages to the Union for European agriculturists and farm employees, together with their wives and children. Nominated Passages.—The Union Government grants reduced or assisted passages to the Union to the wives and children (excluding male members over 18 years of age) of persons permanently employed or established in the Union whose means are such that they require assistance to enable them to bring their families to South Africa. Working Out Passages.—Emigrants cannot work out their passages, except by leave of the shipping companies, which is seldom given. No Repayment Necessary.—Emigrants receiving assisted passages are not called upon to repay their passage money, and are perfectly free to work where and for whom they please, except when they have already entered into agreements for service. Best Time for Arriving.—In a climate like that of South Africa any time of the year is suitable for arriving—September perhaps for preference. December to February are the summer months, the seasons being the opposite to what they are in the United Kingdom. Demand for Labour. Appointments and Employments.—The High Commissioner in London cannot entertain applications from clerks, school teachers, engineers, or others desirous of appointments in South Africa; nor is he in a position to assist persons to obtain employment there. Appointments can only be obtained by personal application in South Africa. QI 490 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, Farm Labourers.--The labour employed upon farms—whether agricultural or pastoral—is almost exclusively that of Kaffir and other coloured races. The men are paid ios. to 20s. a month, with food and sleeping accommodation. Very few farmers are willing to offer such wages or furnish such accommodation as would satisfy Europeans, for whom, therefore, whether as shepherds -or farm labourers, there is, generally speaking, little or no demand unless they are willing to accept 2s. to 3s. a day, with board and lodging. British emigrants must also remember that in many farming districts of the Union the Dutch language is usually spoken. Shares System.—There is, however, a fair number of vacancies for experienced farm hands with a little capital on the “‘ halves’’ system, by which the owner of the land provides the necessary land, implements, and stock, and receives a half-share of all sales of produce, etc. Farmers.—There are fair openings in fruit growing, in stock farming, and in general farming for farmers with capital, but it is essential that everyone should have some experience of the country and local conditions before investing in land. Intending settlers requiring further information regarding agriculture should apply to the Department of Agriculture, Pretoria. General Labourers and Lads.—The same remarks apply to general as to farm labourers. There is very little market for unskilled British labourers; natives at 3s. to 3s. 6d. a day, and to some extent foreigners are generally employed. There are, however, considerable numbers of white labourers now employed on the railways doing work formerly performed by coloured labour. There is no opening whatever for men looking for work of a light nature, or for handymen, or for youths without a trade; many such persons are out of work, and have no prospect of getting any. Miners.—At Johannesburg miners have an increasing difficulty in finding work, and it must be remembered that only about 12 per cent. of the employees are whites. The diamond mines in the Cape, Transvaal, and Orange Free State Provinces employ many hundreds of skilled miners when they are at full work; the supply of miners at the present time is more than equal to the demand. At the coal mines coloured labour is mainly used, and the demand for white men is limited. Copper miners, when they are wanted at Ookiep in Namaqualand (Cape Province), where the principal copper mines of South Africa are situated, are procured from here on engagements of three years, and no one should go there unless engaged, as the local supply is quite equal to, or in excess of, the demand. Mechanics.—Most of the industries in South Africa are still undeveloped, and there is only a small margin between an under- supply and an over-supply of skilled labour. At Johannesburg many mechanics and others are out of work, and there is much distress. At Pretoria there is no demand; new arrivals in search of work should register their names with the Registrar Officer. In the Cape Province the demand for labour is poor. In Natal and the Orange Free State there is no demand for more labour. All mechanics, therefore, are cautioned against going to South Africa now. IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 49t Coloured Labour.—It should be remembered that large numbers of Malays and other coloured men (not including natives), especially in the Cape Province, now compete with whites as skilled mechanics at lower wages. The best class of white competes successfully with the coloured man, but the inferior classes of white workmen are not up to the average of the coloured men. The shoemaking and tailoring trades at Cape Town are largely in the hands of Malays and foreigners. Many blacksmiths also in all parts of the Union are coloured men, as well as large numbers of harness makers, brickmakers, navvies, gardeners, coachmen, upholsterers, stonecutters, bricklayers, plasterers, etc. As a general conclusion, it may be stated that competition between white and coloured labour in skilled or semi-skilled trades is greatest in the Cape Province, and, secondly, between white and Indians in Natal; in the Transvaal and Orange Free State skilled coloured men are relatively few. Trades.—Emigrants should remember also that trades are not so sharply defined as in this country; a carpenter, for instance, should be ready to act as wheelwright or cooper; or a plumber as a slater; or a bricklayer as plasterer, mason, or stonecutter. Shopmen and Clerks.—Clerks, shopmen, storekeepers, and others without a manual trade are warned against emigrating unless they have situations to go to, or have special experience in a particular line of business, or have means of their own. Railwaymen.—Railwaymen should not go out unless they are advertised for in this country. Wages per day are: Drivers, 1os. 6d. to 15s.; firemen, 6s. to gs. 6d.; guards, 8s. to 11s.; porters, 6s. to gs.; signalmen, 7s. 6d. to 12s.; and white labourers, 3s. to 5s. Female Domestic Servants.—For thoroughly good female domestic servants there is a demand at Cape Town, Kimberley, Johannesburg, Durban, and other towns, but the fact of native competition and of a strong prejudice held by European girls against this kind of service must be kept in view, male coloured labourers being usually employed as cooks and general servants and for laundry work. It may be stated, however, that any female servant, if of good character and industrious, especially if she is also a good plain cook, will have no difficulty in getting employment. In most houses a native or other coloured labourer is kept to do the more menial kind of domestic work. Governesses, Clerks, Shop Assistants, etc.—There is little demand for women teachers who are uncertificated, governesses, lady clerks, dressmakers, nurses, shop assistants, typists, working housekeepers, ladies’ maids, companions, lady helps, or lady housekeepers. Women emigrants, whether school teachers, governesses, clerks, etc.; should not emigrate to South Africa without first communicating with the South African Colonisation Society, 23, Army and Navy Mansions (No. 2), 115, Victoria Street, S.W. COST OF LIVING. As an offset against the high rates of wages in South Africa, it must be noted that the average cost of living is double that in England. EMPLOYMENT. The Emigrants’ Information Office does not find employment for emigrants. 492 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.. FURTHER INFORMATION. For further particulars as to crown lands, farming, mining, etc., see the Union of South Africa Handbook, with map, published by and to be obtained from, the Emigrants’ Information Office, price 1d., post free. Or apply to the Chief Clerk at the Emigrants’ Information Office, 34, Broadway, Westminster, S.W.; or to the High Commissioner of the Union of South Africa, 32, Victoria Street, London, S.W. BRITISH EAST AFRICA. Protectorates. Capitals. Governors, Commanders-in-Chief, etc. Egypt eoeeseosceewsenueane@ Cairo eeees ee Nyasaland ......+. .. Blantyre.. Sir George Smith (Governor and Commander-in-Chief). East Africa .......... Nairobi... Sir Henry Conway Belfield (Governor and Commander-in- Chief). Uganda.......see...5 Entebbe.. Sir Frederick J. Jackson (Governor and Commander-in-Chief), Zanzibar ....eeeeee+- Zanzibar... Sir Henry Conway Belfield (High Commissioner); Major Francis Barrow Pearce (British Resi- dent). Somaliland ...... «se. Berbera .. Geoffrey F. Archer (Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief). BRITISH WEST AFRICA. Colonies. | Capitals. Governors, Governors-General, etc. Gambia. d, ii'sa Feige Bathurst.. Edward John Cameron (Governor). Gold Coast Colony. . Accra.... Sir Hugh Charles Clifford (Gover- nor). NIGGER a bre’ t nin ome ite Lagos .... Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard (Governor-General and Com- mander-in-Chief), Sierra Leone ») . «0/050 . Freetown... Sir Edward M. Merewether (Governor). CANADA. The Dominion of Canada consists of the northern portion of the North American continent, except part of Labrador, which belongs to Newfoundland, and Alaska, which belongs to the United States. Its area is 3,729,665 square miles (nearly as large as Europe), of which 125,755 are water. Federal Capital: Ottawa, in Ontario. The population of the dominion at the 1901 census was 5,371,315. At the 1911 census it was 7,206,643. The French-speaking part of the population number 1,649,371, the large majority of them residing in Quebec; the Germans, 309,741. The Indians number 111,043. The Federal Parliament consists of two Houses. The Upper House is called the Senate, and its members are nominated for life. Twenty-four members are from Ontario, 24 from Quebec, 10 from Nova Scotia, 10 from New Brunswick, 6 from Manitoba, 3 from British Columbia, 4 from Prince E dward Island, 6 from Alberta, and 6 from Saskatchewan. The House of Commons is elected every IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 493 five years; it will consist at the next election of 234 members, 82 coming from Ontario, 65 from Quebec, 16 from Nova Scotia, 11 from New Brunswick, 13 from British Columbia, 3 from Prince Edward Island, 15 from Manitoba, 12 from Alberta, 16 from Saskatchewan, and one from the Yukon Territory. Senators and repiesentatives are paid #500 per annum, with a deduction of £3 for every day that a member is absent. The Governor-General, representing the King, receives 410,000 yearly, and is assisted by a Privy Council chosen by himself. The Prime Minister receives £2,400 and Cabinet Ministers and the Leader of the Opposition £1,400 each. In each of the provinces a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the Governor-General in Council, represents the executive authority. Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, Field-Marshal H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, etc. (salary £10,000), to be succeeded when the European War is over by H.S.H. Prince Alexander of Teck. Premier and President of Privy Council, Right Hon. Sir Robert Laird Borden. High Commissioner for the Dominion of Canada, G. H. Perley (acting), 17 and 19, Victoria Street, London, S.W. Secretary, W. L. Griffith. Imports, 1911, £109,470,000 ; 1912, £129,109,4303 1913, £135,960,00¢_ Exports, 1911, £63,000,000; 1912, £75,618,798; 1913, 486,317,931. Public Debt, 1913, 459,511,619. PROVINCES OF CANADA. Province. Capital. Lieut.-Governor. Agent-General. Ontario cai. +s Ottawa (Do- Colonel Hon. J. Richard Reid, 163, minion Capi- S. Hendrie Strand, W.C. tal, Toronto (Provincial Capital) Ouebec!..)..'.'. Quebec Sir Francois Lieut.-Colonel P. Langelier Pelletier 36, Kingsway, W.C. Nova Scotia .. Halifax Fon jis D: John Howard, 572, McGregor Pall Mall, S.W. New Brunswick Fredericton Hon.JosiahWood (Vacant), 37,South- ampton Street, Strand, W.C. Manitoba .... Winnipeg Hon. Sir?D.. 'C. — Cameron British Victoria Thomas Wilson J. H. Turner, Columbia .. Paterson Salisbury House, Finsbury Circus, EC: Prince Edward Charlottetown Benjamin Rogers Harrison Watson, islands... 73, Basinghall Street, E.C. Saskatchewan... Regina G..W. Brown — Alberta ...... Calgary Hon."Ge ASV. fohn. Ao eur, Bulyea 1, Charing Cross, CH 494 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. TERRITORIES. Territory. Commissioner, The North-West Territories .... F. White, Ottawa. The Yukon Territory .......... Hon. George Black. Mail transit, seven to ten days. ORDINARY FARES. From Glasgow, Liverpool, and London to Quebec and Montreal (from about April to November only), and to Halifax, Nova Scotia, or St. John, New Brunswick :— Third class or steerage... nan 46 10s. to £7 Second Gabinelt:. tac. Maslin mien ye £10 Children, in the second cabin, from 1 to 12 years, half-fare; under 1 year, #1 10s.; in the third class or steerage, from 1 to 12 years, half-fare ; under 1 year, 10s. EMIGRATION TO CANADA. In 1913 190,903 emigrants left the United Kingdom to settle in Canada and Newfoundland, and 26,401 persons left Canada and Newfoundland to settle in the United Kingdom. There are no free, assisted, or nominated passages given by the Canadian Government. According to numerous reports received from all parts of Canada, large numbers of skilled and unskilled labourers are out of work in the dominion at the present time, and it is undesirable for any emigrants, except competent farm labourers and female servants, to go there now. FREE GRANTS OF LAND. A free grant of 100 to 200 acres of forest land is made on conditions of residence and cultivation to any settler over 18 years of age by the Provincial Governments of New Brunswick and Ontario, and of 160 acres of prairie land in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Yukon, and some parts of British Columbia by the Dominion Government. Land may also be bought at moderate prices. The settler should have 358. per acre for working capital. 272, ee 1263,479 14,435, 500 1 152,291 |561,841/35,568,581 DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION. 6a, Dean's Yard, Westminster, S.W. Under the provision of the Development and Road Improvement Funds Acts, 190g and i1gio, eight Commissioners, styled the Development Commissioners, are appointed to advise the Treasury in the administration of a national fund for the development of agriculture, fisheries, and other analogous economic resources of the United Kingdom. The names of the eight Commissioners are :— J. Bury. Michael Andrew Ennis. Sir William Stavell Haldane. Alfred Daniel Hall. Sidney Webb. Lord Richard Frederick Cavendish (Chairman). Vaughan Nash (Vice-Chairman). Henry Jones-Davies. H.. E. Dale (Secretary, £1,000). The names are given in the order in which the Commissioners retire when their appointments of ten years have expired. One Commissioner (who, however, may be reappointed) retires every two years. The Commissioners are unpaid (with the exception of the Vice-Chairman and Mr. A. D. Hall, who each receive £1,500 a year). During 1913-14 the Commissioners recommended advances amounting in all to £767,387. Of this sum £472,793 was recommended for the development of agricultural and rural industries. It includes IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. - 599: advances of £28,650 for a veterinary laboratory for the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, £18,000 for buildings for the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, £28,675 in aid of a ten years’ scheme of tobacco experiments in Ireland, £10,325 for buildings. at Reading University College, and £10,000 for buildings at the Midland Agricultural and Dairy College. Assistance was given to the Sugar Beet Growers’ Society for the work of organising and instructing farmers in the growth of sugar beet and its dispatch to. the factory. For the development of forestry £91,114 was recommended. For the improvement of fishery harbours £134,070 was granted. For the development of fisheries £36,385 was recommended; the annual advances to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for research were renewed, and advances made to the Sea Fisheries Committees of Cornwall and Devon for experiments with motor-boats. EDUCATION—ENGLAND AND WALES. BOARD OF EDUCATION, Whitehall, S.W. This department of the Government controls all matters in connection with public education, primary, secondary, and technical, the provision of special schools for defectives, and of meals for necessitous school children. President, Right Hon. Arthur Henderson, M.P. (£2,000). Permanent Secretary, Sir L. Amherst Selby-Bigge (41,800). Parliamentary Secretary, Right Hon. J. Herbert Lewis, M.P. (£1,200). THE Cost oF PuBLic EDUCATION. The total expenditure of the 318 Local Education Committees in England and Wales for 1913-14 was £26,314,0908. ELEMENTARY EDUCATION. Elementary schools are of two kinds. ‘‘Council’’ schools are wholly provided and maintained by the Local Education Committees ; undenominational Bibie teaching only is given in these. In ** voluntary ’’ schools, the premises for which have been erected and must be maintained by voluntary subscriptions, definite religious instruction is permitted, provision being made for the withdrawal of children whose parents object. In other respects the schools are equally controlled by the Education Committees, and share equally in the public funds. The latest revision requires as the minimum for all new schools not less than ten square feet of floor space for each older child and nine square feet for each infant. The number of public elementary schools maintained by the locaf education authorities on July 31st, 1913, was, in England alone, 19,100 schools, with accommodation for 6,399,809 scholars, Of these 7,140 were ‘‘Council’’ schools, while 11,960 were ‘‘ voluntary” schools. During the year ended on that date there was a net increase of 142 in the number of ‘‘ Council’’ schools, and a net decrease of 82 510 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. in the number of ‘‘ voluntary ’ schools. In Wales the total number of schools was 1,867 (1,218 ‘‘ Council,’? 649 ‘‘ voluntary’’). During the year the ‘‘ Council’’ schools increased by 22, and the “ voluntary ”’ schools decreased by eight. “* HALF-TIMERS.”? Of the 71,718 school children who are employed during part of the ordinary school hours, and who receive instruction during the remainder, 41,014 are from Lancashire and 19,679 from Yorkshire. SPECIAL SCHOOLS. There existed in England and Wales on July 31st, 1914, 47 special schools for blind, with accommodation for 2,672; 48 for deaf, with accommodation for 4,531; 179 for mentally defective, with accommodation for 14,555; and 6 for epileptics, with accommodation for 496. Open-air and playground classes are now conducted under several authorities; children selected from congested areas are sent in the summer for varying periods to country or seaside schools; while permanent open-air schools have been established in various centres. SCHOOL FEEDING. The law providing meals for children attending public elementary schools is contained in the ‘‘ Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1906,’? and the ‘‘ Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1914.’ Below are given in the briefest form the essential words of both Acts :— WHO MAY BE FED? ‘‘A local education authority . . . . may take such steps as they think fit for the provision of meals for children in attendance at any public elementary school in their area, and for that purpose,”’ etc. (Section 1 of Act of 1906.) WHEN THEY MAY BE FED? ‘“When the local education authority resolve that any of the children attending an elementary school within their area are unable by reason of lack of food to take full advantage of the education provided for them, and have ascertained that funds other than public funds are not available or are insufficient in amourit to defray the cost of food furnished in meals under this Act, they may spend out of the rates such sum as will meet the cost of the provision of such food.”’ (Section 3 of Act of 1906.) WHAT DAYS MAY THEY BE FED? ‘““The powers of a local education authority under the Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1906, as amended by this Act, shall be exerciseable in respect of children attending a public elementary school within their area, both on days when the school meets and on other days.”’ (Section 2 of Act of 1914.) WHO PAYS? ‘‘ There shall be charged to the parent of every child in respect of every meal furnished to that child under this Act such an amount as may be determined by the local education authority, and, in the event of payment not being made by the parent, it shall be the duty of the authority, unless they are satisfied that the parent is unable IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. S11 by reasen ef circumstances other than his own default to pay the amount, to require the payment of that amount from that parent, and any such amount may be recovered summarily as a civil debt.” (Section 2 of Act of 1906.) THE TEACHERS’ POSITION. ‘““No teacher seeking employment or employed in a_ public elementary school shall be required as part of his duties to supervise or assist, or to abstain from supervising or assisting, in the provision of meals or in the collection of the cost thereof.” (Section 6 of Act of 1906.) Up till March, 1913, 101 local education authorities had been authorised to spend money from the rates to provide food for necessitous school children. MEDICAL INSPECTION. Most of the 324 local school authorities have undertaken a more or less systematic inspection of scholars by their Medical Officers for several years past. By the Education (Administrative Provisions) Act, 1907, inspection of each scholar on admission to a public elementary school, and afterwards as the Board of Education may direct, was made compulsory. In England and Wales 1,234 qualified officials are in part or whole time medical service of the schools. One hundred women doctors, of whom two are principal officers, are engaged in this work, and 1,237 nurses (855 whole time) have been-appointed to: 287 areas. The total number of children estimated for inspection in England and Wales was 1,900,000. . NATIONAL UNION OF TEACHERS. The National Union of Teachers was founded 1870. Objects: (1) To promote the spread of education; (2) to bring practical knowledge to bear on educational legislation; (3) to unite the school teachers in a strong professional organisation; (4) to watch the interests and advance the welfare of schools and teachers. ‘The union provides legal advice, defence, and assistance for its members, professional advice and protection against unjust management or inspection of schools. Its organ is the ‘‘ Schoolmaster.’? Conferences are annually held at Easter. The 45th annual conference was held at Lowestoft April 13th to 16th, 1914, the president being Mr. W. B. Steer, of Derby. The union now has 91,418 members; its income for 1914 was £53,969, with a legal assistance fund of £9,346 and a Parliamentary fund of Z11,512. The N.U.T. Examinations Board conducts commercial examinations annually and issues teachers’ diplomas in various subjects. There are a provident society, benevolent fund, orphan fund, and orphan homes in connection with the union. Over £25,000 is raised yearly for benevolent purposes. Secretary, Sir James Yoxall, M.A., M.P. Offices, Hamilton House, Mabledon Place, Euston Road, W.C. SECONDARY EDUCATION. The secondary school branch of the Board of Education was formally constituted on April rst, 1g03. It began in a very small way, but its growth has been continuous and rapid. A strong body of secondary school inspectors has. been created, and this inspects, besides the 532 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. grant-aided schools, a large number of others which seek recognition for efficiency. The branch administers nearly three-quarters of a million of public money, of which over half-a-million goes in direct. grants to secondary schools as such. Grants are paid as follow: £2 for each scholar between 10 and 12 years of age, who had been for at least two years previously under instruction in a public elementary school; £5 on account of each scholar between 12 and 18 years of age. On July 31st, 1913, there were in England alone 808 grant-aided schools, of which all but 46 are free from denominational religious restrictions, are under effective popular control, and are open as regards a certain number of places (usually 25 per cent.) without payment of fee to children from the public elementary schools. — SECONDARY TEACHERS’ ORGANISATION. The principal associations and societies of secondary teachers are :— The Head Masters’ Conference .. 12, King’s Bench Walk, Temple, F.C. Incorporated Association of Head Master's > i000, SSE? ..+ 37, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C, Incorporated Association of Assis- tant Masters in Secondary WOHOOIS “Ass ser ecceges tas me -- 35, John Street, Bedford Row, W.C. Association of Head Mistresses... 61, Great Ormond Street, W.C. Incorporated Association of Assistant Mistresses in Public Secondary Schools .......... 23, Berners Street, W. Teachers’ Guild........ re he ith FeOGower Streets ie: Association of Teachers in Tech- nical Institutions ........... . 55, Filey Avenue, Upper Clapton, N. Federal Council of Secondary . School Associations ...... soe» 37, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C. TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS, SCHOOLS OF ART, EVENING SCHOOLS. There were in England and Wales in 1912-13 26 technical institutions, and grant was made on account of 1,246 students. The Board of Education holds examinations in science and technology. These were held in 1913 at 446 centres; there were 2,164 candidates for the higher examinations. For the lower examinations there were: 6,784 candidates. EDUCATION IN LONDON. By the Education (London) Act, 1903, the control of all education, primary and secondary, passed into the hands of the London County Council. The London County Council spends annually about six millions on education, £5,000,000 on elementary, and 41,000,000 on higher education. The receipts from Government grant and other sources amount to about 1,750,000; the rest of the cost falls on the ratepayers. It is claimed that the ‘“‘ scholarship ladder” is broader and more complete in London than in any other place in the world. IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 513 There are three main classes of scholarships, which number altogether about 10,000, varying in value from free schooling up to as much as £00 a year :— (1) County scholarships. (2) Technical and trade scholarships. (3) Scholarships for those desiring to enter the teaching profession. SCHEME FOR ORGANISATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH. The Government has recognised the special need existing at the present time for the home production of certain articles and materials (such as dyes) required in trade processes for which Great Britain has hitherto been dependent on foreign countries and on Germany in particular. A Committee of the Privy Council has, therefore, been formed, and this will in turn be assisted by an Advisory Council of scientific men, who will submit proposals for instituting specific researches and for establishing or developing special institutions for the scientific study of problems affecting particular industries or trades. It is also proposed to award Research Studentships and Fellowships. Twenty-five thousand pounds has been voted for purposes of the scheme. The first members of the Advisory Council are: Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S.,. LL.D. ;0G...., Beilby, F.R.S., LL.D.;..W- Duddell, ¥.R.5,3 Professor B. Hopkinson, F.R.S.; Professor J. A. M’Clelland, F.R.S.; Professor R. Meldola, F.R.S.; and Sir William S. M’Cormich, LL.D. (Administrative Chairman). EDUCATION—SCOTLAND. In Scotland education is under the control of the Scottish Education Department, which is under the Secretary for Scotland (Right Hon. T. McKinnon Wood, M.P ). Secretary, Sir John Struthers (£1,200 to £1,500). Offices, Dover House, Whitehall, London, and 14, Queen Street, Edinburgh. The local authorities for elementary education in Scotland are School Boards, popularly elected. The total income of the 952 School Boards for the year ended Whit-Sunday, 1913, was £4,278,062. Primary and High Grade Schools.—)During the year ending August 31st, 1913, in these schools there were 845,879 scholars on the register. For the second time the number showed a decline on the preceding year, due to emigration and declining birth-rate. Of these 21,683 were between 14 and 15, and 8,138 above 15. Secondary and Technical Education.—Secondary education in Scotland is controlled by 6 Burgh and 32 County Secondary Education Committees, who administer funds provided under the Education (Scotland) Act, 1908. Their total income for 1912-13 was £133,008. The amount received from the department was £110,186. R 514 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. The expenditure is on bursaries to enable scholars in the thinly populated districts to attend the secondary schools established at various centres. Attendance at a day school or a continuation class is compulsory up to the age of 16. Special Schools..—There existed on August 31st, 1913, 24 schools for blind and deaf mute children. EDUCATION—IRELAND. In Ireland elementary education is under the control of 20 Commissioners of National Education, with an office in Marlborough Street, Dublin. Resident Commissioner, Right Hon. W. J. M. Starkie (£1,500). Chief Inspectors, J. McNeill, B.A., and T. P. O’Connor, B.A. (£750-£800). Elementary Education.—The Commissioners of National Education in Ireland, in the 79th report, state that on January rst, 1913, there were §,289 schools in operation, with an average of 699,945 pupils on the register, and an average daily attendance of 512,862, of whom 18,271 were above 15 years of age. The aggregate expenditure on the schools from all sources was 41,668,424, giving an average of £3 5s. 7d. for each child in attendance. Of this amount £139,578 was received from local sources. The grants to training colleges amounted to £63,921. The National Commissioners have complained for some years that the Treasury grant is wholly inadequate, more especially in respect of the building and improvement of the national schoolhouses. While the proportion of trained teachers continue to increase, the number of schools and of scholars still declines. During 1912 the Irish language was taught in 2,576 schools, and bilingual instruction was given in 202. There are no higher grade schools in Ireland. EDUCATION—WALES. The administration of elementary and secondary schools in Wales, and also that of the Welsh University Colleges and the Museum for Wales, is under the Board of Education, which has a distinct branch for Wales. Secretary, A. T. Davies (£1,200). ECCLESIASTICAL—_ENGLAND AND WALES. THE ECCLESIASTICAL (AND CHURCH ESTATES) COMMISSIONERS. Address: Millbank, Westminster, S.W. Secretary, S. E. Downing. There is no Government department for the Church of England, though it is ‘‘ by law established.” The Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and the 38 Bishops and 37 Suffragan Bishops, together with IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 515 the Deans and Canons, and some of the rectors and vicars of parishes, are appointed by the crown on the authoritative ‘‘ advice’ of the Prime Minister, whilst other rectors and vicars of parishes are appointed by the crown on the authoritative ‘‘ advice ’’ of the Lord Chancellor. The doctrinal creed, the prayer book, and the principal rites of the Church are defined by Acts of Parliament. The Archbishops, Bishops, and ““proctors’’ or representatives of the clergy meet in Convocation, which sits as an Upper and a Lower House, but has practically no legislative powers. There is also a House of Laymen, elected by the congregations, having no legal powers. The only office in the nature of a Government department for the church is the Ecclesiastical (and Church Estates) Commission, the main function of which is the management of Church estates, out of which are paid the stipends of the Archbishops, Bishops, Deans, Canons, and many of the rectors and vicars of parishes. The balance is applied to endow or increase the ‘‘ livings’”’ of the clergy. Among the Commissioners are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the 38 Bishops, the Lord Chancellor, the Lord President of the Council (the Privy Council), the First Lord of the Treasury (the Prime Minister), the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and certain laymen belonging to the Church of England. There is a separate Commission for the affairs of the Church in Wales. The gross income from Church estates for the year ended October 31st, 1913, amounted to £1,729,102 and the outgoings to £292,534. The following are the principal payments and appropriations out of the common fund :— 4 Annual payments to about 7,500 benefices ..................2.208- 9373304 Payments to Bishops from incomes of Bishops’ estates ...... 104,463 BME © TICS ES) CLG Jaca cess cis ole yskapdaap patune ass oaenesasnes 151,066 Amount appropriated to endow or increase benefices and RIMSPOM CR DALGONECCSs CLCG cicicn cc starn nek dg sae fepnsene’s+veeren 404,027 £1;596,860 FINANCE—UNITED KINGDOM. THE TREASURY, Whitehall, S.W. The Lords Commissioners of the Treasury control the expenditure of all Government departments (except the India Office, which is charged on the revenues of India), and are specially responsible for the Post Office, Inland Revenue, Customs and Excise, and Stationery Office. The duties of the First Lord (who is usually Prime Minister) are mainly political, as also are those of the Parliamentary Secretary and the Junior Lords. The duties of the Chancellor of the Exchequer are mainly financial; after agreement with the heads of the great spending departments, he arranges for the great collecting departments to provide sufficient moneys to meet the needs of the year. The papers are laid before Parliament in the form of a Budget, which the 516 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, Chancellor expounds to the House, these plans being accepted, modified, or rejected by the House. The Treasury exercises strict control over the expenditure of every Government department (except the India Office); and no expenditure-—especially no scale of wages or salaries—can be decided on without its approval. First Lord of the Treasury, Right Hon. H. H. Asquith, M.P. (£5,000). Chancellor of the Exchequer, Right Hon. Reginald McKenna, M.P. (£5,000). Lords Commissioners, G. H. Roberts, M.P., Hon. G. W. A. Howard, M.P., W. C. Bridgeman, M.P., and W. Rea, M.P. (unpaid). Financial Secretary, Right Hon. E. S. Montagu, M.P. (£2,000). Joint Parliamentary Secretaries, J. W. Gulland, M.P. (£2,000), Lord Fdmund Talbot, M.P. (£2,000). Joint Permanent Secretaries, Sir Thomas I. Heath (£2,000), Sir John S. Bradbury (£2,000). Estimated Cost of Administration, 1974-15, £108,263. THE THIRD WAR BUDGET: SEPTEMBER, 1915. BALANCE SHEET, 1915-16, as proposed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer :— £ Revised estimate of revenue ..............2ccceeeceeeee 272,110,000 Revised estimate of expenditure ..................066 1,589,706,000 1,317,596,000 Bev ee : & Estimated yield of proposed alterations of taxation, postal, telegraph, and telephone RATES VER iousccs tur ics hace Osuna ioe eve Rea aL 32,904,000 * TIOECIL ORE et oie ac danas Bacchi oe £,1,284,692,000 In 1914-15 the realised deficit was £334,000,000, giving ar estimated combined deficit for the two years of £1,619,000,000. Adding the amount of the pre-war debt, with an allowance for the effects of conversion and for loss on stock issued at a discount, Mr. McKenna estimated the Dead Weight Debt at the close of the financial year at £2,200,000,000. There must be deducted from this total any repayments on account of external advances made to the amount of £,423,000,000. CHANGES IN TAXATION. An increase of the existing duties on tea, cocoa, coffee, chicory, dried fruits, tobacco by one-half. The Customs duty on sugar to be increased from 1s. tod. to gs. 4d. per cwt., and an excise duty of 7s. per cwt. to be imposed. Proportionate increase on molasses, glucose, saccharin, etc. An increase of 3d. per gallon for motor spirit. The duties on patent medicines to be doubled. An import duty, without and corresponding excise duty, at the rate of 33} per cent. ad valorem, IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 517 or at specific rates corresponding to that rate, on imported motor cars and motor cyles, cinema films, clocks and parts, watches and parts, and musical instruments. Rates of income tax payable for 1915-16 increased by 40 per cent. for the second half-year. Allowance of relief from additional duty where income has fallen more than 1o per cent. Limit of exemption from income tax reduced to £130. New scale of abatement introduced. Basis of taxation under Schedule B (charged in respect of the occupation of lands) changed from one-third to the full amount of incomes above £8,000. the annual value. New rates of super-tax on A tax of 50 per cent. upon excess of profits over pre-war standards in the case of trades, manufactures, and businesses. Changes in postal, telegraphic, and telephone charges. ESTIMATED YIELD OF ALTERATIONS OF TAXATION. 1915-16, Full year. £ £ ga ee ee Aa hse ene nese eave FxQGOG,DO0, ss.) (AinOOOGO SUPAT cies s Cv eases e rere cen skein Pant HgsOO,000 © wal ES: 700,000 SSRI Cu dia a's « s otale thence oo decd bie ale 2,300,000 ee 5,100,000 Motor spirit ...... Tae So wd Aa outas «6 550,000 .. I,100,000 Newiimport D0Hes 255 side's cain gas , 4,000,000) 52)! '35950,000 Other Customs and Excise Duties .. 390,000 .. 720,000 Income Tax ...... SPCETIX Wcgican's ag ota aw ete ow ie 11,274,000 .. 44,400,000 pavableesud weds ao )tyl FO,0O0 112% 2,685,000 excise Proute Lax vis oes cay xe aes 0); 0,000,000: i+. 30,000,000 £30,924,000 £102,155,000 REVENUE. Receipts, 1914-15. pene 1915-16. iff CS real or tee ict cde AS OOOO S. 48°G30,060 Pe ROTORS. a ua tea ae ee Estate Duties, etc. Vadeees amass acsiitd2 473,000, s«'/ ds050;000 Peete acace ts ee. AO 402,000 “ss | 30000, 000 PMTs do a Vadis clb s «cn ass aes ss ~ 7,577,000 +. 6,500,000 weet tee ys kee SR 4 Pe tral AF 1,930,000 .. 1,990,000 faouse’ Doty’... . Peeve New here 630,000 .. 660,000 Income Tax (including Super-tax) . 69,399,000 .. 116,424,000 meecess FLONtS Tax Se. ee Pe Sh — -. 6,000,000 Land Value Duties eS see ee 412,000 .. 350,000 Total receipts from taxes .... 189,305,000 .. 265,674,000 Postal Service® 2.8.6. aC A Ne » 20,400,000 .. 24,205,000 Mm BlePEADD /SEryine. 2 sh .cc's ci. adc 3,000,000 .. 3,370,000 Telephone Service. <.i.%..+ aes | 6,250,000 .. 6,705,000 Crown Landsi. i o2's.airaes See ha 545,000 .. 530,000 Snez Canal Shares, tc. occ eae oes 1,277 ;000 ©. 603) 2, £00,000 PRISOPRAREOUS: Oy oan ee ab tates st F&M QT, 006) AAS 30,606 Total receipts from non-tax revenue ..-. eS EmvEee eS 37,389,000 ..- 39,340,000 TOTAEUREVENUEN. oti. £226,694,000 £305,014,000 In 1913-14, the last year of peace, the total tax revenue was #,163,029,000, and the receipts from non-tax revenue 435,214,000. 518 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, EXPENDITURE. Payments, 1914-15. wang Ss 1915-16. 2 National Debt Services .......... 22,669,000° .. 67,085,000 Road Improvement Fund ........ 1,528,000 .. 525,000 Payments to Local Taxation Ac- COUNts es Sa LT. kG. ake 9,529,000 .. 9,600,000 Other Conkdlidated Fund Services: 1,693,000 .. 1,800,000 ATOVY Ti td SSL SOS Beloiume oe... HonySit PoG. Villiers 2.5.08 4. 2, Rue de Spa, Brussels. Bulgarians e.i0:. Siri Oe Bax Lronsid@ piccscesassoad Sofia. MIM A Serer perce Sede Mer MORGAT ars ccsccernstucnsonsy: Peking. Denmark ......... Sir HCG Lowtherieses tania .. Bredgade, 26, Copenhagen. GTOECCEN 6 eens NT ena) Plea PULILOLN Paar pcvareesc sees Athens. Mexicdwtowtsdcss: CaO NGA TET Se eG abs ngny 3A, Calle de Lerma, Mexico. Montenegro...... AU UIGE LEy OEMS aoe sire dincsh sen tncste Cettinje. Netherlands ... Hon. Sir A. Johnstone ............... 12, Hooge, Westeinde, Hague. NOPWa Yew seco ons Meme, CABindlay. 2: cceaiadsadeees ine Christiania. Panama i scitadis mole oe Ga Miatlep oe ui. coat ote lat Panama, OTSA kane clang: Sig Wika, LOWDICY cote Mosctecnoesees Tehran. Portugal 2.2 .<:%. Hons! Di Carhegioriensuk ace 63, Rua de Sdéo Francisco de Borja, Lisbon. Rumania ..,....:. SIM DALGlAY. line iossenahacgenetet eas 21, Strada Jules Michelet, Bucharest. Sérpiakyt..1is as GES, Graz tAre,. AM atl he Belgrade. Diana.) 3s seest CDSN eel d GPertctes SER TTT Eee eo ee ee Bangkok. Sweden............ Fesine VV pHoward . cscs ccadaposcadhe .. Strandvagen 17, Stockholm. Switzerland...... eres CrP AlatLUEL Seve cess socas soap veacees 50, Thunstrasse, Berne. On the outbreak of the European War our Ambassadors were withdrawn from enemy countries. 520 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, FOREIGN EMBASSIES AND LEGATIONS IN LONDON. Embassies. Ambassadors. Consulate-General. American......... Dr. Walter H. Page, 123, Victoria 42, New Broad Street, E.C. © Street, S.W. PECRCH (302) cesars Monsieur Paul Cambon, Albert 51, Bedford Square, W.C. Gate House, Hyde Park, W. Talian ee Marquis Imperiali di Francavilla, 20, Grosvenor Square, W. Japanese ......... Katsunosuke Inouyé, ro, Gros- 1, Broad Street Place, E.C. venor Square, W. Russian ............ Count Benckendorff, Chesham 30, Bedford Square, W.C. House, S.W. Spanish sissy Senor Don Merry del Val, 1, 40, Trinity Square, I.C. Grosvenor Gardens, S.W. Legations. Envoys, Ministers, etc. Consulate-General. ASLENUNE 3)... Senor DonVincente J. Dominguez, 601, Salisbury House, E.C, 2, Palace Gate, W. Belgian’ 27.3304) Count de Lalaing, 15, West Halkin 40, Finsbury Square, E.C. Street, Belgrave Square, S.W. Bulgarian ......... Monsieur P. Hadji-Mischev, 51, — Queen’s Gate, S.W. Chinese............ ae Ke Alfred Sze, 49, Portland 88, Fenchurch Street, E.C. ace, W. PAMISN eos ccmasccs Monsieur de Grevenkop-Casten- 8, Byward Sireet, E.C. skiold, 29, Pont Street, S.W. CATOOK I. eee rte Monsieur J. Gennadius, 14, De 40, Old Broad Street, E.C, Vere Gardens, W. Mexican .......... Senor Don Miguel Covaribias, 98, Finsbury Pavement House, E.C. Cromwell Road, S.W. Netherlands ... Jonkheer de Marees van Swin- 12, Blomfield Street, E.C. Norwegian ...... deren, 45, Hill Street, Mayfair, W. Monsieur Benjamin Vogt, 25, The Boltons, S.W. 22, Great St. Helens, E.C. POLSIAN Gice aides Mirza Mehdi Khan, 22, Queen’s 82, Victoria Street, S.W. Gate Gardens, S.W. Portuguese ...... Senhor Texeira Gomes, 12, Glou- 6, South Street, Finsbury, E.C. : cester Place, W. Serbian 9 sic... Monsieur Boschkovitch, 195, oe : Queen's Gate, S.W. Siamese ......... Phya Sudham Maiiri, 23, Ashburn 5, Whittington Avenue, E.C. Place, S.W. Swedish ......... Count H. Wrangel, 73, Portland 63, Finsbury Pavement, E.C. Place, W. SWISS bie soiranoesees Monsieur Gaston Carlin, 3, Port- 3, Portland Place, W. land Place, W. PASSPORTS. At the present time, during the war, it is practically essential to be furnished with a passport before leaving the United Kingdom for any foreign country. Applications for Foreign Office passports must be made to ‘‘ the Passport Office, Foreign Office, Downing Street, London, S.W.”’ _ Passports are granted to such persons as are known to the Secretary of State, or recommended to him by some person who is known to him; or (in the case of natural-born British subjects and persons naturalised in the United Kingdom) upon the production of a declaration by the applicant in the form to be obtained from the Passport Office, verified by a declaration made by a member or official of any banking firm established in the United Kingdom, or by any mayor, magistrate, justice of the peace, minister of religion, IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 521 barrister-at-law, physician, surgeon, solicitor, or notary public, resident in the United Kingdom. The applicant’s certificate of birth may also be required. Foreign Office passports are not available beyond five years from the date of issue. Fresh passports must then be obtained. Note.—Passports issued before the beginning of the war are not available, and a fresh application must now be made. N.B.—A statement of the full requirements of foreign countries with regard to passports may be obtained upon application to ‘‘ the Passport Office, Foreign Office, London, S.W.”’ FORESTS—GREAT BRITAIN. WOODS, FORESTS, AND LAND REVENUES, 1, Whitehall, S.W. Commissioners, Right Hon. the Earl of Selborne (ex-officio, unpaid); George G. Leveson-Gower (£1,500). The functions of this department are the care of the crown woods and forests, the afforestation of uncultivated areas, and the training of woodmen. The extent of the crown forests and woodlands on the 3oth September, 1913, was as follows :— Naine. Area in acres. pele TVG ed OTOSE sik. arcing. sonva~ was nes) i < MTs toe 235758 PACE ELOIE: WOKS 1) 8. .; deb dees sagt iieaeae ee bs dS 1,884 WY SPONIIOE AOROSEy oy 55 eet unis ss odes. aya sakes Feed « 856 PRET WN OTE Ss feud is Na ceuckvs. bxbagk seus ape th iode. «deen g ann 1,413 PEAT RMP) WOES 620. Po. Fy ee hukt eae tea hy dsr 1,050 PGCE ORI ek oo ap see ons Wa dhe Lda) « Avdoeea eK: Hp 2b 15,184 ware Meadow Woods ' 242 isi. Sesicis Pity eh 35349 NR NY COTE 5 4 5s Soh Daas ui is in edeb eb aiibien Pace p tele 618 MMII L A VNMONT Gd) bo iS ucrin ol waititastonie eb os 298 EMC ERTVELOGOSA icy. of, vies tage: hadd. sedi tees tees 35154 Bpelerrieee WV OOS /s.k6 belt ac ted ko da hee coated 2,105 RRMerE SORE sth. or fh ceri dn) sls walaeth. conta yin tin dy ol 1,258 Berisetporongn:. WO0dS)) i. sccssve.- ibs Lutes peda. Sener 487 RM WIL” VU COGS) iiacisiurie ow sc0uidy oes devatenkipm st. deere 845 inverliever! Estate: (Scotland): ii iiic2. eek ae giesiSdernty 1,004 Eiaiod Pawt :Mstatej sig... ci isus resis LARP a ek Socadanel 157 FP MRR SERE PSTN IONE aca y oon vat Peat es savin gun eee Mar araraacans 53850 ae)’ g eb ei Sati es RE ER ROL NORRIE 720 fsle' of Man’ Plantations 7/0 i 792 BMiscellaneotis. Woods 3. 121145 2.0. omen 978 PPC, eV Le RH yg ai ee oa at 65,766 acres. Facilities for Instruction.—In January, 1904, the Commissioners of Woods and Forests established a school of forestry in the Forest of Dean, at Parkend. The school is for working youths and men only, between the ages of 20 and 25. The course of instruction extends over two years, beginning in October each year, and only twelve students Ryd 522 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. can be admitted each year, preference being given to young men in the crown employ. Students are paid 15s. a week. The subjects taught include sylviculture, the protection and management of woodlands, preparation of plans, measurement of timber, felled and standing, forest botany, surveying, and accounts. Applications for admission should be sent to the Deputy Surveyor, Forest of Dean, Whitemead Park, Parkend, near Lydney, Gloucestershire. United Kingdom Consumption of Timber.—In 1913 the United Kingdom imported £33,788,884 worth of unmanufactured wood and timber. Of this total £20,181,033 was sawn fir wood and £2,910,657 was furniture wood (mahogany and other sorts). In addition, there was imported £3,583,187 worth of manufactured wood and timber (including furniture), made up of £601,918 worth of cabinet and joiners’ work, including house frames and fittings, and £2,981,269 worth of woodware, turnery, etc. (See also Development Commission.) FRIENDLY SOCIETIES— UNITED KINGDOM. THE REGISTRY OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. Central Office: Dean Stanley Street, Westminster, S.W. This is the department (subject to the Treasury, which is responsible for Trade Union and Friendly Society rules. It is more than three-quarters of a century old. 511,000 94,000 | 38,000 22,000 ny Centralised Societies— | . Mei 43 Binet « pee | 1,816,000 221,000 | 250,000 | 169,000 Women... ae ae 625,000 132,000 | 125,000 22,000 Trade Unions— 4 RCH oar oy oie oig:c ¢ 0 arate 949,000 | 140,000 54,060 |; 90,000 BVA CHITTOST 0 oa fa aso. ok pias | 206,000 | 14,000 | 8,000 6,000 Industrial. and Collecting | | Societies— | | INE CAT ane dsl ani twin a acai 2,559,000 315,000 |, 88,000 154,000 AN OMECR: ORE Eee 1,865,000 | 189,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | | | | Employers’ Funds— cy MGM neue de nema e 52 |. - 79,000 3,000 i. °. 3.aa ae 600 WOME? Saree. Shes 25,000 3,000 | 189 | 45 Kingdom in receipt of Sickness Benefit at any one time is about 290,000; the number receiving the benefit in a year is 3,600,000, at a cost of about £131,000 per week, i.e., 46,300,000 per annum. Maternity Benefit.— Benefits paid per week, 17,000—i.e., 887,000 per annum, at a cost of £1,472,000.. The number of women insured on their own account is 4,077,000, and the wives of insured men are about 5,000,000. Sanatorium Benefit, i.e., treatment for tuberculosis in every form in special institutions or otherwise. There were at the beginning of 1914 available for cases, 1,139 beds in permanent institutions, 4,209 in provisional institutions, and 356 dispensaries. Only 7,870 out of 52,065 applicants have been rejected. (For full particulars on National Health and other forms of Insurance, see Part VIII., ‘‘ Socta, INSURANCE.’’) (For particulars on Unemployment Insurance, see Unemployment {Part II.) and Part VITI., ‘‘ Socrar INsuRANceE.’’) IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 533 LANCASHIRE. THE DUCHY OF LANCASTER. Office: Lancaster Place, Strand, W.C. Chancellor, Right Hon. Winston L. Spencer Churchill, M.P. Vice-Chancellor, D. Stewart Smith, K.C. The Duchy of Lancaster was presented by Edward III. to his son, John of Gaunt, and with the accession to the throne in 1399 of John of Gaunt’s son as Henry IV. the Duchy became a crown possession. It is now a valuable property in lands, royalties, fees, etc., and forms part of the income of the King. The revenue of the Duchy of Lancaster was £29,000 in 1847, and amounted to £108,016 in the year ended 31st December, 1913. The contributory items are: Rents and profits of courts, £61,050; Royalties. and Dues, £37,874. Expenditure: £12,283, outlay for the benefit of the estate; £1,266, restoration of ancient castles; £7,530, deducted under various Acts and charities; £2,000, salary of the Chancellor; and £6,251, expenses of management. The sum of £61,000 was paid (for the King’s use) to the Keeper of his Majesty’s Privy Purse, on which income tax is paid. The Chancellor of the Duchy has practically no official duties, and the post corresponds practically with that of ‘‘ Minister without portfolio,’? common in other countries, where.such a Minister is. available for assistance wherever required. The justices of the peace for the county (Lancashire), and also the Vice-Chancellor of the Palatine Court (a local court of justice), are, however, appointed by the Chancellor of the Duchy instead of by the Lord Chancellor, and the Sheriff of Lancashire is also appointed by him annually, instead of by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. LIGHTHOUSES AND PILOTAGE— ENGLAND AND WALES. THE SERINE PY: HOUSE Tower Hill, E.C. The Brethren of the Trinity House—incorporated in 1514 by Henry VIII.—now act :— 1. As the General Lighthouse Authority for England and Wales, the Channel Islands, and Gibraltar, dealing with the lighthouses, light-vessels, buoys, beacons, fog-signals, and removal of dangerous: wrecks from our shores. There are district stations at Blackwell, Sunderland, Yarmouth, Harwich, Ramsgate, Cowes, Penzance, Milford Haven, Cardiff, ‘and Holyhead. 2. As the Chief Pilotage Authority, having the management of all matters relating to pilots and pilotage in the London, gies Channel, and certain other districts on our coast. 3. As an Ancient Corporation possessing estates and almshouses,, and awarding pensions and bounties to distressed mariners and their widows. 534 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 4. As Nautical Advisers two of the Elder Brethren in turn assist the judges in the Admiralty division of the High Courts of Justice in determining marine causes tried at law. | The Elder Brethren consist of members of the Royal Family and statesmen, retired officers of high rank in the Royal Navy, and commanders in the mercantile marine, as shown in the accompanying list: Master, the Duke of Connaught; Deputy Master, Captain Sir H. Acton Blake; Elder Brethren, King George V., Captain Sir G. R. Vyvyan (retired), the Right Hon. Lord George Hamilton, Rear-Admiral Hector B. Stewart (retired), the Earl of Rosebery, Captain A. E. Bell, Captain A. S. Thomson, Captain A. W. Clarke, Captain R. Hoare, Captain L. H. Crawford, Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, the Earl of Selborne, Prince Louis of Battenberg, Captain O. P. Marshall, Captain T. Golding, the Right Hon. H. H. Asquith, M.P., Prince Arthur of Connaught, the Marquess of Crewe, Captain G. R. Mansell, R.N., the Right Hon. Winston Churchill, M.P., Captain Owen Jones, R.N.R.; Scientific Adviser, Lord Rayleigh. The income of Trinity House derived from light dues levied on shipping entering and leaving British ports amounts to £300,000 per annum, which is expended in the maintenance of the lighthouse and coast-marking system of England and Wales under the financial control of the Board of Trade. LOANS—GREAT BRITAIN. THE PUBLIC WORKS LOAN BOARD, Old Jewry, E.C. The Public Works Loan Board was created in 1817 for the purpose of advancing money to municipal authorities for public works. It lends also to ‘‘ public utility societies’ and to individual landowners for lasting improvements to estates. Chairman, E. Norman (unpaid). In 1914-15 1,982 advances were made for sums amounting together to £4,698,602. Of this £981,659 was employed to provide dwellings for the working classes in various parts of England, Scotland, and Wales, £646,375 was advanced for the purchase of small holdings, and £10,514 for allotments. (See also Development.) A municipal authority, when granted a loan, pays interest varying from 43 per cent. to 5} per cent., and undertakes to repay the sum in periods varying from 20 to 8o years. LOANS—IRELAND. Ireland has its separate Loan Board. In 1913-14 advances were made for sums amounting to £402,224, of which £132,653 was employed in the provision of dwellings for the working classes. Address : Office of Public Works, Dublin. (See also Agriculture and Development Commission.) IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 535 LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD— ENGLAND. Whitehall, S.W. This department was established by the Local Government Board Act, 1871, and superseded the Poor Law Board, which had dealt only with Poor Law matters, and had existed since 1847, when it took the place of the Poor Law Commissioners, created in 1834. The Local Government Board is the central department for Poor Law, for much of public health, and for some other local government matters for England and Wales. The Board never meets, and the whole power is exercised by the President. The expenses of the Board for the year 1914-15 were estimated at £5 302,356. President, Right Hon. Walter H. Long, M.P. (£5,000). Parliamentary Secretary, Right Hon. W. Hayes Fisher, M.P. (£15500). Permanent Secretary, Sir H. C. Monro (£2,000). (For the LocaL ADMINISTRATION Bopires, their powers, duties, revenues, and methods of election, etc., see Part VII., ‘‘ Local Government.’’) LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD— SCOTLAND. 125, George Street, Edinburgh. Ex-officio Members.—The Secretary for Scotland (President), the Under-Secretary for Scotland, and the Solicitor-General for Scotland. Appointed Members.—Vice-President, Sir George McCrae (£1,200 to £1,500); Legal Member, Ewan F. Macpherson (advocate) (£1,000 to £1,200); Medical Member, W. Leslie Mackenzie, M.D., D.P.H. (£1,000 to £1,200). This is a real Board, which meets, discusses, and decides on policy. The President, as Secretary for Scotland, has, however, power to overrule the other members if and when he chooses. Secretary, John T. Maxwell (£700 to £900). LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD— IRELAND. Custom House, Dublin. Estimates, £109,728. President, Right Hon. the Chief Secretary. Vice-President, Right Hon. Sir Henry A. Robinson (£1,800). Secretary, A. R. Barlas (£1,000). (See also Agriculture.) 536 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.. METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE. South Kensington, S.W. Director and Chairman of Committee, W. N. Shaw, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S. (£1,000). Annual Expenses of Administration, £20,000. The Meteorological Office was established in 1854, and is under the management of a Committee appointed by the Treasury. The office is charged with the duty of collecting meteorological reports by telegraph from stations in the British Isles and their immediate neighbourhood, including wireless messages from ships of the Royal Navy and from liners, with a view to issuing warnings and forecasts of the weather. It also collects for public use statistics about the weather from land stations in the British Isles and elsewhere, as well as from ships of the Royal Navy and mercantile marine. This office also administers the Observatories at Kew and Eskdalemuir, Dumfries. MBE E ene OF WAR. 6, Whitehall Gardens, S,W. This Ministry was established in May, 1915, for the purpose of furthering the efficient manufacture, transport, and supply of munitions for the present war, and for purposes incidental thereto. Minister of Munitions, Right Hon. D. Lloyd George, M.P. Parliamentary Secretary, Dr. C. Addison, M.P. Parliamentary (Military) Secretary, Major-General Ivor Phillips, L733.0).5) Me General Secretary, Sir H. Llewellyn Smith, K.C.B. Assistant General Secretary, W. H. Beveridge. ~ Labour Supply Department (6, Munitions Supply Department Whitehall Gardens) deals with (Armament Building, Whitehall Labour questions, controlled Place, S.W.) deals with all establishments, limitation of questions regarding maufacture profits, munitions tribunals, etc. and output. The country has been divided into seven districts called munitions areas, with a district office in each area. The National Advisory Committee on War Output (6, Whitehall Gardens: Right Hon. A. Henderson, M.P., Chairman, and Mr. W. Mosses, Secretary) is a representative Trade Union Committee, whose primary function is to assist in carrying out the agreement entered into at a conference of Trade Union representatives, held at the Treasury in March, 1915, with respect to relaxation of union rules and trade customs in order to accelerate output, and also generally to watch over the interests of Trade Unionists engaged on munitions manufacture in so far as they are affected by the Munitions of War Act. IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 537 NATIONAL DEBT OFFICE. 19, Old Jewry, E.C. Comptroller-General, W. G. Turpin (£1,500). The National Debt is administered by the Commissioners, who are the Speaker, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Master of the Rolls, the Lord Chief Justice, the Paymaster-General, and the Governor and Deputy-Governor of the Bank of England. Expenses of administration fer 1914-15, £13,056. The total gross National Debt on March 31st, 1914, was 4707;654,110, against which must be set the value of the Suez Canal shares (£34,929,000), other assets (£3,350,578), and Exchequer balances (£10,434,519), a total of £48,714,097, leaving the net amount of the debt at £658,940,013. POLICE—SCOTLAND. The police force in Scotland is wholly under the control of the several local authorities. There is, however, a Scottish Constabulary Office (Bellwood, Perth), through which the Secretary of State for Scotland arranges for periodical inspection and for the distribution of the grant in aid. The approximate aggregate strength of all the forces for 1914 was §,859, with 250 additional police employed privately. Inspector, Major A. G. Ferguson (£750-£850). Cost of Police.— £522,881, of which £342,881 falls on local rates. Wages of Pelice Constables.—From 23s. 11d. to 37s. 11d. per week. POLICE—IRELAND. ROYAL IRISH CONSTABULARY. Offices: Lower Castle Yard, Dublin Castle. Unlike the police forces of Great Britain, that of Ireland is centralised under Government control and wholly paid for from national funds. The approximate strength of the Royal Irish Constabulary for 1914-15 was: 236 head constables, 6,691 sergeants, 382 acting sergeants, and 8,177 constables; total, 10,486. It is a semi-military force, drilled and disciplined as soldiers, living in barracks, and armed with rifles, swords, bayonets, and revolvers. Inspector-General, Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain (£1,500 to £1,800). : Cost of Police.— £1,369,292. Wages of Police Constables. From 23s. to 31s. per week. 538 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. THE POST OFFICE. Chief Office: St. Martin’s-le-Grand, E.C. The Post Office shows an annual profit of about 45,000,000. It also receives large sums for duties and taxes on behalf of the Inland Revenue Department, for certain licences for the Customs and Excise Department and the County Councils, and for National Insurance on behalf of the National Health Insurance Commissioners and the Board of Trade. The Post Office also pays old age pensions. The administrative expenses of the Post Office were estimated at 426,151,830 in 1914-15. Postmaster-General, Right Hon. Herbert Samuel, M.P. (£2,500). Assistant Postmaster-General, H. Pike Pease, M.P. (£1,200). Secretary to the Post Office, George Evelyn P. Murray (£1,750). Controller of the London Postal Service Department, Sir Robert Bruce, C.B. (£1,000 to £1,200). Controller of the London Telephone Service, G. F. Preston ({goo to £1,100). POST OFFICE STATISTICS. The number of postal packets delivered in the United Kingdom during the year ended March 31st, 1914, was estimated as follows :— Letters va. asinesyast- cele teg dhe eter nies dete 33477,800,000 Postcards. . gish.:knscs spy dye beasau ten herel inemmmries te 926,500,000 Halipenny wnackets. iy cisices ots eee eee 1,172,300,000 INEWSPaPelS oo. ace. + <0 chen eeaeeeass pee ieee 207,100,000 PArCOls PIS Sali. 2. A fan neon Ore aes 132,700,000 The letters show an increase of 5.4 per cent., as compared with increases of 3.5 per cent. in 1912-13 and 4.6 per cent. in 1911-12. The increase shown by this year’s figures is the largest recorded for many years. The number of letters delivered per head of population continues to increase, and has now reached the high figure of 75 per annum. POSTAL RATES. INLAND POSTAL SERVICES. Within the United Kingdom, including the Orkney and Shetland Islands, the Channel Islands, Isle of Man, and the Scilly Isles. LETTERS. NGREXCEGCINE "T0207... baseadh + AAO 1 OP Getman Empire, 32,2... 32.0 se) $1.0 7... G0.8.'5% | One RPPR CE he ea o IQD *.. | 20.1 “83. TO,5.) 4. TQsO”* ote pe ee Italy sense eaees SIF ee 33.7) ve 32.7) oa) \SBISS ota AGStiia oe liye 34.245 33.89.20 293.5 we QRIG I ee United Kingdom -26.3.%.. 26.6 “i. 25.7 ..0°S500/)00 | aa IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 549 ROADS—UNITED KINGDOM. THE ROAD BOARD. | The Road Board (constituted under the Development and Road Improvement Funds Act, 1909) have power to make advances to highway authorities for the construction of new roads and the improvement of existing roads. The Board have also power themselves to construct and maintain new roads, but so far their powers in this direction have not been exercised. The following are the members of the Board: Sir George S. Gibb (Chairman) (£3,000); Secretary, W. Rees Jeffreys (£1,000); Manager and Engineer, H. P. Maybury (£1,500). Offices, Queen Anne’s Chambers, Broadway, Westminster. INCOME, 1913-14. e Prom MOlOr-spirit "Cuties fr). ae can ts 789,703 Prony Cattiape-licence Cuties 1... .5 1. .eisw gregh ses 605,248 Prom anterest from investments. |... ..... 6.0... 0.2 ee 171,162 Up to March gist, 1914, the Board had made or indicated grants and loans amounting in the aggregate to 45,181,708, and, in addition, had intimated their willingness to assist the construction of a new western approach to London, which is to be five miles long and 8oft. wide, and which will start from Chiswick and join the Bath Road at Hounslow. The mileage of public roads maintained by local authorities in England and Wales in 1911 was 150,671, of which 118,642 were ‘‘ rural roads.’’ The amount expended (otherwise than out of loans) upon their maintenance and repair was £8,804,183, the average cost per mile being £50. Loan charges amounted to £3,773,323. The mileage in Scotland was 24,816, and the cost (including loan charges) 41,242,765. The Irish mileage was 58,334, and the cost (including loan charges), £1,080,794. The grants and loans made to March 31st, 1914, were apportioned to the foHowing objects :— - Prpemvedient Of TOA CLUSts ....0 60. csecss eet en ses pect vankas 2,289,036 Road widenings and improvement of curves and URE eho Ma betel alls hs eis ap on bag vaidd cies by aches ned opt 175,150 MURA TN GT SETS MAR EM oo 3b cccleed icq ntee tees eager tse aeas 56,939 Reconstruction and improvement of bridges. ......... 67,172 PRG Meee esti ANG, TIDE OS foto onan wen ehvnciedes aesmesn ane’ 83,498 Potal s% EMRE HAG pata GILG eG ar pit Meme poet £,2,639,691 The number of accidents caused by vehicles in England and Wales in 1913 WaS 39,793, as compared with 34,186 in 1912. There were 1,743 fatal accidents in England and Wales. 219 fatal accidents in Scotland. 137 fatal accidents in Ireland. 58° BOARD OF What are commonly called the ‘‘ King’s Taxes,” and also the Stamp and Death Duties, are managed by the Commissioners of Inland Revenue. Functions include raising of revenue under the following heads :— Income tax. Super tax. Land tax. IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. REVENUE: NATIONAL. INLAND REVENUE, Somerset House, W.C, Duties on land values and the following duties, viz. : Estate. Legacy. Also the adjustment of sums raised on the Local Taxation Account, compensation under Licensing (Consolidated) Act, rg10, and annual Succession. Corporation. Stamp. Inhabited house. Probate (and Inventory) and | Account. licence value under the Finance Act, 1910. Chairman, Sir E. Nott-Bower (£2,000). Deputy-Chairman, N. F. Warren Fisher (£1,500). Commissioners, J. P. Crawley, H. De la Bere (each £1,200). This is a real Board, but much under the control of the Treasury. Estimated cost of administration, 1914-15, £2,207,320. DEATH (ESTATE) DUTY. In 1904 Sir William Harcourt revised the Death Duties, and the new Estate Duty was made applicable to property of all kinds, real and personal, and whether included in a settlement or not. were heavily increased by Mr. Lloyd George in ro09. The following is the scale of duties in the case of persons dying after the 15th August, 1914, where the principal value of the estate— £ Exceeds ry) 500 ss 1,060 ry) 5,000 ms 10,000 me 20,000 9) 40,000 60,000 3 80,000 56 100,000 a 150,000 i 200,000 4 250,000 bs 300,000 si 350,000 re 400,000 ry 500,000 be 600,000 2 800,000 93 1,000,000 be) ee J 100 and does not exceed be) 33 e Estate duty. 01 MN oe ey I per cent. 1,000. “hy. ewe hak ROOD. 3 «akin bale a ty 1050007"... cea Faas co 2000" isos ie ieee GOQjS000" nde eee ee 60,000 tae P eet 80,0005 th..s 4 eae Si 100,;000:. eae Oren TEQIOOO Huish eens TOs*sle 200,000! Fa ctics bie attaotl tl cary 260,000.) v.tn. cae 35.5 cee 300,000 © (anata £3 es $50,000 1 se teaeee Td ore ADO OOD e! ti a. poate ate 96 oe EO0;000 "cin aee 9 gael 600,006. oie ee i ee SO0jO00'", LATER Te s7F 5, NOOO OOO TE Fon. OL ro 3° The duties IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 551 Legacy Duty.—Where property is left to— A husband, wife, or descendants (small legacies SINE CMSESLES CREMIPEY co oh ce ar eih esc ts panhne ge ited mnie ee Duty 1 per cent. Brothers, sisters, or their descendants.................. i. age PREM OE DOTEOUS. «5, cuenaradso bere ear eeu ede eh ener te Adan ic aputy INCOME TAX. The income tax year ends on the sth April. (1) RATES. | | Rates for Rates for Rates 1915-16 Ig16-17 chargeable | (representing eebpeennite ae under first | an addition | an addition Finance Act, | of40percent. | of4opercent. 1915. for the second | for the whole half-year). year). General rate on unearned income | gs, d, Pane and on all incomes exceeding £O500- DEF BNNUM.. vib sso ke ks Rate on unearned income where total earned and unearned in- | come— | Deesot exceed’ £'300'. vir. S20 1 Exceeds £300 and does not SROEE LOO. oi) esis eas SR PRN 279 B08 fo) Sago Rate on earned income where total | earned and unearned income— Does not exceed £1,000. ..2.../1 6_..;, Exceeds £1,000 and does not exceed £1,500..s.secsaeeees! RG ca3 ig A 2 Se Sy | | ‘aes - i ie be nN Gin thef 3 ointhef£ | 3 6in the £ bo > oT N Ke) OK = Ke) ot bo He Oye Exceeds £1,500 and does not | exceed £2,000......se000004/2 0 if a7 ae Ags, eS Exceeds £2,000 and does not | 298 » 3 Bb Or: OE ROO a sac A aig din noe eh A nies | (2) ABATEMENTS AND ALLOWANCES. RIAAG: £T30 gen ges esl + Ne Ge Pea Poe ear Be Soe we th Lg ay Abatements on incomes— Abatement. Exceeding £130 and not exceeding £400 .. £120 ” £400 . £600 an £100 » £600 x PO egy Allowances :— Life Insurance Premiums up to one-sixth of total income. £20 in respect of each child under 16 where total income does not exceed {500, See IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. (3) COLLECTION BY INSTALMENTS. The tax is now collected by half-yearly instalments in the case of individuals or firms engaged in trades, professions, or husbandry, and by quarterly instalments (with quarterly assessment) in the case of employees. (4) SUPER-TAX ON INCOMES OVER £3,000. Rates. On the first three thousand pounds of the income— OR L2rh0Gie | dase rim baietale ee ke Nil. 3 stds Pie Aa BO i: ches nike dee oh ja a Re hiaiuaitise ro in the £ Oa the fourth thousands eas4 oss... Sek eka T tz * 3) whet the a: bai Nee Saree es € ve ha BERLE Mit hak tomes Me ATURE NS ES I 10 Ny xo bt EMISOA GLE. | bop 0! 07 a cg aah a lee eae aoa a BY oe 7 » eighth eh | oS) ial ea eae a cia 2. oy sa marie sg ik oe) aaa aie aa Re RE athe ae 2 10 hi », tenth RR ee ee ctr a ay aF > Memainder. <. cde eee ee reat Be ¥ (5) EXCESS PROFITS TAX. A tax of 50 per cent. on any sum by which the profits or gains arising from any trade, manufacture, concern in the nature of trade, or business (including agencies) in any business year ending on any date between ist September, 1914, and ist July, 1915, exceeded the profits on the income tax assessment for 1914-15 by more than £100, The Chancellor of the Exchequer, in his speech introducing the Budget on the 21st September, 1915, said that this general liability may be adjusted on appeal on any of the following grounds :— First, if the profits assessed to income tax for the year 1914-15 are less than 6 per cent. on the capital employed by the proprietors in their business on 5th April, 1914, that percentage of their capital may be taken as their datum line. Next, where, in the case of businesses mainly carried on before the war for supplying under Government contracts munitions of war and war materials, less than a fair return has been made on the proprietors’ capital in the preceding three years, the datum line shail be determined by a tribunal specially appointed. The third condition of which account must be taken is where additional capital has been invested during the war period. In such a case an allowance will be made for the capital invested. In the same way capital, invested in the three years prior to the war, which has been unremunerative during that period, may be also a subject of allowance. In ordinary circumstances the Chancellor said, 6 per cent. would be the rate of interest applicable to the two last cases, but, on appeal to a tribunal specially appointed, this rate of interest may be exceeded for any special reason, such as rapid depreciation, obsolescence, or the fact that the capital employed is useful for war purposes only. IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 553 EXAMPLES OF INCOME TAX AND SUPER-TAX, 1916-17. Where income wholly earned. | Where income wholly unearned. Income. Tyg ee Ach et mae ont Amount of tax. [Virtual rate. Amount of tax. Virtual rate. £ / Fray Sea © d. 7 da ey d. 2 eee Lo tot 2.1 1,310.90 | 2.8 I40 Nee ee 3 3.6 2°360:.0 4.8 I50 gage CG 5.0 4546 | 6.7 160 Aas oO 6.3 5 12 0 8.4 180 iis als 8.4 | 8 8 o Lik 250 13 13 0 3.7 134 0 17.5 300 1S2S)"'0 15.1 26 arrg 20.2 400 29° 3) 19 17.6 45 14 8 27.4 500 42 0 O 20.2 65 6 8 Caer I,000 I05 0 O 25.2 175 0 O 42.0 2,000 280 0 Oo 33.6 350 0 0 42.0 3,000 525 0 Oo 42.0 525 0 O 42.0 4,000 am oi 7195 Pee 40.7 7,000 ros — 1,579 3 4* 54.1 10,000 mo — 2,520). 31045 60.7 40,000 | — — 13,029. 3. 4" 78.2 75,000 | = _ 25,279 3 4° 80.9 100,000 — — 34,029 3 4* 81.7 * Income tax and super-tax. INHABITED HOUSE DUTY. On inhabited houses, occupied as farmhouse, public-house, coffee-shop, shop, warehouse, or lodging-house of the annual value of— £20 and not exceeding f{4o ...... ekuveras a. Doty) 2dpia tien Over #40 and not exceeding £60 ......ssceceseses rh RE eens Enh Gina ty si npilee wine ea 64s sa gcsye hip baiaaiate © shit, ae ars Other houses of the annual value of— £20 and not exceeding {40 ........ eleceiderwie's sp. Saree Over £40 and not exceeding {60 ........ Aaiehnae bs xh: ORS SME whi creas be ensies uy eh cach verse hee hs Fi, GOCE: The gross assessments to income tax have risen from £601,450,977 in 188t-2 to £1,111,456,413 in 1912-13. Allowing for a corresponding rise in the incomes not assessed and in the wages of manual labour, we may estimate the national income for 1912 at not less than £2,200,000,000. The population in 1911 being 45,221,615, the average annual income is about £482 per head, or £195 per adult man. In 1840 it was about £203, in 1860 £26 1-5th per head, and for 1gos-6 it was estimated at £46} per head. Rent of Land and Houses.—The total profit from the ownership of lands, houses, tithes, etc., as assessed for income tax in 1912-13, SI 554 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. was £270,536,396; the rents of mines, quarries, ironworks, gasworks, waterworks, canals, fishings, shootings, markets, tolls, etc., amounted to £47,042,115. STATISTICS OF INCOME AND INCOME TAX IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.* During the past few years there has been a rapid increase in the gross income reviewed by the Inland Revenue for income tax purposes. The figures are as follow :— Gross income reviewed. Taal | £ -1903-04 | 902,758,585 1904-05 912,129,680 1905-06 | 925,184,556 1906-07 | 943,702,014 1907-08 980,117,000 1g08—09 | 1,009,935,926 I9O9Q-IO | I,OII,100,345 IQIO-II | 1,045,833,755 IQII-I2 | 1,070,142,343 IQI2-13 | 1,111,456,413 | - Virtual rate of Income on which Net produce | tax levied on tax received. of tax. | . each: £ of ; taxable income. : ae ees | £ d. 615,012,373 | 28,188,067 9-24 619,328,097 | 30,966,404 10.07 632,024,740 | 31,601,237 10,06 640,048,238 | 32,002,412 10.05 671,313,000 | 32,380,000 9.72 693,323,082 | 33,408,754 9-73 686,812,104 37,679,902 11.00 697,074,032 38,344,767 10.98 | 720,640,587 | 39,631,630 10.98 |. 79919772947 | 4574477 4 110 / SUPER-TAX, YEAR 1912-13.—Classification of incomes and number of ~ persons assessed to super-tax :— Class. Total incomes Number of Exceeding. Not exceeding. assessed. persons, f £ £ 5,000 An 10,000 eis 53,650,399 7,796 I0,000 BS 15,000 26,172,805 2,166 15,000 Sie 20,000 14,453,302 840 20,000 be 25,000 10,371,341 466 25,000 si _35,000 11,644,083 399 35,000 45,000 715595339 193 45,000 55,000 5,431,099 ae 108 55,000 65,000 3,520,482 Fa 60 65,000 75,000 2,628,094 L, 38 75,000 100,000 5,423,001 ae 62 100,000 y — 12,744,342 gis 74 ROLL ce Phid'e uti £153,589,287 £12,202 * The Chancellor of the Exchequer estimated the number of income tax payers for 1913-14 at 1,190,000, as against 950,000 ten years ago, and the taxable income per income tax payer at £780, IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 555 STATIONERY AND PRINTING—UNITED KINGDOM. STATIONERY OFFICE, Princes’ Street, Storey’s Gate, S.W. The duties of the Stationery Office include the supply of books and stationery to Parliament and the various Government offices and departments, and the supervision and control of the printing, etc., required by them. All ‘‘ Blue Books’’ and Parliamentary documents are published by this office. The printing is at present given out by contract to various firms of printers. Owing to the great expense of this system a Select Committee recommended in July, 1914, that the Government set up their own printing press for the printing of all Government publications, as by this means considerable economy would be effected. Expenses of Administration, 1914-15, 41,069,272. Controller, F. Atterbury (£1,200-£1,500). Superintendent of Paper, W. G. Wightman (£500-£700). Superintendent of Stores, I. A. H. Watson (£500-£600). TRADE. BOARD OF TRADE, Whitehall Gardens and Gwydyr House, Whitehall, S.W. The duties of the Board of Trade are to collect trade statistics, control the issue of patents, keep the standards of weights and measures, the non-legal machinery of bankruptcy, the registration of joint stock companies, railway, tramway, water and gas companies, electric lighting, harbours and lighthouses, and merchant shipping, acting under the latter heading as auditor of the accounts of the Trinity House and the Irish and Northern Lighthouse Authorities. In addition, it administers the Conciliation Act (1896) for the settlement of trade disputes, the Labour Exchanges Act of 1909, Part II. of the National Insurance Act, 1911 (Unemployment Insurance), and the Trade Boards Act, 1909. The Board never meets and the whole power is exercised by the President. The administrative expenses were £215,133 in 1914-15. President, Right Hon. Walter Runciman, M.P. (£5,000). Permanent Secretary, Sir H. Llewellyn Smith (£2,000). Parliamentary Secretary, Captain E. G. Pretyman, M.P. (£1,500). Chief Industrial Commissioner, Sir G. R. Askwith, K.C. (£2,000). Five Assistant Secretaries (£1,000 to £1,200). Railway Department, W. F. Marwood. Commercial Department, G. J. Stanley. Harbour Department, Garnham Roper. Marine Department, E. G. Moggridge. 556 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. Labour Exchanges and Unemployment Insurance Department, W. H. Beveridge. Accountant-General, G. S. Fry (£1,000 to £1,200). Comptroller of Companies Department, H. A. Payne (£1,000 to Z£al,200). Director of Labour Statistics Department, F. H. McLeod (£1,000). Superintendent of London Traffic Branch, Colonel R. O. Hellard, R.E. Investigators and Labour Correspondents, Miss Clara E. Collett and J. J. Dent (£450). Clerk in Charge of Railway Accident Works, S. G. Spencer (£300 to £450). Clerk in Charge of Electric Lighting Acts, M. J. Collins (4300 to £400). Staff Clerk for Trade Boards Work, S. L. Besso (£300 to £400). Staff Clerk in Charge of Railway Plans, T. Lofthouse (£250 to £350): COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE BRANCH. 973, Basinghall Street, E.C. Director of Commercial Intelligence, T. Worthington (£700 to £900). ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE. This Committee was constituted in March, 1910, and its terms of reference were ‘‘ to advise the Board of Trade (1) on the work of their Commercial Intelligence Branch and on such matters relating to foreign tariffs and other commercial questions as the Board may refer to them; and (2) as to commercial missions abroad, or other means of obtaining and diffusing information for the benefit of British trade.’ The information collected by the Commercial Intelligence Branch of the. Board of Trade relates principally to names of firms abroad engaged in particular lines of business in different localities; foreign and Colonial contracts open to tender and other openings for British trade ; foreign and Colonial tariffs and customs regulations ; commercial statistics; regulations concerning commercial travellers and their samples; laws affecting patents, designs, and trade marks in foreign countries; certificates of origin; and trade conditions (terms of payment, credit, agency conditions, means of recovery of debts, etc.) in various countries. Commercial Travellers—There are practically no special regulations affecting commercial travellers in the British Dominions; in some cases they are accorded certain privileges on the railways, whilst in others they are subject to income tax on the sales effected. In Cape Colony, Natal, Orange Free State, and Transvaal, however, commercial travellers are required to take out a licence, under varying conditions; also in the Argentine Republic, Bulgaria, Denmark, Haiti, Norway, Paraguay, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Uruguay. In Brazil there is no Federal tax, but taxes in some of the States, while in Bolivia and Panama there are municipal taxes to be paid by commercial travellers. No other countries than those mentioned require licences, but regulations vary as to passports, etc. IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 557 CENSUS OF PRODUCTION. 68, Victoria Street, S.W. Director, A. W. Flux (£700 to £900). Assistant Director, H. W. Macrosty (£500 to £600). Superintendent of Staff, J. W. Verdier (£400 to £500). Staff Officer, R. F. Taylor (£300 to £400). Minor Staff Officers, G. A. G. Stanley, F. W. Leggett, H. J. Phillips, S. A. Whetmore, and W. M. Hand. LABOUR EXCHANGES AND UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE. Queen Anne’s Chambers, S.W. Director (£1,000 to £1,200). General Manager, C. F. Rey (£1,000). Principal Officers, S. G. Tallents and F. Davey (£700 to £900). Chiefs of Sections, A. W. Basham, Lieut.-Colonel H. R. Beddoes, Cc. W. Irons, J. S. Nicholson, T. W. Phillips, H. Smith, and U. Wolff (£500 to £750). Assistant Chiefs of Sections, W. W. Marsh, W. A. Colegate, J. M. Glen, P. Y. Blundun, G. N. Hodgson, F. W. Charlton, C. B. Hawkins, F. Lavington, and S. E. Court. Principal Woman Officer, Miss L. M. Clapham (£400 to £450). Travelling Inspectors, B. Wilson, R. C. Davison, and F. A. Norman (£350 to £500). Labour Adviser, C. H. Rouse (£350 to £500). The number of Exchanges open in 1914 was 423. The total number of registrations in 1913 on the general register of the Exchanges was 2,965,893. In addition, 7,296 individuals were dealt with on the casual register. The total number of individuals who at some time or another during 1913 applied to the Exchanges was 1,877,221. The number of applicants given work was 656,411, and the number of situations filled was 921,853, of which 204,629 were temporary (i.e., less than a week’s duration). The number of vacancies notified by employers was 1,222,828. The sum of £2,900 was advanced during the year towards meeting the expenses of workpeople travelling to places where employment had been found for them by the Exchanges, the number of cases being 200. ; (See also Part II. and Part VIII.) TRADE BOARDS OFFICE. Old Serjeant’s Inn Chambers, Chancery Lane, W.C. The business of this office is to administer the Trade Boards Act, 4909. Chairman, E. Aves. Secretary, G. T. Reid. (See Part II.) 558 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. OFFICE OF INSPECTORS OF RAILWAYS. 8, Richmond Terrace, Whitehall, S.W. Inspectors of Railways.—All accidents and casualties occurring on railways have to be reported to this branch of the Board of Trade, which inquires into the causes, as far as possible fixes the responsibility for the accident, and makes recommendations to the railway companies for the greater safety of traffic. Chief Inspecting Officer, Lieut.-Colonel P. G. von Donop, R.E. (£1,200 to £1,400). Inspecting Officers, Colonel J. W. Pringle, R.E., and Lieut.- Colonel E. Druitt, R.E. (£800 to £1,000). Assistant Inspecting Officers, J. P. Ascot Main and J. H. Armytage (£500 to £700). Electric Adviser, A. P. Trotter (£800 to £1,000). Electrician and Assistant to Electric Adviser, J. Rennie (£300 to £450). (See also Part IT.) BANKRUPTCY DEPARTMENT. Horse Guards Avenue, Whitehall, S.W. Inspector-General in Bankruptcy, J. G. Willis (£1,000 to £1,200). According to the report of the Inspector-General in Bankruptcy for - the year ended December 31st, 1913, there were in England and Wales. 39358 cases of bankruptcy, with liabilities {5,091,265 and assets 41,790,463. There were 2,411 deeds of arrangement, with liabilities 42,765,929 and assets £1,512,919. As compared with 1912 there was a decrease of 223 bankruptcies and 359 deeds of arrangement. In Scotland there 262 cases during 1913, with liabilities £438,873 and assets £92,055. Irish insolvencies were : Bankruptcies, 142; liabilities, £143,598; assets, 35,034; deeds of arrangement, 145; liabilities, £187,449 ; assets, £109,991. By a deed of arrangement the debtor and creditors settle the claims between themselves without resorting to legal proceedings, but the transaction has to be registered with the Inspector-General of Bankruptcy. MARINE SURVEY STAFF. +9, Mark Lane, E.C. The main duties of the Marine Survey Staff are to supervise emigrant and passenger ships, inspect crew spaces, light and signals, life-saving appliances, the stowage of dangerous cargoes, etc. Its work includes the prescribing of the number of boats, life belts, etc., to be carried by vessels. Principal Officer for London District, R. C. Warden (£600). Chief Inspector of Ships’ Provisions, W. L. Service (£650). Chief Examiner of Engineers, W. T. Seaton (£520 to £600). IMPER{AL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 559 MARINE CONSULTATIVE BRANCH. 54, Victoria Street, S.W. The Marine Consultative Branch consists of a staff of technical officers to advise the Board of Trade on matters arising out of the duties of the Survey Staff on technical matters connected with merchant shipping generally. Engineer, Surveyor-in-Chief, and Inspector of Proving Establish- ments under the Anchors and Chain Cables Act, A. Boyle (£600 to £800). Principal Ship Surveyor, W. D. Archer (£700 to £900). Principal Surveyor for Tonnage, T. F. Jenkins (£520 to £600). 68, Victoria Street, S.W. Principal Examiner of Masters and Mates, J. M. Harvey (£520 to Nautical Surveyor, T. P. Marshall. GENERAL REGISTER AND RECORD OFFICE OF SHIPPING AND SEAMEN. Tower Hill, E. The Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen is charged with certain duties under the Merchant Shipping Acts, which relate chiefly to the registration of ships, the issue of certificates to officers in the merchant service, the custody of official logs, agreements, and other documents connected with British ships. Registrar-General, C. H. Jones (£700 to £900). OFFICERS APPOINTED UNDER METROPOLITAN GAS ACTS. Referees, Augustus G. Vernon-Harcourt, F.R.S., C. V. Boys, F. R. ry and j. S. Haldane, F.R.S. Chief Gas Examiner, Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S. STANDARDS DEPARTMENTS. 97, Old Palace Yard, S.W. Deputy Warden of the Standards, Major P. A. MacMahon, F.R.S. £800). Comptroller-General of Patents, W. Temple Franks (£1,500). PATENTS AND PATENTS OFFICE. Patents for the United Kingdom are issued by the Comptroller: General of Patents at the Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C. The Official fees to be paid before a patent is sealed (which must be as soon as possible, and not after 15 months from the date of application) amount to £5, of which £1 is paid on application and 43 on the filing of a complete specification (or £4 on filing complete specification with first application), and £1 on sealing. 560 IMPERIAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. A patent is granted for a term of 14 years from the date of application, subject to the payment of the prescribed fees. Further fees of £50, on certificate of renewal before end of four years from date of patent, and £100 before the end of eight years are payable; or, in lieu of these further fees, annual payments of £10 may be made from the fourth to the seventh year, £15 eighth and ninth years, and #20 tenth to 13th years. Under exceptional circumstances the patent may be prolonged for a further period not exceeding 14 years. The total number of specifications received during 1913 was 38,982, as compared with 38,678 in 1912, an increase of 304. The number of patents granted in 1913 was 16,599, as compared with 15,814 in 1912. The applications received from women inventors numbered 497, as compared with 636 in 1912. The receipts from patent fees in 1913 amounted to £307,054, as compared with £293,529 in 1912—an increase of £13,525. Renewal fees amounted to £188,033, and sealing fees to £16,668. Inventions were mainly concerned with motor vehicles and aeronautical inventions; much attention was also given to the problem of railway signalling. COMPANIES (WINDING-UP). 33, Carey Street, W.C. Senior Official Receiver, H. de Vaux Brougham (£1,200). Official Receiver, H. E. Burgess (£800 to £1,000). Solicitor, Sir R. Ellis Cunliffe (£1,800). PART VII. LOCAL GOVERNMENT. CONTENTS. ‘The Structure of Local Govern- ment :— England and Wales (The County Borough, the County Council, the Ur- ban Sanitary Authorities, the Rural Parish, the Rural District Council).. The Promotion of Local Authorities : The London County Council, Metropolitan Borough Councils, the City Cor- poration .. Federalism in Local Govern- ment Courts of Sewers and Fishery Boards .. Poor Law Anthorities Scotland é Ireland Summary of Statistics The Three Main Functions of Local Government: The Care of the Children The Maintenance of the Public Health and the Care of the Sick : The Provision for the Mental Deficient Grants in Aid ae Other Services of Local Cone ernment :— Abattoirs Allotments .. Page 501 505 566 568 569 569 571 572 573 574 578 582 586 a? 599 Art Galleries ‘ a Baths and Washhouses sa Births, Notification of .. Bridges ae Burial Grounds Cinematographs Cremation Drainage Electricity Ferries Fire Protection Garbage Disposal .. Gas'>2% ee Health Visitors : Highways and Streets Hospitals Housing . ws Hydraulic Power .. ee Infant Life Protection .. Libraries .. ve ar Markets ae Museums and Gymnasiums Notification of Disease Police Poor Relief . Public Parke... ; Theatres and Music ‘Halls. Town Halls. ne Town Planning oe oD Water Supply i ma Superannuation and Pensions Fair Wages Clause .. | Wages and Labour Condi- tions 598 599 600 603 612 612 613 619 620 620 621 622 624 633 636 In many ways the most important part of the government of the United Kingdom is that which we seldom think of as government at all, because it is ‘‘ Local Government.”’ Our Local Government now spends nearly as much as our National Government used to spend in time of peace; it levies on us nearly as much in direct taxation, which we call ‘‘rates’’ as the National Government used to levy as ‘‘ the 562 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. King’s Taxes ’’ ; it employs in its service nearly twice as many people as, apart from the Army and Navy, all the centralised Government Departments put together; it carries on far more enterprises than the National Government; it even enacts, year by year, in its bye-laws and regulations of all sorts, though we seldom realise it, almost as great a volume of legislation which we are constrained to obey than Parliament itself; it is incessant and all-pervading; for weal or for woe it touches the life of every man, woman, and child more closely, more potently, and more continuously than any other contemporary influence. THE STRUCTURE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT. We must consider, first, the various kinds of local authorities, of which in all, there are no fewer than 30,000 at work. And we must take separately the different parts of the United Kingdom. ENGLAND AND WALES. The essential feature of English Local Government is its freedom in current administration from central executive control. Within the limits of the statutory powers conferred upon it—subject at most to an obligation to come up to a national minimum—the local authority, directly responsible to the local electorate, may administer local affairs as it pleases. Whilst assisted by such grants in aid from national funds as may, upon certain conditions, be obtained towards particular services, it can levy by methods prescribed by general law as much taxation as it needs upon the local ratepayers. This Local Government is seen in its most perfect constitutional form in our large cities or boroughs, other than London, in which two-thirds of the population now reside. THE COUNTY BOROUGH. In Liverpool or Manchester or Leeds, for instance, as in other so-called ‘‘ County Boroughs,’’ nearly all local authority is concentrated in the Municipal Corporation which acts by and through the Town Council. The Council consists of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Councillors. The Mayor is elected by the Council for one year from the Aldermen, Councillors, or persons qualified to be such. He is the principal executive officer and the chief personage within the borough. The Aldermen are appointed by the Councillors for a term of six years, one-half retiring every three years. The Aldermen are not necessarily chosen from among the Councillors, though as a matter of practice this usually happens in most boroughs, just as it also is the practice for the retiring Aldermen to be re-elected, and for one to be taken from each ward. By an Act of 1914 any person who has resided in the borough for twelve months is now eligible for Councillor or Alderman. In numbers the Aldermen must amount to a quarter of the whole Council. The Councillors are directly elected in districts called wards by the registered electors of the borough (including unmarried or widowed women occupiers) for a term of three years, one-third retiring annually. Practically all the officers from the. Town Clerk downwards are, without the necessity for sanction or approval by any superior LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 563 authority, appointed by or under authority from the Town Council, which pays their salaries or wages, and through its various ~ committees supervises and directs their work. The Town Council is thus, through its several committees, at once the Local Police Authority, the Local Health Authority, the Local Education Authority, the Local Pensions Authority, the Local Housing Authority, the Local Hospital Authority, the Local Lunacy Authority, the Local Unemployment Authority, the Local Highway Authority, the Local Authority for Markets and the supervision of the food supply, for cemeteries and the burial of the dead, for allotments and small holdings, for baths and washhouses, for public libraries and museums, and for fire protection; usually also the local authority for the common supply of water, light, heat, and power, and occasionally also the local port, dock, or harbour authority. THE COUNTY COUNCIL. Outside the County Borough, the organisation of the Local Government is less simple, but not essentially different. Apart from London, which has to be separately described, the power and duties which the County Borough Council concentrates in itself are every- where shared between the County Council and certain minor loca} authorities for smaller areas. The County Council, dating from 1888, consists of a Chairman, Aldermen, and Councillors, the number of Councillors being fixed by the Local Government Board. The Councillors are elected in county divisions, by all occupiers, for a term of three years; the Councillors then co-opt Aldermen for a term of six years, one-half of whom retire triennially, but are eligible for reappointment. The County Council freely elects its own Chairman, either from its own membership, or from outside, appoints its own staff (including now the Clerk of the Peace, the County Coroners, and the County Medical Officer), has general responsibility over the whole county (outside the County Boroughs, and allowing for a certain measure of local autonomy in the lesser bodies about to be described) for the education of all grades through its partly co-opted Education Committee; the provision of small holdings by its Small Holdings Committee ; the provision for lunatics and mentally defectives through its Asylum and Mentally Defectives Committees; the supervision of the public health through its Public Health Committee; the upkeep of the county bridges and main roads through its Bridges and Highways Committees; the administration of Old Age Pensions through its largely co-opted Pensions Committee; the administration of the National Insurance Act through its largely co-opted Insurance Committee; the county police through the Standing Joint Committee, of which the Justices of the Peace in Quarter Sessions appoint half the members, and now the determination of supplementary allowances and other provision for dependants of soldiers and sailors and disabled men through the largely co-opted War Allowances Committee. These committees, which the County Council fills, wholly or partly, by its own chosen members, have in most cases statutory powers and duties largely independent of any revision by the County Council itself. Through its Finance Committee ‘the County Council controls the finances and levies the County Rate, which is collected, along with the rates or ‘‘ precepts’’ of the other authorities that we shall describe, by the local rate collectors as part of the Poor Rate. 3564 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. THE URBAN SANITARY AUTHORITIES. The local bodies, more or less subordinate to the County Council, with which it shares its various powers and duties are, in the first place, the Local Sanitary Authorities, with whom the general administration of each locality rests. These are either urban or rural. The towns and thickly populated districts within each county (but outside the County Boroughs already described) are classed as either Non-County Boroughs or Urban Districts. Those which are Boroughs have Mayors and Town Councils identical in constitution with the County Boroughs. Those which are not Boroughs have Urban District Councils, which are elected annually or triennially by all male and female occupiers, together with owners and lodgers who are Parliamentary electors. There is, in fact, very little practical difference to-day between a Non-County Borough and an Urban District. The governing body of the former, called a Town Council, elects a Mayor, selects one-fourth of its number as Aldermen, appoints a Town Clerk, and levies what is called a Borough Rate under the Municipal Corporations Act. An Urban District Council elects a Chairman, appoints only a Clerk, and has no Aldermen or other co-opted members. Both alike derive their principal functions and powers from the Public Health Acts, and levy what is called a General District Rate. Both have generally the same powers of appointing officers, though their titles may differ. The Non-County Borough administers the Shops Acts, which for Urban Districts under 20,000 population are administered by the County Council. The Non-County Borough may, in certain circumstances, have the privilege of maintaining its own police force instead of contributing to the county constabulary (though half of the Non-County Boroughs do not in fact do so), whilst the Urban District never has its own police. The Non-County Borough has its own Auditors, two elected by the burgesses and one appointed by the Mayor, who have little power except to reveal things to public criticism, whilst the Urban District has its accounts audited by the officers of the Local Government Board, who have power to surcharge. A few Boroughs, County as well as Non-County, have also been made subject to this provision. The Non-County Borough may claim to administer its own elementary schools if its population in 1g01 exceeded 10,000, whereas the Urban District does not secure this privilege unless its population at that census reached 20,000. According to statute a Borough may get a stipendiary magistrate appointed merely by offering to pay the necessary salary, nominally irrespective of its population; but this privilege can only be granted to an Urban District (and would, in practice, only be conceded to a Borough) when its population has reached 25,000. THE RURAL PARISH. In the rural parts of the county there is, in every parish of over 300 inhabitants and in many smaller places, a Parish Council popularly elected, with a Parish Meeting at least yearly. Where there is no Parish Council there is always a Parish Meeting. The Parish Council and Parish Meeting have power to discuss all parish affairs and make complaints, light the village, improve its water supply, prevent nuisances, hire land for allotments, maintain footpaths, appoint Overseers, manage the parish property, and conduct baths and wash- houses or a public library, acquire a burial ground, provide public LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 565 recreation grounds or a fire engine, with authority, without seeking any outside sanction, to levy a compulsory rate, which, though legally restricted, is usually found in practice to allow more expenditure than the Parish Councils actually attain. THE RURAL DISTRICT COUNCIL. But the Parish Council does not stand alone. Above the Parish Council and below the County Council is the Rural District Council, the members of which are also the members of the Board of Guardians. in respect of the parts of the union that are not Boroughs or Urban Districts. Thus, the Rural District Council is directly elected by all occupiers, like the Urban District Council or Town Council, but its. members are chosen principally for another purpose; the District Council meeting, usually held at the close of the Board of Guardians’ meeting, interests them slightly; and the staff of the Council (with the exception of the District Surveyor)—generally officers appointed for Poor Law work—are seldom adequate to, or expert in, the diverse duties thus imposed on them. In some places, however, the Rural District Council takes a very proper view of the importance of its work, and finds it then of considerable magnitude. The Rural District Council is responsible for the maintenance of the public health; for drainage, prevention of nuisances, and water supply; for the care of all but the main roads; for the provision of hospitals and dispensaries, and for housing. It has practically unlimited powers of rating, of which it usually makes the smallest possible use; and it may also enact bye-laws and regulations which the inhabitants are required, under penalty, to obey. THE PROMOTION OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES. This series of local governing bodies from the Parish Meeting right up to the Council of the County Borough has its own system of promotion from grade to grade, granted upon application to the County Council, Local Government Board, Home Office, Privy Council, or Parliament, as the several authorities need and desire additional powers and dignity. Thus, the small parish which finds the Parish Meeting inadequate for its government may gain from the County Council the privilege of having a Parish Council; the Parish Council may press the Local Government Board to grant to the District Council, by a Parish Committee, the right to exercise this or that ‘‘ urban power ’’ conferred by the Public Health Acts on urban districts, and, as its area becomes more and more built over and populous, may eventually get either its whole district, or the specially urban part of it, in which there is a population of at least a couple of thousand in houses closely contiguous, equipped with an Urban District Council. If the area is identical, the Parish Council will be superseded by this latter body, which can look after its own sanitation, highways, and housing free from the interference of the Rural District Council. For the Rural District Council, destined in this way periodically to lose the most populous parts of its territory, there is the alternative of asking permission of the Local Government Board to exercise, over those parts of its wide area which are becoming urban in character, one after another of the ‘“‘ urban powers”’ already referred to, or any of the powers of a Parish Council, levying upon the localities concerned the cost of the extra administration thus afforded to them. 506 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. As the Urban District Council grows it may apply to the Privy Council to be granted a charter as a municipal Corporation, a request not usually acceded to until the population reaches at least 10,000 or 20,000, when it will become a Non-County Borough, with a Town Council, Aldermen, and a Mayor; its Clerk will become a Town Clerk, and its District Surveyor Borough Surveyor, but their powers and duties will not be essentially changed. A Non-County Borough may, however, as its population increases, obtain increasing autonomy in various respects. Not unless it had in 1901 a population of 10,000 can it claim from the County Council the management of its own elementary schools, the provision for its own defective children, or the making of its own bye-laws as to school attendance and children’s employment; not until it attains 20,000 will it have its own Pensions Committee, nor can it claim to have a District Insurance Committee appointed for its area. A Non-County Borough having in 1881 fewer than 10,000 inhabitants—there are just over a hundred such—is not permitted to have its own police force; a Borough is, indeed, strongly discouraged from trying to get free from the county constabulary until it grows much larger, but when a certain undefined magnitude and importance have been reached (at least 20,000 population) the Home Secretary will yield to its importunity, and eventually allow it not only its own police force, but also its own Justices or Commission of the Peace, its own Court of Quarter Sessions for the trial of offenders, with a Recorder and a Clerk of the Peace, and even its own Stipendiary Magistrate, for whom it will provide a suitable salary. When the population of a Non-County Borough exceeds 50,000 it may have its own Distress Committee under the Unemployed Workmen Act, and its own War Allowances Committee under the War Pensions Act, 1915. On attaining this magnitude it may put forward a claim to be promoted by Local Government Board Provisional Order, needing confirmation by statute, to the full status of County Borough, which involves its becoming free from any supervision or control by the County Council. It will then have power to deal with its own lunatics and mentally defectives, its own education, secondary, technical, and university, as well as elementary; if it is not already doing so, and if outside the Metropolitan police area, it will begin to manage its own police. It will be entirely independent as regards public health, it will cease to pay to the County Rate, it will receive direct from the Exchequer its own grants in aid, and it will have the duty of making up its own deficiencies exclusively by its own rate. THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL. The Local Government of London, a city unique in size, has naturally its own peculiarities. There is a County Council— of 118 elected members and 19 co-opted Aldermen—elected on practically the same franchise (except that lodgers and freeholders can also vote) and for the same term as the Councils of other counties, but with very different powers. The functions of the London County Council are, in fact, more like those of the Council of a gigantic County Borough than those of the Council of a rural county. It administers the whole of the education of the Metropolis, together with the whole of the tramway service; it maintains the main drainage system, the fire brigade, the Thames embankments, bridges {except those of the City Corporation), tunnels, and ferries; the LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 567 extensive parks and open spaces; it executes street improvements and administers the Building Acts; it licenses the theatres and music halls, common lodging-houses, servants’ registry offices and noxious trades: it provides lunatic asylums, inebriate homes, and reformatory schools. Unlike the ordinary County Borough Council, however, the London County Council has nothing to do with the police, the stipendiary magistrates, or the police courts, or with the licensing of cabs and omnibuses, which are managed by the subordinate departments of the Home Office; with the water supply, which is in the hands of the Metropolitan Water Board; with the isolation hospitals and asylums for imbeciles, which are maintained by the Metropolitan Asylums Board; with the river that runs through the city, or its docks, which are controlled by the Port of London Authority ;. or with the paving, cleaning, and lighting of the streets, the house drainage and removal of refuse, and the ordinary work of a Local Sanitary Authority (all of which are looked after by the 28 Metropolitan Borough Councils, lesser local bodies unknown in any other city), and the Corporation of the City of London. (See, for every possible information about London government, the very valuable volume published annually by the L.C.C., entitled “‘ London Statistics.’’) THE METROPOLITAN BOROUGH COUNCILS. These 28 Metropolitan Borough Councils have Councillors elected triennially in wards by the same electors as the London County Council, these elected Councillors choosing Aldermen for six years to the extent of one-sixth of their number, one-half of such Aldermen retiring triennially. These Metropolitan Borough Councils have not the same independence and authority as the Councils of Municipal Boroughs (they are, for instance, subject to Local Government Board audit), but they are the Local Sanitary Authorities for their districts; they are responsible for the streets and for sanitation; they provide the libraries, the baths and washhouses, and the burial grounds; they have power to enforce the laws against overcrowding, food adulteration, excessive smoke, nuisances, and insanitary conditions. They have concurrent powers with the London County Council as_ regards housing, etc. They manage the valuation for the assessment of rates, _ and the whole business of collecting the rates for all the other London bodies, which issue ‘‘ precepts’? on them for their requirements, as well as for themselves. THE CITY CORPORATION. The place of the 29th Metropolitan Borough is filled by the old Corporation of the City of London, which has all these powers and more. For its one square mile (with a sleeping population of less than 20,000) it has its own police force, independent of Home Office control. It supports its own lunatics and reformatory schools. It maintains the city bridges. It has power to deal with its own housing problem. It administers extensive trust funds. Alone among English local governing bodies it claims to exercise immemorial powers not derived from any Act of Parliament. It has its own petty debt courts (the Lord Mayor’s Court and the City of London Court), and its own police courts held daily at the Guildhall and the Mansion House by the Lord Mayor and by the Aldermen sitting in turn. 568 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. The city electors choose annually in 26 wards 206 Common Councillors. Each ward elects also an Alderman for life. The Common Councillors, the Aldermen, and the Lord Mayor for the time being form the Court of Common Council. The Aldermen, under the presidency of the Lord Mayor for the time being, form the Court of Aldermen, which is the only surviving example in England of a municipal second chamber. The Lord Mayor is chosen annually by the Court of Aldermen from among two of its own members (usually, but not necessarily, the one of longest standing who has not already ‘‘ passed the chair’’), who have been formally nominated for this purpose by the Court of Common Hall, an assembly of all the ‘‘liverymen’’ members of the City Companies (those much-changed survivors of the ancient Gilds), which also elects the two Sheriffs, the City Chamberlain or Treasurer, and some other corporate officers. Many other quaint peculiarities distinguish the government of this unique one square mile out of London’s 120 square miles. FEDERALISM IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT. Some of the local governing authorities for general municipal purposes form federal unions for particular services. Thus, the County Council of Lancashire and the Councils of all County Boroughs geographically within that county (together with Stockport) unite in the Lancashire Lunacy Board, consisting of representatives from each of them, for the purpose of joint provision for lunatics. Various other unions of County Boroughs and Counties exist for this purpose. There are similarly joint Hospital Boards, joint Water Boards, joint Drainage Boards, and joint Rivers Boards, of. different counties, boroughs, and urban districts. The water supply of London and many neighbouring districts, including an area of nearly 800 square miles, is in the hands of the Metropolitan Water Board, a body made up of representatives from the County, Borough, and District Councils concerned. For certain functions, notably the administration of the ports, the conservancy of rivers, the protection of low-lying land from floods, and the supervision of fisheries, special areas of administration are required, and special bodies have, therefore, been established. Most of the ports and harbours are under the administration of separate Port Authorities, independent of the municipal organisation. Thus, the Port of London Authority, with 27 million pounds of capital, and a revenue from tolls and fees of £1,400,000, which controls the Thames from Teddington to the Nore, including all the docks from the Tower to Tilbury, is a board of 32 members, chosen mainly by the payers of dock dues, shipowners, barge owners, and wharfingers, with four representatives of the Government, four of the London County Council, two of the City Corporation, one of the Trinity House—the foregoing including several appointed to represent the dock labourers and stevedores. The scarcely less important estuary of the Mersey, with all the docks of Liverpool, is administered by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, elected by the payers of dock dues, with representatives appointed by the Government and the Liverpool City Council. There are Conservancy Boards charged with the protection of the water from: sewage or manufacturing polution, the prevention of floods, and the maintenance of navigation for various rivers. Thus the Thames LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 569 from Cricklade to Teddington is under the Thames Conservancy Board, a body composed mainly of representatives of the riparian local authorities. COURTS OF SEWERS AND FISHERY BOARDS. In about 300 low-lying districts there are bodies of Commissioners of Sewers, often of great antiquity, nominally appointed by the Crown, but practically renewing themselves by co-option, frequently with special statutory powers of their own, which are responsible for maintaining embankments and preventing floodings. These have usually power to levy rates only up to a fixed limit and only on the lands benefited by their work. Round the English coasts we find eleven fishery districts under a central board, appointed by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, charged with the making of regulations for the protection of the local sea and river fisheries and the execution of works for their improvement. POOR LAW AUTHORITIES. Parallel with the complete organisation of what may be called the main scheme of municipal government described above there survives in England and Wales from the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 an equally complete organisation for a single public function, the Board of Guardians, with its own separate offices and premises, having the duty of providing, by its own paid staff, for the destitute poor. The administrative area of the Board of Guardians is the Poor Law Union, usually a congeries of mixed urban and rural parishes, having frequently no relation to other areas of municipal government, and in most cases not identical with them. The Board of Guardians is elected, usually triennially, by practically the same electorate as the County, Borough, or Parish Councillors, but has no connection with the rest of the Local Government, and is often not even in close communication with it. In marked contrast with what we have called the municipal government of parish, district, borough, or county, which is charged generally with doing all that the locality requires, the Board of Guardians is restricted to a single function, that of the ‘‘relief of destitution,’’ which ‘it carries out partly in so-called ““workhouses,’’ infirmaries for the sick, homes or asylums for the aged and the feeble-minded, and schools for the children, partly by the services of a medical staff, and partly by its doles of ‘‘ outdoor relief.”” Whilst the municipal authority provides its public services for citizens as such—-whether the service be infant protection, schooling, hospitals for the sick, asylums for the mentally defective, work for the unemployed, pensions for the aged, paved and lighted streets, parks and libraries, baths and washhouses, tramways, or fire protection for all—-the destitution authority deals only with those infants, children, sick or mentally defective persons, able-bodied unemployed, or old persons who are technically ‘‘ destitute,’’ and only for the period during which they are destitute. Whereas no disability or disgrace is attached to taking advantage of what is provided by the municipal authority, anything done by the Poor Law Authority carries with it nearly always the stigma of pauperism and generally certain legal disabilities. The organisation of this destitution authority is relatively simple and uniform. In every union area, whether London or ‘provincial, §70 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. town or country, the Board of Guardians stands in immediate relation to the paupers below and to the Local Government Board above. But there are certain federal groupings of unions and their Boards of Guardians into larger units of area and administration. These federations, which are always for specific purposes, are administered by joint boards, to which the various constituent Boards of Guardians appoint representatives. Thus the 30 Boards of Guardians of London combine to form the Metropolitan Asylums Board, which, by a curious anomaly, maintains the isolation hospitals for London for pauper and non-pauper alike, and also the asylums for imbeciles (as distinguished from lunatics). This body, by exception, has among its members 18 nominated by the Local Government Board, and is practically subject to the control of that Government ~ Department. In various parts of the country other, Boards of Guardians have combined for the provision of joint institutions for the children, the sick, or the mentally defective. RELATION OF NATIONAL TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT. It is remarkable how little the National Government, for all that it has some 300,000 officials (apart from Army and Navy), appears in the various districts of the local governing authorities. Outside London, where we see in the centre of the metropolis the great offices of the different Government Departments, it is only with an effort that we recall the existence of those whom we call specifically Civil Servants. The National Government appears up and down the country in (a) its Post Office officials; (4) its Customs and Excise staff; (c) its Inland Revenue officers for Income Tax, stamps, etc. ; (Zz) its inspectors, who report to it about education, the enforcement of the law as to factories and workshops, mines, railways and trade boards, health insurance, cattle diseases, and Local Government generally; (e) its Labour Exchanges and Unemployment Insurance and Trade Board officers ; (f) its mercantile marine offices and shipping officers ; (g) in some places its coastguard stations, its forts, its ships of war, its barracks for troops, its recruiting depdts, and its officers commanding. None of these has any authority over the Town Council and its work; nor (with the recent exception of the member of the Excise Department who acts as inquiry officer to the Pensions Committee) have they usually any necessary contact with either the municipal government or the Poor Law administration, except in so far as the inspectors of the several central departments inquire into or watch over the work of the branches in which they are interested. The entirely separate organisation and the uncontrolled responsibility of local muncipal authorities for their own day-by-day local administration is a cardinal feature of English government. In connection with two subjects, however, which might be supposed to fall within the sphere of Local Government—the administration of justice (including the maintenance of prisons) and the licensing of the sale of alcoholic drink—the central executive has either a large measure of control or the exclusive appointment of the local administrators, who exercise such control. : THE COUNTY: JUSTICES. The representative of the Crown in the county, so far as regards the execution of justice and the protection of the rights of the LOCAL GOVERNMENT. Roe Exchequer, is nominally the High Sheriff, who is ‘‘ pricked’’ or appointed annually by the Chancellor of the Exchequer from a list of substantial landowners in the county, which is prepared by the Judges of Assize. But the functions of the High Sheriff have become little more than ceremonial. The Judges of Assize come down to the county twice a year on their circuits, and ‘‘ deliver’? the gaols by trying all those committed for trial, and the various paid officers of the courts look after the fines belonging to the Exchequer. The titular head of each county is the Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum (keeper of the records), filling an office of great dignity and antiquity, once of great importance, but now exercising only the function of appointing Deputy Lieutenants, whose office is purely honorary. He is still, however, largely influential in filling the ‘‘ Commission of the Peace’’ for the county. This,is made up of the Justices of the Peace, unpaid magistrates, who are appointed nominally by the King, actually by the Lord Chancellor (in Lancashire by the Chancellor of the Duchy), practically on the suggestion of the Lord Lieutenant, assisted by a small Advisory Committee named by him for this purpose. The Justices of the Peace sit as magistrates in Petty and Quarter Sessions, where they administer justice. They formerly managed all the business of the county, but in 1878 the administration of the prisons was transferred to the Prisons Commissioners, a subordinate department of the Home Office; and in 1888 nearly all their other administrative duties were transferred to the newly formed County Councils. The Justices of each county in Quarter Sessions assembled nominate half the members of the Standing Joint Committee (the County Council appointing the other half), which controls the County Constabulary. The Justices sitting in special licensing sessions exercise the important function of licensing the public-houses and beershops. But though appointed by the Crown, the Lord Lieutenant, the High Sheriff, and the Justices are far from being submissive agents of the central bureaucracy. In fact, they act, almost always, as representatives of the county, sometimes even stiffneckedly in resistance to what they consider encroachments upon local liberties. SCOTLAND. The functions of Local Government are very much the same in Scotland as in England and Wales, but there are differences in structure and nomenclature. Thus, while we may usually assume what is said for England and Wales in the matter of actual work performed to hold good for Scotland also, it must be remembered that the functioning bodies sare not the same, either in designation, in historical development, in statutory origin, in composition, in the method of election, in powers, in demarcation of work, or in appurtenances. The Scottish system in the Municipal Burghs is that the Provost— equivalent to Mayor—and the Bailies—equivalent to Aldermen—must be first elected as Councillors in the ordinary way, and are afterwards appointed to their respective offices by the Council. From the electoral point of view, their status is the common status of Councillor. The Provost, the head of the municipality, holds office for three years. The Bailies, during their term of office (which lasts only to the date at which they would retire as Councillors) are magistrates, and as 72 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. OA such sit in the police courts. In towns of over 7,000 they constitute the licensing bench. The Chairmen of Committees of the Council are termed Conveners, except only the Dean of Guild, Chairman of the Dean of Guild Court, by which the Building Acts are administered, which is at once a Committee of the Council and an ancient court of the realm. This outline of structure applies to the three general types of Scottish burghs—the Royal Burghs, the Parliamentary Burghs, and the Police Burghs. Royal Burghs are ancient municipalities, frequently of small population, which were created by Royal Charter. Parliamentary Burghs are those which, under the Reform Act of 1832, received the right of sending members to Parliament. Police Burghs consist of towns of 7,000 and upwards, formed under the Police Acts. The Town Council is the plenary authority in all matters of Local Government, save two. Elementary education is everywhere under the control of the School Boards; in burghs the administration of the Poor Law (and that alone) is under the Parish Council. These single-function bodies are usually termed ad hoc authorities.* The County Council, on which, together with the Landwar Parish Councils, there falls the governance of the county, is elected under the same general system as the Town and Parish Council. The Chairman is termed the Convener, and there is no other honorary office. The School Board, of which there is nearly always one for each parish, however small, is elected en d/oc for a term of three years on the cumulative vote system. IRELAND. Local Government in Ireland follows generally on the lines of that in England and Wales, having nearly the same structure, functions, and nomenclature, but usually subject to more supervising and controlling powers in the hands of the Local Government Board at Dublin. There are only five County Boroughs. Along with the smaller boroughs (called ‘‘ absorbed boroughs’’) and urban districts, there are still some towns under bodies of Commissioners, for which the County Council levies the rates. There are no Parish Councils or Parish Meetings, and outside the towns the whole local administration is in the hands of the Rural District Councils. Above them stand the 32 County Councils, which (besides their own duties) levy the rates required by the Rural District Councils. All the expenses of Local Government in Ireland, in so far as they are levied on the ratepayers, are included in the one ‘“‘ Poor Rate,’’ which is levied by the County Councils. The relief of the poor, together with the administration of the free service of medical treatment (which is not part of the Poor Law, and is available for non-paupers), is in the hands of the Boards of Guardians, who are the same persons as the Rural District Councillors. There are no School Boards or Local Education Authorities, the schools being under managers, and supervised direct from Dublin. The franchise for all local authorities in Ireland is the same as for Parliament, except that peers and women occupiers are *It should be made clear that, while the Parish Council inside the burgh is an ad hoc authority, the Landward (that is, rural) Parish Council is not confined to the administration of the Poor Law, and is, therefore, a general authority. LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 573 not disqualified. Clergymen cannot be elected to any body. A woman is, since 1911, not disqualified by sex or marriage from being a Councillor or Alderman. SUMMARY OF STATISTICS. Altogether more than 25,000 separate local authorities are known to the Local Government Board for England and Wales; several thousands more to the corresponding Boards for Scotland and ireland, making a total for the United Kingdom of about 30,000. The number varies siightly from year to year owing to amalgamations and divisions. They have in their direct employment over 600,000 persons—over two-thirds men and less than one-third women—and cities like Glasgow and Manchester have each over 20,000 employees oa their municipal pay rolls, representing one in six or seven of all the households. They have a total revenue, apart from loans, of neatly £160,000,000. Something like 50 millions a year come from public property and reproductive public undertakings. Thirty millions come from Government grants, and are thus simply drawn from national revenues. Eighty millions have to be levied in rates. Of the total expenditure of /£160,000,000, apart from expenditure out of loans, something like 35 millions go for education, 19 millions for poor relief and lunacy, nearly as much for highways, eight millions for polite, and five millions for sewerage, whilst the public undertakings (including gas, water, electricity, tramways, harbours and docks) cost, including interest and sinking fund on the municipal capital thus invested, about 45 millions. General administration and miscellaneous items account for the balance. The capital thus administered by the local authorities, represented by the public undertakings already mentioned, together with other land and buildings in use for public objects, is estimated at more than £1,000,000,000, or perhaps one-fifteenth of the aggregate capital wealth of the kingdom. Against this stands the indebtedness of local authorities, now amounting to about 600,000,000, two-thirds of it being for reproductive public undertakings which produce a net revenue more than equal to the charge for interest and sinking fund. For further information on Local Government, see Fabian Tracts Gop Oe eS ty NFOS) 122515 25 90 E949 W387 845584085 4y TSO, 1725. 173, etc, 5 the historical and descriptive manuals of the whole system, by Dr. Blake Odgers, Percy Ashley, E. Jenks, and R. C. Maxwell. ‘‘ The Municipal Year Book’’ affords a mass of statistical information. For Town and District Councils, see ‘‘ The Municipal Manual,’’ by A. E. Lauder; for District Councils, see ‘‘ District Councils : a Concise Guide to their Powers and Duties,” by H. D. Cornish; for Parish Councils, see ‘‘ Practical Ready Reference Guide to Parish Councils aud Parish Meetings,’’ by J. H. Stone and J. G. Pease. The best single book on the relation between the local and central authorities is ‘Local and Central Government,’’ by Percy Ashley; or, on the financial side, ‘‘ Grants in Aid,’’ by Sidney Webb, and ‘‘ National and Local Finance,’ by J. W. Grice. The best books on the historical and constitutional development are ‘*‘ The Parish and the County ’”’ and ‘¢ The Manor and the Borough,”’ both by S. and B. Webb, and ‘‘ Loca! Government in England,’’ by J. Redlich and F. W. Hirst. For Scotland, see ‘“‘ Local Government in Scotland,’? by Mabel Atkinson. For special subjects, see under the several heads. 574 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. THE FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT. The work done by these 30,000 separate local authorities is bewildering in its extent and its variety. We can deal only with the principal functions. THE CARE OF THE CHILDREN. By far the most important function of the local authorities, as it is the most costly and the most onerous in administration, is the one that they did not assume until less than half-a-century ago, namely, Education. In England the School Board (which was established under the Act of 1870 and abolished by those of 1902 and 1903) was commonly under- stood to have as its task one form only of child development, namely, education of the mind. Only in the legislation of the past decade do we find at all clearly the conception that the Local Education Authority is concerned as definitely and as directly with the body of the child as with the mind; and that that which it ought to prevent, with regard to the children of school age within the district, is not illiteracy alone, but every form of neglect likely to impair their healthy development. ‘‘It is cheaper,’’ observes Sir Lauder Brunton, ‘‘to spend pence on children than pounds on paupers.’’ This statutory transformation of the Local Education Authority, by the Acts of 1902-3, from a mere scholastic agency into the local organ of the community for nearly all that concerns the child of school age, is not yet commonly appreciated. ‘ The first ‘‘education authority’? in England was the Parish Overseer, who (under the Elizabethan Poor Law) had to ‘‘set to work’? and apprentice all orphans or neglected children. The Poor Law Authority remained the only ‘‘ Local Education Authority ”’ down to 1870. By the Elementary Education Acts, 1870 to 1911 (which badly need codifying), it is now the statutory duty of the Local Education Authority to provide and maintain in efficiency enough elementary schools for all the children of school age resident within its district, and to take whatever steps it deems desirable to supply or aid the supply of every other grade of education, including secondary and university, day and evening, with or without board and residence. It must, in particular, deal suitably with mentally defective children, and supply efficient education for all blind and deaf children up to the age of 16. It must make arrangements to search out every child ‘within its district liable to attend school and secure its attendance. It must arrange for the periodical medical inspection of all children in attendance at all the public elementary schools, provided and non-provided, so as to become cognisant of the physical condition of every child. WHAT THE EDUCATION AUTHORITY MAY DO. So much is statutorily obligatory on every Local Education Authority, and to the Board of Education is committed the responsibility for seeing that all these duties are performed, as a condition precedent to its paying over any grant in aid. But the Local Education Authority has also large optional powers. It may, if it LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 575 thinks fit, provide throughout its district anything whatever that can be included within the term education, without restriction of age, sex, kind, grade, subject, or amount. Subject to any necessary sanction by the Board of Education, the Local Education Authority may, in particular, establish and maintain residential boarding schools for children or hostels for aduit students; it may establish and maintain day feeding schools, vacation schools, and open-air schools; it may provide for criminal children, for truant children, for children suffering from serious parental neglect; it may give in all its day schools, even on Sundays and holidays, meals for necessitous children; it may establish and maintain school clinics, or otherwise provide medical attendance to all the children requiring it. It may appoint not teachers alone, but doctors and nurses, and any other officers necessary to its work. There is no statutory limit to its expenditure in the aggregate (though there is on some items), and it rests only with the members of the Council to put the law in force. For the complete performance of these duties Parliament has endeavoured to ensure that the Local Education Authority shall have daily under the eyes of its officers, as a matter of course, practically the whole child population under its jurisdiction. This puts the Local Education Authority (and that authority alone) im a position to take notice of the first patent beginnings of neglect in any of its forms, but only so far as children of school age are concerned. Efficient elementary education is compulsory for all children, and attendance at an efficient school is compulsory for all within the school age (fixed by bye-laws, but not beyond the statutory limits of 5 and 14) who have no reasonable excuse for non-attendance. SCHOOL EXEMPTION. ‘‘ Partial exemption’’ (popularly known as ‘‘ half-time’’) may be allowed by local bye-laws, approved by the Board of Education and subject to conditions as to educational proficiency or previous due attendance, at 12 or upwards, and for children to be employed in agriculture at as young as 11. Total exemption may be allowed subject to similar conditions for all children at 12, except those above referred to, who cannot obtain total exemption till 13. Blind, deaf, dumb, and defective or epileptic children are required to receive instruction up to 16, and are not entitled to total or partial exemption before that age. The local authority may, within statutory limits, restrict by bye-laws, to be approved by the Home Secretary, the employment of children of school age outside school hours. The Factory and Workshop Acts forbid the employment in factories and workshops of children unless they have satisfied the requirements of those Acts as to attendance at school, or unless they continue to attend school half time. (See also Part II.) The administration of the law is committed in England and Wales to the Local Education Authority, which is generally the same Council that administers the other Local Government services. The Council is in all cases required to appoint an Education Committee, which may include a minority of co-opted members and must contain some persons of educational experience and at least one woman. The Council must consult this Committee, and may delegate to it as much as it likes of the work, except the raising of a rate or the borrowing of money. Everywhere there must be _ voluntary 576 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. ‘“managers’’ for each non-provided school, and, in administrative counties, for each provided school. In London and elsewhere similar voluntary machinery is made use of also for every evening continuation school, secondary school, and training college. ARE ALL THE CHILDREN CARED FOR? The children of school age in Great Britain (with the exception of the children of canal boat men, of a few of the travelling showmen, of some gipsies, and of habitual vagrants), so far as regards those of families under about £150 a year, as well as an increasing proportion of families above that income, are now almost all on the school registers, or at any rate on the school attendance officers’ lists, and thus actually within the purview of the Local Education Authority. The attendance of nine-tenths of the children is surprisingly regular, whilst even the one-tenth, who are frequently absent, are nearly all at school on one-half or two-thirds of the days that it is open. Systematic medical inspection now takes place nearly everywhere, though as yet often to a very limited extent, and any child suffering from neglect in any form can be thus specially examined. But-we are still far from the position of preventing child neglect. It is in England and Wales not obligatory on the Local Education Authority to take action, though it is obligatory on the School Board in Scotland. It is not yet clear how far the Local Education Authority in England and Wales can spend money on enforcing its requirements on negligent parents. We are now officially informed by the Board of Education that, of the six million children in the public elementary schools, ‘about 10 per cent. suffer from serious defect in vision, from 3 to 5 per cent. suffer from defective hearing, 1 to 3 per cent. have suppurating ears, 8 per cent. have adenoids or enlarged tonsils of sufficient degree to obstruct the nose or throat and to require surgical treatment, 20 to 4o per cent. suffer from extensive and injurious decay of teeth, 4o per cent. have unclean heads, about 1 per cent. suffer from ringworm, 1 per cent. are affected with tuberculosis of readily recognisable form, and 3 to 2 per cent. are afflicted with heart disease.’’ Steps are everywhere being taken to remedy these defects. Various authorities have now set up complete school clinics, and several have even well-organised dental clinics, whilst there are many voluntary school clinics which the Local Education Authority aids in one way or another. Nearly all the authorities now provide medical attendance, and are seeing that the children get spectacles where necessary. Nearly all the towns in England and Wales have arrangements for providing meals for those in need of food, and 420,000 children were last year so fed. Other forms of neglect are provided against, here and there, by the use of day industrial schools (where the children of parents unable or unwilling to provide proper parental supervision can be kept all day, properly fed and looked after, without breaking up the family), or by the residential schools, to which children can be admitted voluntarily as well as by order of a magistrate. 1 With regard to (a) promoting the attendance of children at continuation schools, and (4) directing them into suitable situations, many Local Education Authorities are now beginning to take action, in more or less intimate relation with the Labour Exchanges, and joint committees are being formed with this object in connection with every ‘‘special school’? and every secondary school and training LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 577 college. In London and many other. towns there is also a voluntary ‘‘ Children’s Care Committee’? or ‘‘ School Canteen Committee,’’ made up of men and women who devote much time to (a) supervising the arrangements as to weakly or ailing children, (4) managing the supply of meals, and (c) visiting the homes. There are also committees for “country holiday ’”’ funds, for the provision of spectacles, boots, etc., for ‘‘ after-care,’’ for apprenticeship, etc. THE SCOTTISH SCHOOL BOARDS. In Scotland the local authority remains, as in 1872, the School Board, elected ad hoc for each parish or burgh. There are 970 Boards, of which 82 are for combinations of small parishes. Election is triennial and on the cumulative vote system. The larger Boards work through committees, but the great majority are for relatively small masses of child population, and accordingly deal directly with their business. ‘There is no area of the country uncovered by a School Board. In Scotland the law is much the same as in England, but the following particular points of difference may be noted :— 1. The provision of meals, clothing, boots, and personal attention is not left optional to the Local Education Authorities, but is a duty which must be performed if the parents or guardians are unable through poverty or ill-health to attend to the matter, provided always that the resources of voluntary agencies are first exhausted. 2. On the other hand, though medical inspection is a duty of the local authority, medical treatment is not yet even a power. 3. The Local Education Authority, which in Scotland is the School Board, has not the same range of control over all grades of education as in England. This duty of general co-ordination is exercised to a considerabie extent by Secondary Education Committees, appointed by the County Councils. SECONDARY EDUCATION COMMITTEES. The Education (Scotland) Act, 1908, defines the various duties and confers the various powers appropriate to the extended conception of education referred to above. It has also sanctioned a comprehensive re-arrangement of various grants previously in force and instituted the ‘“‘ Education Fund’’ for the general promotion of all grades of education. This fund is administered through the Secondary Education Committees. The Secondary Education Committee, which is found in each county and in certain of the larger burghs, is appointed by Minute of the Scotch Education Department. Each Committee is made up of representatives of the various educational bodies in the area— School Boards, Managers of Secondary Schools, governing bodies of central institutions, etc.—and of the local authority (Town or County Council). There are 37 such Committees. They have no power of rating. School managers practically do not yet exist, although they are sanctioned by the Act of 1872. In Edinburgh Local Care Committees are, however, in course of establishment. The voluntary schools are in a much lesser relation to the Local Education Authority than in England, but the local authority does si 578 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. enforce attendance, must provide medical inspection, must deal with child neglect, may provide books and apparatus in such schools. In Scotland the number of children on the rolls of public schools is 714,899, of voluntary schools 109,770. The number of teachers is, in the former, approximately 16,678, in the latter 2,383. PHYSICAL CARE. The Act of 1908 provided for medical inspection and the systematic dealing with child neglect. In Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Dundee, Govan, Leith, and some other towns the problem is being vigorously attacked. The following lines of action may be mentioned: Searching out of children who are underfed, in need of boots or clothing, affected with vermin or dirt, or in want of medical treatment; warning and prosecuting the parents responsible for such neglect; dealing with all these types of neglect (except by medical treatment); extending and developing the continuation class system (bye-laws for compulsory attendance at such classes up to 17 years of age may be made); instituting employment agencies in conjunction © with the Labour Exchanges, etc. IRELAND. In Ireland educational organisation is extremely backward. There are no Local Education Authorities, but elementary schools have managers, who are subsidised and supervised by Government departments (styled Boards) at Dublin. School attendance has been made obligatory only in the towns and more populous parts of the country. Over a large part of Ireland it is still unnecessary for any child ever to enter a school, and legally permissible to set children of any age to work, or to employ them (outside a place that is a factory or pe b within the scope of the Factory Acts). THE MAINTENANCE GF THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE CARE OF THE SICK. After Education, the most important function of British Local Government is the maintenance of the Public Health and the care of the sick. It is interesting to note that it was primarily in order to prevent destitution that the Local Health Authority in England was called into existence. It was as Secretary of the Poor Law Commission that Edwin Chadwick in 1838 drew the attention of the Government to the need for what we should now call Public Health powers, and described s ‘‘the most prominent and pressing ”’ of all Poor Law reforms, ‘‘ the means of averting the charges on the Poor Rates which are caused by nuisances by which contagion is generated and persons are reduced to destitution.’? From this impulse sprang the four great Reports of the Poor Law Commission on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population (1842), the Royal Commission on the Health of Towns (1842-5), the Removal of Nuisances Act of 1846, and the Public Health Act of 1848. Now it is the duty of the Local Health Authority to prevent all disease, however caused, in any part of the population. LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 579 PUBLIC HEALTH LAW. By the Public Health Act of 1875 (for London, the Public Health Act of 1891), together with the Acts amending the same, Parliament has made it everywhere obligatory for a periodical inspection of the whole district to be made in order that no unhealthy conditions may be suffered to exist; for whatever sewers and house-drains are necessary to be compulsorily and universally provided and kept in a proper state; for every dwelling to be properly constructed, not overcrowded, and kept without any nuisance injurious to health; for the universal provision of at least a minimum of sanitary accommodation ; for a proper water supply to every dwelling wherever this is reasonably practicable; for systematic removal of house refuse and filth, and the cleansing and disinfecting of any dwellings found to be in an unwholesome state; for the insistence upon special requirements to prevent disease with regard to all underground dwellings, common lodging-houses, houses let in tenements, factories and workshops,. bakeries and slaughterhouses, and all unhealthy trades; and for steps to be taken to prevent the continuance anywhere or under any circumstances of any nuisance injurious to health. Wide powers of inspection and enforcement of sanitary conditions are given with regard to meat, milk, and other food, and for the making of bye-laws imposing sanitary regulations upon the whole population. Food is inspected at its source by Local Sanitary Authorities, and at its port of entry by Port Authorities; in its distribution by Local Sanitary Authorities and police. Births and infancy are looked after by Local Sanitary Authorities under the Midwives Act and by Health Visitors ; health at school by Education Authorities; and health in factories and workshops by the Home Office and Local Sanitary Authorities. Extensive powers are given for the provision, at the public expense and for common use, of sewers, pavements, water supply, lighting, cleansing and scavenging of every description, public baths and washhouses, parks and Open spaces, playgrounds, markets, mortuaries, cemeteries, sanitary conveniences, ambulances, disinfection places, hospitals (including out-patients’ departments or dispensaries), for any or all diseases, and even (but only temporarily) a supply of medicine and medical assistance for the poorer inhabitants. Similar powers as regards Scotland are contained in the Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897, and the Burgh Police (Scotland) Acts, 1892 and 1903. In Ireland the administration of the Health services is extremely backward, but the law is generally on the lines of that of England and Wales. PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE. So far as general words can go in statutory form, the powers available to prevent the occurrence of disease, and to deal with it effectively when it does occur, appear to be ample. There is no limitation to diseases regarded as infectious. There is no restriction to any class or age or sex. There is no limit to the expenditure that may be incurred. But experience proves the legal powers of the local authority to fall short, in this or that detail, at many points. Much of what is merely optional is not put in force. Even what is nominally obligatory and compulsory is, here and there, not in existence. Unfortunately few local authorities are even willing to make adequate use of the powers that they possess. 580 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. Everywhere in England and Wales the authority for putting the law in force is a Council directly elected by the ratepayers of its district (including women householders), either annually by thirds or triennially en éloc. This elected Council, referred to as the Local Health Authority, is, in all the 76 ‘‘County Boroughs,” the entirely autonomous County Borough Council. In London the Public Health powers are shared between (a) the London County Council, (4) the Metropolitan Asylums Board, which is essentially a Public Health Authority, and (c) the City Corporation and the 28 Metropolitan Borough Councils. Outside London and the County Boroughs the County Council has now certain responsibilities and powers with regard to the health of the whole county. But, subject to a supervision by the County Council—which is, notwithstanding the provisions of the Housing and Town Planning Act of 1g10, still somewhat vaguely defined—the Local Health Authority is the Council of either (a) the Non-County Borough, (4) the Urban District, or (¢) the Rural District. In the service of every Local Health Authority (including now every county) there must be a qualified Medical Officer of Health, with whatever sanitary and administrative staff is necessary. The Local Health Authorities—apart from part payment of the salaries of the Medical Officer of Health and Inspectors of Nuisances in certain cases—receive from the Exchequer practically no grant in aid of their Public Health work. They can, however, now get up to 50 per cent. of their expenditure on schools for mothers or baby clinics from the Local Government Board. They are responsible to no Minister of Health, though their sanitary work is more or less supervised by the four or five separate divisions of the Local Government Board which deal with the subject. HEALTH VISITORS. In many towns in England, and in a few in Scotland, more or less elaborately organised voluntary agencies, working in conjunction with the Medical Officer of Health, exist. Over 300 towns have Health Visitors or Health Societies in active work, visiting (a) all notified births, (2) sometimes also houses where deaths are notified, and (c) following up cases discharged from hospital or specially reported. The number of Health Visitors definitely appointed by the local authority, paid out of the rates, and working under the M.O.H., now exceed soo. In addition, there are over 1,000 volunteer Health Visitors at work in nearly 1co different towns. There are now scores of municipal, and hundreds of voluntary baby clinics, usually acting more or less in co-operation with ‘‘ schools for mothers’? and the Medical Officer of Health. WANTED, A PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEY. No general survey of the Public Health service exists, and such a survey is badly needed. ‘The 1,800 separate Local Health Authorities in England and the 313 in Scotland—which are, under the statutes, jointly responsible for preventing disease, and, therefore, for keeping the whole population in health—vary indefinitely in their activity. In some districts almost the only sign of a Public Health service is the payment of an annual fee of ten or 20 guineas to a local medical practitioner to walk through the part of Medical Officer of Health, and a corresponding fee (in England and Wales) to the Poor Law LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 581 Relieving Officer to pretend to be Inspector of Nuisances; and the whole Public Health expenditure of a Rural District Council responsible for the good health of tens of thousands of people sometimes does not exceed £100. At the other end of the scale stand cities like Liverpool and Manchester, where the Town Council provides elaborate drainage systems, water supply, parks and open spaces, baths and washhouses, workmen’s dwellings, and municipal hospitals, whilst the Public Health Department is a highly organised and all- pervading influence, maintaining a vigilant supervision of the sanitary condition of the dwellings, the streets, the workplaces, and the food supply, and carrying on a persistent campaign not only against the ordinary notifiable zymotic diseases, but also against infantile mortality, tuberculosis, measles, whooping-cough, and the minor ailments of children at school. We know that the 1,800 Local Sanitary Authorities of England and Wales, together with the County Councils, have among them about 1,500 Medical Officers of Health, and that out of these about 350 (including those of London, the County Councils, and the County Boroughs) are salaried ‘‘ full timers,’’ whilst about 4oo are private practitioners to whom the Local Health Authority pays a stipend of from £3 to £30 per annum. We know that out of these 1,800 Local Health Authorities only about 1,000 have any sort of hospital provision of their own for infectious diseases, and it is uncertain how many of the 700 without hospital accommodation can effectively secure isolation by arrangement with more energetic or more provident neighbours. We know that the 950 municipal hospitals have over 40,000 beds, or more than those provided in all the endowed or voluntary hospitals put together; that they must receive about 100,000 patients a year; that (as they can legally provide for all diseases, infectious or not) they are here and there widening the scope of their work, admitting patients suffering from accidents, from tuberculosis, from measles, from whooping-cough, and so on, and that they are beginning to open out-patients’ departments or dispensaries (for tuberculosis, for ringworm, for various skin affections, etc.). PUBLIC HEALTH IN SCOTLAND. In Scotland, the local authorities, for the purposes of the administration of the Public Health Acts, are in counties (exclusive of burghs) the County Council where the county is not divided into districts, the District Committee where the county is divided into districts, and in burghs the Town Council. There are eight counties not divided into districts, 99 District Committees, and 206 burghs, making a total of 313 local authorities for 5,000,000 people. Each of these local authorities has a Medical Officer of Health and a Sanitary Inspector, and the Medical Officer of Health must possess a diploma in sanitary science, public health, or State medicine. An important fact is that no Medical Officer of Health or Sanitary Inspector can be removed from office except by or with the sanction of the Local Government Board for Scotland. It should be noted that many of the smaller burghs have made arrangements by which they obtain the services of the County Medical Officer of Health and Sanitary Inspector, and practically all the District Committees have appointed the county officials to act also as their local officials. Uniformity of administration throughout the 552 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. county is thus, to a great extent, secured. In a few cases two counties have combined to appoint the same Medical Officer. In addition, almost all the local authorities have appointed a veterinary surgeon for the purposes of meat inspection and the inspection of cattle in dairies. With the exception of a contribution to the salaries of Medical Officers and Sanitary Inspectors, local authorities receive no grant in aid from the Exchequer. Their work is more or less supervised by the Local Government Board of Scotland, which (unlike that of England) is a real Board, composed of the Secretary for Scotland, the Solicitor-General for Scotland, and the Under-Secretary for Scotland as ex-officio members, and three appointed- members, viz., a vice-president, a legal member, and a medical member. In Scotland, as in England, there is no survey of Public Health available. The 313 local authorities have among them about 120 Medical Officers of Health. Of these, about 40 devote all their time to their duties, whilst about 80 are engaged in private practice and receive salaries varying from £2 2s. to £200. With but one or two exceptions, every local authority in Scotland is provided with hospital accommodation for cases of infectious disease. As already stated, the work of the local authorities is more or less supervised by the Local Government Board for Scotland, but with a staff of only two Medical Inspectors an adequate systematic survey of the Public Health service is impossible, and it has been revealed by evidence that in many places--notably in the Hebrides and in the Highlands, but also in some of the Lowland districts—the provision for the prevention of disease is little more than nominal, whilst the percentage of uncertified deaths is large. IRELAND. In Ireland the Health services are in the hands of the Borough or District Councils as in England. See Fabian Tract, ‘‘ What a Health Committee can do’’; the valuable Annual Report of the Medical Officer of the London County Council; such scientific treatises on ‘‘ Hygiene and Public Health ”’ as those by Parker and Kenwood, Stevenson, and Murphy, or Sir B. A. Whitelegge. For history, see ‘‘The Public Health Agitation,” by B. L. Hutchins; ‘‘ English Sanitary Institutions, by Sir John Simon; and ‘‘ The Sanitary Evolution of London,’”’ by H. J. Jephson. THE PROVISION FOR THE MENTALLY DEFICIENT. One of the most serious of the duties of the local authorities is that of providing proper care and treatment for the lunatics, the idiots, the imbeciles, and other persons who are mentally deficient. Prior to 1808, when the County Justices were first empowered to establish county lunatic asylums, the only institutions in England for the care and custody of the mentally defective, other than the poorhouses of the time, were a few endowed or voluntary ‘‘ madhouses.’’ Apart from the inmates of these charities, all that was done for the mentally defective was to ‘‘relieve”? them, when destitute, by the Parish Overseer. Only very slowly and gradually was any general institutional provision made even for dangerous lunatics; and not until 1845 did it become obligatory on the Local Lunacy Authority to make the LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 583 necessary provision for all persons certified as of unsound mind and unable to pay for the necessary care. LUNACY LAW. By the Lunacy Act of 1890 (a convenient codification), which applies only to England and Wales, as amended by the Lunacy Act of 1891 and by the Mental Deficiency Act of 1911, it is the duty of the Local Lunacy Authority, acting through the Visiting Committee (of its own members), which that authority must appoint, and either alone or by arrangement with some other Lunacy Authority, to provide and maintain asylum accommodation for all the persons of unsound mind belonging to its area who, by reason of being unable by themselves or their legally liable relatives to provide for their full maintenance and necessary care, are wholly or partly chargeable to public funds, whether or not they are chargeable as paupers to any Poor Law Authority. These are termed pauper lunatics. If the Board of Control, which is the central authority, reports any Local Lunacy Authority to be ‘in default the Home Secretary can peremptorily require it to provide what he directs. The Local Lunacy Authority may also, if it chooses, provide (a) separate asylums for patients on whose behalf the full cost is paid, or admit such “‘ private patients ”” to the general asylum; and (2) separate asylums for idiots or patients suffering from any particular class of mental disorder. The Local Lunacy Authority may make provision for ‘‘ boarding out’’ with relatives or friends on payment not exceeding the institutional cost. But though the Local Lunacy Authority may make provision in separate asylums for ‘‘ patients suffering from any particular class of mental disorder,’’ this is subject to the limitation that all such persons must be certifiable and certified as of unsound mind. Under the Mental Deficiency Act of 1911 it has the further duty of providing, subject to the approval of the Board of Control, for persons duly certified as feeble-minded from birth. No person not certified can lawfully be received, even as a voluntary inmate entitled to leave at will, in any institution of the Local Lunacy Authority; and no persons not so certified can lawfully be in any way provided for at its expense. Hence, whilst certified lunatics, idiots, and imbeciles are provided for, no provision is or can be made by the Local Lunacy Authority for other persons, notably for (a) sane epileptics, or (4) persons classed as morally deficient who cannot be certified as of unsound mind or as mentally deficient. The law in Scotland is essentially similar to that of England and Wales, and has practically the same limitations. It should be added that the Idiots Act, 1886, makes separate provision for idiots and imbeciles, who are also specially dealt with as regards London by the Metropolitan Poor Act, 1867. With regard to children between 3 and 16, who, without being certified as of unsound mind, are found to be mentally defective, provision is made by the Elementary Education (Defective and Epileptic Children) Acts, 1899 and 1914, for requiring local authorities to establish and maintain special schools for such children and to enforce attendance up to 16. Provision is also made by the Inebriates Acts for certified institutions for the reception and detention of inebriates, who may either be committed by a magistrate or voluntarily agree to their own detention. 554 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. THE LUNACY AUTHORITY. The local administrative body with regard to persons certified as of unsound mind or mentally defective (the Local Lunacy Authority) is, in England and Wales, everywhere the County Council or County Borough Council acting through its Asylums Committee and its Mental Defectives Committee, to which (appointed annually by the Council exclusively from its own members) the statutes give great executive powers, independent of the Council, with regard both to asylum administration and asylum provision. The Council may, however, give directions to the Committee as to which method of providing asylum accommodation it shall adopt, and the Council must itself provide the necessary funds by loan or rate. The Corporation of the City of London and the Councils of some other cities or boroughs (in 1890 30 in number, but now reduced to a very few), though not County Boroughs, still retain their old rights as independent Local Lunacy Authorities, but tend more and more to merge in the county. In Lancashire all the County Boroughs have united with the County Council to form a single Lunacy Authority for the geographical county under a federal ‘‘ Lancashire Lunacy Board.’’ London has two such authorities: the London County Council, dealing under the Lunacy Act, with 20,000 lunatics and imbeciles, and, under the Mental Deficiency Act, with the mentally defective, and the Metropolitan Asylums Board, under the Metropolitan Poor Act, 1867, with about 7,000 imbeciles and idiots; whilst the statistical returns indicate that the practice differs widely in the different parts of the Metropolis as to which classes of patients are remitted to these two authorities. In Scotland the Local Lunacy Authorities are the 22 District Boards of Lunacy, which are in 14 cases committees of persons nominated by the various County Councils in the lunacy district for which the Board acts, and in the eight largest towns the members of the Parish Councils. The duty of taking charge, of getting certified she of conveying to asylum all lunatics, idiots, and imbeciles who are certifiable as of unsound mind, and who are not being properly provided for, is, however, placed not on the Local Lunacy Authority but on the Local Poor Law Authority. Thus, in practice, it is, in England and Wales, the Relieving Officer of the Board of Guardians who is called in to a lunatic or who discovers his need of food or care. It is the Relieving Officer who, in practice, gets the patient certified, removes him temporarily to the workhouse, arranges for a reception order, and conveys him to the county or borough asylum. In Scotland the Inspector of Poor and the Parish Council have similar duties. On the other hand, the local administrative body with regard to epileptic and mentally defective children between 3 and 16, not being certified as of unsound mind, is, in Scotland, the School Board, and in England and Wales the Local Education Authority, for the purposes of Part III. of the Education Act, 1902—that is to say, in rural and small urban districts, the County Council; in urban districts over 20,000, and in Non-County Boroughs over 10,000 (except in seven, which have ceded their powers to the County Council), the District or Borough Council; and in County Boroughs the County Borough Council. In London some of these children are in the special schools of the London County Council as Local Education Authority, and LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 585 others in the Metropolitan Asylums Board’s homes for feeble-minded children. The local authority for the administration of the Inebriates Act is the County or County Borough Council, and as the subject does not fall within the statutory sphere of either the Asylums Committee or the Education Committee, it is usually dealt with by a separate committee for the purpose. WHO PAYS FOR LUNATICS? The cost of maintenance of the lunatic asylums is curiously shared. The Local Lunacy Authority determines annually the average cost of maintenance of the patients in its asylums, other than the paying patients and apart from loan interest and repayments, and levies this sum per patient per week upon the Poor Law Authorities of the unions in which the patients have respectively their settlements. Where no settlement can be established no charge can be made on any union, and the Local Lunacy Authority charges the cost of such patients, together with loan interest and repayments and other charges incidental to asylum provision, to the County Rate. A similar procedure is followed by the Metropolitan Asylums Board in the asylums of which there are no patients who are not chargeable to any union. The Poor Law Union then obtains from the County Council out of the Exchequer grant a sum equal to half the net cost of the union of each person so provided for after deducting the sums recovered from the patient or his relatives, but in no case exceeding 4s. per head per week, the balance becoming a charge on the Poor Rate. In London, moreover, the balance left to fall on the union funds is recouped from the Metropolitan Common Poor Fund raised by an equal rate throughout London. The result is that, as each Metropolitan Board of Guardians pays in effect the same proportion of the total cost of Metropolitan lunacy, whether it sends few or many patients, either to the London County Council asylums or to Metropolitan Asylums Board asylums, or to both, it has the utmost pecuniary inducement to transfer from the out-relief lists to these asylums as many mentally defective persons as possible. As between the London County Council asylums and the Metropolitan Asylums Board asylums, it is to be noted that a fee is legally payable to the certifying Medical Officer and Relieving Officer in respect of patients sent by Poor Law Authorities to the London County Council institutions, whereas no fee is payable in respect of patients sent to the Metropolitan Asylums Board institutions, which are technically those of another Poor Law Authority. On the other hand, outside the Metropolis, the Poor Law Authority incurs additional expense for most of the patients sent to the county asylums, as the charge per week, even after deducting the 4s. Government grant, usually exceeds the cost of maintenance either in the workhouse or the amount allowed in outdoor relief. The cost of maintenance of the Local Education Authorities’ schools for mentally defective and epileptic children is borne by the Education Rate, which is assisted by extensive grants in aid. In London, however, the cost of the mentally defective children in the Metropolitan Asylums Board homes (equalised tor all London) falls on the Poor Rate. That of inebriate asylums is partly provided by the Government by a special grant in aid, the balance falling on the County or Borough Rate, ae 586 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. HOW MANY MENTALLY DEFECTIVE PERSONS ARE THERE? The investigations of the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-Minded led them to the conclusion that, in England and Wales, there were about 271,000 mentally defective persons, or 0.83 per cent. of the whole population. This total includes (i.) lunatics; (ii.) persons mentally infirm through age or decay; (iii.) idiots; (iv.) imbeciles; (v.) feeble-minded; (vi.) moral imbeciles ; (vii.) mentally defective epileptics; (viii.) mentally defective inebriates ; and (ix.) mentally defective deaf and dumb or blind. There exists at present adequate public provision for 122,000 certified lunatics of class (1.), who (apart from a very small number suitably looked after at home, and a dwindling little minority in a few certified private asylums) are maintained in the County or County Borough Asylums, some as private patients refunding directly to the Asylums Committee the charge for maintenance. For the 150,000 persons of classes (ii.) to (ix.) no systematic provision is made—that is to say, they come under public control, if at all, only in some other connection than their mental deficiency; for instance, as paupers, criminals, inebriates, or children at school. In Scotland the position is much the same as in England and Wales. Thus, the Commission reported that mentally defective persons (probably over 60,000 in number) were to be found in Poor Law institutions, including workhouses, casual wards, and infirmaries, and ‘some even in the special homes for children and the aged. Others are chronically in and out of prison for petty offences. Others, again, are living in the slums upon pittances of out-relief, often under grossly insanitary and demoralising conditions. It is said that no small proportion of the 15,000 births that take place annually in the workhouses of the United Kingdom are cases in which distinctly feeble-minded mothers come into the institution almost every year to be delivered of a (frequently) feeble-minded child. VOLUNTARY BODIES. In connection with the local authorities there are various voluntary agencies, such as ‘‘ After-Care’’ Committees, acting with the Asylums Committees, special committees under the Local Education Authority for ‘‘ mentally defective ’’ schools, and bodies of governors or managers of homes for inebriates under the committees of Councils administering such homes. A few endowed or voluntary institutions or homes receive idiots, inebriates, or feeble-minded women, some of whom are, paid for by public authorities. The National Association for Promoting the Welfare of the Feeble-Minded and the Lancashire and Cheshire Society for the Permanent Care of the Feeble-Minded are prominent examples of such voluntary bodies, and have acquired valuable experience as to what is needed. GRANTS IN AID. The most important part of the constitution of British Local Government is really the grants in aid. This is a new thing. The grant out of the National Exchequer of annual subventions towards the expenses of local governing bodies was unknown before 1832, and can hardly be said to have become a part of our financial system until 1846. But especially in the past quarter of a century LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 587 grants in aid have steadily grown. At present, out of an aggregate expenditure by the local authorities in the United Kingdom of about 160 millions sterling, the National Government contributes about 30 millions, or about 18 per cent. It is not too much to say that the eficiency of our Local Government depends to an enormous extent on these grants in aid and how they are made. THE GOSCHEN FINANCE. The complications of the statutory provisions with regard to these grants in aid in each part of the United Kingdom cannot be unravelled in this brief summary. We must note the effort made in 1888 by Mr. (afterwards Viscount) Goschen to simplify the relation between central and local finance by substituting a single Local Taxation Account for all the multifarious grants in aid then existing (with the exceptions of the Education Grant, the grants to industrial and reformatory schools, and the contributions in lieu of rates on Government buildings). By the Acts of 1888 and 1890, which set up this Local Taxation Account and determined of what it should consist, there was to be paid into it the proceeds of certain licence duties, of part of the estate duties, and of certain sur-taxes on alcoholic liquors, etc., less tithe rent- charge rates (1899), which are deducted by the Commissioners of Inland Revenue out of the sums payable by them to the Local Taxation Account in respect of the Estate Duty Grant. To these revenues were added, by the Agricultural Rates Act, 1896, a fixed sum annually in respect of the deficiency in local revenues then created by the provisions of the Act. Out of the Local Taxation Account has to be paid (@) practically all the multifarious grants in aid which had been instituted down to that date (except the pre-existing education grants to industrial and reformatory schools); (4) certain additional grants towards police superannuation and education other than elementary ; (c) the fixed grant to make up the deficiency in rates caused by the Agricultural Rates Act, 1896. By subsequent Acts various other payments made by the Government (such as the expenses of measures taken against swine fever) have been charged to the Local Taxation Account and the grants in aid correspondingly reduced. Somewhat similar provisions have been made with regard to Local Taxation Accounts for Scotland and Ireland respectively. Apart altogether from these arrangements stand the direct grants _ in aid of Local Education Authorities, which rest upon the Education Acts and the regulations of the Board of Education for England and Wales, the Scotch Education Department, and the Irish Government. There remain apart also the grants made by the Home Office under the Industrial and Reformatory Schools Acts (now codified in the Children’s Act, 1908). Quite a new addition are the grants made under the Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905, by the Local Government Board. In England and Wales an attempt was made under the Local Taxation Account to make the County and County Borough Councils the sole recipients of the grants payable from that account. The County and County Borough Councils were required to pay over to Boards of Guardians, Councils of Rural Districts, Urban Districts or Non-County Boroughs, and other local authorities any sums that they had been accustomed to receive. The Board of Education grants in England and Wales are paid direct to County and County Borough 588 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. Councils, with the addition, however, of those larger Non-County Boroughs and Urban Districts which administer their own elementary schools. In Scotland and Ireland all grants have continued to be paid direct to the County, Burgh, or Parish Council, Board of Guardians, School Board, or District Board of Lunacy whose finances were to be aided. The same course has always been followed with the grants in aid of industrial and reformatory schools, which are paid direct to the managers of such schools, whether these are voluntary committee or Local Education Authorities. Of the 30 millions sterling of grants in aid over four millions go to local authorities in England and Wales, four millions to those of Scotland, and one and three-quarter millions to those of Ireland. Between eleven and twelve millions sterling come through the Local Taxation Accounts of the three kingdoms, and over 18 millions do not come through those accounts. WHAT ARE NOW THE GRANTS IN AID? We may most usefully classify grants in aid according to whether or not they are (a) so far fixed in amount as to be independent of any action of the local authority receiving them; (4) varying in some relation to the amount spent by the local authority; (c) dependent on certain specific services being undertaken by the local authority, but not increasing in proportion to the amount spent. Among the fixed grants may be included such items as the deficiency grants under the Agricultural Rates Acts, the proceeds of taxes on alcoholic liquors (or the grants in lieu of these under the Finance Act of 1907) now definitely assigned to higher education, the grants to Boards of Guardians based on the amount of certain expenditure in a particular year long past, etc. But, in a sense, all the sums paid through the Local Taxation Accounts are part of one fixed grant, as the aggregate sum is independent of any action by the local authorities, and any increase in some items is little more than a matter of bookkeeping, as it merely diminishes the unallotted margin. The aggregate amount of the fixed grants, including on this ground all the payments through the Local Taxation Accounts, is between eleven and twelve millions. The grants dependent on the performance of certain services, but not varying in proportion to the expenditure of the local authorities, are mainly the Education Authorities’ grants and those to industrial and reformatory schools, amounting in the aggregate to about 154 millions sterling. The principal instance of the class of grants varying directly with the expenditure of the local authorities was the police grant, which is still nominally made on the basis of half the local expenditure on the service, subject to a certificate from the Home Secretary as to efficiency. Other instances are the moieties of salaries of Medical Officers or of the cost of medicine and drugs. But these have been in effect merged in fixed grants by the operation of the Local Taxation Accounts. THE EFFECT ON THE RATES. The net result on the finances of the several local authorities of a simultaneous receipt of these heterogeneous and varying grants in aid, some distributed on a valuation basis, others on a population basis, and others again on an expenditure basis, can only be described LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 589. as extraordinary. The amount of relief to the ratepayers of different places is (as the Report of the Poor Law Commission declares) ‘‘entirely irrespective of their circumstances, whether the test be population, area, poverty, amount of pauperism, efficiency of service, or economy of administration.’’ We may give an example—not worse than others that could be cited from Great Britain—from Ireland. ** Throughout the whole of Ireland the Government grants are arranged almost as if it had been deliberately designed that those districts which needed help most should receive the least assistance, whilst those which require the least aid had this aid heaped upon them in profusion. We have worked out the figures for six of the richest and six of the poorest unions in Ireland :— ‘2 | rey a -| w A] | z NN i * ; og ie iG Rug S ss 3S ey ice a ok) oy a oy be os Union. County. PeieslBOl sel ge | Ft ‘ome sd Se iss) 5 -| 83; oO = S ® Aalrg&| 2s Sos feos ea “ 9 1D B Bobo |i sah) bee 3 3 Is & Meee Sy | a, at 4e) 3 i) BO Ory cas heat 3 © uu ee |< Bae ik aes Alle > O ee FAI Cites oh es £ 1g sis a. Dunshaughlin | Meath ....| 399/332/2,383/3,114| 7,979/105,242|13 417 9 "Eniiiaiaseuth Meath .. 485/408}3,568/4,461/13,973|109,054| 7 16/6 4 Celbridge ....| Kildare....} 579)453|2,122|3,157|14,225|106,057| 7 914 5 Dele irs se vies Westmeath | 316)250/1,717/2,283} 8,477| 53,200] 6 615 4 CEOOR Hi vse Limerick ..| 597/402|2,677|3,676/10,806| 63,836} 5 1816 9 Kilmallock ..| Limerick ..|1,477)/757|6,104/8,338125,551|140,273| 5 I0j6 I Glenties .| Donegal 669]530/1 ,059/2,267/33,191| 22,314] O 13|/r 4 Dunfanaghy ..; Donegal 364/194} 392| 850|15,781| 12,036] 0 I5|r oO Belmullet ....| Mayo 504|304| 765/1,573/13,845] 10,942] 0 16/2 3 Oughterard ..| Galway 393/306} 921|1,080/17,732| 16,053] o 18]/r Io Swineford ....| Mayo 7581490|2,123/3,371|44,162| 42,374] 0 Ig/I 6 5) GL re Galway 507/370|1,020/1,897/18,768| 19,010] I o|2 Oo ‘In the Dunshaughlin Union, amid the rich grazing lands of Meath, where the valuation amounts to no less than £13 4s. per head of population, the Government relieves the occupier from his burden of local expenditure to the extent of as much as 7s. od. per head. In the Dunfanaghy Union, amid the bare rocks of Donegal, the Government relieves the occupier of his local burden to the extent of no more than 1s. per head.”’ See Fabian Tract 172, ‘‘ What About the Rates?’’; ‘‘ Grants in Aid,” by Sidney Webb; ‘‘ National and Local Finance,’’ by J. W. Grice. §90 LOCAL GOVERNMENT. OTHER SERVICES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT. ABATTOIRS (OR PUBLIC SLAUGHTERHOUSES). The provision of these, in substitution for the less sanitary and less humane private slaughterhouses of the butchers, is very desirable. Public slaughterhouses are the rule in France, Germany, Austria, and Denmark. Without them there is great difficulty in systematically inspecting meat and preventing the sale of diseased meat. Under the Public Health Act, 1875 (sec. 169 and 267), any Borough or Urban Council, and, with the consent of the Local Government Board, any Rural District Council, may establish an abattoir (which may include a refrigerator and cold storage) and borrow the necessary funds. This is usually done in connection with the public market, but the abattoir may be set up independently, and more than 100 Boroughs and Councils have taken this course. The object is not profit, but some towns find the receipts from the charges made for slaughtering sufficient not only to pay all the working expenses, but also to pay interest and sinking fund. 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Page Page Introduction .. 642 | The Provision for Unemploy- The Provision for Accidents. 643 eae 1 8 The Provision for Maternity... 656 The Pros fe Old. a és The Provision for Sickness .. 659 e Provision for Bey* OOr The ProvisionforTuberculosis 675 The Provision for Fire -» 683 The Provision for Invalidity.. 677 | The Provision for Death .. 684 INTRODUCTION. An important feature of our time is the development of Social Insurance in many varied forms. It is recognised that, whilst the ordinary wage-worker may be able to provide for his own immediate needs so long as things go well with him, the present wage system makes no provision for the future and leaves him and his family specially liable to be reduced to destitution by any contingency that interrupts his work or increases his requirements. By ordinary Insurance is meant a voluntary arrangement by which payments are made by or in respect of large numbers of persons in normal circum- stances, in order to provide funds out of which such of them as find themselves in abnormal circumstances may be succoured in their hour of need. Social Insurance is a compulsory arrangement by which payments are made by everybody to provide against all — the contingencies, normal or abnormal, which the income of ‘the wage-worker is too small and precarious to cover. So far as the great mass of the people are concerned, this Social Insurance is of very recent growth. A century and a-half ago there was practically no such provision in this country apart from the Poor Law. Seventy-five years ago there was none except what certain sections of the wage-earners had voluntarily created for themselves in their Friendly Societies and Trade Unions. During the past half-century this Social Insurance has, in nearly all civilised States, been increasingly taken up by the Government, extended to new kinds of need, and made applicable to the greater part of the working population. This organisation of Social Insurance by nearly all Governments, which took its real start from Bismarck’s far- reaching proposals in 1881 for German State Insurance, was not initiated on the demand of the wage-earners themselves or on that of the Socialists, though some of its progress has been due to their agitation. In this country the organised workers have had considerable influence in securing the development of Workmen’s Compensation and Non-Contributory Oid Age Pensions; but here, too, State provision against sickness has been made on the initiative of others.. Voluntary - Insurance, on the other hand, was largely developed by the wage-- earners themselves, and their efforts served as the model for SOCIAL INSURANCE. 643 subsequent developments of State Insurance. The past half-century has seen, too, the establishment, especially in connection with Government and Municipal employment, mining, and the railway service, many accident, sickness, and superannuation schemes, partly on a voluntary and partly on a compulsory contributory basis. THE GAIN FROM SOCIAL INSURANCE. It is plain that, under the conditions of wage-earning employment, the collective organisation of Social Insurance, though still very incomplete, must have mitigated much suffering and helped to main- tain the standard of life of the wage-earning class. In so far as the cost has been levied, directly or indirectly, on the wage-earner’s income, it has meant, we may believe, on the whole, a specific allocation of his resources advantageous to himself and his family as well as to the community. And even allowing for the contributions thus exacted from the class to be benefited, it is probable that most of the developments of Social Insurance have represented a real addition to the gains of Labour. The contingencies in the wage-earner’s life against which he needs to be socially ‘‘insured’’—that is to say, in respect of which he requires some supplementary provision to be collectively arranged, are, mainly, Accident, Maternity, Sickness, Invalidity, Old Age, Unemployment, Fire, and Death. THE PROVISION FOR ACCIDENTS. Ve do not commonly realise the extent to which modern industry maims and kills those who are harnessed to its car. It is estimated, on the basis of the officially recorded statistics of typical countries that, year by year, in Europe and the United States* alone, between four and five millions of manual workers meet with an accident at or in connection with their employment. There were half as. many industrial accidents to workmen during the year of peace 1913 as the total number of casualties in the armies of all the belligerents during the first twelve months of the Great World War, 1914-15. These industrial accidents are not easy to classify, but a large proportion of them are evidently serious enough. From the exact statistical data published in some countries it has been calculated that about 7 per cent. of them all are fractures of limbs or other bones, representing, for Europe and the United States, at least 300,000 actual breakages every year. About 6 per cent. result in the loss either of a limb or hand, or fingers or toes, or one or both eyes, representing at least a quarter of a-million manual workers thus crippled each year. In actual deaths, indeed, the workmen’s accidents in peace are not so destructive as the soldier’s wounds in modern war. Yet each year more than 50,000 manual workers are killed by industrial accidents in Europe and the United States—a death toll actually greater than that of most of the wars of history. These accidents are, for the most part, the result of modern capitalist industry. Everywhere they accompany, as a dark shadow, the power-driven machinery, the manifold developments of mining and metallurgy, the construction of gigantic works and *For statistics of accidents in the United Kingdom, see page 233 seq. 644 SOCIAL INSURANCE. buildings, the use of high explosives, and the going and coming at | great speed which are characteristic of the present age. So far as accidents are concerned, the most dangerous trades are everywhere mining and quarrying, smelting and metal working, works of con- struction and building, seafaring and railway working, stevedoring and dock labour, the chemical and pottery industries, and the running of power-driven machinery. In the home industries, in workshops not using power, and in peasant agriculture, arts that survive from the eighteenth century, the proportion of accidents is relatively insignificant. THE MONEY LOSS THROUGH ACCIDENTS. Everyone of these four or five millions of industrial accidents in each year—seeing that this total omits the merely painful bruises and burns and scalds that do not cause suspension of work—entails to the community a loss of production, and to the suffering wage- earner, if not death, at any rate pain and impaired vitality, and— what can be measured in cash—the need for medical attendance and a more or less prolonged stoppage of the income on which he and his family depend for their living. Moreover, the manual workers are also subject, like the members of other social classes, to accidents unconnected with their occupations; and these, when they occur, are equally destructive of their standard of life. Accordingly nearly every State has found it necessary to organise some form or other of Social Insurance for part or the whole of the persons employed in industry against all or some of the accidents to which they are liable. FORMS OF SOCIAL INSURANCE. This provision may be made either (1) primarily on the lines of Compensation by rendering the employer legally liable to pay com- pensation to the injured workman, either whether it is left optional for the employer to insure, or such insurance is made obligatory, with the State or in a prescribed office; or (2) primarily on the lines of Insurance by providing a common fund out of which the cost of accidents shall be met, whether the whole cost falls on the employer or whether the fund is partly subsidised by the State, or by deductions from wages or by a combination of these methods. Such funds are managed in some cases by the State and in others by joint boards or committees of a more or less public character. In the United Kingdom, the United States, and the British Dominions the idea of Compensation and Employers’ Liability has been primarily acted on, though latterly the idea of Insurance has become more prevalent. In the rest of the civilised world reliance has been placed primarily on Insurance, though the liability of the employer has also been increasingly recognised. HISTORY OF PROVISION FOR ACCIDENTS. The history of provision for accidents in the United Kingdom is the record, first of a struggle to amend an inequitable system of law which denied compensation for injuries even when they were caused by employers’ wrongdoing ; secondly, of the almost general adoption of a system of voluntary insurance by employers; and, finally, of the institution of a publicly administered insurance fund to supplement workmen’s compensation. ; SOCIAL INSURANCE. 645 The story clearly indicates what happens when government is left in the hands of the upper and middle classes to the exclusion of the workers. It is hard to believe to-day how utterly inequitable and unreasonable was the English law, even within living memory, as regards the workman who suffered injury. The idea of the lawyers was always to discuss the matter as one of personal wrongdoing, and then, in the interests of ‘‘ freedom for industrial enterprise,’’ to find reasons for exempting the wrongdoer from pecuniary liability if he was the employer of labour. An employer, like anybody else, was liable in damages for any personal injury clearly due to his negligence or wrongful act. But if the employer used what the lawyers regarded as ‘‘ordinary care’’ they ruled that he was not liable for any injury suffered by his employees. Moreover, ‘ordinary care’’ meant for the lawyers only the care that was ordinary among employers, and the more or less dangerous nature of the occupation was taken for granted. Hence, the employer was never held liable for a real accident in the strictest sense of the word. The justice or the social expediency of making provision for the injured workinan was not taken into consideration. The judges preferred to lay down arbitrarily and without warrant in the Statute Book, or in equity, or in commonsense, that every workman who took a job must be deemed to have agreed to suffer all the consequences and the risks attaching to it without any consideration other than his wages. This was to hold good even if he had not seen the place of work, or the tools or tackle, or the other men whom the employer had enlisted, and though the matter had not so much as_ been mentioned in his contract or in his bargaining with the employer. Moreover, even when the employer clearly failed in his duty and provided faulty tools or machinery, weak scaffolding, etc., if the workman stayed on at his job while knowing of the defect, he was deemed to have accepted the extra risk and the employer was let off. The worker’s only remedy was to throw up his job. THE DOCTRINE OF COMMON EMPLOYMENT. Again, the accident might happen, and very often did happen, wholly or partly through some act of a fellow worker which could be described as negligent or faulty. In that case the worker was met by the quite arbitrary legal figment called ‘‘the doctrine of common employment,’’ which declared that when the worker accepted the wages contract he accepted with it all the consequences of working with negligent or unskilful fellow employees; and so once again the employer was relieved from pecuniary responsibility. Moreover, even where the employer himself had clearly committed a wrong, and so himself had caused the accident, yet if the injured employee could be shown to have helped in any way by his own neglect or default, the lawyers decided that this was a reason for letting off the employer. Even this was not sufficient protection for capitalist enterprise. If the neglect or default of the employer were so serious that the accident was fatal, the wrongdoer for a long time got off scot-free on the purely arbitrary ruling that the wrongful injury was a personal one to the victim, and on the no less arbitrary rule, not peculiar to actions against employers, that after a victim’s death a personal injury could not be made the ground for any action. A further scandal was that the whole burden of proof was put on the 646 SOCIAL INSURANCE. injured party when the employer might far more justly have been called upon, in every case of accident, to show cause why he should not compensate the injured. As by the nature of the case the injured workman found witnesses against an employer hard to get, and in practice none the less so when the employer was glaringly in the wrong, the sufferer was often non-suited for sheer lack of evidence. Finally, the victim, even when legally entitled to compensation, could not get it at the time when he and his family most needed it—when his weekly income was stopped, and there was a doctor’s bill to pay— but only subsequently, at the cost of expensive, troublesome, and often protracted legal proceedings in which there were many chances that he would be worsted. It is hard to refrain from anger when one realises that, whilst accidents were happening annually to many tens of thousands of workmen, this, in general terms, was the state of law in the United Kingdom as recently as the middle of the nineteenth century; that the hardship and injustice to which the maimed and crippled workmen were daily subjected, and the misery in which they and their families were plunged, appealed, during the half-century of middle-class rule that followed the Reform Bill, neither to Melbourne nor to Peel, neither to Cobden nor to Bright, neither to Disraeli nor to Gladstone; and that successive Ministries, Whig and Tory, Liberal and Conservative, in successive Parliaments from which Labour representatives were excluded, saw no need for any change. HOW THE LAW GOT CHANGED. To-day the ordinary person of the upper or middle class can hardly believe that the law could have been so unjust and so callous to human suffering. But, hard as it is to credit to-day that any responsible person could have been found to defend the iniquitous law that the judges had elaborated, yet it was only very slowly and reluctantly that alteration was secured. In 1846, indeed, by what is known as Lord Campbell’s Act, the widow and orphans of a deceased workman, along with other sufferers through wrongful deaths, were given the same right to sue for damages as the injured person had whilst he lived. This, however, as we have shown, was in most cases of workinen’s accidents almost illusory. Not until after many years’ agitation by the coal miners’ unions, the railway servants’ union, and the Trades Union Congress was any attention paid to the workmen’s grievances. Even then it was not until Alexander Macdonald and Thomas Burt, after an electoral campaign in which the Trade Unions all over the country first made their weight strongly felt, forced their way into Parliament as Labour Members in 1874 that any serious attention was secured for the subject, though the Government in 1873 had got so far as to promise a bill. During the next few years eight different Bills were introduced without success. At last, after the exercise of no little electoral pressure by the Trade Unions, and on the election in 1880 of additional Labour Members, the Liberal Cabinet brought forward an Employers’ Liability Bill. This was a very inadequate reforin, but it was bitterly opposed by the capitalists on both sides of the House, and it needed all Henry Broadhurst’s skill and pertinacity, and all the weight of the organised Trade Union movement outside the House, to get it passed into law. This Act, passed in 1880, whilst not otherwise altering the law which the judges had made, rendered the employer liable whenever the accident resulted SOCIAL INSURANCE. 647 from the negligence of any superintendent, manager, or foreman, from the carrying out of any improper order or rule, or from the default of any person in charge of railway signals, points, or engines. Such a reform, whilst it left the great majority of industrial accidents still uncom- pensated, applied to many of the worst disasters, especially on railways Or in mines. “CONTRACTING OUT.” The obstinate employers met it by the device of ‘‘ contracting out,” and the wage-earners were compelled, as a condition of employment, to sign away the rights the Act had given them, and to receive in exchange whatever chance of compensation might be afforded them from the benefit club which most employers instituted, partly at the worker’s expense. Against this evasion of the law the Trade Unions vehemently protested; but not until yet another electoral campaign had been fought, and still more Labour Members had been returned, was any redress even offered. In 1893 the Liberal Government brought forward a Bill to improve the law and make it apply to employers in nearly all trades. It was strenuously resisted in the House of Commons without distinction of party; but the Government, with the Trade Unionists behind them, forced it through that House only to find that the House of Lords ruthlessly insisted on an amendment to permit contracting out under new safeguards. On the demand of the workmen’s representatives, the Cabinet dropped the Bill rather than accept this amendment. For four years more the agitation went on, another election was fought, and in 1897 the Conservative Government, at the instance of Joseph Chamberlain, met the workmen’s demands by carrying through the Workmen’s Compensation Act, which, as amended by a subsequent Act of 1900, extended the liability of the employer to practically all accidents in manufacturing industry, and even in agriculture, and swept away many of the technicalities by which the lawyers had hitherto baulked the injured workmen. Contracting out was indeed still legal, but the safeguards were made so stringent that it was no longer worth the employer’s while. One-fourth of all the wage-earners were, however, still left outside the scope of the law. Finally, after yet another election, the entry of still more Labour Members into the House of Commons, and the formation of a definite Labour Party, the Workmen’s Compensation Acts of 1897 and 1900 were amended by the Liberal Government in 1906, so as to bring within their scope seamen, fishermen employed at wages, domestic servants, and, indeed, practically all employed manual ‘workers, and also all other persons in employment under £250 a year; and to put certain “industrial diseases’ (such as anthrax and lead poisoning) on the same footing as accidents. ACCIDENT INSURANCE TO-DAY. What inspired Alexander Macdonald to press for compensation for accidents, and induced him to keep the whole Trade Union move- ‘ment solid for this demand, was his belief that this was the best way to prevent accidents. It was argued that if the employer had to pay for all accidents he would take pains to reduce them to a minimum. The argument was fallacious, because human life is so cheap. Experience proves that it often costs an employer much more to prevent accidents than to pay for them! But any effect that the 648 SOCIAL INSURANCE. new liability for compensation might have had on the employers was promptly neutralised by their action in commuting the liability for a fixed annual payment. In deference to Alexander Macdonald and the Trade Unionists of 1880-1897, Parliament adopted the principle of compensation instead of State Insurance. Yet what we have to-day is neither the one nor the other, but a muddle which combines some of the disadvantages of both. Immediately after the passing of the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1897 employers of all sorts, large and small, contracted with joint stock insurance companies to relieve them from all liability for accidents on payment of a fixed annual premium, which in the great majority of cases is now settled by a common tariff agreed to by all the companies with respect to each trade. WHY ACCIDENTS GO ON INCREASING. Thus compensation is, in fact, paid from an insurance fund which is not under public direction or control. Again, it is not compulsory for the employer to insure himself, so that the workman has no security that the employer will be able to pay. The result is that, whilst here and there an employer who becomes notorious for excessive accidents may find the premium raised against him, the common ruck of employers have practically no greater pecuniary motive to take costly precautions against accidents than they had before they were liable at all, and, in fact, the number of accidents, which the Trade Unions hoped to diminish, goes on steadily increasing. THE DEFECTS OF THE LAW. Nor do the injured workmen, or their suffering families, or their widows and orphans, find that the provision made for their needs is what it ought to be. In the first place, the law is still unsatis- factory in that (a) ‘‘ out-workers,’’ or persons to whom the employer gives out work to be done at home, are wholly excluded, even if an accident occurs whilst they are on the employer’s premises, or if infectious materials are supplied to them ; (4) fishermen paid on shares are excluded, though this is a very usual method of employment in this industry; (c) the compensation is unduly limited, viz., to a maximum of half-wages in total disablement or £300 at death, which sums may be insufficient to provide proper maintenance for dependents; (d) this limitation is specially hard on the poorly paid labourer or woman worker who is permanently incapacitated, the compensation being based on the low wages, with a maximum of one-half of their inadequate amount, a sum quite insufficient for maintenance; (e) the workman’s right to recover compensation is dependent, when the employer is not insured, upon the solvency of the employer; (7) the legal technicalities regarding notice of the accident and the claim have too frequently disentitled a workman through a very natural ignorance of his rights and duties under the statute; (g) it is found to be a serious disadvantage that the workman has to make his claim against his employer. The claim made against the employer is in nearly all cases met by a profit-making insurance company of great wealth and power, having no sense of responsibility for the accident and no compunction for the sufferers. They are simply concerned to reduce to a minimum the amount that must be paid, and are served by a staff specially skilled at making ‘‘ good SOCIAL INSURANCE. 649 settlements,’’ especially by the offer of a small lump sum, when the injured workmen or their relatives do not know how to insist on their rights. HOW THE WORKMAN IS ‘ DONE.” As soon as notice of a claim on an accident is given the insurance company, without tendering any travelling expenses, directs the injured workman, if he can get about at all, to call on the company’s doctor, whose surgery is usually at a considerable distance from the workman’s home. The sufferer from an accident is legally bound to submit to reasonable medical examination, but he is not bound to go to the doctor, still less to do so without the necessary travelling expenses being paid to him. It ought to be obligatory on the company to pay these in advance. After the company’s doctor has seen the sufferer the company’s ‘‘claim officer’? sees him, and does his best (unless there is a Trade Union to look after the workman’s interests) to induce him to settle the matter for a lump sum down. Some protection is afforded by the fact that a lump sum settlement may be subsequently repudiated, unless it is registered in the County Court. This, however, does not in practice avail much in the less serious cases, as the insurance companies prefer to run the risk of non- registration wherever they can settle for less than £5. Some com- panies do this whenever they can settle for less than £10. When a larger sum is paid the employers or the insurance company usually think that it would not be safe to withhold the agreement from registration, but even then the insurance company often manages to obtain a settlement at an inadequate amount. The agreement is always drawn up by the insurance company, and the description of the workman’s injuries is deliberately made in the vaguest terms. A medical report is not obligatory. If the Registrar chooses to call for one it is usually given by the insurance company’s own doctor! Independent medical testimony ought always to be insisted on, to be paid for as part of the costs in the case. Even if the Registrar is dissatisfied, and induces the County Court judge to take his view, they cannot increase the compensation unless the insurance company consents. All the. County Court can do is to refuse to record the agreement, which only happens in the most glaring cases. The result is that there are still a considerable number of inadequate settlements. Moreover, the award of a lump sum to a permanently injured work- man, even if it is £100 or £200, is not a suitable form of provision for himself and his dependents. In most cases the amount is promptly lost or dissipated, the family frequently sinking to destitution and pauperism. In the case of widows and orphans, some further pro- tection is given by the County Court controlling to some extent the investment of the money for the benefit of the children, and requiring the widow to show that any purpose for which she wishes to draw the balance is a useful one, but even this practice, which has now become almost universal, does not always ensure adequate provision for the children. THE INSURANCE ACT. Five years after the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1906 came the National Insurance Act of 1911. This purports to provide, so far as employed manual workers are concerned and all other employed persons under £160 a year, for all sufferers from accidents wi 650 SOCIAL INSURANCE. who fail to get compensation from the employer; it supplements the compensation where it is less than the benefits of the Act; and it adds medical attendance. Thus it meets the cases of (a2) accidents other than ‘‘industrial,’’ or arising outside the scope of the worker’s employment; (4) industrial accidents or diseases suffered by employed persons excluded from the previous Acts, such as out-workers; (c) accidents involving suspension from work for less than a week (which the previous Acts had wholly disregarded), or more than one week and less than two (in which the Workmen’s Compensation Act only provides for the second week), though only in so far as concerns the period after the first three days. But it provides for them in quite another way. Instead of asking compensation from the employer, the sufferer may claim attendance by the ‘* panel doctor,’? and Sickness Benefit, and eventually Disablement Benefit, from the fund under the Act to which he himself, together with the State and the employer, is a contributor. This fund is administered by Approved Societies, under Government direction and control. It has been decided that the ‘‘ panel doctor ’’ is not to be called upon to deal seriously with any grave surgical cases, with injuries to the eyes, or with anything requiring an important operation, but the Government has not yet made provision for the more skilled medical or surgical attendance required in such cases, or for the necessary hospital accommodation. The Sickness Benefit of tros. a week (or 7s. 6d. for a woman) is often much less even than the standard of ‘‘half-wages’’ set up by the Workmen’s Compensation Act, whilst the provision for the permanently and totally incapacitated workman is, after six months, the ludicrously inadequate sum of 5s. a week. Moreover, between the Workmen’s Compensation Act and the National Insurance Act the injured workman may for some weeks be left unprovided for. The Approved Society withholds Sickness Benefit, because it thinks he ought to claim against the employer, and the stronger the claim looks the less disposed is the society even to lend the money; on the other hand, unless the employer chooses to consent to pay a weekly allowance meanwhile, no claim against the employer’s insurance company yields anything meantime for the family to live on! The Approved Society has power to take action on behalf of a member, but is not compelled to do so (as it might well be). WE FAIL TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS. The result of all this muddle is, first and foremost, that we still fail to prevent accidents. In 1913 nearly 200,000 men, women, and young persons met with industrial accidents in the United Kingdom— more than in any previous year. Five thousand of them—16 every working day—were killed. We have, however, begun to pay for accidents. The total amount paid by the employers and the insurance companies—together with the comparatively small charge yet placed on the National Insurance Fund as the result of accidents is estimated at between five and six millions sterling annually. This represents a considerable advantage to the manual working class, as it is almost a net gain since Alexander Macdonald started the agitation 60 years ago, at which time practically nothing was paid to the victims of the already numerous accidents. But owing (a) to the lack of clear thinking in our law makers, (4) to the failure of the manual workers SOCIAL INSURANCE. 651 themselves to demand what was necessary, and (c) to the stubborn resistance of the capitalists to any increase on the ‘‘cost of pro- duction,”’ the provision for the sufferers from accidents is still very imperfect and inadequate. THE LABOUR POLICY WITH REGARD TO ACCIDENTS. What is required is that we should look upon every accident, not merely from the standpoint of the employer’s personal wrong—he may not be personally to blame—but from the triple standpoint of (a) how to prevent such accidents for the future; (4) how to make the requisite provision in the wisest possible way for the sufferer and all his dependents ; and (c) if there is a wrongdoer, how to bring home to him the gravity of his fault, so that he does not repeat it. The present law is terribly defective. WHERE THE LAW REQUIRES AMENDMENT. (2) It does not cover all the workers—not even all those in receipt of less than £160 or £250 a year. The great army of ‘‘ out-workers ”’ need to be provided for, on the scale of the Workmen’s Compensation Acts, when injured or incapacitated, just as much as the other wage-earners. So do the multitude excluded even from the obligatory scope of the Insurance Acts, such as jobbing craftsmen ‘‘on their own,’ hawkers, pedlars, and many other types of independent workers. IT DOES NOT EXTEND TO ALL ACCIDENTS. (4) All accidents are not at present included, though it is equally essential to the community, as to the sufferer, that proper provision should be made in all cases. Thus all non-industrial accidents—all incurred not in or on the employer’s service—together with all those in which it can be said that the employee has contributed by his ** serious and wilful misconduct,’’ are excluded from the Workmen’s Compensation Act. These, together with accidents to out-workers and to cabmen who pay for their vehicles, and accidents involving no more than a week’s suspension of work, are covered only by the National Insurance Act, with its quite insufficient scale of benefits. IT IS FAR TOO STINGY. (c) The provision is far too small. Even where the Workmen’s Compensation Act applies, the maximum is 50 per cent. of the wages or £300 for death. The recent law of the Netherlands makes the maximum 70 per cent., and the latest Swiss law gives 80 per cent. For lump sums in case of death, four American States now make the maximum 3,ooodols. (£600), whilst two more make it 3,50o0dols. and 3,60odols. respectively (f700 and £720); and Washington has a maximum of 4,oocdols. (£800). IT FAILS TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE MEDICAL AID. (Z) It is as vital to the community as it is to the sufferer that the best possible medical and surgical treatment, the best available institutional care, and all necessary appliances should be given to every victim of an accident in order to restore him to productivity as quickly and completely as possible. Yet there is, in nearly all work 652 SOCIAL INSURANCE. places, no certainty of proper ‘‘ first aid,’? and no systematic provision of ambulances. Nowhere in the United Kingdom is there anything like adequate provision of hospitals and convalescent homes. The medical attendance guaranteed by the Insurance Act is restricted to treatment of little use to most sufferers from serious accidents. The surgical appliances provided under the Act have similarly been limited by the Commissioners, quite arbitrarily, so that what is often needed by such sufferers (such as a truss) is not allowed to be supplied. IT. 1S “LOOMSLOW: (ec) The money payment given is not given with sufficient promptitude. What is wanted when a workman is actually forced to stay away from his work by any accident is a payment in lieu of wages on the following Saturday. At present this is often not so provided, because the Approved Society hopes that compensation will come under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, and the employer, or his insurance company, is in no hurry to pay any claim. IT CREATES ILL-FEELING AND LITIGATION. (f) The workman should not be obliged to claim against his employer. Such a claim does not improve the relations between them, still less incline the foreman to give the claimant another job. An accident should be regarded as a matter of public concern, to be dealt with as soon as notified by a public official—such as the local Medical Officer of Health or local representative of the Insurance Commissioners—whose duty it should be to see that all requisite medical and surgical treatment is at once provided, and the needs of the sufferer’s family attended to that very week-end, on whomsoever the burden might ultimately be cast. IT DOES NOT PREVENT ACCIDENTS: (g) At present the provision for preventing accidents is far from adequate. There is little done to bring responsibility for taking further precautions home to those whose faulty machinery or tackle, or lack of precautions, have been the cause of accidents. At present machinery must be fenced (under the Factory Acts), mines worked as safely as possible (under the Mines Regulation Acts), and railways, docks, quarries, etc., must be safeguarded. But similar requirements are not yet made on all places where, people work; they are still limited to a few of the more obvious safe- guards; the inspectors are too few in number to get the regulations everywhere enforced, and, above all, there is (except where a death occurs, or in some other mining and railway accidents) no official inquiry into the causes that have led to the accident—not even when a particular factory or employment becomes notorious for a continual stream of accidents which result not in death but in serious incapacity. Wherever inquiry shows not only that statutory safeguards have been neglected, but even that reasonable precautions against accident have not been taken, the employer should be criminally prosecuted and made liable to imprisonment as well as fine in proportion to the measure of his guilt, and irrespective of the amount of injury actually inflicted. SOCIAL INSURANCE. 653 IT DOES NOT ALWAYS SECURE THE WORKMAN’S FUTURE. (2) No commutation of the worker’s claim—wno settlement for less than the maximum statutory provision—should be allowed without the consent of the County Court judge. It is emphatically not merely a private matter in which the injured sufferer can do as he likes. The community has also to be secured against having the victim subsequently on its hands. For this reason no lump sum settlement should be permitted (in lieu of weekly pension), except under special circumstances and subject to proper investment of the capital sum. The County Court judge should be required always to obtain independent medical testimony (other than that of the doctor paid by the employer or the insurance company) as to the sufferer’s condition and likelihood of recovery, and to have the agreement in all cases drawn up by the Registrar of the Court. It should be made compulsory for the insurance company to be openly cited as a party in all cases in which it is concerned. WHAT TO DO WHEN AN ACCIDENT HAPPENS. It may be well to append some advice on how to make the best of the present imperfect law. No matter what other medical attendance has been provided at the works or elsewhere (if the accident is to an insured person) always consult the ‘‘ panel doctor’ at once—the injured person going to him if well enough to do so or else asking him to call. The doctor’s certificate of incapacity to work should be always obtained at once (he makes ‘no charge for this) and sent to the Approved Society. His evidence as to the extent of the injury and his advice as to the likelihood of recovery will be subsequently required. No matter who witnessed the accident, or whatever verbal notice has been given, always give notice in writing to the employer as soon as possible. No special form is required. Let a short letter be written (by the patient if well enough, or by wife or child, or any friend) informing the employer that an accident has happened, stating the place, the day, the hour, the name of the injured person, the nature of the accident, and the apparent extent of the injury suffered. Do not mention the Workmen’s Compensation Act, or give any particulars of the claim. You cannot at this point be sure in what way the claim can best be made; and if you are rash enough to mention one Act of Parliament, you may find difficulty in claiming under another. The law requires notice to be given as soon as practicable after the accident and before the workman has voluntarily given up the situation in which he was injured. Notice should, therefore, be sent immediately (remember, it must be in writing). Even if some time has elapsed, the employer does not necessarily escape liability, and the notice should be sent all the same, adding an explanation of the delay. If there is any doubt as to which employer is liable (as in the case of working for a sub-contractor, or when a man is sent by his own employer to work on the premises of another employer) let the notice be sent to both. No matter how clever an injured person thinks himself he ought never to deal with his own claim for compensation, least of all agree to any settlement, without seeking advice. This applies even more strongly when the sufferer is a woman or under age. A member of a Trade Union should consult the Union officials. A member of a Friendly or other Approved Society ought to consult its officials. 654 SOCIAL INSURANCE. Failing these, consult the ‘Poor Man’s Lawyer’’ at a neighbouring ** settlement ’’; consult the doctor, if he is friendly (your own doctor, of course—not the one paid by the insurance company or the employer) ; consult any working-class official; consult the local Labour or Socialist organisation or club; consult the minister of the church or chapel—never act without some consultation and advice. If the injury is serious and the claim is disputed, it may be necessary to consult a solicitor, but don’t incur this expense without taking somebody’s advice first. When notice of the accident has been given, the employer (or more usually the insurance company which has assumed his liability) will send a doctor to examine the sufferer. The sufferer must submit to any reasonable medical examination even more than once. He is often summoned to attend at the doctor’s home or surgery. This he is not legally required to do, but if he is able to walk easily, and if the distance is quite small, he may as well go. If, however, he is not well enough to walk, he should simply write to that effect. If the distance is beyond a mile or two, he may properly write saying that he will come if his travelling expenses there and back are sent to him in advance. No charge may be made to him for this medical examination or travelling. NEVER ACCEPT THE FIRST OFFER. After the doctor may come the claims agent of the insurance company, full of sympathy for the sufferer, and really eager (though this will not appear in his manner) to ‘‘settle’’ the case at once for a lump sum down. However tempting are the golden sovereigns that he may display do not accept them or make any kind of settlement with the claims agent when he calls. This applies even more strongly when the sufferer is a woman or a boy or girl, but not even the cleverest man ought to “‘ give himself away.’’ Wait to think it over and take advice. The lump sum offered is hardly ever equal in value to the weekly annuity to which you may be entitled. One of the points on which to take advice is whether it may not be better to claim under the Common Law (when there is no limit to the amount that may be recovered) or the Employers’ Liability Acts rather than under the Workmen’s Compensation Acts (when there is a limit of half-wages for life or £300 down in case of death). The possibility of claiming under the Common Law is specially worth considering when the accident has been caused by a third party, for instance, when a carman at work is injured through the negligence of another carman. Accidents caused by tramcars, motor vehicles, and runaway horses often give ground for such claims. Usually no claim can be made with success under the Employers’ Liability Acts unless (a) the accident was caused by some act or default of the employer himself, or of a person definitely authorised by him, or a person in charge of railway signals, points, or engine; or else caused by some proved defect, known to the employer and unknown to the sufferer, in machinery plant, tackle, or in railway signals, points, or engine; and (%) unless also there was no contributory negligence on the part of the sufferer. In any fatal or otherwise serious accident in a mine, or on a railway, the possibility of a claim under the Employers’ Liability Acts is specially worth considering. SOCIAL INSURANCE. 