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Full text of "People's Computer Company Vo.1-No.4
"
See other formats
z ty
AD eo rst
Teh
PEOPLE’S COMPUTER COMPANY
fs published 5 times during the school
year. Subscriptions begin with the
first issue, October 1972.
Single subscriptions — $4 for § issues
[$5 Canada and overseas]
Group subscriptions, mailed all to the
same address —
10 or more $3.00 each
30 or more $2.50 each
100 or more $2.00 each
Subscription coupon on back cover
2
AG a1
aad
Cover ant by Manie Mancho reprinted corteay JF Wasser NEWS © 1967
!f1!! FOR PCC SUBSCRIBERS ONLY TI!!!
FOR A MERE PITTANCEs WE WILL SEND YOU TAPES
OF GAME=PLAYING OR OTHER PROGRAMS THAT HAVE
OR WILL APPEAR IN PCC. HERE ARE THE PRICES.»
*PROGRAM* *ISSUE + PAGE* *PRICE*
NUMBER OCT 72, PG 8 $1 FOR BOTH
LETTER OCT 72, PG 11
STARS DEC 72» PG 3 $1
MELODY DEC 725 PG 17 $1
TRAP FEB 73, PG 8 $1
CHOMP FEB 73» PG 9 $1
MUGWUMP APR 73, PG 3 $1
HURKLE APR 73» PG 22 $1
REVERSE NEXT ISSUE $1
4k ry] eK
* MINIMUN ORDER $2.00 *
KKK sok
well, hobody's
ba ie
tlit! FOR PCC SUBSCRIBERS ONLY II!!!
WORKSHOPS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
Instructors: ROBERT ALBRECHT, People’s Computer
Company and LEROY FINKEL, Ravenswood High School
Schedule: March 31—Apri! 1;9 a.m, — 10 p.m. Saturday; 9 a.m. —
6:30 p.m. Sunday; Lawrence Hall of Science, Berkeley campus
Credit: Two quarter units in Computer Science, each course
Fee: $65 each course, includes laboratory fee and some materials.
Enrollment is limited
For information telephone 642-1061 in Berkeley
Computers in the Classroom X 402A (2)
An intensive “‘hands on” introduction.to the use of calculators
and computers in elementary and secondary school education.
Participants use programmable calculators and learn the pro-
gramming language BASIC, using both timesharing terminals
and small computers. Methods for effectively using computers
_ in the classroom and analysis of available hardware, instruc-
tional materials, computer education programs, and sources
of further information. The course is conducted as an open
classroom with activity centers for mathematics, science,
business education, and social science teachers. It spans all
grade levels — elementary through college. No previous pro-
gramming or data processing knowledge is necessary.
Computers in the Classroom:
Individualized Instruction X 402B (2)
This course is a continuation of Computers in the Classroom
X 402A, and it gives participants the opportunity to increase
their computer problem-solving skills. The course is run con-
currently with X 402A, which is a prerequisite.
Games Computers Play X 407 (2)
Spend a weekend matching wits with a computer. Participants
play computer games and explore both real life and ‘worlds
of if’ through the medium of computer simulation. Games of
skill, games of chance, and games to learn by. Computing
equipment is available throughout the course. No previous
computer experience is required. The course is run concur-
rently with Computers in the Classroom X 402A and B.
=
_in the country,” sit*of the first New Schools Conference ~
LEARNING FAIRS and FUTURE FESTIVALS
The story starts like this:
It happened at Peninsula School, a forty-seven-year-old
family-staff-owned cooperative, the “oldest free school
in 1969. -
What was it? Fifteen “workshops and playshops” —
Bead Game Music, Kids Teaching Kids, Gestalt Smorgas-
bord... —and forty ongoing events — Mobile Solar
Sculpture, People’s Computer Center, Tree Loom, the
Alexander Technique.... All spread over two days
and sprinkled among the oak trees of the six-acre school
site and the rooms within Peninsula’s main building, a
green Victorian mansion. ‘Come together as participators/
innovators,” read the announcement.
and ends like this:
While Lam still cutting up bookshelves, the fair comes
to its close. Iam reluctant to leave it, and I realize
why: I have reopened doors into ways of learning
that I had shut or that had been closed upon me years
ago.
For Tama product of that educational process by
which we are systematically and deliberately weaned _
away from what Jerome Bruner called the “left-handed”
(visual, intuitive, imaginative) and toward the “right-
handed” (verbal, rational, logical), that process which
separates one kind of learning from another and rates
i
©
each in terms of its usefulness to society and not to
the individual.
That may be changing now in many schools for
many younger children. But we adults and older
children need support, encouragement, what Barney
Young called “loosening up,” to open the doors
again—to realize that a variety of “life games” are
equally important parts of our education. And that
sort of encouragement a “learning fair” can provide,
At Peninsula’s fair the children were there as our
guides, making creativity look natural and easy as
pie. We learned from them that weekend. But for
me it was only a start.
from “Learning Fair’ by Susan Sands, Saturday
Review of Education, January 1973, pages
37-41.
Saturday Review of Education, Box 2043
Rock Island, Illinois 61207
If you missed the Super Ecstatic Completely Credible
Learning Fair at Peninsula School last October — you
can still make one of these this spring.
TO TOUCH TOMORROW: FUTURE FARE
“The merit of the future is that it is the area in which
we can exert our will.”
Bertrand de Jouvenal
If you feel with de Jouvenal that we don't have to
accept the future as “fixed,” then join us on March
30-31 and experience with us some of the exciting
(and frightening) developments which are shaping
our futures, Experience with us also the possibility
of creating alternative futures to “‘the future” that
you might feel is being imposed on you.
We begin on Friday afternoon, March 30, with a series
of films to be shown in Olney Hall. Among the films
you will see are:
“The World of Future Shock: Crisis in the 800th Life-
time” in which Alvin Tofler, author of Future Shock,
examines the concept of “future shock” and the stress
placed on individuals by a society in constant flux.
“The Family of the Future” looks at 3 different family
lifestyles today which may be typical styles for tomor-
row. The film is narrated by Margaret Mead.
Thero will be many others. These films will also be
shown Saturday.
Friday evening at 8:00 PM in Olney Hall, Arthur C.
Clarke, author of Profiles of the Future and many
other books about futures, will speak on “The Year
2001 and Beyond.”
Saturday, March 31, is Future Fare Day. Our environ-
ment will be Harlan Center and its adjacent vutside
spaces, Come play with a computer from the People’s
Computer Co.; imagine with Aaron Hillman you re
Lost in Space; participate in The Future State of the
Nation with Paul Twelker and Ken Layden; join Gloria
Loventhal and her elementary school children in their
“School 2000; build a dome with Toni Ricci: eat with
the One World Family Commune; ponder the prospects
of Immortality with Chad Everone. These are just
a sampling of the exciting events in sture for you. So
come, Touch Tomorrow,
ALTERNATIVES LEARNING FESTIVAL
A CELEBRATION
We at Webster College, in conjunction with the alter-
native schools in St. Louis, will be sponsoring a
National Festival on Alternatives in Learning, to be
held in St. Louis on May 3—6. Our hopes for holding —
such a festival are many; however, our specific aims
are to learn more about ways we can humanize the
diverse educational needs of an ever-changing and
increasingly complex society.
The scope of ALF will be between 5,000-—10,000
people from all over the nation. Some of the better
known speakers so far are: Swight Allen, University
of Massachusetts School of Education; Nate Blackman,
Principal of Chicago Metro Alternative High School;
Don Glines, author of Creating Humane Schools;
Joh Kozol, author of Free Schools; and Don Moore,
Midwest Center for New Schools.
ALF will revolve around a “Learning Bazaar,” to be
run by teachers, administrators, parents, students, and
others involved in the creative learning experience.
Booths will focus on individualized experiencing...
Workshops will focus on group experience - - doing,
thinking, creating...
Anyone interested in presenting a workshop, group
session, learning shop, or other alternative involvement,
at the FESTIVAL, or anyone desiring additional info,
please call Webster College, (314)968-0500, ext. 400.
Webster College
470 East Lockwood
St. Louis, Mo. 63119
ROSCOE SEE Dees eeecaesuanacesesseesnnecassenEeeeEGeEEeeS
PAGE 2
for more info, contact Ms. Sydney Goldstein
Director of Public Events
ZA College of Marin
Kentfield, CA. 94904
(415)454-3962
ae ae es A mae
AIO ?.: :
Recently | was modifyin jon an
g a program we had on an
HP 2000F system. A simplified version of the pro-
gram would look. like this: ‘ ti
108 REM 1
150 REM 2
“380 REM 3
350 REM 4
400 REM 5
450 REM 6
$60 REM 7
550 END
| wanted to move lines 400 and 450 to before Line
300 so that the program would look like this:
160 REM
150 REM
200 REM
250 REM
398 REM
350 REM
S@0 REM
558 END
VEOKUN
So | innocently typed
REN = 200.5. 58s 408. 458
(i.e., “Renumber Lines 400 through 450 b ff
: n y 50's,
starting at Line 200” for those of you who are
unfamiliar with HP BASIC.)
And the computer typed back
RENUMBER SEQUENCE OVERFLOW/OVERLAP
(Whatever that means) | assumed that the computer ‘
was refusing to perform this trivial operation and
proceeded to do it the hard way. Here’s how it looks
(assume the program’s name is PROG).
GET-PROG
NAM-T1
DEL-300.550
SAV :
GET-PROG : .
NAM-T2
DEL=10065350 - - ..._.
