< 1S) | nn =a) > < 1e) | CAVES — CAVES — CAVES - CAVES — CAVES <8 — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — Hi! My name is David Kaufman, and I wrote CAVES] last issue. This time I’m back with two more pr eons I’ve written in the CAVES series. Hope you like them! - THEN, b MEANS YOU'RE IN CAVERN #« HO’ MANY TUNNELS?5 THEY LEAD 70 #@ 2 YOU'RE IN CAVERN #@ HOw MANY TUNNELS?2 THEY LEAD TO «# 7 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # HOW MANY TUNNELS? 1 THEY LEAD To # 9 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # HOV MANY TUNNELS7@ YOU'RE IN CAYERN # HOW MANY TUNDELS?2 THEY LEAD TO # 16 YOU'RE IN CAVERN #@ HOW MANY TUNNELS?@ YOU'RE IN CAVERN #@ HOW MANY TUNNELS?@ YOU'RE IN CAVERN #¢ HOW MANY TUNNELS?2 THEY LEAD TO # 12 YOU'RE IN CAVERN #@ HOW MANY TUNNELS? 1 THEY LEAD TO # 14 YOU'RE IN CAVERN «@ HOW MANY TUNNELS?9 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # HO"! MANY TUNNELS?2 THEY LEAD TO # 15 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # HOW WANY TUNNELS?76 — > —SO mE YOU CAN EXPLORE THEM, OR ASK A FRIEND TO FIND HIS A GOOD IDEA IS TO MAKE A MAP AS YOU GO ALONG, SO YOU CAN SEE WHAT YOUR CAVES LOOK LIKE W LEADING TO OTHER CAVERNS A DEADEND CAVERN. i 43 ea es e & 2 Why did the program go down to # 2 first ? 8 7 — For the same reason it goes to ff 7 before #8 Cavern ##{8? Why fui did the program choose #8 next? 3 <= Back to the second level. 15 ™ Ie = leone. Zh ae as ii au iii ca ininFOANS DO YOU WANT AN INTRODUCTION (1=YES, THIS GAME Is JUST LIKE CAVES1, EXCEPT YOU SET UP THE CAVES WAY QUT OF TUNNELS @ TUNNELS OTHERWISE, TA YOU CAN HAVE 1,2,3,4 OR 5 TUNNELS — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES _... ANDTHERESTISLIKECAVES].. < — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVD — SHAVOD — SHAVD — SHAVD — SHAVO — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — CAVES — Seo) WELCOME TO THE Caves i> q INTRODUCTION ¢1=YES, 9=NO?1 THIS GAHIZ 1S LIKE CAVES! AND CAVES2 EXCEPT YOU CAN SET UP THE CAVES ANY WAY YOU LIKE. DIFFERENT ‘ TUNNELS CAN LEAD TO THE SAME CAVERN, OR YOUR CAVERNS @: CAN FORM LOOPS LIKE #412 - #13 - #19 - #12 =ACH CAVERN HAS A NUMBER OF TUNNELS LEADING TO OTHER CAVERNS - @ TUNNELS MEANS A DEADEND CAVERN. OTHERWISE, YOU CAN HAVE 152,.3-4 OR 5S TUNNELS WHEN YOU'RE FINISHED, ASK A&A FRIEND TO FIND HIS Way OUT ¥ A GOOD IDEA IS TO MAKE A MAP AS YOU GO ALONG, SO YOU CAN SEE WHAT YOUR CAVES LOOK LIKE é GooD a 7 q "YOUWE IN CAVENN @ 1 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 3 fA : / HOW MANY TUNNELS?3 HOW MANY TUNNELS7?72 LED GO) ONE AT A TIME: ONE AT A TIME: 22 a7 23 24 78 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 1 #2 43 ea ARE WHERE YOU CAN GO WHERE NEXT?4 . YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 7 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 2 HOW MANY TUNNELS?71 HOW MANY TUNNELS72 ONE AT A TIME: . ONE AT A TIME? ?1le : ; YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 4 a t YOU'RE IN CAVERN @ 12 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 5 ot 8s ARE WHERE YOU CAN GO WHERE NEXT?76& SHAW — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVO — ONE AT A TIME: YOU'RE IN CAVERN # B #3 e112 #13 #40 ARE WHERE YOU CAN GO VHERE NEXT?12 HOW MANY TUNNELS?1 HOW MANY TUNNELS?2 ONE AT A TIME: 79 218 22 YOU*RE If] CAVERN # 8 HOW MANY TUNNELS? 2 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 12 47 72 #8 ARE WHERE YOU CAN GO WHERE NEXT?2 ONE AT A TIME?s YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 9 712- “HOW MANY TUNNELS76 213 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 2 au a) “6 412 ARE WHERE YOU CAN GO HOW MANY TUNNELS?@ WHERE NEXT?1 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # & { YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 1 YOU"RE IN CAVERN # 108 YOU"RE IN CAVERN # 13 HOW MANY TUNNELS?78 YOU'RE IN CAVERN #@ 6 HOW MANY TUNNELS? 1 MNO’ MANY TUNNELS?1 #2 ¢ 3 @#a ARE WHERE YOU CAN GO ONE AT A TINE: ONE AT A TIME? WHERE NEXT?3 711 78 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # it HOW MANY TUNNELS? THE CAVES ARE COMPLETE EXCEPT FOR ONE SMALL THING- THEY NEED A ROOM THAT LEADS TO THE OUTSIDE. YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 3 a | #7 8 ARE VHERE YOU CAN GO WHERE NEXT?78 YOU'RE IN CAVERN # 8 #3 *12 #13 e4 ARE WHERE YOU CAN GO WHERE NEXT713 111 SUNLIGHT !1f WHICH ROOM # WILL THAT ONE BE? 13 WHEN YOU'RE READY, TYPE ANY NUMBER +e. REPORTERS i } eee ft! FRESH AIR !t!! ] S < wm ” i ie) > < ieyl mn | (?) > < mi [7 ) I ie) > < ley mn 1 QO > | tJ n I S < ies MN | ig! > < ti n | i?) > < tH n | oO > < ies] n | ®) > < td n | “BETCHA YA CAN’T SETUP A CAVE THAT LOOKS LIKE THIS There will soon be a booklet available, called “USING CAVES 1,2 AND 3” with listings of the three programs, plus sample games and ideas for working with the CAVES. Price $1.50 . A paper = of each program is also available,in BASIC, guarranteed to.run on any HP 2000 series machine. There are no string variables nor file statements, so with minor mo ifications, they should be un- derstood by any other machine that speaks BASIC. Price $3 per tape. Thanks for visiting THE CAVES ! I'll be back