655 NEVER ACT ON THE BELIEF THAT YOU WILL: SOON BEY, WELE. Remember that a person totally incapacitated by accident is entitled to half-wages during the whole period of the incapacity. Who can tell how long the incapacity will continue? Even tos. a week for a year is better worth having than {£20 down. It is safer to assume that the incapacity will be permanent. Never re anything in the way of recovery except on your ewn doctor’s advice. Do not be satisfied merely with the fact that the employer, perhaps out of kindness, without any definite undertaking in writing, is paying a pound, or some other sum, week by week, waiting to see how the injured man gets on. If the employer takes this course, a letter should be written stating that any such payments are accepted, under protest, -without prejudice to the claim, and that a formal undertaking to continue to pay the compensation for the whole period of either total or partial incapacity is requested; failing which proceedings must be taken. The injured workman who accepts any settlement is entitled to an unqualified undertaking by the employer for payment of compensation during tetal or partial incapacity, or until the same is ended, diminished, increased, or redeemed in accordance with the Act. He must never accept a settlement which leaves it to the employer to decide when total incapacity has come to an end, or how much shall be payable when the incapacity has become partial, or leaves it in doubt how or when these points are to be settled. In the case of a fatal accident, the widow and children should always refuse to accept anything less than the statutory maximum of three years’ full wages of the deceased, not exceeding £300 and in no case less than £150, however low the weekly wage. They should stipulate for this to be safely invested under the direction of the Registrar of the County Court. Be very careful, when the accident has happened to a young person under 21, in not agreeing to any compromise or final settlement based on the sufferer’s low wages as an apprentice, a learner, or a youth. The law provides that such a person may from time to time apply to the County Court to have the amount of compensation increased up to half the wage that he or she might have expected to be able to earn by that time if the accident had not occurred. Thus an apprentice earning 38. Or 4s. a week who meets with an accident which incapacitates him can get at once compensation at the rate of full earnings (not exceeding 10s. a week). But this 3s. or 4s. a week will not be enough to support him throughout life. When he reaches the ages at which he would normally have been earning 25s. or 3os. a week he may obtain an order to have the allowance increased to 12s. 6d. or 15s. a week for the rest of his life. Never agree to forego this. ALWAYS CONSULT THE CLUB. Any person insured under the National Insurance Act is required if incapacitated from work by accident to take all steps necessary to recover any compensation that may be due under the Workmen’s Compensation Acts, Employers’ Liability Acts, or the Common Law before he can get the Sickness Benefit and Disablement Benefit to 656 SOCIAL INSURANCE. which he would otherwise be entitled. Hence he ought never to compromise or settle his claim without consulting the officials of his Approved Society (or if he is a deposit contributor, not in any society, the Clerk of the local Insurance Committee). If for any reason no compensation is eventually obtained from the employer, the insured person incapacitated from work by an accident is entitled to draw from his Approved Society Sickness Benefit at the rate of 10s. a week (7s. 6d. for a woman) commencing on the fourth day of such incapacity. Hence the importance of at once consulting the ‘‘ panel doctor,’’ whose certificate of incapacity is required. INDUSTRIAL DISEASES. What has been said about accidents applies also to industrial diseases. Certain illnesses, such as anthrax poisoning (‘‘ wool sorters’ disease’’) and ‘‘ miners’ worm,” entitle the sufferer to claim com- pensation from the employer just as if they were the result of accidents. The following is the list of the diseases in which this right to compensation has been given :— Poisoning by certain derivatives of benzine. Poisoning by carbon bisulphide. Poisoning by nitrous tumes. Poisoning by nickel carbonyl. Arsenic poisoning. Lead poisoning. Poisoning by African boxwood. Ulceration by dust, and liquids, chrome, tar, and oils. Chimney sweeps’ cancer. Miners’ nystagmus. Glanders. Compressed air illness. Beat hand. Miner’s beat knee. Miner’s beat elbow. Inflammation of the wrist joint (miner’s). Cataract in glassworkers. Telegraphist’s cramp. Writer’s cramp. This list is added to from time to time. Ask the doctor whether the illness is one of these. It may be noted that the Act provides that if the workman, at the time of entering the employment, wilfully and falsely represents himself as not having previously suffered from lead poisoning, compensation shall not be payable if he then suffers from lead poisoning. THE PROVISION FOR MATERNITY. Of the 1,100,000 babies born annually in the United Kingdom it is estimated that at least 950,000 are born in families below the Income Tax level of £160 a year. In all these households at any rate the event involves a great strain on the financial resources, for which some provision must be made. Down to 1911 the only provision for maternity by way of insurance was that afforded by a few Friendly Societies (such as the Hearts SOCIAL INSURANCE. 657 of Oak and the Royal Standard), which paid 30s. on the confinement of a member’s wife. Now, under the National Insurance Acts, 1911 and 1913, when a woman (being a British subject) gives birth to a child within the United Kingdom, she is, whether married or not, if she is an insured person, or if her husband is an insured person (whether or not he is at the time of the birth within the United Kingdom), entitled to receive Maternity Benefit to the amount of either 3os. ‘or £3 from the Approved Society. She (or her husband) has to make private arrangement with the doctor or midwife for medical attendance. If the doctor is summoned for an emergency, at the instance of the midwife, no deduction may now be made by the Approved Society from the Maternity Benefit for his fee. If the woman, being a British subject, is herself an insured but unmarried person, or if she is not herself an insured person but has a husband who is, the Maternity Benefit is 30s. only. If she is herself an insured person, a member of an Approved Society, a British subject, and an employed contributor, and is legally married, then the Maternity Benefit will be doubled, and will amount to £3, whether her husband is also an insured person or not. But this extra payment is conditional on the woman abstaining from remunerative work for four weeks after the birth of the child. If not herself suspended from benefit for arrears, she is entitled to the full £3, even though her husband has fallen into arrears, or has not paid 26 contributions, or, being a deposit contributor, has not so much standing to his credit. If the child is born after her husband’s death she is nevertheless entitled to the £3. In all cases, whether or not she is married, the whole Maternity Benefit is her property, and will normally be payable only to her. But she may authorise her husband to receive it on her behalf, in which case he is bound to pay it to her. If the mother is not a British subject because she was born outside the British Empire of a non-British father and has not been naturalised (under the amending Act of 1913 a British woman who marries an alien retains her British nationality for the purpose of benefit) then the Maternity Benefit may be less than 30s. or £3 respectively. If she is a deposit contributor, and not a member of any Approved Society, the amount payable will only be what may be standing to her credit, not exceeding 22s. 6d. (instead of 30s.) or 45s. tod. (instead of £3). If she or her husband is a member of an Approved Society it will be such a sum as the society may have fixed (probably the same as above). The Maternity Benefit is payable not only in respect of labour resulting in the issue of a living child, but also labour after 28 weeks of pregnancy resulting in the issue of a child whether alive .or dead; and whether or not the father is still alive. It is (except as regards aliens and deposit contributors) always payable in full, without deductions for arrears or anything else. It cannot be refused on the ground of misconduct. It is administered by the Approved Societies, subject to the super- vision and control of the Commissioners, to whom immediate complaint should be made if payment is refused. Almost the only ground on which it can legally be withheld by the Approved Society is complete suspension from benefits, either for some offence (which must not be that of her husband only) under the rules of the Approved Society (when there is always a right of appeal), or for being 658 SOCIAL INSURANCE. suspended for a year from November by reason of arrears amounting to more than 26 weeks of ‘‘ penalty arrears’’ (arrears less reserve contributions) during the preceding year ended in July. Even in this case there may be arrangements for payment of arrears at a reduced rate, to aid in which a Benevolent Fund has been provided. The benefit will not be payable whilst the mother is an inmate of any institution supported wholly or principally out of public funds (such as workhouse, Poor Law infirmary, or municipal hospital). No charge may be made upon her or her husband by any such institution in such a way as to encroach on the Maternity Benefit. In such cases the benefit may be paid to the mother herself (or to her husband with her authority for transfer to her) on her coming out of the institution, or where only one Maternity Benefit is payable, it may be applied to the relief of dependents, if any. If there are no dependents, and if the woman, whether married or unmarried, is a member of an Approved Society, and becomes an inmate of any hospital, asylum, convalescent home, or infirmary that is supperted by charity or by voluntary subscriptions, then it may be paid to that institution. If the double Maternity Benefit is payable, payment to dependents may be made out of the one-half, whilst the other may be paid to the voluntary institution. DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME. From the standpoint of the community this Social Insurance is defective in the following respects :— NEARLY A MILLION MOTHERS ARE LEFT OUT. 1. It falls far short of being universal, even as regards the households under £160 a year. Thus it entirely excludes the wives (not being themselves insured persons) of ‘‘exempted”’ and ‘‘excepted’’ men in employment, who, but for their exemption or exception (which is granted on the husband’s application, without consultation of the wife, and without any requirement as to provision for maternity) would be insured under the Acts. Maternity within six months of entering into insurable employment, or within six months of the husband entering insurable employment, is unprovided for. The Acts also exclude from their compulsory scope the wives of hawkers, pedlars, costermongers, jobbing craftsmen of all sorts, and cthers ‘‘on their own,’’ together with those of the little dealers, carriers, and shopkeepers. All women themselves working at these occupations, and those not in employment and without any occupation, are also left unprovided for unless they happen to be married to insured men. Altogether only about nine-elevenths of all the mothers in each year actually find themselves entitled to Maternity Benefit, these being probably less than 95 per cent. of the mothers in households below the Income Tax level of £160 a year. At least 5 per cent. of these are still unprovided for at childbirth by any form of Social Insurance. DEPOSIT CONTRIBUTORS GET VERY LITTLE. 2. Unmarried women deposit contributors and women deposit contributors married to uninsured men and the wives of deposit contributors will often fail to get any appreciable Maternity Benefit, if any at all. The occasions when this is needed are spread only over a short period of life, but the income out of which the benefit SOCIAL INSURANCE. 659 is provided is spread over the whole period from 16 to 70. Hence, what with expenses, and what with withdrawals for Sickness Benefit, there will often be no sufficient amount standing to the credit of a deposit contributor to permit of the payment of 30s. or £3 when a birth occurs. PENALISING THE MOST HELPLESS. 3- The insured unmarried mother gets a Maternity Benefit of only 30s. instead of £3, though just as much is paid by her into the Insurance Fund as by a married woman whose husband is not insured, and though she probably needs the help more. Owing to the costly and stringent divorce law many thousands of wage-earners, whose husbands have deserted them, and who are for all practical purposes divorced, cannot enter into a legal marriage. The Maternity Benefit should be the same, and at least £3, in all cases. NO SECURITY FOR PROPER MEDICAL ATTENDANCE, 4. Even where the Maternity Benefit of 30s. or £3 is available, the mere gift of money does not secure to all women adequate medical attendance and treatment in their confinements. Skilled assistance is often sadly to seek; in some rural districts and in the slums of the cities there are not enough practising doctors and midwives; in case of emergency the competent man sometimes cannot be got for hours; hardly anywhere are there maternity hospitals available even for difficult cases; only in a few cities has there been developed anything approaching to an organised maternity department of the work of the Medical Officer of Health, with a proper system of health visiting, systematic provision for midwives and doctors, a nursing service, a ‘‘maternity clinic,’? and whatever hospital accommodation is required. Such systematic public provision for maternity is an essential part of any effective Social Insurance, and it ought to be made by every Borough and Urban District Council and, by developing and co-ordinating the work of the rural districts, also by every County Council. These local authorities, and not the Approved Societies, ought to have the administration of the Maternity Benefit in conjunction with their organised provision for all childbirth. The provision for maternity might very well be separated altogether from the Insurance Act as it is in the Australian Commonwealth. THE PROVISION FOR SICKNESS. When illness comes to a wage-earning family provision is required of (i.) medical attendance and medicine for the sick person (ii.) extra nourishment and care during the illness and suitable environment for convalescence; (iii.) when the sick person is a wage-earner, also a weekly income to replace the wages ceasing during incapacity to work; (iv.) when the sick person has been doing the household work or looking after young children, also any necessary substitute during her incapacity. It seems that, with our present knowledge and our present customary habits of life, men and women in the prime of life, say, between 20 and 45, may expect, on an average, to be incapacitated from work by illness (apart from the wife’s confinements) at the rate of between one and two weeks for each year, whilst the children, 660 SOCIAL INSURANCE. young and old, may each need the doctor at about the same rate. After 45 the amount of illness steadily rises. Out of the 15 millions between 16 and 7o working for wages or for salaries below £160 a year probably nearly half-a-million are on any given day away from work owing to ill-health. At least as many non-wage earning members of their families will be found to be under the doctor. THE MONEY LOSS FROM SICKNESS. Of the whole 40 millions of men, women, and children below the Income Tax limit of £160 a year it is estimated that the number suffering from illness so as to require medical attendance amounts at all times to between three-quarters of a million and one million. The amount lost in wages from this cause alone exceeds 50 million pounds a year. It is rarely possible, at any rate for the mass of manual working wage-earners, to provide at all adequately for this illness out of individual savings. What, then, is done by Social Insurance ? HOW WE HAVE MUDDLED THE MATTER. Down to 1911 the wage-earners were left to make what provision they could for sickness by the voluntary institutions they themselves invented and built up to a high degree of efficiency: their Friendly Societies and Trade Unions. These were supplemented, on the one hand, by a partial and inadequate supply of hospitals and dispensaries, some municipal and public, others voluntary and philanthropic, together with a scanty array of convalescent homes generally charitable in character; and, on the other hand, by the pauperising medical service of the Poor Law. In 1g11 there was added to this confused medley, without any attempt to sort it all out into any kind of a system, the vast compulsory organisation of the National Insurance Act. The total annual expenditure on sickness in the United Kingdom out of collective funds of one sort or other— national or local government, ‘‘ medical charities’ of all kinds, mutual benefit societies of various types, and the Insurance Fund—cannot be put at less than 40 millions sterling. Yet the provision is very far from being adequate to the need. To understand how much is lost or wasted through our lack of system we must briefly describe each part of this unco-ordinated Social Insurance. THE FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. The oldest and in some respects the most characteristic provision for sickness of the British wage-earners is that of the Friendly Society, which dates from the very beginning of the 18th century. At first entirely unrecognised by the Government and unprotected by law, the workingmen’s Friendly Societies have now a whole series of Acts of Parliament largely framed to suit their own requirements, and a special Government Department (the Registry of Friendly Societies) to help them in the adjustment of their. affairs. We cannot here describe the almost innumerable varieties of these democratically self-governing mutual benefit societies dealing with sickness. Great and small, registered and unregistered, they are believed to number as many as 30,000. They vary in size and importance from the humble little association of the men of a particular workshop or the inhabitants of a village up to such leviathans as the Manchester Unity SOCIAL INSURANCE. 661 of Oddfellows with more than a million members. Always professedly democratic, their constitutions range from the simple autonomy of the members’ meeting to the most centralised autocracy of a nominally elective headquarters’ executive. They differ, in fact, in complexity from the simple ‘‘ Slate Club,’”’ sharing out at the end of the year all that is left, up to what are, in effect, the most complicated permanent life assurance societies, having invested funds running into millions sterling. They may be narrowly local, centred round a particular factory or mine, a particular church or chapel, or even a particular public-house. They may be geographically unrestricted but confined to persons of particular occupation, particular races, particular creeds, particular ages, or a particular sex; on the other hand, some are national or even world wide, and open to any person whatsoever. What is common to all of them, so far as they deal with sickness, is that, in return for a weekly, monthly, or quarterly payment—varying from 1d. a week to something like £1 a quarter— they give, besides other benefits, Sickness Benefit of between 5s. and 20s. during each week that the member is incapacitated from work and unable to earn wages. It is this sick pay which has always been their great attraction. Many of them still provide, in addition, the free attendance of the ‘‘ club doctor,’’ who has been appointed by the members, together with the medicines that he prescribes and usually himself dispenses. Occasionally the member has a right to go to a convalescent home at a small weekly charge. Provision is sometimes made, in return for an additional payment, for medical attendance and medicines for wife and children whenever they are ill. Instead of having each its own ‘‘club doctor,’’ the different Friendly Societies in a given locality may’ combine in a Friendly Societies’ Medical Institute (of which there are in existence 50 or 60), which has for the service of the combined membership and managed by a local joint committee, its own staff of doctors, and its own dispensary, and even it may be (as at Swindon) its own consulting physician and surgeon, and its own little hospital for operations. THE TRADE UNIONS. Trade Unionism, as a whole, is described elsewhere. Here we need only mention the part it plays in insurance against sickness. A. large proportion of the Trade Unions, covering more than 50 per cent. of the total number of Trade Unionists, offer Sick Benefit to their members. In some cases this benefit is compulsory upon all members, in others voluntary, but often full membership is open only to those who are insured against sickness. It may be estimated that more than two million members, out of an aggregate Trade Union membership of nearly four millions, are thus insured. Sick Benefit varies, roughly speaking, from 5s. to 15s. a week. Only very occasionally, as in the Boilermakers’ Society, is a doctor provided. Sometimes the union pays Sick Benefit out of its General Fund, but sometimes, especially where insurance against sickness is optional, a special fund is set aside for it. Generally speaking, the unions make no elaborate actuariai calculations of the liabilities which this benefit involves, and build up no invested fund to meet the increasing sick claims of their members as they grow older. But as new members join for other reasons than a desire for Sick Benefit, and as, therefore, the average age remains, as a rule, practically 662 SOCIAL INSURANCE. stationary, it is enough if, with a small reserve for times of stress, the current rates meet the current outgoings. However, some unions which are paying a higher rate of benefit than they can afford are compelled to resort frequently to special levies to make both ends meet. HOSPITALS AND CONVALESCENT HOMES. It is computed by the most expert authorities that in a modern industrial community from five to six beds in medical institutions should be available, apart from the provision for lunacy, for every 1,000 inhabitants if those patients who imperatively need institutional treatment are to obtain it. It seems as if no city or county in the United Kingdom has yet come near attaining this standard of hospital accommodation. Apart from the Poor Law buildings, which cannot be deemed fit places for the sick, England and Wales has not so many as two and a-quarter sick beds per 1,000 population. The medical attendance provided by the Friendly Societies and Trade Unions, or paid for out of their Sickness Benefit, is supplemented by a motley collection of hospitals, dispensaries, and convalescent homes, under all sorts of management, with all sorts of conditions of admission, dotted about the country more or less haphazard, without any close relation to the particular local needs. They are under no public inspection or general control. There is not even any official account of what exists, and no complete list of these institutions is published by any Government Department or medical organisation, or can be compiled from published materials. No one knows—not even the Government Department supposed to be responsible for public health—how inadequate is the provision in any particular county. After 44 years of complacent ignorance on the subject, the Local Government Board for England and Wales has, at last, in 1915, compiled a bare list of institutions for the sick, which is not yet published. THE MUNICIPAL HOSPITALS. Contrary to the common impression, something like one-nalf of our existing hospitals are provided and maintained out of public funds and managed by elective public authorities. These are the hospitals of the Town and District Councils, over 1,000 in number, having altogether over 40,000 beds, or nearly as many as all the endowed and voluntary hospitals put together. These essentially public hospitals ‘“vary in size and elaboration from the cottage or shed set aside for an occasional smallpox patient, up to such an institution as the Liverpool City Hospital, divided into seven distinct sections in as many different parts of the city, and having altogether 938 beds, served by six resident and seven visiting doctors, and treating nearly 5,000 patients a year for an average period of seven or eight weeks.’’* All the 1,807 Local Sanitary Authorities of England and Wales are empowered and directed by the Public Health Acts to provide and maintain such hospitals out of the local rates, but only 1,034 have yet done so; and most of the Rural District Councils, many of the Urban District Councils, and some even of the Borough Councils have so far neglected their duty in this matter. *“ The State and the Doctor,’’ by S, and B, Webb, roro, p. 157. SOCIAL INSURANCE. 663 THE COUNCIL MAY PROVIDE FOR ALL ILLNESSES. These municipal hospitals, where they exist, have nearly always been established with special reference to smallpox or cholera, and they have gradually come to take in cases of scarlet fever, enteric fever, and sometimes diphtheria, in addition to any stray cases of plague or typhus that occur. It is very commonly assumed that these hospitals are only for infectious cases and that the local authorities cannot provide hospitals for other diseases. This is a mistake. The Public Health Acts do not prescribe the kind of diseases to be treated in the hospital which they authorise, and whatever may have been the primary object for which it was established, there is nothing to prevent the local authority from admitting any sick patients whatsoever. As a matter of fact, more and more kinds of diseases are constantly being added to those dealt with in the municipal hospitals, such as puerperal fever, erysipelas, chickenpox, whooping cough, and measles. The Borough or District Council has only to give the order, on a report from its Health Committee, for any other cases to be admitted. There is, in fact, nothing in law to prevent a Borough or District Council transforming its hospital into one taking all cases whatsoever. It may even start a hospital out of the rates exclusively for non-infectious cases. The Barry Urban District Council (Glamorganshire) did so in 1900, actually on the advice of the Local Government Board. The Widnes Borough Council (Lancashire) runs not only a fever hospital and a smallpox hospital, but also another for non-infectious cases, chiefly accidents. Besides residential hospitals, general or special, the Borough and District Councils are equally authorised to provide dispensaries for the medical treatment of out-patients at the public expense whatever their diseases. It has been held officially that the word hospital in the Public Health Acts includes dispensary. The Widnes Corporation Hospital treats several hundred out-patients annually. In only a few cases (as at Willesden and temporarily at Barking) has this yet been done elsewhere. THE VOLUNTARY HOSPITALS. Apart from infectious diseases, the institutional provision for the sick is largely in the hands of the multitude of ‘‘ voluntary”’ or ‘* charity’’ hospitals, administered under committees of trustees, governors, or subscribers, mainly by the medical staff. Of these institutions there is no official inspection, no general control, and not even any published list.* They appear to number a little over 800 in all, and to provide, in the aggregate, nearly 45,000 sick beds. They differ among themselves in every conceivable respect. Some are large institutions, with medical schools, resident staffs, and extensive out-patients’ departments. Others are just cottages to which the local doctors send their own patients, so as to be able to treat them under better conditions than _at home. In fact, only about 275 have a resident doctor. Some {like St. Bartholomew’s, Guy’s, and St. Thomas’s hospitals in London) have large endowments, but most of them are supported, wholly or mainly, by donations, annual subscriptions, and a * The most complete lists published are those in Burdett’s ‘‘ Hospital Annual’’ and Churchill’s ‘‘ Medical Directory,’’ but these omit many institutions. 664 SOCIAL INSURANCE. continual stream of legacies. Some are maintained by large firms, principally for their workpeople. Payments are often exacted from patients, sometimes of small amounts, but often of substantial sums, and this is now a large and increasing source of income. Regular subscriptions are often collected from the workmen in large undertakings for the support of some local hospital to which, when ill, they gain admission. The fees for instruction paid by medical students and probationer nurses amount to no small sum. Church and chapel and street and factory collections, under royal or mayoral or socially influential auspices—together with the proceeds of bazaars, concerts, etc.—eke out the total, which must exceed three millions sterling per annum. Unfortunately, though these 800 voluntary hospitals play in the aggregate a large and valuable part in our Social Insurance, they have come into existence owing largely to local accident, to the whim or caprice of particular donors or testators, or to the preference of the skilled surgeons and physicians for the Metropolis or the county town, and they are, consequently, by no means always situated where they are most wanted. Nor are they all generally available. Many of them restrict themselves to particular kinds of illness. All of them reject merely ‘‘ chronic’’ cases, few deal with maternity, and scarcely any will admit persons suffering from tuberculosis or syphilis. Many of them, too, are barred to the very poor by making a charge or requiring special recommendations for admission: CONVALESCENT HOMES. The convalescent homes that exist are all under private manage- ment and more or less charitable in their nature. The larger voluntary hospitals maintain some into which to discharge a certain proportion of their own patients. Others are maintained as independent institutions by the voluntary subscriptions of the charitable. Others, again, under working-class control, are provided through such agencies as the Co-operative and Friendly Society movements or the Working Men’s Club and Institute Union. Admission is generally dependent on a weekly payment, which is sometimes only a nominal sum, but in other cases rises up to nearly the whole cost of board and lodging. WHERE NO HOSPITAL IS AVAILABLE. Over a considerable part of the kingdom, especially in the rural parts, there is often no hospital, municipal or charitable, to which the sick person can gain admission. This is one of the worst scandals of the 20th century—yet no Government has yet put any proposal before Parliament to remedy it. In some parts not even an accident case can get to a hospital. In many rural districts there is no chance of any ‘‘ medical’? case getting to hospital. Hardly anywhere can admission for other than urgent cases be gained without prolonged waiting for a vacant bed. There is frequently nothing in the shape of a maternity hospital available. There is hardly ever any chance for a ‘‘ chronic ’”’ case, whatever the illness, or for a case of venereal disease, however innocent the sufferer. The deficiency of hospital beds is specially marked as regards the special diseases of- women, together with most non-surgical cases requiring assiduous nursing. Moreover, there is no public ambulance service or other SOCIAL INSURANCE. 665 method of conveyance within the means of the poor available to carry the patient to any distant hospital. “LET THEM GO TO THE WORKHOUSE.” For all who cannot get to hospital, and for whom institutional treatment is imperative, there is available—assuming that the sufferer can be regarded as legally ‘‘ destitute ’’—the Poor Law ‘‘ workhouse.”’ In at least half the Poor Law unions this is nothing but a general mixed workhouse, setting aside one or more rooms as a sick ward, without resident doctor, often without even a trained nurse other than the Matron. In about a third of the unions the sick are in a separate building, but are still under the Workhouse Master and Matron, and there is no resident doctor. In the large towns this sick ward has often developed into a separate Poor Law infirmary, often with resident doctors, which may be, in the best cases, little inferior to a voluntary hospital. The Poor Law, with its stigma of pauperism, thus provides in workhouse sick wards or infirmaries 95,000 beds, or twice as many as ail the endowed and voluntary hospitals put together. Such as they are, they are in most places all that is available for the ‘‘ chronic’ case, the sufferer from venereal disease, the person discharged from hospital as incurable, even for the woman in childbirth, often even for the workman stricken down by sudden accident. THE NATIONAL INSURANCE ACT. ‘Upon this very miscellaneous array of diverse agencies the National Insurance Acts of 1911 and 1913 have superimposed a compulsory and professedly universal State system of sickness insurance with uniform contributions and benefits. This is based on a combination of central control with local administration by voluntary Approved Societies. The existing work of the voluntary organisations, whether societies or hospitals, is left practically untouched. Both Trade Unions and Friendly Societies, whatever their type, are encouraged to develop ‘‘ Approved Societies’’' as separate new sections of their old organisations, and thus to add to their other duties the administration of the new State benefits, for which a definite capitation fee is allowed them. As, however, the existing Friendly Societies and Trade Unions did not effectively cover the whole country, the formation of new ‘‘ Approved Societies’? was also encouraged, and many such came hurriedly into existence, especially to cater for domestic servants, laundresses, nurses, men and women teachers, etc. The Act itself created a society of special type for seamen, and authorised (in Scotland and Ireland only) the formation of county societies in connection with the County Councils, of which only a few have yet been established. But the most important of the new Approved Societies have proved to be those established by the industrial insurance offices in order to work the new State insurance in profitable connection with their own business. The great Prudential Assurance Company Limited has established no fewer than six separate ‘* Prudential’ Approved Societies for men, women, miners, laundry- workers, agricultural and rural workers, and domestic servants respectively, with over three million members, all completely under the control of the Prudential Company’s own directorate, and managed, at a fixed charge per member, by the Prudential Company’s own clerical and agency staff of 25,000 persons. Ten other industrial 666 SOCIAL INSURANCE. insurance offices, headed by the Pearl and the Refuge, the next in magnitude to the Prudential, have similarly established under their joint control and management the National Amalgamated Approved Society. This society, which has over one and a-half million members, is served, with the least possible pretence of democratic control, by the combined staffs (numbering over 30,000) of the dominant companies. Other industrial insurance offices (such as the Liverpool Victoria, the Blackburn Philanthropic, the Royal Liver, and the Salvation Army) have started their own ‘‘ State sections,’’? ranking as Approved Societies. HOW TO TRANSFER FROM ONE SOCIETY. TO ANOTHER, It is now not easy to transfer from one Approved Society to another, and the insured person should not attempt it unless there are good reasons for the change. Such a change means trouble to the National Health Commission in connection with the transfer of the necessary reserves or ‘‘ transfer value’’ from the old society to the new, and also trouble to both the societies. In fact, many societies now habitually refuse consent to their members to transfer to other societies. This they are entitled to do only when they can prove that there is not a good reason. They even refuse to accept transfers from other societies with which they have entered into a mutual agreement to prevent transfers Insured persons have, however, legal rights in the matter, and, in spite of the difficulties placed in the way, it ought practically always to be possible for a persistent person to arrange for a transfer, if he has real grounds. FIRST ASK .CONSENT,, OF. YOUR, .SOCIBTY. The first step is to obtain the consent of the member’s Approved Society. Its agent should be asked to furnish, without delay, a copy of a form of application for consent to transfer (A.S. No. 73). This form, which cannot legally be withheld, states ‘‘ that the member, being desirous of transferring to another society, applies for the consent of the present society to the termination of membership.’? The reason for transferring should then be fully stated, together with the member’s signature, membership number, postal address, and the date. Transfer will only be arranged for, in normal cases, so as to take place at the end of the half-year. But the insured person has a right to have the transfer made without delay if he can give a good reason for urgency, and in that case he should add the words ‘‘ at the earliest possible date.’ If thus exceptionally accepted for prompt transfer the change will be made at the end of the quarter, instead of at the end of the half-year. When the form of application for consent is filled up it should be sent to the secretary of the member’s present society at its head office. VALID REASONS FOR TRANSFER. In due course the society will reply, either consenting or refusing consent to the transfer. The society is not legally bound to give reasons for refusing to consent to the transfer, but such consent must not be unreasonably withheld. As examples of what have been held to be good reasons for transferring, we may mention the case of an insured person belonging to a Trade Union which has an Approved Society connected with it, or that of an insured person obtaining employment in an establishment supporting an Approved Society of SOCIAL INSURANCE. 667 its own. Any insured person who belongs to a Trade Union or to a Friendly Society, but who has joined some other Approved Society, may at any time find it more convenient to have all his benefits, voluntary as well as State, from a single organisation. Moreover, the Commissioners, in their Circular A.S. 167, of June, 1915, expressly mention as valid reasons, not only for transfer, but even for specially urgent transfer during war time, the case of an insured person who removes to a place in which his old society has no convenient agency, and the case of a member whose membership is being terminated according to the rules. On the other hand, when a member has merely become annoyed with the management of his society, perhaps owing to some delay which is frequently quite unavoidable, it has been considered that this is not a sufficient reason for transferring. GET CONSENT OF THE SOCIETY YOU WISH TO. ENTER. Should the present society agree to the transfer, the form of consent, together with the insurance card and book, should be sent to the secretary of the new society, whose consent to accept the transfer should have been previously obtained. This is of importance, because, - as already mentioned, transfers involve the societies in a great deal of work, and there is actually an agreement amongst some of the largest Approved Societies (other than those connected with Trade Unions) not to accept transfers from each other. If, however, the consent of both societies has been obtained the new society will issue a fresh book and card, and the matter is then at an end. In the event of the present society refusing consent to the transfer, or not replying within one month of the application, this refusal, together with the member’s book and card, should be forwarded to the secretary of the new society. The new society should then communicate with the National Health Commissioners—in case of its refusal the insured person may himself do so—stating that consent to withdrawal from the present society has been withheld, or else that (a month having elapsed from the time the application for consent was sent to the old society) no reply has been received by the member. The Commissioners will then communicate with the old society, calling upon it to give its reasons for refusing its consent. These reasons will then be considered by the Commissioners, and in the majority of cases the matter is finally decided by the Commissioners informing the new society that a transfer value in respect of the member will be credited to them, and in that event membership of the new society is granted, and the necessary forms issued. The Commissioners only refuse to compel the carrying out of the transfer when it is obvious that the member has no reason beyond the mere desire to change, or perhaps none except dissatisfaction with the agent, or with the society, over some unimportant matter of procedure. TRANSFERS. DURING THE. WAR. In their Circular A.S. 167, of June, 1915, the Commissioners deprecate any transfers not urgently required, in order to diminish trouble during war time. But there is no real saving of trouble by stopping those transfers that are called for by the genuine needs of insured persons—it would only mean putting them to the trouble, instead of the Approved Societies—and consequently those who have 668 SOCIAL INSURANCE. valid reasons for wishing to transfer may properly persist in their demands. It would be a very strong step for the Commissioners to compel an insured person to remain in an Approved Society which he wishes, for good reasons, to leave, and in which he can only remain at inconvenience to himself. Any insured person who fails to get justice should get a Member of Parliament to press his or her case. DEPOSIT CONTRIBUTORS. Those persons who find themselves compulsorily insured and have not become members of any Approved Society—either because of apathy or ignorance, or because they are in such bad health that no society will accept them, or because they have been expelled—are called deposit contributors. Their interests are nominally looked after by the Local Insurance Committee. But they get very little. They are not really insured, and can draw only the amount standing to their credit. The Insurance Commissioners charge them each year in advance with an arbitrarily fixed sum for the ensuing year’s expenses, in return for which they are allowed the right to choose a doctor for Medical Benefit and they are eligible for Sanatorium Benefit; they are allowed to draw out the money only when certified as incapable of work, and then only at the rate of 1os. ‘a week (7s. 6d. if a woman); if there is any over, it may be drawn for Maternity Benefit. When the deposit contributor dies his next-of-kin does not even get the unexhausted balance, whatever_it-may be, but cnly four-sevenths (or in the case of a woman one-half) of it, the rest being forfeited, thus losing all paid in for him by his employers and the State. No one should continue in the disadvantageous position of deposit contributor. He or she ought at once to join an Approved Society. The administration of this huge and complicated machine of State insurance—the mere expenses of which are believed to amount altogether to three or four millions sterling a year—is in the hands, partly of separate Boards of Commissioners for England, Scotland, ireland, and Wales respectively, and of a Joint Committee of all four of them; partly of the County and Borough Councils through their Health Committees; partly of the Local Insurance Committees set up in each County and County Borough area, representing the Approved Societies, the medical practitioners, and the local public authority; partly in those of local committees of the medical practitioners and chemists; and partly in those of the Approved Societies (these financially independent societies, branches, courts, and lodges being over 20,000 in number) into which the 15 millions of insured persons have been brigaded. HOW THE MONEY IS RAISED. With the income side of the new State insurance the Approved Societies, whether grafted on old Trade Unions or Friendly Societies, or independently created, have nothing to do except in so far as they exact fines and extra levies. The State Insurance Fund, entirely governed by statute and by the regulations of the Government Insurance Commissioners, is fed by contributions compulsorily levied on all employed manual workers and all other employed persons under £160 a year, and also on their employers, supplemented by fixed subventions from the Exchequer. These - SOCIAL INSURANCE. 