DEL-5¥0,55a - ---
REN-208 55054005450
SAV :
GET-PROG
NAM-T3 ee
DEL-1002153 ante”
DEL-488,450
Sav sina
SCR
NAM=-PROG
APP-T1
APP -T2
APP-T3
KIL-TI
KIL-T2 .
KIL=-T3
KIL=PROG
SAV
Come on HP, that’s 27-lines | had to type instead of
spending my time on something useful. Not only that,
it could have been done with just one command, if
HP’s software was written properly to begin with.
Some day computer manufacturers are going to learn
that computers are for people to use, and not the
other way around.
That day will come only when computer users take it
upon themselves to pull themselves out of their
apathetic morass of ignorance of what computers
could be doing for them, and demand their rights as
consumers. If you read the label on a 25¢ can of soup
why not read the “label” on a $100,000.00 computer
system
P.S, It matters not to the poor user if there is some
undocumented “'secret’”’ way to do what he or she
want.
A graffiti found at Resource 1 is quite lucid on this
point:
q
100 REM see HUGWUMP - A HIDE AND SEEK GAME 7
110 REM eee PE@PLE’S COMPUTER COMPANY.» MENL® PARK CA ,
120 RANDOM
130 REM #66 GeGRID SIZE NeNUMBER GF GUESSES ALLOVE 7
140 LET G#l0
150 LET Nes " °
360 PRINT “D@ YOU WANT THE RULES CfaYES Oeng>™s b
“170 «INPUT 2
160 IF Z <> 1 THEN 350
190 REM eee RULES IN LINES 200 THRU 330 5
200 PRINT “A MUGWUMP IS HIDING IN A™JGS™BY"sGS"GRID. TRY TO”
ero
230 PRINT “NUMBERS (O Te"3G-15%) SEPARATED BY A COMMA. THE FIRST™
240 PRINT “NUMBER IS THE DISTANCE T@ THE RIGHT OF HOMEBASE~ .
_ 250 PRINT “AND THE SEC@ND NUMBER IS THE DISTANCE ABOVE THE™ 3
270 PRINT “1S HIDING B UNITS T@ THE RIGHT OF H@MEBASE AND™” 2
280 PRINT “3 UNITS ABGVE HOMEBASE, THEN ENTER 8.3 AS YOUR"
300 PRINT /
320 PRINT “TELL YOU HOW FAR CIN A DIRECT LINE) Ye@U ARE FREM™
330 PRINT “THE MUGWUHP. ~
340 KEM eee HIDE MUGWUMP AT RANDGM GRIDPGINT A+B
360 LET BaINT(G*RND(O))
380 PRINT “MUGWUMP IS HIDING. Yeu GET™SNs “GUESSES.”
390 REM ¢¢e N GUESSES ALLOWED - LINES 400 THRU 560°
410) PRINT
430 INPUT X-¥
440 REH ¢e@ IF MUGWUMP NOT FOUND G6 Te LINE 500
450 IF X <>» A THEN 520
460 IF Y <> B THEN S20
470 PRINT “YOU FOUND HIM IN“) TI*GUESSESILI”
480 PRINT “LET*S PLAY AGAIN.”
490 PRINT
$00 GeTe 350 Ps
S10 REM e¢¢ DeSTRAIGHTLINE DISTANCE T@ MUGWUMP
S20 LET D=SOR((X-A)s2¢C(Y-B) 12) .
530 REH ¢e* THEN WE ROUND D T@ ONE DECIMAL PLACE
$40 ‘LET DeINT(10002710
SSO PRINT "YOU ARE’sDs"UNITS FROM THE HUGWUMP.”
360 NEXT T
570 REM #¢e MUGWUHP NOT FOUND IN N GUESSES
$80 PRINT
390 PRINT "SORRYs THAT'S”sJNs"1RIES.”
600 PRINT "MUGRKUMP IS AT GRIDPOINT “sAS%s"9B
610 PRINT “LET'S PLAY AGAIN.”
620 PRINT y,
630 GeTe 350 ow spud
END
loecs to HELP You FwD Deedee
36900 NEW MATH RULE-INDIVIDUAL. ..... . . $ 36 only.
each side —- 1/10", 1/16", metric and number line. Accurate, easy-to-read Pocket Set (4) . . . . . $2.40
calibrations, Dozenblack. . . . . . 86,00
@ £ 2 PUBLICATIONS
TM.
MUGWUMP
PRINT “FIND KIM BY GUESSING H1S GRIDPOINT. H@MEBASE IS™
IND A GUESS
Ss
PRINT “GRIDP@INT 0.0 A IS A PAIR GF WKELE” Y
PRINT “HOMEBASE. FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU THINK THE MUGWUMP”
PRINT “GUESS AND PRESS THE ‘RETURN® KEYe”
PRINT “YOU GET" JNI"GUESSESe AFTER EACH GUESS» I WILL”
LET AsINTCGeRNDCO)? ~
PRINT
FOR Tal TON
PRINT “WHAT IS YOUR GUESS")
ae ; @ Larger grid... Smadl 79 :
LF Change grid ste Ga Lin 140
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Buy then Fron
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9 CREATIVE
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_ P.O. BOX 10328 yourself ve
PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA 94303
Business Office — (415) 968-3977
Product Development and Teaching Center — (415) 968-1101
‘TRANSPARENT GRIDS (INCH & CM)
Flexible, transparent acetate grids for many
different purposes, Measure area by placing
grid over plane figure. Put blocks on top of
grid. Demonstrate fractions, decimals, area
| relationships on the overhead projector, Make
charts, graphs, etc.—then wipe them clean!
Two kinds of grids available—10" x 10" VIS-A-VIS PENS
ruled in inches or 25 cm x 25 cm ruled in Visual aid pens for overhead pro-
centimeters, jector transparencies which write
CIRCLE MASTER COMPASS
34100 = Circle Master Compass—Individual
smoothly and evenly on all acetates.
36500 Transparent Cm Grids — Bright, transparent colors do not change
(Pkg. of 10)....... $3.25 during use. Easy to ell tem
37000 ids — acetates; washable from hands an
F ieee altho $3.25 clothing; non-toxic and adorless.
Available in Pocket Set (one each of
the four colors — black, red, blue and
green) or in boxes of a dozen in black
Durable four-in-one ruler made of plastic. Has four scales — two on 38450 VIS-A-VIS PENS
-., Sat. Jan. 8, 1972
Free-Forms
2 At ‘One’
‘ Warehouse
By Thomas Albright
Except for its hot mustard
exterior paint job, the im-
Mmeose, six-level building at
the corner of Tenth and How-
ard etreets looks Uke any of
the older warehouses and
Night industrial plants that
form most of the surrounding
neighborhood.
Once inside, however—via a
door marked simply, “One”
— you plunge Into an utterly
mind-boggling complex of
winding corridors and {ree-
form rooms, and of free-form
studio space in a charateris-
South of Market garage-
fully equipped television and
radio studios; film, photo,
; and a staggering varicty
af other, continually evolving
and overlapping activities,
ACTIVITIES
‘These activilies are the
work of some 200 people and
0 organizations who are in-
volved in “One” on areguiar
basis, and who range from
students and recent universi-
ty graduates and drop-outs,
to PhDs, electronics special-
ists and other highly trained
professionale whohave
pulled out of tho normal
Stream of economic life to
Join in a cooperative sharing
of talent, experience and
physical resources. They
bring with them not only
knowledge and skill, bat of-
ten costly and highly special-
fred technological hardware
as wel
A year and a half old,
"One" js the senlor member
of a loose network of similar
warehouse ‘“'projects" that
has already grown to include
@ Jarger “Artaud,” at 17th
and Alabama streets, and
several smaller complexes.
In the works are others in
= Franelsco and the East
ay.
The idea for One" origi-
nated with Ralph Scott, an
architect and engineer by
training who was thea shar-
ing space with a dozen other
people in smaller warehouse
quarters. :
At its most practical lavel,
Scott explained, the plan
grew out of the fact that
there were “‘a lot of people
who needed to find an aller
native way to deal with eco
nomic problems, such as low
income, or unwillingness to
sacrifice their integrity for a
reasonable salary. There are
great numbers of poeple to-
day who have talent, éxperi-
ence and a command of
money, but refuse to pay the
price. There are others —
people with master’s ceprces
and PhDs — who simply
can't find jobs.”
ISOLATION
"A second factor Is isola-
tion, which makes poeple liv-
ing in a city relntively incf-
fective. People live ina high-
ly compartmentalized world,
with no flow or continuity be-
tween one activity and ancth-
er. Many creative people are
victimized by the negative
aspects of living In an urban
environment and are unable
to take advantage of its posi-
tive elements, such as stimu-
lation and sharing Ideas.
Soine can't pay to keep a
phone Installed to call across
the city and find out whata
friend fs doing.”
Finally, Scott pointed out,
“there 15 an aura of ciilism,
and even mysticism, that
surrounds the world of tech-
no!ozy, and many of the arts,
berause so many people lack
access to equipment, training
and other resources."
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DIAGRAM B+ H-ScALE
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
USED IN THIS ARTICLE —
C-scale: The Chromatic scale (Diagram A). Twelve
tones with proportionately increasing frequencies,
repeating every octave.
H-scale:
tone of a chromatic scale is very close to the frequency
of an important overtone (the 3 overtone). The H-scale
is just the C-scale redrawn to display this relationship
more clearly.