next issue with some more CAVES programs. IT also nope to start talking about how the CAVES programs are put together. They're all built out of a common core or subroutines called TREE SUBROUTINES I'll be showing you how these work, and how you can design your own programs with them. See you next issue ! — SHAVO — SHAVD — SHAVO — SHAVO — a — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVO — SHAVO — Pe wee ene cecameenaseansesesscnaseanasesasesssssscuse Prrrrry se neeenn cone saennasacesssenessessscsaasee aunanece Seton we men cena teens eRe meea eee ee see EET SOE BES OOS Eee Se ESE Eewememeneeseese LACE isa project of the University of Wisconsin — La Crosse Computer Center designed to bring computers to Wisconsin's college and secondary school classrooms. LACE stands for La Crosse Area Computers in Education, but geographically, the project now spans nearlya third of Wisconsin and reaches into Minnesota as well. 14 The project began in early 1970 when our computer center director, Jack Storlie, began to investigate the possibility of bringing computers into college and secondary school classrooms. Different techniques were examined, and it was decided that timeshared computing offered the greatest potential to these educational users. In late 1970 and early 1971, Jack Storlie and John Nierengarten began to promote sucha system. Many area school administrators endorsed and supported the project. - When the project began, the university was not using timesharing and only a handful of high schools in the state used or had access to such systems. One of the prime reasons for forming LACE was to offer such facilities to smaller schools and districts. Since then, both large and small schools and colleges have become involved with the project. Currently ten UW - La Crosse departments are using 12 terminals on campus and 14 off-campus institutions are participating. A staff of two programmers, two operators, a User Relations Coordinator, under the direction of John Nierengarten, Computer Center Coordinator of Academic Services support the project at present. Growth has been rapid and future expansion is planned. Philosophy The LACE project was begun by the UW - La Crosse Computer Cen- ter to bring computing to the classroom. A basic belief is that the computer is an important part of modern society, and high school and college students should have some direct exposure to computers as a part of their education. Since they are likely to come into con- tact with the computer in many aspects of their daily lives, it is nec- essary that they become somewhat familiar with the nature and oper- ation of these devices. Asa result the major thrust of the program is to provide academic computing for students. Aside from the “familiarity” aspect, the computer is an extremely powerful tool, and its application can be seen in nearly every academ- ic discipline. The LACE project encourages the use of the computer not only in mathematics and the physical sciences, but in all high school and college academic disciplines. LACE and its users have developed applications in biology, business, chemistry, mathematics, physics, agriculture, English, social studies, music, and other areas. While there are more applications in mathe- matics and the sciences, many applications have been and are being developed in non-mathematical disciplines. The LACE staff devotes considerable time and effort to developing new applications in these non-mathematical areas. Hardware Systems and Communications Support The center acquired its first timeshared computer, a Hewlett-Packard HP 2000A, in December 1971 and official operation of the network began in January 1972. At that time there were ten remote termi- nals serving six UW - La Crosse campus departments and four area high schools. A year later, the HP 2000A was upgraded to a HP 2000C, a machine with nearly double the capacity of the A model. After converting to a High Speed HP 2000C in August 1973, the sys- tem became capable of serving terminals with speeds from ten to thir- ty characters per second, in addition to having nearly ten million bytes of storage on line. Of the 32 ports available on the C model, 28 are now in operation. LACE serves a very large area in which academic timesharing was not available previously. This contribution is unique. Many think that to have access to a timeshared machine, an acoustic coupler and tele- phone dial service is always used. However, when many users are nearly 100 air miles away, as with LACE, long distance tolls cost a fortune and a suitable alternative to dail-up communication must be found. Most LACE subscribers use leased-line communications to the central site computer in La Crosse. In addition to keeping costs at a minimum, this method has the advantage of low noise and no dialing is required. Portability is sacrificed, but this can be compensated for by locating multiple telephone jacks :in the school building. The stan- dard terminal for most LACE users, the ASR-33 teletype, keeps the cost down. Some additional devices can be hooked up by arrangement with LACE’s communications carrier, the Wisconsin Bell