669 contributions are collected by means of stamps, which must be affixed and cancelled at all payments of wages. The stamp for each week’s employment is of the value of 7d. for a male and 6d. for a female employee, the whole amount being payable by the employer, who is, however, authorised to deduct from the wages in the normal case 4d. for a male and 3d. for a female employee. It is important that the provisions for the benefit of very low paid workers should be better known. Where persons over 21, men or women, are paid at a lower rate than 2s. per day the Government contributes a special 1d. towards the weekly premiums and the employer an extra ad. (if his wage exceeds 1s. 6d. a day), or even an extra 3d. (if he is paying actually less than 1s. 6d. a day). The employer has also to contribute an extra 1d. for men to whom he pays between 2s. and 2s. 6d. a day. The result is that persons over 21 earning at the rate of less than 1s. 6d. a day are insured without any deduction from their wages; those earning between 1s. 6d. and 2s. a day need suffer deduction only of 1d. a week; whilst men earning less than 2s. 6d. a day have to be stopped 3d. instead of the normal 4d.* Care should be taken to see that all these low paid workers do not suffer larger deductions from their wages than are legally due from them. At present, it is feared, owing to the neglect or indifference of their employers and to their own ignorance or timidity, a vast number of them are charged the full 4d. or 3d. per week. THE PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM THE ACT. A considerable number of persons are left outside the scope of the Act, except in so far as they may choose to come in, on onerous terms, as voluntary contributors. There are, first of all, the wives and children who are not in wage-earning employ- ment. There are all those who work ‘‘on their own’’ and are not employed by a master for hire. These two great classes the Act ignores. Next come those whom it specifically ‘‘ excepts ’’—persons employed under the National or Local Government (including elementary teachers) or by any statutory company, who have already advantages in sickness and disablement not less favourable than those given by the Act (note that in estimating these advantages Maternity Benefit is ignored and is, therefore, lost in many cases); agents paid by fees or commission not mainly under a single employer; persons on farms maintained by the farmer and paid no money wages; casual workers employed by private persons; persons employed for maintenance and without money wages; persons engaged in duly scheduled employments merely subsidiary to their main livelihood; ‘‘share’’? fishermen, who are not regarded as in wage-earning employment; persons engaged by their husbands (or wives); persons earning more than £160 a year otherwise than as manual workers. Special arrangements are made for the Army and Navy. *In Ireland, because no Medical Benefit needs to. be provided, the normal weekly stamp is 14d. per Dpto lower, the payment by the employer being 24d., that by the male employee 3d., and that by the female employee 2d. The State contribution, where wages are under 2s, per day, is the same as in Great Britain, namely, rd. The result is that where employees receive less than 1s. 6d. per day, as in Great Britain, no deduction is made; between ts. 6d. and 2s. a day, a deduction of a halfpenny only and between 2s. and 2s. 6d. a day, a deduction of 2d. only, whether male or female. 670 SOCIAL INSURANCE. The ‘‘ exempted ’’ persons are in a peculiar position. The employer in these cases has to pay his part of the weekly tax, normally 3d., the intention being that he should have no motive for giving them preference in employment. But the ‘ exempted”’ persons themselves pay nothing, and are not entitled to Sickness or Disablement Benefit. They can get (after 26 payments) Medical, Maternity, and Sanatorium Benefit by applying to the Insurance Commissioners. Persons of either sex who are either in receipt of an income of £26 a year not dependent on their personal exertions, or who are ordinarily and mainly. dependent for their livelihood on some other person, or on some occupation within the Act, may obtain certificates of exemption by applying to the Insurance Commissioners. MEDICAL BENEFIT. In return for the compulsorily exacted payment the insured person is given by statute the right to Medical Benefit, that is, to ‘‘ adequate ” medical attendance and treatment in all diseases or whenever incapable of work from any cause whatsoever except childbirth, “a due supply of proper medicines, and the surgical appliances prescribed for him so far as included in a list drawn up by the Insurance Commissioners. Unfortunately, the funds under the Act proving insufficient, medical attendance has been cut down from that promised by Mr. Lloyd George, the supply of medicines has been administratively limited in various ways, and the list of surgical appliances is a very narrow one. What the insured person now gets is the right once a year to choose one doctor from the ‘‘ panel’’ drawn up for his County or County Borough and to consult that doctor, but that one only, whenever he feels ill, either by calling at the doctor’s surgery within the prescribed hours—in emergency at any time—or, if the patient is too unwell to do this, by asking the doctor to attend at the patient’s home. The doctor is only required to give the attendance and treatment that falls within the scope of a general practitioner of ordinary skill and — capacity. When the case requires something more than this (even if it is within the doctor’s own capacity) he is, in accordance with the contract made by Mr. Lloyd George with the medical profession, not required to give the attendance and treatment which is “‘ adequate ”’ to the need, but only to ‘‘ advise’”’ the patient how he might possibly obtain it elsewhere from some medical charity.* Medical Benefit is not given for childbirth. In those cases of miscarriage for which Maternity Benefit is not payable, the woman insured person, whether married or not, is entitled to Medical Benefit. *In Ireland, where a gratuitous State Medical Service has existed since 1851, it was naturally thought unnecessary to provide Medical Benefit under the Insurance Act. In Ireland any ‘‘poor person,’’ not necessarily a pauper, has a statutory right to free medical attendance and medicine, quite apart from Poor Relief. The whole country is divided into 840 dispensary districts, each with its salaried doctor, who is also Medical Officer of Health under the local Public Health Authority. The “ dis- pensary doctor” is required to attend without fee, and to supply with medicine, any person presenting a ‘dispensary ticket.” Such tickets are given away freely by Guardians of the Poor, local wardens, relieving officers, etc., to any ‘ poor person ’’ who asks for them; the custom being for them to be used, as a matter of course, not only by all wage-earners, but also by many of the small farmers and shopkeepers. The weekly contribution under the Insurance Act from wage-earners in Ireland was accordingly fixed at 14d. less than in Great Britain, SOCIAL INSURANCE. 671 Medical Benefit cannot be refused in cases of venereal disease, even if due to personal misconduct. The 15,000 doctors on the several panels of the County and County Borough Insurance Committees in Great Britain are thus now available, day and night, to give free of charge to all insured persons in their ordinary ailments (except at childbirth) the medical attendance and treatment that is customary. In addition, they are required to prescribe whatever medicine they think the case requires. This medicine will be dispensed without charge (beyond a deposit of 1d. for any necessary bottle) by any of the thousands of chemists with whom the Insurance Committees have contracted for this purpose. The doctors may also prescribe any surgical or other appliances needed by the patient (such as bandages, splints, etc.), and these will also be supplied free of charge by the same chemists, but only if they have been included in the very limited list drawn up by the Insurance Commissioners. Thus trusses are not included, nor elastic stockings for varicose veins, nor surgical boots for flatfoot, nor crutches nor spectacles. The doctor must also give free of charge all the certificates required for the purposes of benefit under the Act. WHEN THE DOCTOR MAY MAKE A CHARGE. The doctor may if he chooses—many of them do not—make a charge for the services which are not included under the terms of contract with the medical profession, namely, any treatment outside the scope of the practice of the doctor of ordinary skill and capacity (for instance, all dentistry; all treatment of any but the slightest affections of the eye or ear; any serious surgical operation), attendance at childbirth, any certificates required for other purposes than the National Insurance Act (such a charge is seldom made unless an exceptional number are required), and any quite exceptional attendance or treatment specially asked for and agreed to by the patient. The insured person may (and always should) submit any such doctor’s bill to the local Insurance Committee before paying it. The doctor is not allowed to make a charge on the insured person for calling to see him, however great may be the distance or however frequent his visits, or for coming at night, or for seeing the patient outside the stated hours, or for treating, so far as is within the scope of the general practitioner, any disease or accident or ailment whatsoever (apart from childbirth), or for supplying medicine or appliances himself instead of writing a prescription for the chemist, or for giving any certificates required by the Approved Society, or for recommending the patient to a hospital or other institution, or for facilitating admission thereto. The administration of this ‘‘ Medical Benefit’’ is not in the hands of the Approved Societies, but in those of the Insurance Committees, to whom, as well as to the Insurance Commissioners themselves, complaint should be made of any neglect or malpractice of doctor or chemist. SICKNESS BENEFIT. The Act entitles every insured person (who has been in insurance for six months and has made at least 26 weekly payments, who is not penalised for past arrears, and who has not been lawfully suspended from benefit by his Approyed Society) to receive from that society 672 SOCIAL INSURANCE. Sickness Benefit for every whole day that he is incapacitated from work either by specific disease or by any mental or bodily disablement. Benefit begins with the fourth day after the incapacity began—that is to say, no benefit is payable under the Act for the first three days of incapacity, unless it is in continuation of a previous illness. Hence the importance of going at once to the doctor and getting a certificate on the very beginning of incapacity. The payment will be, in the case of British subjects over 21, normally at the rate of 10s. a week for a man and 7s. 6d. a week for a woman.* Where, in the case of a woman, the incapacity is due to confinement at childbirth Sickness Benefit is not payable, being merged in the separately described Maternity Benefit. Where the incapacity is due to the misconduct of the insured person himself, the rules of the Approved Society may prevent his receiving Sickness (though not Medical) Benefit. This is often understood as disqualifying all persons suffering from venereal disease. But this is incorrect. Innocent sufferers from diseases due to other persons’ misconduct are legally entitled to full benefit. WHEN SICKNESS BENEFIT IS PAYABLE. Questions arise as to the kinds of illness or disablement during which Sickness Benefit is payable. A certificate by the insured person’s panel doctor is practically always required, though the fact that the certificate is by some other doctor is not a valid ground for refusal of benefit. The certificate must state in so many words that the doctor has seen the patient on a stated day, and that he is incapable of work. But the doctor’s certificate, though evidence, is not conclusive. It is for the Approved Society to satisfy itself that the claimant is legally entitled to Sickness Benefit, and some societies reject many claims. Attempts have been made to refuse the benefit to women incapacitated by normal pregnancy, to blind or crippled persons, and to persons suffering merely from extreme weakness on the plea that this is not ‘‘ sickness.’? Such a refusal is, however, illegal. Benefit is payable, not for sickness, but for incapacity to work, whether due to specific disease or any other mental or bodily disablement, transient or permanent (except only childbirth, in which case it is replaced by Maternity Benefit). Sickness Benefit is payable just as much when the incapacity for work is caused merely by pregnancy, even without complications, or by blindness or loss of limbs, or by some quite inexplicable weakness which the doctor calls ‘‘ anzmia,’’ as it is when the incapacity is caused by bronchitis or fever. In those cases of miscarriage in which Maternity * Less than the full Sickness Benefit (of 10s. per week for a man and 7s. 6d. fora woman) will be paid to (a) Unmarried Minors—that is, persons under 21 years of age— who will get, if males, only 6s. a week for 13 weeks, followed by 5s. a week for the next 13 weeks; and if females 5s. per week for the first 13 weeks and 4s. a week for the second 13 weeks. (6) Women who were insured whilst unmarried, and who, on marriage, élect to become voluntary contributors, get only 5s. a week for 13 weeks and 3s. a week for 13 weeks. (c) Aliens joining after 1911 who get only the special reduced rate of Sickness Benefit that has been. fixed by the Approved Society that they have joined; or if they are deposit contributors only 7s. gd. a week if men, or 5s. 72d. a week if women. And, most frequent case of all, (d) Persons penalised for arrears of contributions in the year preceding that in which they fall ill. Relief in respect of arrears can be obtained from the Approved Society, which has at its disposal for this purpose a fund provided by the Government; provided that application is made before 4th October in each year, that more than six contributions are in atrear, and that the arrears are due to genuine unemployment. SOCIAL INSURANCE. 673 Benefit is not payable, Sickness Benefit may be claimed for the period of incapacity. “INCAPACITY TO WORK.” But it must really be incapacity to work. Some societies have attempted to argue that this means incapacity to perform any kind of work, even knitting or ‘‘ picking peas,’’ or putting the kettle on the fire. This is nonsense, and illegal nonsense. The Insurance Commissioners now advise that, so far as temporary incapacity is concerned, the Act means by ‘‘incapacity to work’’ exactly what most Friendly Societies meant by ‘‘incapacity to pursue his usual occupation ’’’ or ‘‘incapacity to go to his usual work.’’ Thus, if a miner cannot go down the pit, he is not to be regarded as ineligible for Sickness Benefit merely because he is capable of carrying in the coals from the coal shed; if a woman is incapable of attending to her looms or working at the laundry she is not to be deprived of her Sickness Benefit merely because she is able to set out the meals, boil the kettle for tea, or attend to her children. Nor can any insured person be expected to change to ‘‘a light job’’ whenever he has an illness which incapacitates him for his more onerous employment. The case is different when it comes to be a question of permanent incapacity, as in the case of Disablement Benefit, payable for incapacity lasting longer than six months. THE “BEHAVIOUR RULES.” The insured person must, of course, obey the rules of the Approved Society to which he has chosen to belong, and these always include rules as to behaviour during sickness. Any breach of these rules is punishable by a fine, and, in extreme cases, by suspension from benefit. But the breach of rule must be proved and the disobedient member condemned to the appropriate penalty in strict accordance with the rules. It is not enough for a secretary to say that, because a woman has been found doing her household work, which may be contrary to the rules as to behaviour during sickness, she is thereby shown not to be incapacitated from work, and accordingly not entitled to any Sickness Benefit whatever. Yet such cases have occurred. Administration of Sickness Benefit is entirely in the hands of the Approved Societies, subject to the supervision and control of the Commissioners, who send down, week by week, the money required by the society to pay its claims. Any insured. person whose claim to Sickness Benefit, though supported by a doctor’s certificate of incapacity to work, is refused by his Approved Society would do well to appeal, either according to the forms prescribed by his society’s rules or by letter to the Chairman of the Insurance Commissioners, asking for an inquiry into his case. A letter asking the intervention of the local Member of Parliament or other influential person is often found useful. Many claims that are refused in the first instance are paid by the Approved Societies if persistently followed up, especially if other people take up the case. DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME. It will be seen that, from the standpoint of Social Insurance, the provision for sickness falls very far short of what is needed. We may note some of the principal shortcomings. x 674 SOCIAL INSURANCE. THE VOLUNTARY SICK CLUBS ARE INADEQUATE. 1. We saw that the Friendly Societies and Trade Unions (apart from weaknesses of constitution and management and occasional financial unsoundness) do not secure for their members anything like enough income in sickness to maintain the household; they provide either medical attendance quite inadequate for serious illnesses, or even none at all; and they only occasionally and inadequately provide for the illnesses of wife and children. It does not seem possible for self- -supporting societies to make by themselves alone anything like adequate provision for sickness. THE HOSPITALS ARE INADEQUATE. 2. In particular the institutional provision for the sick in hospitals and convalescent homes must practically be made out of public funds of one sort or another. The existing hospitals and convalescent homes, whether provided under the Public Health Acts or from charitable funds, are, even if we confine ourselves to the class under £160 a year, hopelessly inadequate to the needs of the sick. ‘The result is that a large proportion of sick for whom, in the public interest, hospital treatment is required have to wait many weeks or months for admission—now at great and unnecessary expense to the Insurance - Fund—or altogether fail to obtain it. The shortage of convalescent homes practically available for the very poor, and sak ao for working women, is appalling. THE POOR LAW IS UNFIT FOR THE SICK. 3. Those for whom hospital accommodation is not available often have to resort to the workhouse or Poor Law infirmary, though they are ‘‘ destitute ’’ only of that medical treatment which the community has failed to provide. The great majority of workhouses, never intended for the sick, are entirely unfit for this purpose. Neither the buildings nor the equipment, neither the medical attendance nor the nursing, are suitable for the tens of thousands of gravely diseased persons for whom no better refuge is available. Even those Poor Law infirmaries which, in London and some other large cities, have developed into something like hospitals are far inferior to then, as regards specialist treatment and nursing, for any but slight and simple cases. The provision for the sick needs to be wholly dissociated from the Poor Law. It is an indignity that suffering men and women should be driven to the workhouse. The Government should see to it that the whole institutional provision for the sick should be concentrated in the hands of the County and Borough Councils, and should contrive by means of official pressure, coupled with adequate grants in aid, that every County and Borough Council, whilst making full use of whatever already exists, should provide hospitals and convalescent homes adequate to the require- ments of its population. THE NATIONAL INSURANCE SCHEME EXCLUDES HALF THE POPULATION. 4. Whilst the National Insurance Act has ensured some sort of medical attendance and a modicum of weekly income to about one-third of the population, it leaves outside its compulsory scope (even if we SOCIAL INSURANCE. | 675 confine ourselves to incomes under £160 a year) actually more than it includes. For the children, whose adequate medical treatment is of the greatest importance to the community, nothing is provided by means of the Act. For the illness of the homekeeping wife apart from her confinements the Act makes no provision whatever, neither medical attendance nor substitute to do the housework (except in the cases in which a previously employed contributor agrees, on marriage, to become a voluntary contributor at 3d. per week). Even from the Maternity Benefit it is calculated that nearly a million wives (whose family income is under £160 a year) are excluded. The manual workers, ignored by the Act, and left entirely outside its operation {except for the permission to become voluntary contributors on onerous terms), are estimated to number over two millions. Besides these, there are the various classes ‘‘excepted’’ and ‘‘ exempted,”’ whose numbers run into/hundreds of thousands. The position in which the hundreds of thousands of deposit contributors are left is very unsatisfactory. MEDICAL BENEFIT INADEQUATE. 5. Those for whom the Act does provide find the provision very far from what the public interest requires. The medical attendance which the Insurance Commissioners have arranged for is admittedly very short of being adequate to the needs of the patients in all serious cases. SICK PAY INADEQUATE. 6. The income provided in sickness when the breadwinner is incapacitated for work is inadequate to the maintenance of himself, let alone the family. It needs imperatively to be in some way supplemented or increased. THE PROVISION FOR TUBER- CULOSIS. There is one contingency to which the manual working class is specially subject, and against which they are usually quite unable to make individual provision. This is tuberculosis or consumption, which specially attacks the underfed, the dwellers in dark and crowded rooms, those who work long hours in badly ventilated workplaces, and especially all trades in which there is a grinding of iron or steel or stone, the filecutters, the stoneworkers, and others constantly breathing dust. It is estimated that there are at least 150,000 men and women to-day who are suffering from this disease, and of these five-sixths belong to the working class. Every year something like 75,000 men and women get the disease. More families are reduced to destitution through tuberculosis than through any other disease. The Ancient Order of Foresters declares that 25 per cent. of its Sick Pay is due to tuberculosis. It is essential that this should be met by Social Insurance. WHAT THE NATIONAL INSURANCE ACT PROVIDES. The National Insurance Act accordingly makes separate provision for sufferers from tuberculosis, whether phthisis (‘‘ consumption ’’) or non-pulmonary tuberculosis (such as hip-disease). The insured 676 SOCIAL INSURANCE, person found to be suffering from tuberculosis is entitled not only to medical attendance and treatment by his ‘‘ panel’’ doctor, and, when incapacitated from work (if a member of an Approved Society), to Sickness Benefit, but also to specialist treatment by the Tuberculosis Medical Officer appointed by the County or County Borough Council; to the advantages of any tuberculosis dispensary that the Council may establish; to any extras that the doctor may prescribe for him, such as additional nourishment in the shape of milk, eggs, or meat, or the means to make for himself an open-air sleeping place; or, in the alternative, to admission to the sanatorium provided by, or at the expense of, the County or County Borough Council, when he will be boarded and lodged free, and his Sickness Benefit will be available week by week for his dependents. If he has none, the amount will be confiscated by the Insurance Committee, and added to its balances. Unfortunately, only a small proportion of the cases are yet being adequately treated. Only 36,000 people (two-thirds men) were admitted to sanatorium in 1913. Many County and County Borough Councils have not yet appointed sufficient tuberculosis officers, established enough tuberculosis dispensaries, or provided enough sanatorium accommodation. Many, moreover, have stringently cut down the provision of medical extras. It is for the ‘‘ panel doctor’’ to report the tuberculous-patient to_ the proper Committee of the County or County Borough Council or to its tuberculosis officer, as well as to the County Medical Officer, and to recommend his patient for the special treatment required. It is for the County or County Borough Council, through its Health (or Tuberculosis or Sanatorium) Committee to provide the sanatorium and the tuberculosis dispensary, to admit the patient to the sanatorium for treatment, or, if thought fit, to provide him with treatment at the dispensary and with extra nourishment, etc., at home. It is for the Approved Society to pay Sickness Benefit, either to the patient at home or to his dependents if he is in a sanatorium, or, if there are no dependents, to the Insurnace Committee. THE STRANGE MUDDLE OF AUTHORITIES. Thus the treatment of tuberculous insured persons in England and Wales is under a strange medley of authorities, with the result that very inadequate results have yet been obtained. It may be added that the County or County Borough Council may, if it likes, resolve to extend the advantages of its tuberculosis sanatorium, dispensary, and medical staff to (a) the dependents of insured persons, and (4) non-insured persons. Most Counties and County Borough Councils have taken this course. What is needed is the concentration of all the work and responsibility connected with the provision for the sufferers from tuberculosis upon one authority. In Scotland and Ireland somewhat different iio ge are sa Hie Wk © far from adequate. ° SOCIAL INSURANCE. 677 THE PROVISION FOR INVALIDITY. Every year sees tens of thousands of workingmen and women wholly invalidated long before the pensionable age of 70, so crippled by accident, so permanently stricken by incurable disease, even so debilitated by premature old age, as to be unable any longer to earn their living. Yet till quite recently no public provision other than the Poor Law was made for them. Trade Unions and Friendly Societies did their best for their own members, sometimes in the form of accident grants, sometimes in the form of an early superannuation allowance, sometimes in the form of ‘“‘ permanent sick pay.’? For the most part, however, such broken-down workers became a burden on their children or else were driven to pauperism. Under the National Insurance Acts of 1911 and 1913 public provision is (for the first time apart from compensation for those invalidated by accident) ann ee the prematurely invalidated under the name of Disablement enefit. DISABLEMENT BENEFIT. When incapacity to work continues for more than 26 weeks Sickness Benefit ceases, and (provided that 104 weeks’ contributions have been paid) the insured person, who has been two years insured, whether man or woman, so long as he continues incapable of work, is entitled to receive from his Approved Society, up to the age of 70, Disablement Benefit at the rate of 5s. per week. No special definition of ‘‘incapable of work’ is given, but incapacity from any cause whatsoever is included, except. that disablement arising from the personal misconduct of the sufferer, may be excluded by the rules of the Approved Society for a period not exceeding twelve months, and that it must be assumed that Disablement Benefit cannot properly be drawn unless the insured person is, and continues to be, incapacitated from _ getting employment at wages, even at low wages, at some ordinary occupation within his reach. It would be only reasonable for the Approved Society to require him or her to go through any special treatment, or to use any kind of appliances that the society chose to provide, in order to fit him or her for earning a living. Nor can the insured person in receipt of Disablement Benefit reasonably object to being medically examined at regular intervals, say, once a year or so, in order that the society may be assured both that the insured person is still alive and that the incapacity continues. The insured person who is unfortunate enough to be a deposit contributor ean never have enough to his credit to be able to get Disablement Benefit. The administration of Disablement Benefit is entirely in the hands of the Approved Societies, subject to the supervision and control of the Commissioners. DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME. Social Insurance with regard to premature invalidity is defective. 1. It is not universal even as regards households under /160 a year. 2. It does not secure any adequate examination and _ specialist treatment even for invalidated insured persons. 3. It provides only 5s. a week for the sufferers. 678 SOCIAL INSURANCE. THE PROVISION FOR UNEMPLOY-~ MENT. For the last two centuries a certain proportion of the workers have made provision against unemployment through their Trade Unions. The latest complete figures relate to 1908, when returns were received from unions with a total membership of 2,359,867, or more than 99 per cent. of the total membership of all unions at the end of that year. Out of this number 1,473,593 were insured against unemployment, and an additional 1,524,091 were entitled in cases of unemployment to Travelling Benefit, or to total or partial remission of contributions, or to occasional allowances. Since that time the total membership of Trade Unions has risen to nearly four millions, and the rise in the numbers insured against unemployment is probably almost in proportion to this. There is considerable variation in the conditions under which Unemployment Benefit is payable, according to the circumstances of the various industries. For instance, in the textile industry and in coalmining depression of trade is usually met by working short time, and in these industries many of the unions insure their members not against every form of unemployment, but only against mill stoppages, pit stoppages, and the like. In other industries benefit usually covers all forms of unemployment. There is considerable variation also in the period for which benefit is available and in the amount of the benefit paid. Sometimes it continues for an unlimited period, but there is often a limit of between twelve and twenty-six weeks, and there are cases in which benefit is paid only for four weeks. The amount varies as a rule between about 16s. and 4s., but often a higher rate is paid during the first weeks of unemployment than in subsequent weeks. Only in some cases does out-of-work pay extend to those who are thrown out of work by disputes in another branch of the trade or in another industry. The Trade Unions which make least provision against unemployment are those in the mining, textile, and transport industries. By Part II. of the Insurance Act of 1911 this form of Social Insurance was extended in two ways. Any Trade Union undertaking to give out-of-work pay to its unemployed members, on complying with the conditions laid down by the Board of Trade, may obtain from the Board of Trade a subvention equal to not more than one-sixth of the amount so paid, except where payments are only so made to workmen employed in insured trades (see below), in which case it must not exceed three-fourths. This has enabled some Trade Unions which did not previously give out-of-work pay to institute it and others to raise their rates of benefit without raising contributions. During the special stress of the autumn of 1914 the Board of Trade issued special regulations under which increased subventions could be paid to unions specially affected by the war. For an account of these see page 36. INSURANCE ACT (PART II.). The other form in which Social Insurance is now applied to unemployment is the compulsory and universal insurance by the Government of all manual workers in engineering and ironfounding, SOCIAL INSURANCE. 679 shipbuilding, building, sawmilling, the making of vehicles, and works of construction. A contribution of sd. is levied weekly, by means of a stamp affixed by the employer, in respect of the two and a-half million persons (including about 10,o0o0 women) employed in these industries—about one-sixth of the total number of wage-earners. Half of this sd. is deducted by the employer from the wages paid. In addition, the State contributes 1d. per head per week, and all the expenses of administration. Out of the fund so formed the Board of Trade pays, through the Labour Exchanges, Unemployment Benefit at the rate of 1s. 2d. per day (7s. per week) to all persons thus insured who have been involuntarily unemployed, so far as work at an insured trade is concerned, for more than a week. Trade Unions may arrange to receive this sum from the Board of Trade, so that they may themselves make the payment to their own members, in addition to or wholly or partly in place of Trade Union out-of-work pay. Unemployment due directly* to a strike or a lock-out is excluded. HOW TO GET UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT. Unemployed men in the insured trades ought, as soon as they can, to lodge their unemployment insurance books at the local Labour Exchange and to attend there daily for registration. They are not paid Unemployment Benefit if they unreasonably refuse to accept a suitable situation when it is offered to them. The situation must, however, be in their own trade, and must be at wages and conditions not worse than those usually prevailing in the trade in the place where the work is to be done. Nor can the unemployed workman be called upon to accept a situation under unreasonable conditions. Thus he cannot be expected to move his family to another place unless the employment offered is likely to last some considerable time, or to leave his family to go to a distant situation unless the pay offered is sufficient to enable him to maintain both himself and them apart. The amount of his railway fare to a situation can, however, always be advanced to him by the Labour Exchange, and unmarried men, and also married men when it is reasonable for them to do so, are expected to move freely after vacancies. The local officers of the Board of Trade pay all claims which are, in their judgment, strictly within the regulations. In any case in which they doubt, or there is even the slightest failure to comply with the most technical. regulation, the claim is rejected, and the claimant is told that he has a right to appeal. This ought always to be done whenever the workman thinks himself unjustly treated. The appeal, for which no fee is charged, and in which no expense need be incurred, is heard in private by a little committee, the Court of Referees, which sits usually on Saturday afternoons, consisting of one representative of the wage-earners (taken from a panel constituted out of those who got the highest votes from the insured workmen), one representative of the employers, and a chairman appointed by the Board of Trade. The decision of the Court of Referees is nearly always accepted as * Thus it is clear that where a strike or a lock-out of one craft in a works throws other crafts in the same works out of employment no State benefit is due. On the other hand, if a dispute in one industry (for instance, coalmining) throws workers in a quite distinct industry (say, engineering) out of employment, it is clear that the latter are entitled to State benefit. Naturally there are many doubtful marginal cases. 680 SOCIAL INSURANCE. final, but, in order to provide against any serious divergence in matters of principle, the Board of Trade may, if it thinks fit, appeal against its decision to a permanently appointed Umpire (Mr. AW. Es Yates, K.C.). By the Act of 1914 a workman is not disqualified from receiving Unemployment Benefit by reason only of his being still employed at some work which he ordinarily followed outside the working hours of his trade, in addition to his employment in an insured trade, provided that his income from such work does not exceed £1 a week. This covers the case of the branch secretary. DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME. Social Insurance against unemployment falls short in the following respects :— FAR FROM UNIVERSAL. The Government’s compulsory insurance is very far from belie ciivareal SE BRiee indeed, at present only to one in six of the wage-earners and to hardly any women. It can at any time be extended by the Government by mere Order to any other trades, provided that the extra expense involved would not, in the opinion of the Treasury, entail an increase in the sum contributed by the State of more than one million pounds a year within the ensuing three years. FAR FROM ADEQUATE. 2. The Government provision of 7s. per week is insufficient for the proper maintenance of the family, and, moreover, there is nothing to save the unemployed man from the deterioration that prolonged unemployment almost inevitably produces. It is suggested that during his periods of unemployment the manual worker should have the option of putting in his time at self-improvement, and that he should be able to attend, free of charge, the trade schools and day technical and other classes that the Local Education Authority should provide. NOT SUFFICIENTLY ENCOURAGING TO TRADE UNIONS. 3. Many Trade Unions in certain industries pay no out-of-work benefit or pay only in certain contingencies, or on a very low scale, or for a very short period. The effect of Clause 106 of the Insurance Act has been in a few cases to cause such benefit to be instituted, but the Government subvention of one-sixth of the amount paid in out-of-work pay is far too small to have any widespread influence, and, in addition, the conditions imposed by the Board of Trade as regards registration at the Labour Exchange, etc., prevent some unions from coming under the clause. In some foreign countries (Belgium, Norway, Switzerland, etc.) as much as half of their expenditure on out-of-work pay is given to the Trade Unions out of public funds, SOCIAL INSURANCE, 68% THE PROVISION FOR OLD AGE. Until quite lately there was very little organised provision for old age. The great majority of old people were driven inevitably into pauperism. Nearly all the larger Trade Unions among skilled workers, except in the mining and textile industries, the Government Service, and the railway clerical service, provide superannuation allowances generally of rcs. or 12s. a week for their aged members. The exceptions are generally accounted for by the existence outside the unions of special superannuation funds in connection with the industry. Of these the most important are the various railway superannuation funds, which are largely confined to clerical workers, and the various district associations for the relief of aged miners. A few Friendly Societies have long had superannuation funds, but have found hardly any of their members prepared to subscribe to them. The old members drew ‘“‘ permanent sick pay’’ to such an extent as seriously to jeopardise the solvency of some societies. OLD AGE PENSIONS. Now we have in the Old Age Pensions Act of 1908 the most genuinely universal of all our forms of Social Insurance. On reaching 7o years of age every man or woman who has not a regular income of 12s. a week (£31 10s. a year), whether derived from earnings, regular. gifts, or property, can apply to the Pensions Committee of the County or County Borough Council for an old age pension. Claimants must be resident in the United Kingdom, and must have resided (or at least had their home) somewhere within the United Kingdom for at least 20 years prior to their application. Holiday trips, occasional travel, even long spells of employment out of the United Kingdom do not disqualify, provided that it can be shown that the claimant retained a home in the United Kingdom. Service on board a British ship, however long continued, also does not disqualify. The claimant must be a British subject, though not necessarily born in the United Kingdom or even within the British Empire. A naturalised British subject will be eligible if he has been naturalised for 20 years, and has so long resided in the United Kingdom. A woman married to an alien ceases to be a British subject even if he and she reside in the United Kingdom, and hence she has, at 70, no right to an old age pension. But by a special provision in the Act of 1910 she can get a pension if she has been left a widow, or has been divorced, or has been actually deserted by her alien husband, if she is qualified by residence and otherwise. Previous receipt of Poor Law relief or residence in the workhouse does not disqualify, and paupers arriving at the age of 70 may give up their outdoor relief or workhouse residence and get an old age pension instead. They cannot receive both pension and outdoor relief, though the wife (or husband) of an old age pensioner, not himself (or herself) in receipt of an old age pension, perhaps because not yet 70, may receive outdoor. relief if the facts are not concealed. An old age pensioner (and also his wife) is entitled to receive medical relief and to be admitted in sickness to the workhouse or Poor Law infirmary if he or she cannot otherwise get the medical treatment that their condition necessitates—they are then technically ‘‘ destitute’ of such medical treatment—and this does not disqualify them from drawing their pensions. The pension will X I 682 SOCIAL INSURANCE. not be paid whilst they are actually in an institution, but the arrears can be drawn when they come out. The claimant must also be so far of good character as not to have been in prison during the preceding ten years, and not to have habitually failed to work so that his wife and children became dependent on public funds. Persons actually in prison or under detention as lunatics are not eligible for pensions, whilst those who are permanently inmates of institutions are excluded because their board and lodging amounts to an income above the pensionable limit. HOW THE PENSION IS FIXED. The pension will be of 5s. a week if the claimant has nothing coming in, or at any rate not so much as £21.a year, or 8s. a week; 4s. a week if the pensioner’s income is between £21 and £23 12s. 6d. a year, or not more than gs. a week; 3s. if it is between £23 12s. 6d. and £26 5s. a year, or not more than ros. a week; 2s. if it is between 426 5s. and £28 17s. 6d. a year, or not more than 11s. a week; and 1s. if it is between £28 17s. 6d. and £31 a year, or not more than 12s. a week. The possession of property yielding no income does not disqualify, but a house is reckoned at its rental value and cash lying at a bank is reckoned as if it was yielding 2} per cent. interest. Incomes of husband and wife are added together, and each is reckoned as possessing half the total. Besides rents or interest and earnings, even if occasional or casual, of the claimant (and of his wife or husband) there will be reckoned as income any regular allowances either in money or kind made by relations, friends, or charity (even if not legally secured or permanent), but not irregular or occasional gifts. If the income changes, so as to make the pensioner eligible for a pension at an increased rate, a new application may be made. The claim is investigated by the local Pensions Officer (who is an officer of the Customs and Excise Department), and his report has to be considered by the Pensions Committee, which determines the amount payable. There is such a Committee for each County and County Borough and for each Non-County Borough or Urban District having a population of 20,000. There is an appeal to the Local Government Board. The pension is payable weekly by the National Government through the Post Office. DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME. This provision for old age falls short in the following respects :— THE PENSION IS TOO SMALL. 1. The maximum pension of £13 a year is too small and the income limit for eligibility (£31 10s. a year) is too low, especially as the price of food, fuel, and other necessaries has risen considerably since 1906. In New Zealand the old age pension is as much as £30 a year, and it is payable to all who have less than £150 a year. THE AGE IS TOO HIGH. 2. The pensionable age of 70 is too high. A large proportion of men and women become incapable of earning a living in the competitive labour market long before 70. The compulsory retirement age in the Civil Service is 65, and men may claim to retire at 60. The old age pension ought to begin on the setting SOCIAL INSURANCE. 