The Harmonic scale (Diagram B). The eighth
the defining tone of a scale
Perfect
Perfect opposite
Major
Minor
AY \ & WR Ag ‘7
ot ES Bar cS Bar 3a
i) <7 :
PBUH ey C3) OI)
All arithmetic in C-scale music is performed
“mod 12" — here’s a useful mod 12 reducer
DEF FNM(X)=X—INT(X/12)*12
Here’s our question for. today:
Given the C-seale as the UNI VERSE, how os ‘
SUBSETS (patterns with fewer than 12 tones)
with predictable properties to be selected?
Here isa simple model to help us.
Disa 4: c -
103 RANDEM
Ist location (DO) = 1 (always) 110 DCLsI\D¢8)s1
2nd location = 2(MJ)or ive 120 FOR Is2 TO 7
3rd location = 4(MI) or 5 130 Rs INTC2#RNDCO) >
4th dnd 5th locations =° 6(P) or 7(PO) and 7(PO) or 140 IF I>4 THEN 170
5 8(P) [2 out of 3] 150 DCI) sRe2eC 1-1)
6th location = 9(MI) or 10(MA) 160 GO Te 210
i -= 11(MI) or 12(MA)
7th location = r 170 IF DC€4)#6 THEN 200
180 DC¢5)e8
190 IF I=S THEN 210
200 DCI) =R+24 (1-1-5)
210 NEXT I
220 PRINT
230 FOR I=1 TO 8
240 PRINT DCIDs
Diagram C shows the scale locations and which tones
= can occupy each location. The diagram also shows
how the properties of each of the tones would affect
the melodic tendencies of the scale. Major tones tend 250 NEXT I
to progress upward, minor tones downward. <—————>- ' 260 PRINT
300 END e
. DIAGeAN C! T-TONE SCALES
_. Why do we need a definer?
The definer (from Ta Chuan/The Great Treatise on () R D() FORMULA CONDITIONS
the I Ching, or Book of Changes)
(1), (8) not computed 1 1 always |
In the Book of Changes a distinction is made among s (2) lor0 2or3 R+2*%(1—1) none i
three kinds of change: nonchange, cyclic change, and (3) lor0 Aous R+2%I1—1) ae
- sequent (non-cyclic) change. Nonchange is the back- (4) lor0 6or7 R+29(I—1) ae
Cnet Git Ga ere, aesiist which change is made (3) lor 0 7or8 R+2%I-15) D(S)=8 if D(4)=7
possible. For in regard to any change there must be , 0 9 or 10 R+2*(I 15
F "some fixed point to which the change can be referred; 7 (6) lor bad * n( — 1.5) HORE
otherwise there can be no definite order and every- RUN (7) lorO . llor 12 R + 2*(I — 1.5) none
thing is dissolved in chaotic movement. This point of
; reference must be established, and this always requires
~ a choice and a decision. It makes possible a system of 2.8 8 fae ae a
; coordinates into which everything else can be fitted.
Consequently at the beginning of the world, as at the READY
beginning of thought, there is the decision, the fixing .
of the point of reference. Theoretically any point of RUN
reference is possible, but experience teaches that al ;
the dawn of consciousness one stands already enclosed !3 5 67 9 41 1
within definite, prepotent systems of relationships. ‘
The problem then is to choose one’s point of reference
so that it coincides with point of reference for cosmic
events. For only then can the world created by one’s
decision escape being dashed to pieces against pre-
potent systems of relationships with which it would
otherwise come into conflict. Obviously the premise 256 7 10 1 1
Now that you've seen this program, a little
question on which we shall build in later
for such a decision is the belief that in the last analysis READ articles:
3 the world is a system of homogeneous relationships - Y
that it is a cosmos, not a chaos. This belief is the We said that there are 48 different scales
foundation of Chinese philosophy, as of all philosophy. RUN possible by this method. This statement
Bie es frame of reference for all that changes , neglects the phenomenon of inversion. A
is the nonchanging. ‘ 3.°«4 : :
pista —— aS ae 4 scale ig an inversion of another scale if
: y READY : 1) it uses the same tones, but assigns a -
\ y pigs different number the role of DO. E.g.,
1-3-4-6-8-10-11-1 isan inversion
of 11-1-3-4-6-8-10-11, the brack-
eting tones being DO in both scales.
READY , 2) _ the pattern of intervals is the same,
a but beginning with a different interval.
. We'll explain this further in a later article;
try to work it out for yourself i -
iets bm 4a 4 an or yourself in the mean
READY How many of the 48 scales are inversions of
baa one another? Conversely, how many really
unique patterns are possible with these rules?
One further question, likewise with future
significance: How many of the scales generated
by this method are symmetrical? For example,
1-2-5-6-8-9-]2-1 is symmetrical (look
at Diagram C). Is this of any importance?
12 5 6 7 10 11 3
fage 7 &
mks, 8s ey Mek, tes
Last issue we dealt with some general bid re-
quirements that can be used in any computer
bid situation (see box this page). This issue
will deal with specifics for hardware and soft-
ware. You should be aware from the start
that your software requirements may be every
bit as important as your hardware needs and
specs should be written accordingly. Secondly,
the more specific you are, the more information
will be provided to you by bidders, (i.e., if
you list all your requirements, it is incumbent
upon the bidder to list any exceptions to.those
requirements). If you don’t list your needs,
he may not tell you all about his system and
you will have to search out this information on
your own.
Both hardware and software sections can and
should be written with a required section and
a preference will be shown if you can provide
this section. This gives you wiggle room in
your selection and lets your bidders know
exactly what your minimum needs are and
what you really want. Chances are, no one
will be able to give you everything you want
(at least not at a reasonable price!).
ees - ; : :
Here are some more general bid specs
that have been brought to our attention
since the last installment of this article.
Use them in good health.
* The bidder must have gross sales in
excess of $50 million and evidence
of a profitable computer operation.
[Wonder who suggested that one?]
This line will certainly knock out
Fly-By-Nite Manufacturing but will
also knock out other small, legit-
imate bidders as well.
* Bidder must have 10 (20, 30 ??) or
more similar installations in simi-
lar institutions and must provide
their names and addresses.
Bidder must have an active educa-
tional users group.
* Bidder must provide a library of
programs suitable for use in sec-
ondary schools (in BASIC).
* Computer system must have a
second instructive language
(e.g., FOCAL — who claims this
one?),
*
HARDWARE
You can take three different approaches in
writing specs for hardware. You can be
SUPER-SPECIFIC. For instance, you could
specify an 8K, DEC Edusystem 20 with 4
terminals (ASR 33). Unless you added “or
the equivalent,” this kind of spec would get
you one single bidder, DEC. If you add “or
the equivalent” it would be like opening
Pandora's box. Everyone would bid claiming
they were “equivalent” or better than an
Edusystem 20 and you might have a real
hassle proving otherwise. Unless your mind
is completely closed, we don’t recommend
this approach. :
Another approach is to spec your hardware
completely around your software specs —
“the hardware provided will be capable of
operating the software described elsewhere
in this document.” This seems like an awfully
gutsy thing to do and requires that your soft-
ware specs be exhaustive and exacting. This
approach probably makes the most sense but
I’m not convinced it’s practical unless you
really have some sharp spec writers around
your shop. pte 4
ritine Bia §
ne
hie
Always seeking a compromise, the obvious way
to spec your system is to list those minimum
hardware requirements that you think you
might have plus your preferences, require that
the hardware be capable of operating all the
software specs and write yourself a neat set of
software specs. -
Now for the specific hardware items —
Central or Basic Computer System 4
Don’t spec a Central Processor (CPU) per se,
rather spec a total system. Require that it be
new equipment (unless you want a used one)
and define that it be of latest generation design
(today that’s third generation or is it fourth or
3%[?]). If you’re gutsy don’t identify your
core storage requirements in terms of x number
of words or bytes. Instead, specify your needs
in x amount of USER SPACE or user space per
terminal, while operating in time shared BASIC.
(We felt S000 words was adequate if the system
could CHAIN programs.) And, if your’re
messing with FORTRAN and the like, then
define your needs in terms of user space for
each language. User space is really what you’re
concerned about isn’t it? You will find wide
variations in user space from system to system—
so beware. This tactic puts the pressure on the
vendor to spécify space in your terms, not his.
To save you dollar$ later, you should specify
that the delivered system be expandable to x
amount of core without thé need to replace the
CPU or the addition of an expansion chassis
(we said 32K). It’s cheaper to get the bigger
chassis now and less aggravation later. If you
have a preference for a 12 bit word system,
say so. If you want a 16 bitter spec it that way.
You may as well.get what you want!,
More Storage
In this day and age you have an unbelievable
choice if you want more storage capability on
your system. For the complete system you
can choose fixed-head disks, cartridge disks,
magnetic tape, DECtape, cassette tape, and a
plethora of floppy disks and other assorted
paraphenalia, or any combination thereof. You
should examine your needs as you see them and
then make your decision. We’re not convinced
that a fixed head disk is needed for any reason
other than speed and to run up the price. If
speed is not your concern, save yourself some
PEGS:
Pant
If you're considering a DEC Edusystem, some
combination of DECTAPE and cartridge disk is
probably the most flexible, least cost way to go.
~ Remember, DECTAPE is more like arandom
access device than it is like magnetic tape, or
‘so they say. s
Whatever you do, be sure to specify that the
storage you want be available to all users in
time shared BASIC. That seems obvious but
- you should know, that hardware people some-
times sell you things that don’t work the way
you expect them to.
We're a little gun-shy about floppy disks and
_ cassette units as of now. We haven't seen major
vendors providing software to drive these units.
Is that clear? Just because it’s attached to your
hardware does NOT mean it will work. There
must be some linking software to make the “it”
available to the user in BASIC. The software is
not always available, so buyer beware... .