Telephone Com- pany. Because La Crosse and much of the surrounding area is served by independent telephone companies, Wisconsin Bell has aided LACE immeasurably by serving as the ‘‘communication’s coordinator” with these companies in addition to providing the necessary communica- tions. Applications LACE subscribers use the terminal for a wide variety of applications. A summary of these follows. Computer and Programming Instruction. This is LACE’s largest ap- plication area. Most LACE high schools teach one or more courses in computing or incorporate computing units in their math curricu- lum. The university’s computer science department makes extensive use of LACE terminal facilities for course work, and the secondary education department provides nearly all of its graduates with some instruction on the computer. Teacher Computing Aids. Many teachers use systems programs to average grades and to do general calculations. Some experimentation is also being done with computerized record keeping. Enhancement of Instruction and General Problem Solving. Hand computation is frequently “dog work’’ that prevents a student from seeing concepts. Once the student learns to do the necessary calcu- lations, it is often best to free him of this burden. For example, the UW - La Crosse Chemistry Department has programmed the compu- ter to do the laboratory calculations for some courses, freeing the students for additional experimental work. Another example is the UW - La Crosse Secondary Education De- partment’s extensive use of Flander’s Interaction Analysis, a teacher evaluation technique that would be very difficult to do by hand. Simulation. With simulation, a teacher uses a role-playing “‘game”’ in which the students “simulate” some real life process. A labora- tory experience can thus be created where none could otherwise ex- ist. Computer simulations are available in business, social studies, bi- ology, chemistry, physics and other areas. Because of the wide subject range of these tools and their use bya team of students, computer use is extended to many more students than could actually sit-at the terminal at one time. Since this medi- um is an important one, LACE has made an extensive effort to make good simulations available to its users. All of the Huntington II pro- grams are available on the systems as well as a large number from other sources. (Ed. For info on Huntington II see PCC Vol 1 No 1.) Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI). \nterest in CAI started when the project began. Users have written many stand-alone CAI pro- grams in BASIC in such areas as gymnastics and tumbling, on-line statistical tests, elementary mathematics, spelling, sentence structure and others. At present LACE is developing applications with Hew- lett-Packard’s standard CAI packages. Work is being done with the Instructional Dialogue Facility and one user, the Onalaska School District, is making use of Mathematics Drill and Practice in an exper- imental summer program. Administrative Uses. Although the terminal is not suitable for cer- tain administrative uses, especially those involving large volumes of - data, users can benefit from a package of administrative programs that includes salary schedule simulation (costing) and enrollment projections. PARTICIPATION IN THE LACE PROJECT Preparation of Teachers and Staff University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, through the LACE project, pro- vides a full program toward staff preparation. Workshops in the use of terminals, some at user schools, are conducted to get schools started on the program. Frequently, schools have one or more teach- ers with a computer background who are able to provide the neces- sary leadership for their school’s program. These are usually ade- quate to start the program, but to insure its ulitmate success, more extensive training is needed. From LACE’s beginning the university has supported the project with various course offerings. Most significant is ED 475/SEC ED 675, “Computers in Education”, a one-semester, three-credit course that can be taken for undergraduate or graduate credit. It has been offered on campus nearly every semester (at times accessible to teachers) and will soon be offered through extension. Prerequesites are minimal. It has been specifically designed for the LACE project and similar programs and is intended to be not merely a computer programming course, but a comprehensive survey of the use of com- puters in eduaction. It is strongly recommended that teachers from participating schools take the course, for leadership is even more nec- essary than technical knowledge. In addition, the UW- La Crosse Computer Science Department offers several courses. Most directly connected with the project is Compu- ter Science (CPTS) 124, ‘Conversational Computing’’, which can be taken for two undergraduate credits. In cooperation with the Secon- dary Education Deaprtment, Computer Science will offer a graduate course in ‘‘Computer Assisted Instruction (CAt)” in winter semester 1973-74. Continuing Support Once a school has joined the system, LACE continues its support by Providing