683 in of proved incapacity to earn a living, whatever the age. This is now recognised in the Australian Old Age Pension Law. The case is only partially met by the Disablement Benefit under the Insurance Act. This benefit only applies to insured persons, who number fewer than one-half of the population over 16, and from whose ranks some millions of persons below the Income Tax level of £160 a year are excluded. WHY NOT HOUSE THE LONELY PENSIONERS? 3. There is need of many more suitable habitations for old age pensioners. What is needed is something in the nature of the old endowed ‘“‘ almshouses ’’—a group of cottages round a garden or green, in which such old men or women as choose might have their separate homes and yet live together. THE PROVISION AGAINST LOSS BY FIRE. Hardly any Social Insurance exists in this country, so far as concerns the six-sevenths of the community who are below the level of £1609 a year income, against loss or damage by fire, though such less or damage is presumably as common among them, and relatively quite as disastrous, as among those who have greater resources. Fire insurance is in the United Kingdom, unlike various other countries, left entirely to private enterprise, and, though the 150 joint stock companies doing this business secure a good profit out of the ten or twelve million pounds a year that they charge in premiums on property in this country alone, they make practically no attempt to insure working-class homes. More than eleven hundred million pounds of property (buildings and theircontents) are insured against fire in London alone, and probably six or seven times as much in the whole United Kingdom; but only an infinitesimal part of this belongs to individual manual working wage-earners. Their joint property in building and friendly societies, and in Trade Unions, is commonly insured, and much of the cottage property in which thrifty workmen have invested their savings. But the furniture and little stocks of household goods of the eight and a-half million families below the £160 a year income level, including the plant and stock-in-trade of the hundreds of thousands of little shopkeepers, hawkers, and pedlars, jobbing craftsmen, and others ‘‘ on their own,”’ are very rarely insured. Now, though the average working-class family may not possess much in furniture and clothes, their destruction by fire is an awful calamity. The household possessions of these eight and a-half million families, however little they might realise on a forced sale, certainly could not be replaced under an aggregate expenditure of five hundred or perhaps even a thousand millions. Seeing that the average annual loss by fire of insured property is about 1s. per £100 value, the losses by fire of the mass of the people of the United Kingdom who are not. insured must be reckoned, each year, in hundreds of thousands of pounds. We have here a great gap in our Social Insurance. WHAT IS NOW PROVIDED. Very little is yet being done to fill this gap. Some Trade Unions, such as the General Union of Operative Carpenters and Joiners, pay 684 SOCIAL INSURANCE. up to £15 when tools are destroyed by fire, but no Trade Union, Friendly Society, or Co-operative Society yet includes insurance of household goods in its benefits as a matter of course. There is nothing to prevent a. workman taking out a policy for £100 in one of the ordinary fire insurance companies, but these do not care about such small business, and sometimes even put difficulties in the way. The Co-operative Insurance Society issues some policies of this kind through the stores, which act as its agents. Neither the national Government nor the local authorities have yet done anything to fill the gap. Even in the way of preventing the spread of fires, it is only in London and the large towns that there is any effective fire brigade. Most villages do not enjoy eyen the protection of proper building regulations. SOCIAL INSURANCE ABROAD. Other countries have not been so backward or so unmindful of the wage-earner’s needs. In Germany there are 52 different Government fire insurance departments, run by municipalities, provinces or States. At Hamburg and various other places the co-operative society makes it part of its systematic propaganda to see that its members have their furniture insured. In France many of the provincial Councils run successful fire insurance funds for the benefit of the peasants. The New Zealand Government has, since 1905, its highly successful fire insurance department. But Switzerland goes furthest in this line. In 17 of the cantons the insurance of houses against fire is a Government service, in some places legally obligatory on all, the premium being collected as part of the taxes. Insurance of household furniture also is compulsory in four cantons, two of which themselves undertake the risk. In canton Vaud everybody must insure both house and furniture in the Cantonal Fund—that is to say, the local government refunds all loss or damage from fire, and charges the cost in the annually levied taxation. This is the only completely effective form (and by far the most economical) of Social Insurance against fire. THE PROVISION FOR DEATH. The financial dislocation caused in any wage-earner’s home by death is always considerable. The illness and suffering which usually precedes a death will, by the expense that it involves, have consider- ably narrowed the available means. Death brings funeral expenses of anything between a few pounds (for an infant) up to £20 or more. There may be a doctor’s bill to discharge. There are black clothes to buy, sometimes travelling expenses of relatives to pay, always meals to be provided. Then, if death carries off the breadwinner of the family, provision has somehow to be made for their maintenance. The personal services in the household of the wife and mother have somehow to be replaced. FUNERAL BENEFIT. The provision for death, scanty and inadequate as it may be, is always the first to be made by working-class associations. In the aggregate it seems. as if the British workman pays three times as much for a meagre Funeral Benefit as for all the advantages of his Trade Unions ; twice as much as for all the benefits of his Friendly Societies ; SOCIAL INSURANCE. 685 more than twice as much as for all that he gets out of the Insurance Act—he pays, in fact, more for this one Death Benefit, which in three deaths out of every eight fails to be paid, than for all other kinds of Social Insurance put together. At present provision for death is, in the United Kingdom, entirely optional, and practically uncontrolled by Government. For over two centuries a multitude of Friendly Societies have striven to provide Funeral Benefit as an adjunct to their sick pay. A large proportion of Trade Unions have, in connection with their other functions, followed this example. Occasionally the £5, £10, or £20 will be paid also on the death of a member’s wife; in a few instances even on the death of a member’s child. In some unions half-benefit is paid on the death of a member’s wife. These mutual societies have, however, failed to make anything like an adequate provision for death. The membership that they have been able to cover in this way falls far short of half the wage-earners in the kingdom, whilst the proportion of wives and children for whom they ensure Funeral Benefit is inconsiderable. INDUSTRIAL INSURANCE. Since 1854 the work has been taken up with more success by the industrial insurance offices, which employ canvassers to induce people to insure, and collectors to call weekly for the premium. An army of 70,000 such agents is now engaged on this work, and no less than 18 million pounds a year is collected in this way in the United Kingdom from the working class. These industrial insurance offices, about 80 in number, are of two kinds. The largest and most successful (such as the Prudential, the Pearl, and the Refuge) are joint stock | companies, earning large profits for their shareholders. Others (such as the Liverpool Victoria, the Scottish Legal, and the Royal Liver) are either collecting Friendly Societies or ‘‘ mutual’’ companies, in which there are no shareholders, so that all the net profits benefit the members or policyholders. There is, however, no practical difference between these two kinds of industrial insurance offices in their methods of working, in the conditions of their policies, in the relative amounts of premium. and benefits, or in the control of their managers and officials. Whether there are shareholders or not, the older and more extensive offices are usually more successful, and can offer better terms, than the newer and smaller concerns. Of all alike it may be said that the management is practically in the hands of a little knot of principal officials, that the members or policyholders have practically no control, and that the way in which the business is carried on (chiefly the weekly collection of premiums at the homes) makes it terribly costly. The rate of expenses to premiums is, in fact, about 43 per cent. Out of every £1 contributed by the policyholder, no less than 8s. 7d. goes in expenses (chiefly in salaries, commission, and wages to the huge staff employed). The great majority of those who are induced to insure do not go on with it, and lose the weekly premiums they have paid. In fact, seven out of every eight policies are allowed to lapse through failure to keep up the premiums, and thus never become the subject of a claim. Nevertheless, so incessant is the recruiting by the canvassers that about 40 million industrial insurance policies are now in force in the United Kingdom, in the So different offices, averaging about £10 each. These are believed to 686 SOCIAL INSURANCE. cover about half that number (or 20,000,000) of separate lives. It is estimated that about five out of every eight persons under the Income Tax level of £160 a year who died last year were covered by industrial insurance policies averaging about £20 each. The total paid annually (including 10 or 15 per cent. of endowment policies maturing at a fixed date as well as at death) is over seven millions sterling. 4 POST OFFICE INSURANCE, The Government has so far done nothing in the way of Social Insurance for death beyond issuing insurance policies through the Post Office to anyone who applies for them. This business has been done in such a half-hearted way that, after 50 years, the Post Office has only 12,247 policies in force, of a total value of £692,810. In 1913 it issued only 238 policies, for £11,199. It issues, indeed, from all its tens of thousands of post offices fewer than half-a-dozen policies a week. DEATHS FROM ACCIDENT. For the wives and families of the 5,000 persons who each year meet their death by industrial accidents, some provision is, indeed, made by law, in the way that we have already described (Workmen’s Compensation Acts). The amount of three years’ wages, with a minimum of £150 and a maximum of £300, thus secured to the survivors, insufficient as it is, stands in marked contrast to the Funeral Benefit of £10 or £20, which is all that the wage-earner has usually been able to provide by his own organisations. DEFECTS OF THE SCHEME. Thus our Social Insurance against death falls even more lamentably short of what is required than that against the other contingencies of the wage-earner’s life. Its defects and shortcomings are glaring. NOTHING FOR THE WIDOW AND ORPHANS. 1. Only in the rarest cases is there any adequate provision for the widow and orphans from whom the breadwinner is prematurely withdrawn. If there is any ‘‘ insurance money ’”’ to draw from Trade Union, Friendly Society, or industrial office it hardly ever does more than cover the expenses of the funeral—at most, discharge the doctor’s bill and pay for mourning clothes for the family. The widow, who may have devoted herself to keeping the home, finds herself encumbered by young children, who need all her care, and is often left without income. She has a distinct claim on the community. We have chosen so to organise our society that the income for the maintenance of the home is paid normally through the man’s wages. The young woman entering on marriage is encouraged to give up her independent occupation, to devote herself to her home and children, relying on the maintenance in return for her housekeeping work being supplied week by week through her husband’s wages. Suddenly these wages cease through his death, and she is left, without any remunerative occupation, without income, with a home and children on her hands for which society has failed to supply the weekly maintenance on which she had been encouraged to depend. In the United States during the last few years laws have been passed establishing, for widows of good character left with young SOCIAL INSURANCE. 687 children unprovided for, ‘‘ Mothers Pensions ”’ of 10s. to 30s. a week, payable out of State or municipal funds, granted, quite apart from any poor relief and without any stigma of pauperism, by special public boards or committees, and destined at ‘‘ maintaining all the homes that are worth maintaining.’? Denmark has now a similar law. Germany has added pensions for orphans to its great insurance scheme. This is the proper Social Insurance as regards the calamity of death. NOT EVEN UNIVERSAL FUNERAL BENEFIT. _ 2. Even in the way of provision of Funeral Benefit, which is of much less importance than provision for widow and orphans, the existing provision is terribly unsatisfactory. In at least a quarter of all the deaths each year in the United Kingdom below the Income Tax level of £160 a year there proves to be no Funeral Benefit available either from Trade Union or Friendly Society or industrial insurance office. In these 150,000 households every year the whole burden is cast on the struggling survivors. Probably in not more than a tenth of them is the body buried by the Poor Law authority, but in thousands of cases the hated pauper funeral is only escaped by stripping the family of all resources, by pawning the furniture, by begging and borrowing from neighbours nearly as poor, and by incurring a dragging load of debt. Funeral Benefit ought to be added to the other benefits under the Insurance Act (as Mr. Lloyd George originally intended and as has now been done in France) and extended to cover the deaths of wives and dependents of insured persons. This could be done best through the Local Health Authorities, which are already responsible for providing a burial ground (in which all the fees: now charged ought to be abolished), with the assistance of a grant in aid from the Exchequer of five or six million pounds a year. Such a grant would be enough to provide a universal Funeral Benefit of from £2 (for an infant) up to £20 (for an adult), which any family would be entitled to claim without paying any further contributions or premiums. It might be desirable to consider whether the whole business of insurance against death should not be under Government control. CONCLUSION. Thus, whether we consider the need for provision for accidents or provision for maternity, provision for sickness, tuberculosis and invalidity or provision for unemployment or old age, provision for fire or provision for death, we see how very far from complete or adequate to working-class requirements our social arrangements yet are. We in the United Kingdom spend on this Social Insurance, in all its various forms, from all sorts of funds, public and private—counting here only what is provided from the rates and taxes and other obligatory payments, the income of charitable institutions, and the individual contributions of the wage-earners alone—probably not far short of a hundred millions sterling per annum. Yet because the work has never been properly organised—never, indeed, systematically surveyed —there is a scarcely conceivable muddle of authorities, with the result that a large part of this great sum is wasted in overlapping and unnecessary expenses. At the same time, there remain great gaps in our Social Insurance by reason of which, and of the muddle in which we leave the matter, each year sees many tens of thousands 688 SOCIAL INSURANCE. of workingmen and women, together with many thousands of infants and children, pressed down to destitution, degradation, and death. The systematic co-ordination and completion of Social Insurance, in respect of all the contingencies of the wage-earner’s life, is one of the greatest political problems of the century. Further information on the different branches of Social Insurance will be found in ‘‘ Social Insurance,’”’ by I. M. Rubinow (Holt, New York), 1913; ‘‘ Workingmen’s Insurance in Europe,’’ by L. K. Frankel and W. M. Dawson (Charities, New York), 1910; ‘‘ Twenty-Fourth Report of United States Commissioner on Labour on Workingmen’s Insurance and Compensation Systems in Europe’’ (Washington}, 1911; ‘‘ The Prevention of Destitution,’’ by Sidney and Beatrice Webb, 1911; ‘‘ Misery and its Causes,’”? by E. T. Devine, 1907; ‘* Industrial Insurance in the United States,’ by C. R. Henderson, 1908; ‘‘Unemployment,’’ by W. H. Beveridge, 1909; ‘‘ Unemployment Insurance,’ by I. G. Gibbon, 1911; the reports of the Fabian Research Department on the Working of the Insurance Act, 1914, and on Industrial Insurance, 1915. % INDEX. PAGE OA BOT Roe co pod cules suidiaaiseneunhs seawaeassiy $3 590 Accidents, Claims for Compensation 653-5 Sheath DETNCTIS. cyiscisleshesscsarcdces 686 SERINE ST on ta fi aaadet aes 233, 643-4 Be ONOMAINGUSEFIAL:. sosdssecesedecadease Separation Allowances .. 38, "480, pike », JLerritorial Force ...... Sus oamaE Paes 479 pa VV AE SOC: ie 663 Sian ccs dicanwadaeasodp Aa 47% », and Navy Allowances ...cccuseeees PAGE Ait GAMeries: ohs0)2.4s occ ebeouipnaoens ivakoe + 5Q1 ¥y SOCHOOIS °..,..conpacnvecnaben teasers capedive 512 PNBSIZES. J akcchs acces sbacenede tere? dosage Gates 463 »,. Judges of ...... Ai hia emcades Rea ht 571 PSY LUIS, 5 5s cs scdcsssauiupe Srcleceeeen ee 583, 584 Asylums Board, Metropolitan...567, 570, oo Audit, United Kingdom seahagteee iT geaeaure 483 Auditors silcudapodaabec cooherlacbieneateeenen 564 Australia, Commonwealth of ...,........ 497 » LabourandSocialistMovement in 422 oe raae: UMOonism i jew acumen 439 Austria-Hungary, Constitution ......... 414 » Czech-Slav Social Democratic PATO oii, 5 aes seep eeen cco a ee 415 » Social Democratic Labour Party 415 yy, keade Unionism im | isi csere ie ae 434 BABY. FARMING iu..is..cos>esersccuscncsteaions 613 Balkans, The, Trade Unionism in...... 437 Bankruptcy Department ...........0.0008 558 Banks, Co-operative ....s..ccccecssvscnesees 384 Baths and Washhouses ...........-ss0e0-008 591 Belgium, Constitution ..............sc0s00 4II ,» Labour and Socialist Movement 411 as eolitical Parties .i.sj0ibaeanee AIL yy .crade Unionism in <2 cae 436 Benefits, Trade Union © .......csccecesisceest 120 Bibliographies, see ends of sections. Births, Registration of...... 544, 592, 612, 614 Blast Furnacemen, National Federa- CLOT: Of isc disc essai cen tees Goes rane 117 Bnd Persons ysis) c052gnned lhe ara 330, 574. Blue Books, Printing of .............00.005 . 555 Board of Cottrobi.: s,s vepuceneeteeteanios 583 Lunatics, Care of ...... sah otaee Gadde . 528 Feeble-minded............00sececcssseses 528 Local Authority for Lunacy ...... 584 Mental Defective: Auch .sieenkds ens 584 Number of Lunaties i003 ” Railwa , IQIT see eeeeeereeaeeerseeeene ess 329 Facuiance », south Wales Miners.....-...css00es 76 Contagious Diseases .......c.eecceeesseees 604 1», Todmorden Co-operative Em- Continuation Schools .............0.068 302, 576 4 DIOYEOS oo sveereceyersssurananasen tenans 390 Contracts, Government War ............ 38 », Yorkshire Miners ....+.:-0+.sssseseee ive Control, Board Of .cccesscssscsscesccscsecseees 528 Tables. ......+s»- +++-47; 48, 189, 191, 192 Co- -operation aad Agriculture. 332,340, 384, Distress OS .a0se cagduesegnesegeaamaad 566 389, 306, 397, 398, 73 * Ste oF Suny 20, 31, 33. * , Education et) ccc, 1, Relief o CaleS . ssastase side culgaens Labour Party ........, se Divorce, Court fot ccsc-cnecen eae 405 4 dhe Wate ace 386 ;, Women’s Co-operative Guild and 385 ~ dh Beldlaie oy Guteey cern 2 kes 412 ee deere Peres, Lagasewas 227 Producers’ Organisations...... ” TIKE, LONGON -.,. ccseseatenthobe wanes 330 Co-operative Bake: BATA ‘ fs ° Rts : ¢ 384 pees. Employes, Aiea ies eid As Congress fs eee eee 8 : 8 88, 6 z nda sips$9.0660\'5s's be Oteaam Ree eH eee eee eeeeee 594- | Employees, Amal. Uzion ai Sent pede ee ee dvscaeecnsenis Sone tadereseeeeoes 353 % Wages of -cscsaiia tiene 3900, 399 Dublin Strike and Co-operation ......... 384 , Guilds (Men’sy @..ndat.vneoe 384, 396 ie pe hes Cornwall... .sss-ssccsages bodepsceese 506 ” ” (Women’s)...384, 389, 390, 396, Aik fe) tore PE 53 < Sa naatyanioumpe ted 533 399, 400, 40! ae é yaa ssenecedenneasuaceecusseeneneen +. 507 ,, Insurance Society ......... 383, 380, 684 5, Principal Customsi gy .cnsusee weve 507 yy Newspaper Society...../....../.. 383, 386 », Productive Federation ......... 383, 393 EARNINGS, AVERAGE, Female ............ 5) Statistics Cc aehe 391, 392, 393, 396 95 7 Effect of Political 15 Supplies Limited .i.ic ccc 349 Disability......... 271 by ORION ele Shies et ca EL 302, 383, 384 Education, Agricultural ............cseceee0 475 », Wholesale Society ......... 383, 387, 389 Board OL is 00 edd dear ber even eueeueneie 509 ” ” » Scottish ...383, 390 ,, Children’s Care Committees « Gexe OT” INDEX. 691 P PAGE Education, Committee of Parlia- Bever Hospitalsi ys oiccasc toes ensketancnce see dea 604 MONtALY PALLY. “yc. -cs00ssseresenene 22 Finance of Labour Party .............000. 310 » and Co-operation ............ccee 388, 401 se vade) UNIONS Peis ee ecec ete 120, 123. Bet POE ee capciscsicnrysnncnnvecksass 509 Biies iia Gascete aeoroeneres 216, 217 pis RECTAN toe cesses Ries cusaluians pnd saea ves 514 Finland, Constitution io orrioiie3e) ccs. one 420. pap CE DOMES AIE on cveus sin che ceuincees I, 338 », LabourandSocialistMovement in pi », Local Education Authority .. Re, = yy -deadée Unionisnr in. faves er A ENEL CII ees Coes Sai clues eh essthe ans Fire Protection vise ees 596, 683, oi ,, Medical Inspection ............... 511, ai Piscal Tariffs 77, vtucseaen cou tereaae eee », Mentally Deficient ............... 574, 584 BESREPIES oi, S33 ocicataaca eae aes toe eens : sy ,, National Union of Teachers ...... 511 Fishery Boards ii2-.cscec ees ceo teres 569 i SCUOOL Attendance, -ii....cca0lt scence 575 Food, Inspection-wf v:....s.senrssere sentra 579 fr Met AIG Se Suri ev dsscebastocnswss 575 Hitt PPICES Tt Oh Aisi os eve oa ee eee 210, 386 Ri Bs EEXEMPtON Scisdecdnesssssesyse 95 Foreign’ Office, The oc cicieceestpseceares 518 Bs 95 Feeding...... 302, 322, 323, 324, Forestry, Advances for Development of 208 334, 510, 575 FD CDOON OR sec itee tee ates 521 » Scientific and Industrial Research 513 France; Constitution: 2:9. :.0.ssccnreesoees Mee wie PT SCOMAM toes Note scserasacosttepsons 513 Trade Unionismdmyt).ceceeee 434 Pe COMMA VS cus anche secetcaciate ooe oes 51T, 597 » Socialist Movement in.............0 413, a », Teachers’ Organisations 512 Friendly Societies, Early History ...... 660. pee, POMINGAl INSHIUITIONS ...0 serccece. 512 nae el uneral Benefits & Life liautonde 684 ERTS Reale ge Gol apa gale Addi rn a NRE 514 ,», Pensions and Invalidity Grants... 677 Educational Organisations, Central We REPIStTY “OF oi. ascantee muerte 522. Rabour College v.ois)ei.s.<.cconsses 356 ¥, Bilines Benefits, etc, ..........s.00s 660: ie CO-Operative Unioll: ........c.siessons 333 », Ruskin College, Oxford ............ 359 CRM ES esate kG Sh cae cee eae 619 », Socialist Sunday SCHOGISH..s. cuca 360 cee Disposal Uverevonseederteeetoniceesean 597 ,, Workers’ Educational Assn. ...... SGA. Gast Nec icichauaianar gate ac vateica/inexasumeeneee etees 598. ‘‘ Efficiency Engineering’””.................5 249 ce Wet Federation of Trade Unions FOUSTICPETOUIS AC veot sc eas cuss otccia tes aoas 92 19, 97 BiH OWING Son cs asscoccta tes 323 PH SSALIGLICS atct oe Liles duce Cece eae 120 Electoral Labour Committee ............ o4 | General Labourers’ National Council 119 Embassies and Legations Abroad, German Social-Democratic Party ...... 408 PSDILISE, xe seee cet ee calivwa rod ones 519 Wy PRCULESS Of cassie csvonansesiatensheumelnoes 411 Re Ondo, FOVeGi en, © cack. cdcosuesee League sna mseeumetehg nds anase Mecano nena ear Heraldry and Ceremonial Precedence 523 Hermes Cliab..c Sabeiereaae tenet noumses 357° Highways and Streets ....,.......06. 0+ 563, 600 Flotlanidie ieee iheesecse eine) 416 ,, Labour and Socialist Movement 417 », Irade Unionism in 436: Sor eoreesersereges 692 INDEX. PAGE | PAGE Hollow-ware Trade Board ......:..... eat Insurance, Unemployment ........000. 557. THiasie Off © i... s.paectescenuetindegendeaeed es 524 International, the Modern......... deotesen 405 ;, Board “of Conprolu kc na vascavercaen ees 528 930, THOOOU GS CAs genes ccents coe an 404 GOTONETS: INGUESES: fs .sdecseentipe nde 527 vg Association for Labour Legisla- 4, Pactory. DepaxtMent 54. cv rcresndorens 524 F103 a Reena E EMME Me SEL eae Sy », Inspectors of Coal and Metalli- » Association of Working Men ... 404 ferous Mines ....... vécadeyeeee O25 », Federation of Trade Unions ...... 427 5, Inspectors of Explosives.. saakooad’ wee 525 ,, Labour Movement: Industrial... 426 phn SONOS sec cg eae aupanoas cnn nuacencatncnvaers 527 ,, Organisation, First Attempt e, ini 4 vy. Prison. COMMISSION |... so sesessioacen 525 5). mocialist Bureau... ..ersaesues ,, Reformatory and _ Industrial ee es ,, and Labour Party Te SEROOIS 2211s inst he tenes eee ee 527 me 7 », (British Section). 16, Home Rule, Conference on ...........206 336 406, 407 FROME WOLMETS A wssereernattiecacacsaasboees scans 23 | pe a CONSTESS ve nae deoed 405, 407 Hospital Boards, etc. 568 Be Rescionon on PaGpitals cous eecce-en pata ‘603, 662, 664, 5 Wear 1007-0: cccabs iat ouaeieae Aes Ko. MID ICI DAL ons scans we remavanen tty tage eet 581 | », Lrade Union Secretariats...... 432, 433 » Private and Municipal. saddens sieeve OO Invalidity and Disablement Pensions. 677 Se): VQUUIDLALY ea’ 5 Sestve captet kiesie cence Rs te | Ireland, Board of Agriculture ....... ARI yoo Hours of Labour (Table) ........ leat Rca | 4, Congested Districts Board......... 477 Youse of Lords aise easset ys 327, 328, “3 » Cédntrol of Fisheries <2.......:5- inn Ak yu Par ament Bul cn vite crasecacwae 328 py SOUCATION ccnp coche canneteiet eineaead - 514 Hause RES iss coy10 spas ee vast cera venodogaee 598 ». Local Government..4.c.ccetecmes . 572 Housing, Private Enterprise, Failure of 605 Me ae Board cu - 535 * Rehousing jpelushaepuaice pe dhae's epeanca top 609 oe Police ....... gle natin «latex noua hates Sonaspe SSF sui. Working Classes o7o wsitoasene 605 3. Privy Coupes. 4.022,-.42 sae ators aie 542 is PUbLS Health. c..ac.ik iectes saan 582 {DIOTS ACT, 1880 %..scccnsenes SPIE eae Fes ae 583 bias Registration of Births, Marriages, income. Lak. icctavactscuea vane ecbacs 517, 551, 554 anid, Deaths |... i eseus meses ern, § 7; ape cere Labour Party...... 305, 310; 344 State Medical Service ............... 670 5, and Fabian Society............0+. 346, 352 Irish Co- -operative Movement ............ 384 - EN gS. ReIOUL PALEY Ue sass aia tee oabac 310%} a AW COULS ions rust ange oahie maces 465 s> 3, Labour Representation Com- } 5, ‘Lrade Union Congress.............-. 96 SOULOC (25 Uo nesctaasae epadeana 305 | Ti oy NHANES ..7 0c... scars ada amern a Be + 9) Scottish Advisory Council... 312 Iron and Steel Trades Federation ...... 117 $y the Ward: .n sabato tacen credo 347 | Isolation Hospitals Acts, 1893-1gor ... 605 Nae Lae "Labour Leader”? ..0....s.-0.- cones’ 348. | Italy, Constitution 5.1.2, .0 54 547 Neen =i Bet Dns chapwecataaues gees 445 RES ks Marriages ...... 545, 546, 342 Re es Demolishment of : Nursery, Fabian” ...s,-cidu eee 353 RNa cored atisan ton icnraemanacs I », Employees (Wages and Condi- tions of Labour) ......... 606, 636 OLD AGE PENSIONS, 323,324,321530;503004 yo Vegetales tale Ween 603 Open Air Schools... ..:si eR pPenditure On-s5cew etn ses 660 Slaughterhouses, see Abattoirs ......... 590 SDBS “aise eter eer ae 606, 608 Small Dwellings Acquisition Act, 1899.. 611 Small Holdings and Allotments 397; 475; 590 Social Democratic Federation............ 304 1p) LR EMMALLON ceca tioks acer svedercoadenss cans 304 ,, and Labour Representation Com- Peettee 1c /cgsh ess Sobawu sabes eevee 305 See also Social-Democratic Party British Socialist Party Socialist Party of Great Britain Social Democratic Party | c..3:..c0<.c0000s 349 Socialism See British Socialist Party Central Labour College Church Socialist League Democratic Federation Fabian Research Department Fabian Society Independent Labour Party International Sociatist Bureau Labour Party Labour Representation Com- mittee Local Labour Parties National Guilds League Socialist Press Social-Democratic Federation Social-Democratic Party Socialist Labour Party Socialist League Socialist Party of Great Britain University Socialist Federation PAGE Socialist Labour Party ciyadvecnp sheers oe 359: 47. SeCABUG o. ..ceten sudeheccoeseaseneenmepeaes 304 », Party of Great Britain pa vbcccaeakons 359 o9 | WYESS (FOVSION ye aya cane caeeae 409, 424 4 FREVIGW. sis.cusec lacueee aiunenaanneeeee ee 346 7. SUndAY SChOOlS’ co. suse eeenee 360 4. WOtE (GELMAN) , suttacencecane eearemee 411 Statistical Bureau of Labour Party ... 312 South Wales Strike.) jacesecueseeeeaees 6 Spain, Constitution ., aio. cconnseraiteamnenes 418 ,, Labourand SocialistMovementin 418 +9. Lxadé. UNIGNISM 11.2... eseeneeeneeens 437 Special Schools RPE ati cate sisal Ts. 510, 514 1 Speeding Up” .i..20yscacvas ony aenneeees 220, 233 South Atrios, Labour and Socialist Movement in .......... Repdee centr eed 423. Trade Unionism in ........... stipes ao South Wales Miners’ Strike.............. Standards Department ....,......ecesaveeee Standing Joint Committee ..... 563, 571, ae State Medical Service in Ireland ...... 670 Stationery Office ii. / eos. aman 554 Statutory School Age ........c.seesnsensers 575 SSIPECES Siiises pevsbans tes cieeee seamen amen 600, 602 Strikes, see Disputes. Students’ Felig wSHip: unc geevesscesestene 384 Subsidies to Trade Unions (Tables)... 36 Sugar Confectionery and Food Pre- serving Trade Board ....,........ 215, Sunday Schools, Socialist ...........ss00008 360 Superannuation, ....4cdcashacewesies vane sewineues 624 SUpPCr-Ta x 6. .esos.+ronasgugnntasien 517, 552, pee Sweden, Constitution ............seceesseoees », LabourandSocialistMovement in 45 1, Lradé Unionism) imc oli, ismuees 435 - Sweéated Industries ..s.s..sc:-vemeaananeecs 215 Swimming Baths <.)..1..desed cae renee 591 Switzerland, Constitution ..... ......sse0e 419 ee Labour andSocialist Movement in 419 ., Jtade Untonism ime {yu cccecuer 436 TARE VALE JUDGMENT )a,yesesesns aneeueeae 322 Tailoring Trade Board ........:.sesssseeese 2I4 Taxation, Labour Conference and...... 326 ‘Taxes, Death Duty:.:ccccessnmmuncnsuateaerenee 550 jy oeome Lax! Uline eres esee 517, 551 », Inhabited House Duty....... bicocakte 553 5), se@gacy Duty ou onc cpeessecmeeenea 551 | 23. Upper 1 OX 5..ceves bemswee aaa 517, 552, 554 T ohare National Union of \isiieen 511 Technical Institutions........-.+. speeaeenees 512 Temperance Reform -.....,.sssssssesncass «0s 528 TEBNEMODES. . eyscaneaa ei sknesia oti eaete aera «+» 608 cL CXTitOLial TF OLCe:: ...csandecetaeeee eee 479 Textile Federations ..........scsscsssseecseone Ii7 Thames Conservancy Board............... 568 Theatres and Music Halls, Licensing of 620 "TOW Clerk csicssccosedenotepseeaenara meee 562 49 Re QUUN CHS joka sc sivs seccoheeehereeeen 562, 564 Vy. LATIN i cres nasctsian ene save 621 Trade, Board Of. o....i. jicnecesabeh teeaee caren Trade Boards .);..» Unionism Acree ENE Rar 433 » Men & Women Compared (Table) ar », Unions and Admiralty.......... seve 474 », Municipal Employees (Tables)... 636 +5 Pre Or OA. oy aclecscne Seiten. Bea LER OUEE sWAl.: i nye ta gentenred SESE 2) Ne Se APONE LUTE grapattcanenanevecsicves rie 412 ROP ISates OF. cese sete cee yk 193, I04, 390). 636 -~ Re », and Joint Board ...... Re ss 353 », Réluctance of Employers an Br xy. NGPIStratON. OF 65.63 ck 105, III Government to Raise .. ......... 49 ys VS Statistics... CEP ances eertieennes 180 gue VN OMENS. ous. tee Reece phn anf Ey ad WERE BI 025... cas sernvaess 2205 Wales, Education... pekuag STA Trades Councils, Directory ..........000. 165 » South Wales Miners’ Strike ...... 76 and Labour Representation Com- War POON Sees Vo nsvnece crews opeeea heeae tea 50, 389 WE act sahectci ch tuo eeteasses 06 yy Budget sssscsssssssrssesssererseeseees 516 and Scottish Advisory Council of , Emergency: Workers’ National BaPOnE Part yancioss esse sxseveceenes 312 Committee, see Workers’ RRR E RIE FUIRE nse cecdoweanenocnseeostiin 322 National Committee 3 Trades Union Congress............... 19, 93, 94 A -pnnee Peaertpadan Wekian peak abil: fo' 5 and Labour Representation cat a8 2 Manifestoes, Soc ialists and the we oy? iy, | penn ELEE. B03 gg Meanitions 1506.) c.c.cccs eee Sg6 Sgn Reece ware wea) OG Office 79 ar iamentary ommittee ED RSS: 305 ” Polic OfB SPH aoe eer eressressseeresenes veers ; Ns yo British Socialist Party... 349 Se0llishinssnnensrnesecs 6 |” ” mindependentLabourPartys47 Transport Workers’ Federation, Water Board, Metropolitan 567,568, 622 ps INALIOUA Nose, op Sohas se raver tedetnestote 118 SOUND Scio. «ea vater eoeat ase 622 Traffic, Regulation Of ............sesseesees Gis GMinvanyers oh re Cuca 28 Treasury, the Budget. 5.0s..:s:.ncaptenpeesses 516 MWe eatSh cake! oi. ging aesigds cite. caiveayeadcanobe 86 », Chancellor of Exchequer ......... 515 | Widows, Children, and Dependents, Wy UOOTALOE CIOS oto jcc ii does ine Wes A oeiha 59 Pensions for .......66..cee005 rat. 482 ” Lords of eevee eec cere nsvoereecsesesessterene 515 Women in Industry PARES AS MERI ie aloe sh 275 », Parliamentary Secretary of.....,... 515 Abroad.. js At ‘ OAS sci vcs eucke tons 277 Timekeeping, Irregular ............ ppiaees 56 Low Wages pionin 271 ‘Tribunals, Munitions ......0....... Labour League.......cccese0 310, 354). 355 Unemployment ......... 24, 221, 23%, 323, 326 i OCCUPATIONS (LaDIG) . cossorenc scoters 257 Insurance age eis Mies tensekestsh pene 557, 678 », Suffrage...... 331, 345, 336, 358, 363, 364 PUB OME ESS se es dias dncasdvenes ca 322, 334 see ERAGES cscsinaricorasvtoe erase eae 271 Percentages (Charts) ...... 25, 230, 231 | Trade Union League................5 268 Retief of sia. Bs cgaleaein ook 322, sid 334 Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues.. 521 REL EIN aay te ev ycou see squcesee> + 223 Workers’ Educational Association,..... 362 Under-employment ........ Rogbhngecs 223 » National Committee 18,32,37,38, 82, 336 Union of Democratic Control ......... aie QOT WV OFKNOUSES icetinnuieesseneacocertegtarees 569, 618 ewe. EMCRIS(EIAL iis cckessneatave Abeierees LOL Workmen’s Compensation ...644, 645, 646 DEEN nosis Gshew dedcovh'n up aneh seleonaiee gaa sor Ld, 647, 649, 654, 655 United erates: Constitution ............... See also Accidents and Employers’ 2 » Labour and _ Socialist Liability. Movement in ............ 419 World Order of Socialism,................. 364 Trade Unionism in ...... 437 University Socialist Federation ,........ 361 MORKSHIRE MINERS cae cccpsektces rcanoncede 7 Ugban Districts ce paccessdes. ssesersseseeee 504 | Young Socialist Education Bureau...... 365 698 ADVERTISEMENTS. All Members of the Clerical Staff employed on Railways SHOULD JOIN THE Railway Clerks Association fits Principal Aims are :— To Raise Salaries to a Standard not lower than that adopted by the Postal Authorities. To Reduce Excessive Hours of Duty and Limit Night Work to not more than three consecutive hours. To obtain Payment for Overtime and for all Duty performed on Sundays and Bank Holidays. To bring Railway Offices within proper Statutory Regula- tions as to air-space, ventilation, cleanliness, sanitation, etc., and thus assistin Ghecking and Preventing Consumption amongst Railway Clerks. To Abolish Patronage and Nepotism, and to have Promotion decided by Seniority and Efficiency. To secure a better method of granting Annual Holidays, and the provision of an Adequate Relief Staff to cover absences due to holidays, sickness, and other causes. To maintain Payment of Salary during Sickness, Pep- manency of Employment, and other old-established beneficial conditions of service. To defend and promote the interest of the general body of members in Railway Superannuation Funds. To furnish Legal Advice to Members in any matters connected with their employment, and to protect them from unjust suspension, reduction, or dismissal, To watch Legislation affecting the welfare of Railway Clerical Workers ; to give Evidence on their behalf before Government Committees; to put forward Protective Clauses safe- guarding their interests in any measures likely to cause changes in railway administration, and to represent them generally in all Parliamentary Matters. . To provide Financial Assistance in cases of Legal Defence, Unemployment, Disputes, Convalescence, Disablement, or Death. Entrance Fee, One Shilling; Contribution, One Shilling per month, qualifying members for all Benefits. Official Organ: “The Railway Clerk,” published on the 15th of each month. Price One Penny. Further particulars and Mem berahip Application Forms can be obtained from any ot the Branch Secretaries, or from the General Secretary, Railway Clerks’ Association, 25, Euston Road, London, N.W. ADVERTISEMENTS, 699 Scientific Neti aiiu Makers’ Crade Society. Registered Office: 41, COWCROSS STREET, LONDON, E.C. Established 1886. GEN. Sec. = L “ps d. WW, CLARK, STO Ail metal workers engaged in the Optical, Telegraph, Flectrical, Surgical and Mathematical Instrument making branches of the trade, and men employed generally in the electrical industry should join the above society. OBJECTS. To uphold and improve the conditions of the trade, to safeguard as far as possible the interests of all workers by industrial and political action. BENEFITS. Gut-of-Work Benefit, 14s. per week; Dispute Pay, 24s. per week; Total Disablement, £20 to £100; Free Legal Assistance on all trade matters; Accident Benefit, 10s. per week; Benevolent Grants up to £2; Funeral Benefits, £10 member, £5 member's wife. Entrance Fee: Full members, 5s.; other sections at reduced amounts. Contributions: Full members, 9d. per week; junior members, 6d. per week. : BRANCHES IN ALL IMPORTANT TOWNS. Any information in connection with the society can be obtained from the Generali Secretary, 41, Cawerose. Street, London, E.C. 70O ADVERTISEMENTS. = THE National Society of Operative Printers and Assistants. ESTABLISHED SEPTEMBER, 1889. NATIONAL INSURANCE APPROVED SOCIETY 26 Branches. No. 292. 7000 Members. The Trade Union for all males and females over 16 years of age who are employed as Assistants in the Composing, Stereotyping, Machine, Binding, Publishing, and Paper Bag Printing departments of any printing offices. Also persons employed by Ink Makers, Roller Makers, Wholesale News- agents, ete. owe OBJECTS. To increase wages; to reduce hours of employment to 48 on day work and 42 on night work; to obtain and maintain fair conditions of employment; to ensure decent and sanitary work- shops; and to provide the following BENEFITS. Unemployed, Dispute, and Victimisation Pay, Incapacitation Grants, Death Benefits for member and wife, Marriage Dowry for women members, Free Legal Advice, Surgical Aid and Con- valescent Home Treatment, and in addition Compensation sought in all cases of injury to members and their families. No con- tributions payable during illness. A postcard to the General Secretary will secure all particulars of entrance fees, contributions and benefits, also information showing the result of the Society’s efforts and its present position financially and industrially. All Printers’ Assistants are invited to communicate with the General Secretary: GEORGE A. ISAACS. HEAD. OFFICE: “Caxton House,’ 26, Blackfriars Road, S.E. ADVERTISEMENTS. Jor Teleg.: Brassaries, Tele.: 1062 Cen.. Birmingham. NATIONAL | Brassworkers and Metal Mechanics, Pattern Makers, Brass Finishers, Fitters, Turners, Oxy - Acetylene Welders, Machine Operators, Polishers, Strip Casters, Sand Casters, Moulders, Core Makers, Trimmers, Firemen, and Metal Mechanics SHOULD JOIN THE ABOVE SOCIETY SO AS TO MAKE POWERFUL OUR COMMUNITY OF INTEREST. Employers Respect Unity. Therefore, those who are not in a Trade Union have now an opportunity to join and strengthen the Forces of Labour. W. J. DAVIS, Gen. Sec., 70, LIONEL STREET, BIRMINGHAM. THE NATIONAL UNION OF CLERKS Seeks to unite Clerks of both sexes and of all grades in a common effort for the Maintenance and Betterment of the Standard of Remuneration and Office Conditions. ee Every Clerk should apply for particulars to the General Secretary, National Union of Clerks, 13, Brunswick Square, London, W.C.. —— READ “ THE GLERK.’ MONTHLY, 1d. 702 ADVERTISEMENTS. Books on Trade Unionism HENRY H. SLESSER, BARRISTER-AT-LAW; PARLIAMENTARY LABOUR CANDIDATE FOR THE City oF YORK. - sve TRADE UNIONISM: An Historical and General Exposition of Trade Union Matters. (Methuen: 2s. 6d.) (With W. SmitH Cvrark, M.A., LL.B.) THE LEGAL POSITION OF TRADE UNIONS. znd Edition. Containing the Trade Union Act, 1913, and latest judicial decisions. (P. S. King & Son: tos. 6d.) King’s Latest Books on Labour Questions. INTERNATIONAL SOCIALISM AND THE WAR. By A. W. HUMPHREY. Author of ‘A History of Labour Repre- sentation,’’ ‘‘ Robert Applegarth,’’ etc. Crown 8vo. Cloth, 3s. 6d. net. Inland postage, 3d. Times.—'‘A compact, non-partisan history, first of the growth of Internatianal Socialism, and then of the views and action of Socialist bodies in Europe and Britain in connection with the present war. It is a review worth study, supported throughout by authentic documents and utterances.” INDUSTRIAL TRAINING. By N. B. DEARLE, M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. Demy &vo. Cloth, ros. 6d. net. Inland postage, 5d. Times.—' Presents a valuable detailed survey of conditions. based on careful investigations. . . Its importance is that certain pressing problems are here repre- sented in their most acute form." THE TINPLATE INDUSTRY. With Special Reference to its relations with the Iron and Steel Industries. A Study in Economic Organisation. By J. H. JONES, M.A., Lecturer on Social Economics in the University of Glasgow. Demy 8vo. Cloth, 7s. 6d. net. Inland postage, 4d. Cambria Daily Leader.—‘‘ The first serious attempt to deal with the Tinplate Industry with any degree of thoroughness. . . We are glad that the pen of such an + influential critic has drawn attention to a serious educational need.” P. S. KING & SON, Ltd., Orchard House, WESTMINSTER. ADVERTISEMENTS. 703 THE METHODS OF TO-DAY—SURPASS THOSE OF YESTERDAY ! IF YOU WILL—YOU WILL—IF YOU WON'T—YOU CANT! ! THE PRICE OF PROMPTITUDE—IS PLENTY OF PAYING BUSINESS ! ! VWVho Holds You Back VVho Keeps You Down VVhy Are You Poor WHO IS TO BLAME e ee et ED epee ree TRY THE NOBLE ART OF SELF-DEFENCE BY JOINING THE WORKERS’ UNION SEE HOW IT GROWS! Year. Total Income. POR ie est. Gis £5,220 12s. 4id. th a SELO26 Ju. Ttid. 1912... =. was $22,066 108. Id. 1915... Swe wss)S £49,161 128. 8d. 1914.5 7... > S91, 580. 175... Lid. YOUR SALVATION es HORS lies along these lines | #*™ Hampstead, London, N.W. Jump in Quick Now! YOUR BOB—ACTS LIKE A TORPEDO! General Secretary. 704 ADVERTISEMENTS. The Labour Annual ana The Reformers’ Year Book (1895-1900) (1901-1909) form an interesting set of Reference books on the Labour, Land, and Socialist movements throughout the world. They were issued for fifteen years, at the cost of much labour and with heavy loss. There are still some sets reserved for those who appreciate useful records of pioneering work on advanced political lines. Every volume was original and distinct. The 15 vols. together contain between 3,000 and 4,000 pages of valuable special articles by experts, several hundred por- traits and biographies of men and women now making history, biblio- graphies and directories, and a mass of useful material, historical and statistical, that should be of enduring interest to every radical reformer. I shall be glad to send single copies of any of these volumes, post free, for 2s. bound, or 1s. paper. Sets of the complete series, 15 vols., in designed paper covers, will be sent free in the United Kingdom for 12s. 6d. The set would form an interesting nucleus for a small reference or lending library which every branch of a Labour, Land, Co-operative, or Socialist organisation should possess. Theset might also be recommended for purchase by all existing Public, Lending, Reference or Societies’ Libraries throughout the Kingdom, All communications should be addressed and remittances made payable to the Editor and Publisher— JOSEPH EDWARDS, 88, Anerley Park, Anerley, LONDON, ‘S.B. Reg. No. 1487. Telephone: Park 2055. DOMESTIC WORKERS’ UNION OF GREAT BRITAIN. APPROVED SOCIETY, i157. ALL DOMESTICS WHO DESIRE A Compulsory Character Note, Better Conditions, and Shorter Hours MUST JOIN THIS UNION DELAY IS DANGEROUS. JOIN AT ONCE. ENTRANCE FEE, Is. SUBSCRIPTION, ts. MONTHLY. Write for full particulars— Miss GRACE NEAL, General Secretary, 66, Queen’s Rd., Bayswater, London. YOUR ATTENTION IS DRAWN TO THE ADVERTISEMENT ON PAGE 2 OF THE COVER. Se ee eT a Monn i, het thal ets Pre! Ye “ange ~~ “tty,