However, if you have some good software people
around, these two items may bea good low-
cost way to adding storage to your little system.
1/O Capability
If you’re specing a Teletype-only system, there.
is little to worry about. For each TTY you need
a TTY interface or for all of them get one multi-
plexor into which they plug. Multiplexors usually
handle 8 to 16 TTY and work out to be cheaper
than buying individual interfaces. If you are
going to communicate via phone lines with
modems (see PCC Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 12), beware.
Some TTY interfaces WILL run either direct
TTY or modems — some WON'T. Specify your
needs. No matter how many TTY’s you want
now, you'll want more soon. Be sure to require
. that your system I/O isexpandable. _- -
AND tHaTS
* ONLY"
SAF is
With changing technology you-should be able
to get multi-speed interfaces and multiplexors
So you will be prepared to run those sweet new
CRT’s at rates of 30 CPS or faster. Your
standard TTY interface will not run at 30 CPS.
Specify variable speed interfaces or multiplexors
money and don’t require a fixed head disk. That
doesn’t mean you won’t get one. Some systems
only work with such a disk for reasons that have
never been adequately explained. (Warning: If
you will be doing CAI on your system you will
need a fixed head disk. CAI consumes an
enormous amount of disk space and it slows the
system down considerably. If you plan to do
anything in addition to CAI on that system, be
prepared — you'll need plenty of extra disk
space to handle it.)
to meet this need.
If you want card readers, printers, and all those
other high speed peripherals be very cautious.
These items don’t just plug into the multiplexor—
EACH needs a controller (like an interface). Do
you want these peripherals available for time
share users? You had better say so! Some BASIC
systems will run these peripherals in time share,
~ other will not. The HP 20008, the low cost
model, will not drive high-speed peripherals in
time share . . . the 2000F will. (Another of life’s
“unexplained mysteries.) Some DEC systems
will drive these peripherals IF you buy more
core.
“T’d like a computer
that’s about this high
and this wide...”
Another frustrating item is the high-speed paper
tape reader you must buy on larger systems for
$3500 or so. It is only used to ENTER system
software. No user can use it to enter BASIC
programs (don’t ask me why!).
Cost savers — Mark sense card readers — we have
friends who swear by them and other who swear
at them. Check mark sense readers out carefully
before you decide. You may find a punch card
reader will better meet your needs and save you
money. Line printers are expensive as hell. A
good Saving can be made if you buy the 80
column printer instead of the full blown 132
column model. Do you really need all that
printing?
Here are some cost savers — Most large systems
are sold with magnetic tape to be used to load
the “‘system”’ in case of a malfunction. This
tape unit ($10,000 worth) has no other use
since time sharing users cannot use it. You
can eliminate this costly extra by using a
cartridge disk as your time share storage unit.
In case of malfunction you use this same device
to reload the system.
MOLE MEMOS ONYECOING TO BID2s\r
Miscellaneous
Somewhere in your bid spec you should require
that all interconnecting cables and hardware be
included. Cables can run $35 to $50 each. It’s
_nice to have them included in the price. (I
realize these things sound obvious but unfortu-
nately we know of schools that have been
$-screwed by these little things.)
Most bids we’ve seen have specified that the
system will operate without special environ-
mental requirements such as air conditioning.
You might even specify the low-high tempera-
tures you require. That’s what’s neat about a
mini... no air conditioning, no special raised
floors and all those other expensive things.
Powerfail/restart capability is a hardware and
software item. This goody costs about $500.
In case of power failure or fluctuation, it
guarantees you won’t lose everthing that’s
going on and then restarts your system
automatically. Asa hardware item, it’s
pretty straightforward. Be sure to mention
the requirement that there be software to
make it operate when you’re running BASIC.
Again, it sounds obvious, but we did use a
system recently that had powerfail hardware
but when the plug was kicked out, we lost
everything???!
Want your computer ina cabinet? Better say
so, you may not get it that way.
Maintenance — the stickywicket of this business.
It costs dearly but buy a yearly maintenance
contract on your system and high speed peripherals.
It’s worth it. We don’t recommend maintenance
contracts on TTY’s. Service them with on-call
service. Be confident that you will get 12 to
24 hour service from the computer manufac-
turer — service by employees of the firm. I’d
be very leery if maintenance is only available
from a ‘local mechanic with whom we
-contract.”’ Those of you in the boonies will
encounter this problem. Beware.
Haat ah Ll
We’ve said... don’t buy TTY’s from the
computer supplier. It'll cost you a fortune.
The computer supplier may require that
you buy a consol TTY from them (usually
an ASR 35 for $3500 or so). Your stuck
buying it from them but don’t accept the
ASR 35 — tell them you want an ASR 33.
It will do the same job at half the price.
When you specify TTY’s from another
source be sure to include the requirement
that the TTY be modified for your system.
TTY’s connected to DEC, Data General
and other computers, require a modifi-
cation kit installed in the TTY to make it
run compatibly with the computer (cost
is about $100 each). Remote TTY’s (via
phone lines) don’t require these modifi-
cations.
iki ih a
easing — Nobody buys computers these days,
they lease them. Someone out there should
write us an article about leasing — pros, cons,
prices etc. We do know that interest rates
vary from firm to firm as do all other fine
print items. Let Truth-In-Lending work for
you — REQUIRE the vendor to specify the
interest rate used in calculating your lease.
SOFTWARE y
We’re only going to worry about BASIC here.
If you need other language specs, you'll have
to find another reference. Let me repeat the
comment that this section of your specs may
be more important than your hardware require-
ments.
BASIC was developed at Dartmouth College
and there is considerable literature to explain
what is called Dartmouth BASIC. Trouble is,
the authors of the language have come out with
several revisions and improvements to the
language which have blurred the original definition.
We’re going to reinstate what we think is the
original Dartmouth BASIC.
WA sy sez aXS
SS ee RN SS
Dartmouth BASIC includes the following
statements: LET, PRINT, READ, DATA,
GOTO, IF-THEN, FOR, NEXT, GOSUB,
RETURN, INPUT, REMARK, END, DEF,
DIM, STOP, RESTORE, RND, SGN, SIN,
COS, TAN, ATN, SQR, LOG, EXP, INT,
You may not need the MATRIX commands.
All the rest represent the absolute minimum
BASIC language requirements. You might
place the MATRIX commands in a “‘desirable”
software category. (MATRIX commands take
up an awfully large amount of user space on
core-based minis. Be sure to require the ability
to delete the MATRIX commands at your will
to gain user space when MAT isn’t used. Then
you only have to load the MAT commands when
you need them.)
To tnis standard BASIC you should add the
requirement of a TAB command which will
help formatting output and the MULTI-BRANCH
GOTO (ON x GOTO 100, 200, 300) which you
will find invaluable.
If you’re really getting into it, youll want
STRING VARIABLE capability on your system.
String variable commands allow you to manipu-
late alphabetic data. Some systems will only
allow strings of lengths from 6 to 18 characters,
depending on the system. This is almost like no
strings at all. HP allows strings of 72 characters
(one full TTY line) on the 2000 series. DEC’s
BASIC PLUS language will handle strings as
large as 255 characters. In addition to having
strings you should specify the ability to use
relational operators (< =, >) with strings so you
can do such things as compare strings and
arrange them in alphabetic order. To round out
your string variable capability you should re-
quire the ability to concatenate strings and
separate strings using substring commands.
In the category of “preferred and awfully nice”
(but not necessary) we place the ability to
store strings in arrays or string array capability.
This feature is now available one some of the
newer, super BASIC systems that are coming
out.
Next in order of preference, we see the need
to CHAIN programs, that is to link two or
more programs together for continuous operation.
With CHAIN you must have a COMMON state-
ment which allows carrying a variable forward
from one program to another. Some systems
offer CHAIN but not COMMON, caveat emptor.
The following BASIC features are not in any
meaningful order but we suggest you evaluate
each on its’ merits and use them in your specs
as you see fit,...asrequired,... preferred, ...
not necessary.
PRINT USING or picture formatting asa
BASIC command. This gives you the ability
to control output format with more precision
and without some fancy programming shenan-
igans. Especially useful for business applications.
Multiple statements per line — DEC has a neat
user space saving feature that permits-you to
put multiple statements on one line.
10 FOR X=1 TO 1ON\PRINT XNNEXT X
If you’re looking at a core based mini this is
almost a necessity.
Immediate or calculator mode — allows you to
execute unnumbered statements without writing
a complete program and without having to
scratch the existing program. The statement
may be any legit BASIC statement, even including
a looping one.
ENTER permits limiting the time a user has to
input a value. Absolutely essential for CAI and
nice to have for simulations and games.
File capability — the ability to store data in
sequential and random access files. You should
specify how many files can be accessed at one
time (4 to 10), how much data each file should
be able to handle. These figures will vary wildly
from system to system.
Logical operators — AND, OR, NOT operators
available to use on all data.
Peripheral drivers — if you are buying card readers
etc., we repeat again, specify (REQUIRE) that the
BASIC software include the ability to effectively
use these items by terminal users.
There must be other BASIC features but we’re
out of gas! If you’re seeking a large disk time
sharing system than you must require a full
compliment of system accounting features
including x number of assignable user numbers,
file protection for each user, and the ability to
keep track of time and space for each user. You
should also require that the system have a Public
Library capability which allows all users to access
the programs in this library, AND require that
the vendor provide you with at least 200 programs
for this library each of which be suited for
educational use at your level. HP (maybe DEC too’
has a nice feature called a GROUP library. Users
with similar user numbers have access to this
library in addition to the Public Library. This
feature is appropriate in a consortium installation
where each school may like its own library in
addition to the Public one.