pamphlets and a system newsletter, PUNCHLINE, which is - now circulated nationally. Schools are also entitled to belong to the Hewlett-Packard Educational Users Group and can thus receive the user group newsletter plus valuable reference manuals. At the time a school joins LACE, the school is asked to identify a co- ordinator. He provides the necessary liaison between LACE and his school on all matters pertaining to instruction. In addition, he pro- vides some indispensable leadership in implementing the program. In most schools he is assisted by a local implementation-evaluation com- mittee in the early stages. LACE also offers new workshops on the UW - La Crosse campus each semester, and will present in-service training at participating schools whenever possible. LACE users also host forums, or informal users’ meetings, at which items of mutual interest are discussed. Communications are possible through the computer and subscribers make use of this to keep in touch and request available services. The UW - La Crosse Computer Center maintains program libraries for the LACE computer and will perform certain utility tasks on request. UT Costs Cost information follows. Two noteworthy items should also be mentioned. First, a free three-month trial period is available for schools considering participating in the program. Second, since LACE is a service, costs incurred by public schools can be partially reimbursed under the Wisconsin state aid program. : A dedicated port provides the users with access to the machine 24 hours a day, except for periods of system maintenance. With two- port sharing or another sharing agreement the users involved share the resources of one dedicated port. - One-time connect charge of one-hundred thirty-six dollars ($136) is charged to each new user to cover the cost of installing terminals and telephone lines. This charge is not repeated unless there is a discon- nect/re-connect. LACE 73 ® Chippewa Falls Wausau . East West UW-Marathon Center Wisconsin Rapids Assumption ® Independence 2 Onalaska La Crescent ® Royall La Crosse Central Logan : Viterbo College Uw _- La Crosse Business Administration (2) Computer Center Computer Science (3) Secondary Education (2) Physical Education Chemistry The LACE Project is administered by the Academic Services Sec- tion of the University of Wisconsin - La Crosse Computer Center. The LACE Projcet is administered by the Academic Services Section of the University of Wisconsin - La Crosse Computer Center. If you would like further information, write to John Nierengarten or John Storlie at: Computer Center University of Wisconsin - La Crosse La Crosse,,Wisconsin 54601 QE } ROA FLOAER bY JOSE MCCURMAEK (4727751. ROM PRINIS A PLCTURK OF A PLISERs MAKES LINKS SY USING TRENDS REA eesCUPYHLUKT LATSaeexY JISL MUCONNACKS*® DUM AST72b Stole Ptl2a 2Zedleatad e' ~~ REX DECIDE Hod “ANY s ABSTINTC2- oes ul=Lieent AEM CHITCALIZE TREYD WARLASLES (5 + TH AND PISEITIONS OF 4°S FOR f=1 TU A TUL Limes Th[cLia-? WC CPMSSHINTOLSORNDOADTD POF Royal Aan Sunnyvale Ca, Y Cam pet CO )Ppary ataos7 Saeesrnaganncsagose@ REX PRINT FLIER POT FOR (#1 T) 6 PRIMT TAMISI-CEIPSELeLS+2eC tm 2ed WEXT U FOR Zel TI D4 AtCls72t= = ~ FoR t= TIA REM SET TREND VARCABLES TO BOUNCE (F NBCCESARY tF wtl<$ THEN 295 Peop /es Dear Sirs Meise 7. We 6, aioe Here - 15 2 O program = which . pet NES Out an ITTASE « Ths : UF wtfiezs Tasu 322 is IN 2. 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GIVEN THE VALUES OF B AND K THE FOLLOWING SUBROUTINE WILL PACK THE WHEN WE RAN THIS PROGRAM ON THE COMPUTER WE USE WE GOT : = 30 ¥ IN THIS ARTICLE ME WILL EXPLORE WAYS IN WHICH WE CAN EXPRESS EY the BRON An me ore ne ae Co ale dae <0 DATA IN VERY COMPACT YAYS INSIDE THE COMPUTER. BEFORE READING 07 BURTHER RUN THE: FOLLOWING PROGRAM OW YOUR COMPUTER 3 SUPPOSE WE HAVE A SET OF NUMBERS WHICH ARE ALL LESS THAN SOME 3 ig jar Sup VALUE Bs AND WE WANT TO FIND THE MAXIMUM NUMBER K OF THESE oo 4 ee ta an , VALUES THAT CAN BE PACKED INTO A SINGLE VARIABLE. THIS 1S oe aan ‘ “FOUND BY SOLVING THE FOLLOWING EQUATION FOR K : 49 LET UsT=1 * \. BtK <= 2tS G9 50 IF T=U THEN 90 w= —_ Oo—= - a a eo WHERE S IS THE SECOND MAGIC NUMBER PRINTED OUT BY THE ABOVE ea eae ae % PROGRAM. THE FOLLOWING BASIC STATEMENT WILL PRINT OUT K : 90 PRINT "THE LARGEST INTEGER I CAN STORE IS "sm jl cesta hee aan | | 193 PRINT "WHICH 1S TYO TO THE "3S-13" MINUS ONE.” CSTE OE NE, ANE RSREOE G2) LOG CES) 119 END ¥ ON OUR SYSTEM S=23. FOR THE EXAMPLE ABOVE B=19 AND THE ABOVE i=) RUN Me YN see VALUES STORED IN A LIST D INTO A SINGLE VARIABLE N ¢ F \ THE LARGEST INTEGER I CAN STORE 15 8+38861E+96 IB he Con ata PACKING GLGORTTHM sou WHICH IS TUO TO THE 23 MINUS ONE. 1026 FOR I=! TO K 1938 LET N=N*B+D(I) 1949 NEXT I 1858 RETURN THIS TELLS WHAT SIZE "BOXES" OUR BASIC SYSTEM USES FOR STORING NUMBERS. EVERY TIME WE USE A VARIABLE We ARE USING A BOX OF THIS SIZE NO MATTER HOW LARGE A NUMBER WE ACTUALLY PUT IN THE BOX. WHEN WE USE AN ARRAY WE HAVE A WHOLE BUNCH OF BOXES OF THIS SIZE. MANY TIMES VE DO NOT "USE UP" ALL THE ROOM THAT IS AVAILABLE IN THE BOX. ON A MINI-COMPUTER, WHERE SPACE IS SCARCE, OF COURSE WE ALSO NEED A WAY TO UNPACK THE VALUES AND THE FOLLOWING SUBROUTINE WILL DO THE TRICK : - 2000 REM *** UNPACKING ALGORITHM *** 2610 LeT TaN a =) Z : 3 Zz 5 8 I = 2 S wn: g --) 5 [om i= = B =f E ICLE WE VILL EXAMINE TECHNIQUES FOR USING THE EXTRA SPACE IN THE THINK OF THE DIGITS AS FORMING A SINGLE NUMBER, IN THIS CASE THE NUMBER WOULD BE 1973. THIS IS A VERY USEFUL TECHNIQUE, WHICH IS CALLED COMPACTION, AND THE PROCESS OF TAKING SEVERAL THINGS AND STUFFING THEM INTO A SINGLE BOX IS CALLED PACKING. THIS TECHNIQUE IS ESPECIALLY VALUABLE IF THERE ARE LOTS OF SMALL NUMBERS USED AS DATA BY OUR PROGRAM, FOR EXAMPLE A MATRIX CONTAIN-~ ING ONLY @'S AND 1'S CAN BE REDUCED IN SIZE BY A FACTOR OF 23, PROVIDING WE ARE WILLING TO GO TO THE TROUBLE TO DO THE NECESSARY PACKING AND UNPACKING. IF WE HAVE LISTS THAT ARE LONGER THAN K_ : SAY LENGTH Ls WE COMPUTE M=-INT(=-L/K) AND STORE THEM IN A LIST OF PACKED NUMBERS N OF LENGTH Me TO STORE OR FETCH SOME ELEMENT J IN THAT LIST WE FIRST COMPUTE P=INT((J-1)/K)+1 AND Q=J-P*K+K+1 . P IS THE ELEMENT OF N THAT THE VALUE IS PACKED INTO AND @ IS THE ELEMENT OF D THAT WILL CONTAIN THAT VALUE WHEN NCP) IS UNPACKED. IF WE WISHED TO ALTER ONE OF THE VALUES IN THE LIST THE PROCEDEURE WOULD BE : 1» FIND P AND Q@ 3 2+ UNPACK NCP) 3 3. SET D(Q@) TO THE NEW VALUE $ 4. PACK D BACK INTO NCP). te w w u VARIABLE BOXES". 2828 FOR I=1 TO K 5 SUPPOSE WE HAD A LIST OF FOUR DIGITS : D¢1)sD(2).D(3),D¢4) SUCH AS ints ne Se Neen SO 8 1292743 « ONE WAY OF STORING THESE FOUR DIGITS YOULD'Z= TO 2059 LET T=T-D(1)*U te KEEP THEM IN FOUR SEPARATE BOXES, FOR EXAMPLE IN AN ARRAY OF 2060 NEXT 1 ~ hy D e A ER Y of E NE : FOUR ELEMENTS. ANOTHER VAY, WHICH ONLY USES ONE BOX, IS TO a070 FETURN 8 & g ax LET'S TAXE A LOOK AT HOW THE LIST 159,7,3 1S PACKED INTO 1973. FIRST OF ALL, SINCE WE KNOW THAT THE NUMBERS IN THE LIST ARE DIGITS WE KNOW THAT THEY ARE ALWAYS LESS THAN 19. SINCE THIS IS TRUE WE KNOW THAT WE CAN THINK OF THEM AS FORMING A NUMERAL WRITTEN IN BASE 1%. THEREFORE WE KNOW THAT WE, CAN EXPRESS THE COMPACT NUMBER (N) USING THE FOLLOWING EQUATION : » programs and problems. We welcome suggestions for topics of interest to you.] N=19t3*DC1)+1982*D(2)410t1*D(3)+101O*D(4). IN FACT WE DO NOT HAVE TO RESTRICT OURSELVES TO BASE 1G. IF; FOR INSTANCE, WE HAD TWO TWO-DIGIT NUMBERS : 19 AND 73 WE COULD THINK OF THEM AS FORMING A NUMERAL IN BASE 199 : IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO PACK AND UNPACK VALUES WHICH ARE NOT ALL THE SAME SIZE (1.E.s LESS THAN THE SAME B) AS LONG AS THE MAXIMUM N=160t1*D(1)+190+0*D(2) : VALUES FOR EACH ELEMENT ARE KNOWN, BUT IT IS TOO COMPLICATED TO ; DESCRIBE HERE, AND I WILL LEAVE IT AS AN THe CEUERGWNER by marc le brun [Each issue we will present an “advanced” with explanations, examples | aaa Somebody told me about Alister Macintyre so I wrote him & asked him for information about science fiction games — well, now I’m overwhelmed with new information and it keeps coming. Looks like we will have an Alister Macintyre page every issue for awhile. b.a. Thousands of humans from earth are exploring the Universe, devel- oping the resources of distant solar systems, and resolving conflicts with alien beings. The space ships used to reach these far flung des- tinations are Space Travel Games enjoyed all over our planet. These games present an opportunity to gain insights into gravity, momen- tum, and multiple dimensions, but are played because they are so en- joyable. Excluding Time Travel and Fantasy Games, which are equal- ly popular, the three major categories of Science Fiction Games are: Tactical Space War Games which delve into the mechanics of maneu- vering individual space ships in a simple conflict situation; /nterstellar Diplomacy Games which are enjoyable due to the inter-action of many players rather than the details of space travel; and Campaign Strategy Games which encompass both extremes and involve the eco- nomics of space. Most major game companies manufacture Science Fiction Games, which are available at many toy stores, for example: Countdown (E. S. Lowe Co.) Children race to build a space ship. Situation-7 and Thunderbird (Parker Brothers) Family games. Plo y (3 M) Strategy game for 2-4 players. However, many such games are very abstract or depend upon luck, because comercial companies must appeal to the mass public to successfully market their games in most retail stores. Space travel enthusiasts, and Science Fiction fans seeking challenging games with some relevance to space travel as we know or predict it, should look to the specialized or amateur game companies for intellectual stimulation. Space ship pilots consult simple charts each game turn to see how much their ship directions are changed by gravity, causing an ellipti- cal pattern after several moves, because each ship’s momentum is al- tered only by acceleration, deceleration, or collision. This occurs on the circular game board of Revolt/, (Imperial inventors is currently seeking a manufacturer for this game.) in which the moon is revolv- ing about the earth which in turn is revolving about the sun. The rules cover meters, construction of space stations, and astroblemes. Revolt! is