We hate to say this, but these are the recommended,
requirements for one language. If you are con-
cerned with other languages you should take some
time to specify your needs for that or those langu-
ages as well.
Is it hardware or software? Someplace you should
require a reasonable response time when the system
is in full use. What’s reasonable??? How about 5
seconds after pressing RETURN when all 16 (or 32°
users arg doing normal problem-solving activities.
At the present time there is a Standards
Committee meeting to establish stand-
ards for the BASIC language and all its
improvements. This article has com-
pletely disregarded the existence of these
standards. When they become available,
we will print them so you can require
the established standards on your
%,
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wad 12822 Wt te. On COC 6Ivo_ ont? TFOPKSF
—oaN vhe yaad bre _freave n~ Ya edi?) Conye. wi H_. ne
Showed the paper around a fot and found that the computer people were very
Interested (re. the Computing Services subscription) and nan-comauter people
were a bit bedazzied . . . if you could do something in the way of a simple analogue y I 2H KAS let Ae. welretng? wt Ben. ee BO
to help explain how @ computer sort of goes about its business | think it might —- DO eee "ea? P6oo Say 5 Cn ke
help. a al ; Z ee ass a op
t hesitate getting too deep into that: a> ered Sxe_ tort) a 7K. FE sehen” we aps
(1) Decause the computers themselves can provide an experience worth much ae es ee Pop,- ? nk Z ‘IL a0 Pcp er,
more than a newspaper article. Z ; : - ; Set Co a Da x
(2) for fear of the “Radical Software Effect... | like software but couldn't a ae se A) ane A a Se aig ae
do much with until | had a few personal exchanges with a porta-pak under 4 iA ne : g - i: oF a ee
rae ag afte 100, slows gi Ce me Aes, etd OE fF
U of A has a whole mess of computers: IBM 360/6F /40,1800, POP8{18), POP8E(2), "Lior 2 Le ae ) es é
HP 2116, HP 2114, D&C NOVA (3), HON DDP SIV SONDGEEISNIGAERG: "Lies Sis i ote, Le uhane a. sacl... oe SS,
EAI §90, CDC 240, COC L6P 30, CDC 3150, NIC . , . $200, eae a ee cia ha Se 2 pte - ; 3
UNI 8300 (2), BUR L2301, but the only one I've ever spoken to is the IBM 360/67... th Letn/ Pm Paso SA. At na poteeaK
1 don’t even know what the rest look like or what kind of magic they perform, OA OE. esp eeaiuats ee: ly oe vail 4 sie
No, I don’t have a computer ...do you haye 8 4K you can spare... what do you think —
a
ea mg = -
of DEC's POP-16 modules . . . I'm reading the book. ALS oO. haze ee. GUA rer ae ee ec ae.
\'m kind of new to computers really and haven’t got enough vocabulary to ssy much more er ee LALLA kek ff ‘o A 22.7 en een agrees
more than a few stupid sentences but...) found # magazine called: SOFTWARE - sek 7 ‘ ZL woe a z
Practice & Experience, Periodicals Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane, we ae SPraae lie, Act, ey Aare. ow 4, OP Lao) Ge eee AS are IK
Chichester, Sussex, ENGLAND, $23.40 USA, $22.50 CANADA/year (quarterly), that ath, et . Con oh —s
has a regular article in the back called Computer Recreations: for example, —- per ers settee + Oye (lan : - Cue. CONE to
~ “Darwin” a game between computer programs as programs « MOWERT ete ese em Move. 7_ Hesiacnffites ee.
—"Napolean™ The Military Game J ha wv, / Z (ape the
— "MOD" or f ede ot Pes aie ALO. Sooty. wu a +
—"“CALCOMP” = can’t read this stuff o
Seymour Papert was in Edmonton a few weeks back for some seminars, etc. and
mentioned: :
1) Alan Kay's involvement in somo kind of computing thing (centre?) for public oO. i Go ‘
w ane hale Alto or wherever it is that Xerox has its mutant farm Seionlific Analysis Conforalion
(2) Xerox’s own “computers and kids” program
(3) Ed Schlossberg (of the Brooklyn Children’s Museum) and a traveling circus
that Involved computers, inflatables and a lot of travelling 964
{4} Ors. Papert & Minsky’s own “computers & kids" thing @ MIT and General 3
Turtle
Pa a
Oo you people know anything about these things or could you find out about & .
them and write it up in PCC?
zs
x
Pla ts near.
At COLL CPPORTURUTY Lar OTTER: :
‘ Lure leven. Ae Sane shape AS meek om oa Fama aL
MINNEAPOLIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS 2 pitts ines a : es
— Wee ra see ; RARE HELE PT al Fhiscg oe oe
Minneapolis, Minneso un” A rnennte Fe cco le ¢ Bee -
Jin Moen, a menber of the Corouter Club, did this cartoon, T thought it fh) sr 7 The pictnny wee tb
was @ clever ofece of work and hove that you night publish it ina coming ALS ane
issue of your paver, 7 ay ae ‘4 44 p ote io
Jin Moen gives tis consent for Publication, If it is published he would Tre
like some extra ccpies of the issue.
4 fam weet" Z
Emmmeny 5 p coennek heteg meas
Yours truly, Ibe he's 5 in STRATA cng Sued:
Edvin Andersen F ) é
Chairman, Mathematics Departaent ~ tet nal vraper
mal veviate, Stats, b Oeste] onan LLL ate,
et Sa NURS Co ilalectines 9i a taataget
oom eh re O deter. phre :
f Stott hk —
peor 3 3 = (p, tz )
ick. ‘< C5 Jompling tana
tte bre prola Yo hae Shean tha,
pretc te bere (A then, Maghe they Until
wrk wth Lu levy peneke ter.
: rx
ep om Peeking 1s. les Morgan
A NOM. PROFIT ORGANIZATION - 4309 CALIFORNIA STRECT, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA one? TELEPHONE
CABLE, BPRA BAN FRANCIECO
I would like to know how to vet the rest of this school
year's issues, (Hy son and I like your magazine very much),
Pr. Opasiack-
James UcCorzack
(418) 732-7180
' Sincerely,
“PS. Ky son, the main computer user 2t our house, sayss
I don't have a comzuter, but have access to one (an HF
20002)
I don't have a misic conposor, but don't really want one
HP-20002 The cheapest tape winder is a peir of hands
BASIC (Bo Acaaterms Srenen lereusscont Conruress) ZT have about five sinulstion/gane programs I -1ve written
TERMINAL (and nore thet are either inaccuarste or not working)
$s I would like to see simulition/gene programs that are e
little no ons
oeey 2000* wherever toys aro sold ; @ more conslex
A GIFT FROM THE GOUTHIEST ANTI-MANACEMENT FORCES (SAMF) Twill definitely do a Pare in the future
.
PILOT °73
RUN
-
*MORE Tr HERE WEGSGO!
Tt HEY» HEY» WHAT'S YOU SAY??
ArSCAT
Tr wHOs, WHO ARE YCUUU?
ArtSNAME
Tt HOW, HOW DO YOUU FEEL L L ?
AIrSFEEL
TrDO YOU LIKE GRAPEFRUIT IN THE MORNING??
As s
Mz YES.» YEAH. OKsSURE »LOVE
YSSNAME, DGES A GKAPEFKUIT FEEL £FEEL IN THE MORNING?
NzI SAYs SAY SCAT TO YoU! >
Ji*MORE
HERE WEGOOB@!
HEY»
HEY» HHO TT Sate SAY??
?DINGBATS ARE FUNNY
WHO.
2ME,
HOWs
WH@ AKE YOUUU?
HEE,» HEE
HOW D@ YGUU FEEL LL ?
?RUN OVEK BY WATERMEL@NS
D@ YOU LIKE GRAPEFRUIT IN THE MO@RNING??
PILOVEIT “
ME, HEE»HEEs D@ES A GRAPEFRUIT FEEL KUN OVER BY
WATER:
MELO@NS IN THE M@RNING?
HERE WEGG@OSt?
HEY» HEY» KHAT'S YOU SAY2?
78 P
BYE -
EDIT@K IN
EH?10
220
2KUN
HERE tEG@O08!
WHO, WH@ ARE Y@UUU?
?HENRY
HCW, HOW DO YCUU FEEL L L ?
7TRUNNYNOSED ae
D@ YOU LIKE GRAPEFRUIT IN THE MORNING?7
2NEVER
1 SAY, SAY CAT TC YOU!
HERE tEGeoo!
WHO»
7e
BYE
EP aE
WHO ARE YCUUU?
FOR THE REVOLUTIONARY
— Put some PILOT Poetry up! Find the English Department!
— Try Spanish, French, Latin (?) in PILOT!
T: HOLA
— Invent some word games!! (Courtesy Abe Waksman, SRI)
R: WORD GAME IN & OUT
T: TROUBLE IS OUT, BUBBLE IS IN
T: DUCK IS OUT, GOOSE IS IN
T: FOOT IS IN, SHOE IS OUT
T: GUESS THE RULE-GIVE ME A WORD
*MOREA:$WORD
M: AA,BB,CC,DD,EE,FF,GG,HH,II,JJ,KK,LL,MM
JY: *NEXT
M:NN,OO,PP,QQ,RR,SS,TT,UU, VV,WW,XX,YY,ZZ
N:$WORD IS OUT
JN:*MORE
*NEXT t:$SWORD IS IN
J:*MORE
10 THI! THIS IS THE GAME @F ROOMS~
20 TrIT*S LIKE “HIDE AND SEEK*--Y@U PICK ONE OF THE ROOMS
30 Ts@F YOUR H8USEs LIKE THE KITCHEN OR
40 TsYGUR BEDKYOM
50 Tel'LL ASK YOU “YES" OR "NB* QUESTIONS
60 TeAND TRY T@ GUESS YOUR HIDING PLACE
t
60 TsPICK A RGGM AND TELL ME WHEN YOU'RE READY
90 *AGAIN Ts
100 At
10 TtOKeee
120 T
130 Ts
140 TrIS FEGD USUALLY FOUND IN YOUR ROOM
150 *ASKI At
160 MIYES ge
170 JY:*FeoD
160 MrNG
190 JYteN@FoeD
200 TrI*H SOGRY-.
210 TrI'Hh SORRY¥e*e+PLEASE TYPE ‘YES*® BR ‘*NO°
220) Jt*ASK! .
230 FOOD TsG6GD-e-1S IT USUALLY USED TS EAT IN
240 *ASK2 At
250 MrYES ae
260 JYt*KITCHEN
270 MING
260 JYt*DININGROOM
290 Trl*M SORRYs++PLEASE TYPE *YES* OR ‘NG*
300 JreASKe . ’
310 KITCHEN TSARE YOU IN THE KITCHEN
320 At
330 MStYES
340) (JYseGOTIT
350) JNs*GIVEUP
360 *DININGRO@M TIARE YOU IN THE DINING ROOM
At
380 MtYES
390) JY8*GOTIT
400 JNt#*G]VEUP
410 *NOFOOD TrHMMeeeIS YOUR R@@M USUALLY USED T@ RELAX IN BY
420 TrEVERYBODY
430 *ASK3 At
440 MIYES
450 JY!*RELAX
460 MING
A7Q JY #*N@RELAX
480 TrI"M SORRY+++PLEASE TYPE "YESS GR ‘NG*
490 Jt*ASK3
SOO *RELAX TLARE YOU IN THE LIVING ROOM
S10 As
S20 MSYES
530) JY¥r:*G2TIT
$40 JNs*GIVEUP
550 *N@RELAX TsD@ES SOMEONE SLEEP IN THIS ROOM
S60 At
570 MtYES
S80 JYt#*BEDRGGM
S90 MsNe
600 JYr:*eGIVEUP
G10) INS *WASH
620 *BEDRGOM TsIS IT THE BEDROOM
630 At
640 MtYES
650 JYsGOTIT
660 JN?*GIVEUP
670 *WASH T:D®9 PE@PLE WASH UP IN YOUR RO@M
As
650 MrYES
700 JY: *BATHROOM
710 JNI*UNDER
720 #*BATHROBM T8ARE Y@U IN THE BATHROOM
7136 «At
740 MtYES
750 JYt#GOTIT
760 JNt#GIVEUP
770 =*UNDER TrARE Y@U IN THE BASEMENT
780 At
790 MtYES
800 JYr*GOTIT
B10 JN1*GARAGE
820 *GARAGE T&ARE YOU IN THE GARAGE
630 At
840 MrYES
GSO JY¥s*GOTIT
860 JNreGIVEUP
670 *GOTIT Ts
BGO TrTHAT HAS FuUNt
890 J2*AGAIN?
900 ¥*GIVEUP Trl GIVE UPe WHAT ROOM ARE YOU HIDING IN
910 As
920 TrOHeeel SEEI
930 *AGAIN? TrWANT T@ PLAY AGAIN
940 At F
950 UtYs/ YES, OKsALRIGHT» SURE
960 JN1*OUT =
970 TsPICK AN@THER ROOM AND TELL ME WHEN YOU‘RE READY
960 JIeAGAIN
990 *@UT Et
7RUN
HI! THIS IS THE GAME OF R@@MSe
IT°S LIKE "HIDE AND SEEK*-~Y@U PICK ONE OF THE ROOMS
OF YOUR HOUSE, LIKE THE KITCHEN OR
Y@UR BEDREeM
I*LL ASK YOU *YES*® GR °N@* QUESTIONS
_ AND TRY T@ GUESS YOUR HIDING PLACE
PICK A R@@M AND TELL ME WHEN YOURE READY
TREADY
OK eee
saree USUALLY FOUND IN Y@UR ROOM
H¥MeeeIS YOUR ROGM USUALLY USED T@ RELAX IN BY
EVERYBODY
?YES
ARE YOU IN THE LIVING ROOM
TYES
THAT WAS FUN!
ie
3 ‘These. PILOT 73 Saatrctions are the “core” instructions
‘selected by the makers-of the language. Many implemen-.
- tations. will have more instructions, some may have fewer.
The idea i is to keep the core set in every. Amiplementalion::- :
A note about entering programs:
-The program that makes PILOT 73 work is uniaity called: «
“the Editor.” This program varies in language and operation :
from system to system. This miniprimer isa description of -
the language only; we assume that you will learn about your
Editor from the people who set uP PILOT 73 on the: ayetara ages
you will use. “ e
TALKING COMPUTER:
To make the computer talk, you use the T: instruction (for
TYPE). When you run this program :
THHELLO ®
the computer says e he
HELL@
(T: is just like BASIC “PRINT”’)
You can use the T: to make the computer print pictures!
Tz PESOS OH OD
Ts 1. ee 8
Te e ¢€o OD) e
Ts c A 1
Ts € @s# )
Ts t 1
Ts NN>#7/
Or to tell stories, etc.
TiTHIS IS°THE STORY OF THE DOWNFALL @F THE NIEBEL
(The program is left for your completion. Use extra.pages if you wish.)
TALKING TO THE COMPUTER:
To get the computer to let you get ina word or two (or more), you
use the A: instruction (for ANSWER). When you run this program
Weert. Z
As ® ve
the computer types @
?
then waits for your response. After you have typed in something and
pressed the RETURN key, the computer will continue with the rest
of the program (if any).
Here's a short program
TetTHIS IS THE QUESTION
TsWHAT IS YOUR BIRTHSIGN .
As
TtTHAT’S NICE
When you run this program, here’s what happens:
THIS IS THE QUESTION
WHAT IS YOUR BIRTHSIGN
?
Then the computer waits for your answer... . If you then type
CAPRICORN (followed, of course, by the RETURN key)
the computer continues with
THAT®S NICE
Now, you do it: write a PILOT program using T: and A: which
“behaves” like the interviewer ona TV “talk show” (like, Cavett,
Carson, etc.). That is, it asks question after question, without paying
attention to the answers at all.
Or, if that’s not your cup of T:; try simulating Mother Goose. Here's
a typical MG, telling a story to her children
WHEN SHE HEARD THIS, THE WICKED WITCH JUMPED @N HER
BR@@MSTICK»s AND HEADED AS FAST AS SHE COULD FLY BACK -
T@ HER H@USE IN THE WOODS.
AND WHAT D@ YOU THINK SHE DID WHEN SHE G@T THERE
ATE UP THE KIDS a =".
2N@» SHE JUST CHASED THEM MG's children reply
20000, THE WICKED WITCH!
WELL» WHEN SHE GOT THERE, THE FIRST THING SHE DID WAS eee
(Well, what-was the first thing she did?)
om
ay the computer types the first part
"THE COMPUTER TALKS SOME MORE:
“WHAT IS YOUR NAME . fie
?FEARLESS FRED aR
HELLO» THERE» FEARLESS FRED a
How did the computer do Bint By using an answer- label. Here’ 's the :
program: on
TSWHAT IS. YOUR NAME © a ais AM RAD eae
_ A& SNAME <—————_—_—___——— this is an answer label re
TEHELLOs THERES SNAME
< Let's look at some more computer talk: — - “
TsWHAT®S YOUR NAME ze , .
At SNAME ater ig
TsHOW @LD ARE Y@U CIN YEARS) ae
‘AtSAGE
‘T3WHERE DO YOU LIVE.
ASSLIVE r
T:S@.: YOUR NAME IS SNAME»s AND YOU LIVE IN SLIVE AS
T:AND YOU ARE SAGE- YEARS OLD.
e ® *
io See how answer labels wore The $ means “‘the next characters are se ee
(7° answer label” When the computer sees ad
NZ ap
As SNAME - <
it labels the response with the label “SNAME.”’ Then when it sees: oe -
T:YOUR NAME IS SNAME —
ZE YOUR NAME AE Se ainda ES a ae ee es
then it looks for theA: line which ‘contains ithe label SNAME. i
it can find such a line, it will type the response which was given there. -
If it can’t find the line, or if that line hasn’t been reached yet(in the =
iy program), the computer types the label. a
WHAT*S YOUR NAME
2CLE@PATRA ies _
iS ves @LD ARE Y8U CIN YEARS) rs
72500 - a
WHERE D@ YOU LIVE =
2EGYPT ae
S@» YOUR NAME IS CLE@PATRAs AND Y@U LIVE IN EG P :
AND Y@U ARE 2500 YEARS OLD. ~ Y .
os What next? JUMPING! ;
®
®@
ae TI AM HERE
TI AM THERE
SA SHERE,
a This is a *
= dl ———
I AM HERE
& ten you RUN this, the computer says: 1 AM THERE Si
1 AM HERE 3
I AM THERE
1 AM HERE
a etc., until-you stop the computer (BREAK key on some systems). You
use a line label (like *HERE, *LABEL, *START, etc.) to tell the J:
instruction (for JUMP) where to jump.