enjoyed at many game conventions in the Midwest. Raumkrieg is a popular little 3-D game for any number of players, featuring even more realistic rules for momentum and acceleration. Each player starts with one flagship, which can capture enemy ships, two battlecruisers with unlimited range parallel to the coordinate ax- es, and five scouts with very limited destnictive ranges. The game re- quires an umpire and moves are usually made at one week intervals. Raumkrieg has been taken off the market, and will be replaced by a different tactical space game. For info, contact Flying Buffalo, Inc., P.O. Box 1467, Scottsdale Az 85252. Columbus Ohio gamers have enjoyed a Star Trek game (Starship En- terprise) using AMT models for many years but now Louis Zocchi _ (388 Montana, Victorville Ca 92392) has developed a Star Trek game that can also be enjoyed on your home black & white TV set! Lou is selling his Alien Space Battle Manual for only $4.00 which includes the complete rules, Star Trek ships, and information on some of his other games. Spartan International plans to sell the TV attachment within a year. Meanwhile the TV version may be played at many Spartan Game Conventions across the country.WS May "73 issue — Page 5 BUTTON, BUTTON, who’s got the button? REVERSE The computer creates a series Future issue Page ??? May ’73 issue Page 4 of connected caverns and you try to find your way out into the sunlight. You can choose three levels of difficulty. TAPE PRICE $2 MUGWUMP April ’73 issue Page 3 The MUGWUMP is a close relative of the HURKLE and also lives on a 10-by-10 grid. For each guess, you’re told TRAP February ’73 issue Page 8 between them. TAPE PRICE $2 Seven friends sit in a circle and one has the button. If you guess him/her, you win! Oth- erwise, he/she may pass the button. TAPE PRICE $2 »> TAPE PRICE $4 _ CAVES2 This ish Page 12 SEE FOR YOURSELF! iN TAPE PRICE $4 “& CAVES3 SUNSIGN . This ish Page 13 Future issue Page ??? TURN TO PAGE 13 WHAT’S YOUR NAME? TAPE PRICE $4 WHAT’S YOUR SUNSIGN? WUMPUS Ss Program then prints out a per- : : Future issues Page 22? sonalized pattern for you. TAPE PRICE $3 > >. CHOMP) February ’73 issue Page 9 Any # of players take turns eat- ing from a rectangular cookie until the last piece (the poisoned piece) is eaten. You choose the size of each bite. TAPE PRICE $3 MAKE CHECKS OR MONEY ORDERS TO US: PEOPLE'S COMPUTER COMPANY P.O. BOX 310 2 MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA 94025 The WUMPUS lives in a con- nected set of caves. You hunt him with crooked arrows and watch out for bottomless pits and SUPERBATS! TAPE PRICE $4 Each turn, you give two numbers. dt Yourre told if the target is TRAPped y PRICE $2 LETTER October ’72 issue Can you guess which letter or lower than the target. The lowest 9 digits are put in a scrambled list and you try to orderthem. Each move, you take the first n numbers in the list and REVERSE them! TAPE PRICE $2 — DATAPERF, INC. P.O. Box 5748, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11790 guaranteed. Free illustrated litera- Only $2.75 each. Quantity Dis- counts Available. Satisfaction ture. Page 11 (A-Z) the computer has ran- domly chosen? For each guess ~ you're told if you were higher Information on Propane and Methane Energy Prepared by Fred Moore 4rBrveatian Weleorne 492d Atenstde dee, Mane Pri la P7085 Ras-s35=5 Methane Production e Predicting Methane Production from Waste Chemical Composition: 4 £ a b n a b n a b x CuH.O. +(n = — = >) H:0 »(* —-—+ 5 eo: +(5 = = ~ Ver, 4 2 2 8 4 2 8 4 Predicting Methane Production from Waste Stabilization: One pound BOD: or COD stabilized = 5.62 cubic feet CH, (STP) A few problems with methane generation and use as a fuel: 1. Obtaining and collecting sources of agricultural wastes in large volume (e.g., chicken manure). 2. Mixing of slurry, controlling rate of input, and breaking-up scum formations. 3. Heating and insulating digester to maintain chamber at 85 - 95 degrees F. 4. Start-up wait of two months. However, the sludge from another digester will lessen the time. 5. Collecting the bio-gas generated ina floating tank or other container. 6. Piping gas to burner or stove for cooking, heating water, etc. 7. For use as a fuel in internal combustion engines: A. Because bio-gas is approx. 70% methane, removal of the carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor makes for more efficient engine operation. B. Methane has a low fuel value (960 BTU per cubic foot). Compared to gasoline or propane a greater volume of methane is needed for equivalent engine performance. For vehicles, such a large tank may not be practical. Compressing the gas will reduce the volume, however: C. Compression to liquify methane requires a SOOO psi compressor designed for flammable gases, a fuel tank to withstand the high pressure, a pressure relief valve, and lock-off valve. D. A regulator, aircraft quality hoses, and a converter will be needed to make use of methane that is under high pressure. 8. Removal of sludge from digester and use as fertilizer or in algae ponds. 