*HERE TtI AM HERE
Js *THERE
“WHERE TtWHERE Am. I?
Js *HERE
*THERE TtI AM THERE
Js #WHERE
will produce the same result as
#BEGIN Trl AM HERE
TtI AM THERE
TSWHERE AM 1?
Jt*BEGIN
What is the result?
Here’ s a “fancy ef way: to iine (or, here come 2 subroutines):
*BEGIN. TeHERE’S lea START -
‘Us MIDDLE | ‘ >
TsTHIS IS THE END
(Je*sEND
MIDDLE TsTHIS 1s THE MIDDLE.
Et
SEND Ts GoeDBYE
Es
fp 2RUN : @
3s MERE'S THE START 3 @
S THIS IS THE MIDDLE
THIS IS THE END
GOODBYE :
Zs FE
_U: (for USE) acts just like J: (, ‘jumps toa label)
E: (for END) does two.things
( 1) Ends the whole program (like BASIC “END”’). The last E: in
-the program above does this, right giter the label *END.
pains
7,
)- Ifa U: line-has been executed, E: returns the computer to the
_ line following the U:. The first ‘'E: above, right after the,label
~“*MIDDLE, does this. When the ‘computer reaches this instruc: |
tion, it automatically jumps back to the line right after the U-
instruction. cS
ig
F M: -
THE WORLD O e@
The M: instruction (for MATCH) is used to make the computer a
little “‘smarter.’’ LOOK HERE
ate Y@U KNOW WHAT DARWIN IS FAMOUS FOR
MIEVOLUTION, SPECIES BEAGLE
TY:FQUND A-MATCH! a 2
‘TNSN@ MATCH ;
?RUN
D@ YOU KNOW WHAT DARWIN IS FAM@US FOR
~~
Now. if the responder types in one of the three M: items, a “match” -
will be found.
Ifa match is found, the value of M: is “YES” (Y).
If no-match is found, the value of M: is “NO” (N).
M: executes a character by character string comparison of the response .
given to A:, with each of the M: items, one item at atime. (In other
words, a ‘moving window” comparison. )
M:.takes everything literally. Suppose we run the above program.
gerierccar a aii? ey gS Sex
a YOU KN@W WHAT DARWIN IS Eanes FOR
@~—————_ an honest answer. .
we MATCH
M: is NO.
Se
ee YOU KNOW WHAT DARWIN IS FAMOUS FOR
SynoaToH SPESES
: (M: is NO ‘cause the responder can't spell.) -
Once more: ~
Kon YOU KNOW WHAT DARWIN IS FAM@US FOR
?THEORY OF EVOLUTION
ri A MATCH!
(M: is YES, since the A: matches one of the M: items.)
K To get the computer to “ignore” irrelevant spelling errors and/or
extra text, the M: items may consist of a few consecutive
So characters of the desired response, for example:
MSEVOL»SPEsBEAG
You may get ina little trouble with this approach. Consider:
De YOU KNOW WHAT DARWIN IS FAMOUS FOR
?THE SEXUAL REVOLUTION
If the M:- line is
MsEVOL»SPEsBEAG
then M: will find a match, because REVOLUTION contains one of
the M: items.
This should help you to figure out how M: works. That's only the
first part. Next, let’s do something with the value of M:. Look at
this program:
JY: *#END
TSSORRY» THAT’S NOT IT
#END Es
if M: is Y after execution, the instructions
TY8G@OD FOR YO@Us.7 SMARTY.
JY: END
will be performed. If no match is found, M: will be N, and all Y:
instructions will be skipped. Here’s the RUN:
= AMERICAN WAS THE
aoe AMERICAN WAS THE *FATHER @6F HIS COUNTRY®*
As
M3 GE@ » WASH
TY:G8OD FOR YOUs SMARTY- .
"FATHER @F HIS COUNTRY®
?SAM SPADE
> laa THAT’S NOT IT
s Let’s try again
K aie AMERICAN WAS THE ‘FATHER @F HIS COUNTRY’
?WASHINGTON
G@8D FOR YOUs SMARTY-+
Because M: is YES, the JY: instruction jumps to the line
labeled *END.
Se Any PILOT 73 instruction can be make “conditional” on the \ast M:
line executed by adding Y or N to the instruction.
Examples:
AY JN MN UY _EN MY
: a A few other details:
TY: can be written as just Y:
a (1) M: looks at the last A: executed.
K (2) M: lines can contain as many items as you can fit in a line.
SK
K TN: can be written as just N:
eS (4)
RA ye) Each time a new M: line is executed, the value (that is, Y or N)
of any previous M: line is erased.
Example:
TeWHERE IS THE LARGEST STOCK MARKET LOCATED,
aia YORK» MOSCOW, @R LONDON
ry
MSNEWs YORK »NY
Y:RIGHT ON
JY3*END
M3MOS
YsSORRY» THE RUSSIANS AREN’T CAPITALISTS CYET)
JY? END
MN LON
YsS@RRY» THE SUN HAS SET ON THE EMPIRE
*END Es
?RUN
SOO
DROSS
WHERE IS THE LARGEST ST@CK MARKET LOCATED»
NEW YORK» MOSCOW, OR LONDON
?MOSCOW
SORRY» THE RUSSIANS AREN'T CAPITALISTS CYET)
?RUN
WHERE 1S THE LARGEST ST@CK MARKET L@CATED>»
NEW YORK» MOSCOW» OR LONDON
?7LONDON
SORRY» THE SUN HAS SET ON THE EMPIRE 13
NUMBERS IN PILOT 73
The computer can do number things, too (in case you didn’t know).
PILOT 73 commonly handles numbers and-expressions just like BA SIC.
To.allow you to enter a number while a program is running, use -
‘ ("X" can be any of the 26 alphabet letters. Sone
As #Xx
Then, you can use the C: instruction (for COMPUTE) to ae the com-
puter to evaluate expressions.
)
e
C: works just like a BASIC “LET” statement. The expression must
contain legal BASIC arithmetic symbols, and any letter variables mst
have been assigned values previous to the C: instruction.
CsYs2*x (Y = 2X is the expression)
If you're doing a lot with numbers and algebraic expressions, iene
are some other things about PILOT 73 to learn. (Or go learn BASIC!)
We'll hold the messy details for future issues.
Wa Ce, REYAR LMI MIDE
7.
FOR COMPUTER FREAKS ONLY LAND FOOLS}
I. PRELUDE TO THE EDITOR
THESE PROGRAMS WERE MADE TO FIT THE
HP eOODE {& THEREFORE. 2000C & F}- THREE
BIG LIMITATIONS IN HP BASIC {2000 VARIETY}
ARE {1} STRINGS MAXIMUM LENGTH = 72 CHAR-
ACTERS, t2t NO CHRIX} AND NUMNLX$} FUNCTIONS
{3} YOU CAN'T RUN A DATA FILE, EVEN IF IT'S
FULL OF PERFECT BASIC STATEMENTS.
THOSE OF YOU WITH 25b WORD DISC RECORDS
MAY WISH TO CHANGE THESE PROGRAMS, AS -PILOT=-
1 AND PILOT: 2 WORK ON 4& RECORD X 128 WORD
‘FILES. {PLEASE AFTER THIS ONE WORKS FOR
YOuU.}
II. ORGANIZATION OF THE EDITOR
FILE "TEST" LOOKS LIKE THIS:
[A (240) [7 6 (240 ]$ staines $84 |
g t t
5 9
A CONTAINS LINE NUMBERS.
PILOT PROGRAM
B CONTAINS ADDRESSES IN SSTRINGS PORTION.
SSTRINGSS LOOK LIKE:
es Typ Torr]
SIX STRINGS IN EACH RECORD
MAXIMUM LENGTH=41 CHARACTERS
~?
ZERO=END OF
A "B" ADDRESS=ADDRESS OF STRING.
FIRST STRING=1
47TH STRING=4?
LONG STRINGS {)41 CH} ARE BROKEN UP INTO
TWO STRINGS & SAVED SEPARATELY. THE LINE
NUMBER IS REPEATED -
LONG NO
oe) ae
, (i "—
A © 20 30 30 40 50 60 O
Bt 24 ® S§ 7 6 8
LINE NUMBER 10 IS IN ADDRESS 1.
LINE NUMBER 30 IS IN 4, OND HALF IN 19
14
systems will allow you to use more than one letter. d
( OE YArtan vant onantany
N1= 2? ¥ 37
Pris A: eTabex
i. Yi: _M: - $LABEL
N: J:
Rs: E
PCC PILOT DOES NOT HAVE:
. . flabel
To insert remarks in your-program, use
_R: (for REMARK) _
- R: lines don't print or do anything eise. They are for ths
programmer ’s comments. petiole -
®
Rt THIS IS REMARKABLE! e
To continue a line, (especially M: and T:) just begin the next
line-with a colon. Example -
T:THIS IS THE FIRST PARTs AND
sTHIS IS THE CONTINUATION @&
UMAR WEEN
ae ME OBR WH aN
THE EDITOR KEEPS TRACK OF ALL THIS AS You
ENTER & EDIT YOUR PILOT PROGRAMS. You
CAN'T FOUL THINGS UP AS EACH COMMAND OR
LINE IS PERFORMED, THE DISK FILE IS up-
DATED.
SCR DOES THIS:
A ©ooo°o.
Bi234 G/ RECORD
~TIIT- PRELUDE TO THE INTERPRETER
+ PILOT IS STRAIGHTFORWARD FO. INTERPRET.