9. Safe engineering practices must be followed because as little as 12% methane in air is explosive. ACETIC ACID Methane Pathways in methane fermentation Some information sources on methane gas production: Methane Digesters for Fuel Gas and Fertilizer, Spring 1973 Newsletter 3, 46 Pages,, $3 New Alchemy Institute - West 15 West Anapamu, Santa Barbara, Ca. 93101 A.M. Buswell, et al. Anaerobic Fermentations (includes instructions for making two models) hs MESING \linois State Water Survey Bulletin 32 (1936) The New Alchemy Institute - East f CH,+ COz Box 432, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543 L. Anderson Energy Potential from Organic Wastes: A review of the quantities and Sources, Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8549, U.S. Dept of Interior John E.Myhre, Maggies Farm Palouse, Washington 99161 Vohn worked with Ram Bux Singh at a dairy farm in Vermont, building a bio-gas demonstration plant at a cost of $600 excludingJabor, The gas is used to heat water.) NT EPFLUE H.A. Barker Biological Formation of Methane Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 48 p 1438-1442 (1956) H.H. Hunt & W.N. Clarke, Sr. Design and Operation of the First Digester Gas Turbine in the USA, Presented at the Water Pollution Control Federation Meeting, N.Y, Oct 12,1967 Methane generator built by Les Auerbach ! Il-Rand Compressed Natural Gas : cohecat Wale ge nae CONVENTIONAL PROCESS Vaniouter Duel Fuel System, Ingersoll-Rand Co. 1971 comer of Walnut and Virginia; Berkeley, Ca. will be teac! G.H. Nelson, et al., Decomposition and oe ner u i i i : a to and operating s eaten on building sl hd Cornstalks Under Anasrabie Conditions at i er bab alles oie Jan 1939 V 13, & Dec 1939 V 14. Antioch College West 149 9th Street, San Francisco, Ca. 12 200:7 -Bisthane beneeate i des info drawn from GN. Acharya Preparation of Fuel Gas & Manure, EFFLUENT Dr. S.G. Kasbekar Gas From Animal Dung - Ordance pedaier) eb . id ‘ox copy of Bio-Gas Plants — Their Installation , Operation, Maintenance and Use by M.A. Idnani & C.N. Acharya : trdisa Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi. obtainable from VITA, Inc. 3706 Rhode Island Ave. Mt. Rainier, Maryland 20822 L. Auerbach, B. Olkowski, B. Katz A Homesite Power Unit: Methane Generator 1973, 70 pages, about $3. avail ble f Bill Olkowski os 1307 Acton , Berkeley, Ca. 94706 An experimental bio-gas digestor built by Steve Ridenour (now teaks and needs repair). Contact: Steve Kafka, Chadwick Farm Manager Physical Planning & Construction, Carriage House U.C.S.C., Santa Clara, Ca. 95064 RETURN SLUDGE Hodiw cea u “he img -Gas-Vioe Dads Fig. Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pa. 18049 ANAEROBIC CONTACT PROCESS ; Cross-section Or Gas heldue, Show q Gas-Vioe Dadi Fig-B Sept-Oct 1971 p 18 Biological Treatment of Poultry Manure Reduces Pollution ee Fe Jan-Feb 1972 p 20 The Bio-Gas Plant: Generatin . G Meth T Jan-Feb 1972 P6 Anaerobic Digestion of Solid fbi wn ibonn Organic Weiter March-April 1972 p 12 Building a Bio-Gas Plant qudes To suerosi) coven Above watve- Vine Perry L. McCarty The Biochemistry of Methane Fermentation Using C-14 Traces 1965 Journal Water Poll. Control Fed., 37(2): 178-92 Perry L. McCarty Anaerobic Waste Treatment Fu Public Works v 95 n 9, 10,11, 12. REDNESS Sept 1964 p 107-112 Oct 1964 p 123-126 Nov 1964 p 91-94 Dec 1964 p 95-99 (microbiology and chemistry) g g 4 wads OW CIRCUM LR- Ram Bux Singh Bio-Gas Plant 1971, Gobar Gas Research Station y Z (aceor coreg, Ajitmal, Etawah, Utter Pradesh, India . ld Z Harold B. Gotaas 1956 Composting Z Ram Bux Singh Some Experiments with Bio-Gas World Health Organization Z 1971, Gobar Gas Research Station 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland Y Ajitmal, Etawah, U.P, India ~——s (out of print or nee available in U.S. : Zi to our knowledge Alternative sources of Energy PKR ? EEL. les Don Marier Route 1 Box 368 OFT Use of Sewage Gas as City Gas : Reiwroncsd -c orentt Minong, Wisconsin 54859 Sewage Works Journal eucouee WAlls, a3 bottom (bi-monthy newsletter, short articles, Page July 1930 p 424 Use of Sewage Gas as City Gas = Gr masovany olastes inde some on methane generation) , V8n 1,1936 p 57-62 Operation of Sludge Gas Engines SURFACE GUN comtet Montag, V18n1,1946 p17 Digester Gas for Automobiles me J / aA V 20n5,1948 Commercial Utilization of Waste Digester Gas ——___—> . A ENGINE HIGH-PHESSURE COMPRESSOR C.&. Keefer and H. Kratz Digesting Sewage Sludge at its Optimum pH and Temp. {Retariiiecly TANK, . bs asad 2 Engineering News-Record 102 p 103-105 (1929) a, Pe E.P. Taiganides Anaerobic Digestion of Poultry Manure CJ] 1 1963 World’s Poultry Science Journal 19(4) E.P. Taiganides, et al., Anaerobic Ougestion of Hog Wastes Journal Agriculture Engin. Research 8(4) cot ina G. Rosenberg Methane Production from Farm wastes as a Source of Tractor Fuel ~ [| 1952 J. Min. Agric. (england) 58:487-94 K. Imhoff & C. Keefer S/udge Gas as Fuel for Motor Vehicles RAL MATERIA [ALGae } j j = 1952 Wat. Sewage Wks. 99:284 . “. DIGESTER GAS OUTLET, COOKING A.M, Boswell Operation of Anaerobic Fermentation Plants WATER CC _) Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, V 42 n 4 April 1950 colds Wise TUE - UNIT STORAGE Mother Earth News i TANK P.O.Box 38 ao pst Madison, Ohio 44057 = WATER 2 THEHMOSTAT ig5°F) “-CONCENSA- issue 3p 44 Now... Electricty from manure gases 3. eee - TION TRAP HEAT issue 3 p 45-53 How to generate power from garbage TEN! EFFLUENT LIGHT issue 8 p 9 Harold Bate and his marvelous chicken-powered car : ‘ “ issue 10 p 14-19 The marvelous chicken powered motorcar 3 issue 12 p 28-31 Gobar Gas THERMC : issue 15 p 78 Jerry Freidberg on Harold Bate sTaT @ = issue 18 p 7 The Plowboy interview with Ram Bux Singh f1acr: re issue 20 p 48-49 Modest experiment in methane gas production See =RON STORAGE TANK —_ — —. SS > = ; ~ f0O-GAS PL fA FOR COLD CLIMATIC “AREAS ; OR 2800 CUBIC FEET GAS PER pay IS acne 4. gy” Jj { ; : ZLy Ww . SS or — 3 a c\) J (Ct tears poem, Y Y) DUP ERMA ENT PD Puwcmanae .~ come MW G-L- , vy) ! t . cou STAND “54 > > { ~~ —telwatee COU BuProRT W oncet——> » t ae >, I y) = es i] a I or , SS Pet SS) Lax ; ¥ Sod Sune ! 5 Pa Hoaven meen] | Hy any H H 4 rE DESIGnED w& Ki H ANY stuney | L if # RASC t__ee 5 . 4] f peesteons ye | R) zs EY — ealemsesre | Caan eur emed > Ce ra wteennmat ~ GBOSAR GAL ATAEARCH BIATION ‘y = ae aorTmate avawan wm : = ees = ng ys = — sneer = = : H) £2 > Propane Sources of information on converting a motor vehicle to run on propane gas: R.W. McJones & R_J. Corbeil Natural Gas Fueled Vehicles LP equipment Places: Exhaust Emissions and Operational Characteristics Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Two Pennsylvania Plaza) New York, N.Y, 10001 Propane Equipment Co. National LP-Gas Association mail to: P.O.Box 236 : 79 West Monroe Street JERRY KIT -~contains a convertor, jet, hoses, Shrewsbury, N.J.07701 Chicago, Illinois 60603 fittings and manual. (No tank). Specify make, location: 11 Apple St. model, & horsepower of vehicle and send $70 New Shrewsbury, NJ. 07724 Teeco Products tel. 201-747-3795 1440 N. Burton Place to Jerry Friedberg, Arrakis Volkswagon, Box 531, Point Arena, Ca. 95468 Anaheim, Ca, 92803 Sun Oil Co. - Dx Division - LP Gas Propane Sales and Equipment Co. Mot pa ed eee 18 cane Fone ats 123 West Emma 2691 East 11 th Avenue {installation instructions, costs, tools,etc.) | Springdale, Arkansas Hialeah, Florida 33013 , ' i tel, 501-751-4771 tel. 305-836-3200 Sun Oil Co. Dx Division - LP Gas 517 South Wood West Memphis, Arkansas tel. 501-RE5-2313 Storage & Handling Liquetied Petroleum Gases 1969 NFPA no. 58 National Fire Protection Association 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass. 02110 The Information Network is in the process of putting together a listing of information sources on other alternative energy devices. If you have built (or know someone who has built) a low-cost windpower or solar energy unit, please let us know. Thanks. Pacific Gas Co. 8451 Gerber Road Sacramento, Ca. 95828 tel. 916-682-2151 Carl Abell Butane-Propane Power Manual,’ The Chilton Company Chestnut & 56th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. p300 $5. Earth Move P.O.Box 252 Winchester, Mass. 01890 In some areas, propane is not as available to new customers as to established buyers. Check with your local propane dealer about this. Price of propane may be going up. i hicle will qualify you for the six Also only approved standard conversion on your vehicle will q yy sbialionenaeeciseiny cents per gallon tax rebate. Fora list of over 8000 LP places, write: 500 Hyacinth : Highland Park, Itlinois a. he L \ ] . INCHWORM learned the program — then we told him to RUN it. He did and here is the result. : e Hi, INCHWORM fan. You recall, of course, that INCHWORM’s home is in square Al of an 8 by 8 universe, like this — And INCHWORM, after “drawing”’ the box, ended up at home in square Al. * Oo Th VAB SD YOUR TURN. Show the pattern painted by INCHWORM after he does the following program (as usual, he starts in A1). - . : PROGRAM: XEXEXEXEXSWXSWXNWX Our INCHWORM isn’t just any old everyday run-of-the-mill inchworm. He is computerized! You can program him to move around the board under your control. : Here are the things he can do. He can more — one square at a time — NORTH or EAST or SOUTH or WEST. To tell him to move one square NORTH, write N To tell him to move one square EAST, write E To tell him to move one square SOUTH, write S To tell hinr to move one square WEST, write W Well, since last time (PCC, May 73) INCHWORM has learned a new trick. : He can paint an % in the square he is in. One more. Write a program to teach INCHWORM how to draw the following pattern. (He starts at Al.) To tell INCHWORM to paint an > 4 write X. e = OPW A MH RMP WD A OK, suppose inchworm is at home in square Al. Here is a program to tell INCHWORM to “paint a box.” Well, that’s all for now. INCHWORM will be back next issue and PROGRAM: XEXEXEXSXSXSXWXWXWXNXNXN maybe bring a friend (LADYBUG or CRICKET or... ). send check or money order to: People’s Computer Company BO. Box 310 rawme Menlo Park,Ca 94025 address Z1p what kind of computer do you use? £2 subscriptions start with 1st issue of school year $4 for 5 issues ($5 Canada & overseas) (] 72-73 school year C1] 73-74 school year ZFiE A > “~ F —_~ 19337 Nail “tate Re Matt FLUE Tn ht Ape ‘4 Pal ve, Pars Sasr