‘THIS HAS BEEN PATCHED OVER’ A-LOT, BUT IF ~
“YOU CAN DO CLEANER CODE. GROOVY. DUE TO
SPACE LIMITATIONS, THE REMS HAVE BEEN
ELIMINATED - MAKE YOUR OUN.
A &® B ARE SAME AS IN THE EDITOR- BE
SURE OF AT LEAST 241 ELEMENTS. {THE
EXTRA IS FOR OCCASIONAL LOOP OVERLOAD}
M & L ARE SYMBOL TABLES. M HOLDS
STRING ADDRESS OF A ¥LABEL - L HOLDS STRING
HASHCODED LABEL NAME.
S STORES SVARIABLES {fHASHCODED}.
OF S=STRING ADDRESS IN FILE 'E'
BO CHARACTER STRINGS/RECORD.
INDEX
E HAS 4,
IV. HASHCODING IMAKING STRINGS BECOME A
NUMBER}
HERE'S A NEAT METHOD {COURTESY PETE
ROWE} CALLED - LOGARITHMIC GODELIZATION.’
{1} TAKE EACH POSITION OF THE STRING {LABEL}
AND ASSIGN IT A PRIME NUMBER.
COVED a Es Ee SEED
23ga4 5s
{2} ASSIGN A NUMERIC VALUE EACH LEGAL
CHARACTER, LIKE:
: $A BCD ise ZO ns 9
2 3 Y¥ S@ aw 29 33
{3} THEN CONSTRUCT A LABEL LIKE "ABA" THE
NUMERIC VALUE OF THIS WOULD BE
Be VALUE OF LETTER
THIS IS CALLED "GODELIZATION-" SINCE
NL GROWS A BIT RAPIDLY, WE USE LOGS:
{y+ N= woe (NI) =
3 ¥ L0G (2) + 4 ¥ Log (3) + 3 * LOG (5)
ERGO: "LOGARITHMIC GODELIZATION."
STRINGS- 24O NUL STRINGS, -
F——ASSXIATED POSITIONAL PRIME
t
(I ALLow 10)
emetl
9 COM Ksen?
10 KEM*PILOT 73 SYSTEM bX GhEGUKY YOb |
oe REM-2296 BAYANT PALO ALTO CAL. 326-4039
qal
10 .KEM- COPYRIGHT, 1972. eine
WD DIM ASTAL J obSC 4) 2CS041 -DSL 41 OES A TOF SCANT
© VIM S8C72),03(72)
® vim T$C72) % : -
0 EN-SET PO TO LENGTH GF SS AND OS 1%. ABGVE PQ js mazimum sirlag bragth
OD PO=s72 ‘ alowed on your system
@ DIK AC2S01,86250).L6503.MC50)
©0 DEF FNACK aX= N THEN 750 Locate Gane nember
M0 NEXT I
140 «GOTTA 340
1SO) PRINT ""*
%60 «(J1s0
170, «IF J1>10 THEN 870
180 G®SUN 5270
190 «IF -ACI¢1)#AC1) THEN 620
""ts for NC line food tn HP BASIC
SUU S270 bmoks op the string
Cheek if double length
(300. Teter” r
310 IF SSe™" THEN B70 ;
320 PKINT AC133S$ * ft
390 Iejer . | =
RaQ IF ACI)<1 THEN 870
B50 JieJle)
860 GOTO 770
B70) PRINT “"* “" ls for NC line food tn HPHASIC
“ago GO18 340
B90 KEM-#NE [INE
90 FOK Jal 10 vau
910 «IF ALJJ=N THEN 940
%0 NEXT J .
930 GeTe 340
940 PKINT "* "ba four kine fords
950 ley 2
960 GuSUb 5270 ‘
970 PRINT ACIISS
980 PRINT “",
990 GoTe 340
1000 KEM- INSERT OF BVERKKITE
1010 FeK I#l TO 240
890-990 List one line
Seve or overurite « line (hairiest pert of editor)
1020 IF ACT2=N THEN 1080 Check if overnrite
1030 IF ACI)>N THEN 1400 Check tf last tine
1040 IF ACI}=0 THEN 1570 Insertion
1050 NEXT I A
1060 PKINT “N@ KORE SPACE” Exrer fing
1070 GeTe 340
1080 REM-OVEKWRITE 10801390 Orerweite ~ Possible cases:
1090 IF 1¢1>240 THEN 1110 ~ SINCLE DOUBLE.
W100 IF ACLI#ACIO1) ThEN 1250 — Single length inpat 10 1270
1110) REM- ORE LINE IN FILE Double length inpat 1180 1x20
1120 IF LENCSS)>41 THEN 1160
1130 Gesus S040
1140 GeTe 340
4150 REM- TkO LINE INSERT, ONE LINE IN FILE
1160 TSess
4170) S$#SSt1,41)
1180 GeSUB 5040
1190 Isto
1200 S$=sTS(42)
1210 Gesu 1910
1220 GOSUB S040
1230 Ge@SUB 5200
1240 GOTe 340
1250 kEM- TLO LINES IN FILE
1260 IF LENCSS)>41 THEN 1320 '
1270 REM- €NE LINE T@ PUT INT@ TWO LINE FILE
1280 G@SUb 1820 SUB 1820 anti-bumps A ond B (fills a hole)
1290 G@SUB $040
1300 GeSuB $200
1310 GOT@ 340 : .
1320 REM- TWe AND THO
1330 Ts=ss i
1340 S$eS$t1,41)
1350 GeSUB S040
1360 Tate
1370 SS$=T$(42)
1380 GeSUB S040
1390 GeTO 340
1400 KEM- INSERTICN
1410 GOSUb 1910
1420 IF LEN(SS)>41 THEN 1470
1430 KEM- SINGLE INSERT
SUB 1910 bumpe 4 and B (maxes e hole)
SUB 5040 stores ttring on disk
Ssves Aaad Bary:
14001560 Insert new tine berwcen others |
Check if double length
“4440 GOSUb $040 4
1480 GoSUU $200
1460 GOTO 340
1470 REM= DOUBLE INSERTION |
1480 TS=S$
1490) SSeS$(1,41)
1800 Ga@SuUb 5040
1510 Inlet
1520 S$=TS${ 42)
1$30 GaSUb 1910
1540 GeSU 5040
1880 GOSUb 5200
1560 GeTe 340
PILOT P
SUB 5410 tries to get ating number N= —J waonember found
NY
\
%
>
1$70
1580
1390
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
1650
1660
1670
1660
1690
1700
1710
1720
1730
1740
3620
1630
1440
1#90
1640
1Kk70
1660
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
19n0
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2060
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
2150
2160
2170
2180
2190
2200
2210
2220
2230
2240
2250
2260
e270
2260
2290
2300
2310
2320
2330
2340
2350
2360
5040
5050
53060
5070
5080
5090
5100
S110
5120
5130
5140
5150
5160
$170
$180
5190
5200
5210
5220
$230
5240
5250
$270
5280
$290
$300
$310
s920
5330
5340
5350
5360
$370
$380
5390
$400
$410
5419
$420
5430
5440
5450
5460
$070
54k0
5490
5500
5910
ss2u
S550
4540
$380
5560
$570
5580
5590
$600
5610
5620
3630
5640
5650
$660
$670
5680
$690
5700
$710
$720
$730
$740
5750
$760
5770
5780
5790
5800
6100
.1F SS$s
REM- LAST LINE CASE
IF LENCSS)>41 THE! 1650
KEM- ONE LINE, PLEASE
ACI IJen
GOSUL $040
GOSU Sz00
GOTa 340
REM-LCULLE IF YOU WISH
ACLIsN
ACIe1IEN
Tle83
She32017-41)
GOSUL 5040
S$eTst a2)
Islet
GHSUL 5040
GUSUE 5700
GEIB 346
1570.1740 Ifnew hae equal to last ne then t
beck @ aaed eae a
Songle site :
Donble sae
Store tring
Sere A aad Barrays
KRM- GIVEN I< DELET# THE LINE
heb)
FOR Jel To 239
ACJIEAC ELD
bOSIabO Sen)
NEAT J
Avea0186
biY40 JEP
bRTURN
HAZ0.1900 SUH IRZO shrinks A amd Ih the thor
z r
a Wr >] CF it
0 > MF trceeen
FhM= Given To» HUFP CUT Nk LIKE
pebCi'a0)
FUK Jezag Te 1¢) STEP a1
ACJISALS=-19
BOLE g-13
NEXT y
ACTIN
BCL )=P
KETUKN
KEM-NON NUMERIC COMMANDS
SSassie
IF ss=°SC
IF SS="L1
GOTO 330
REM- SCRATCH
GOSUB 5690
GETS 340
REM-LIST
PRINT"
Fox et Te 240
IF ACI3<1 THEN 2190
GosuB 5270
PRINT ACIsS8""
IF ACIIOALI¢l) THEN 2180
Talel
NEAT I
PRINT "*
Ge8Ts 340
REM- KENUMBER
15010
FOR Is] Te 240
IF ACII<1 THEN 2340
IF ACIIACI¢1) THEN 2290
ACT )#15
TSs15010
GeTe 2330
ACII#IS
ACIe1IaI5
Intel
GETS 2270
NEXT 1
G@SUb 5200
GoTg 340
CHAIN “PILOT2"
KEM-GIVEN I, STASH SS
VaFNb(b(1 06
THEN 2070
" THEN 2100
SEN“ THEN 2220
IF SSe"hUN" THEN 2360
1910-170 os punde A oad I bho thie
4
N line aumber
Po lateaty alt
(Aa you may ante, mucrtion & Ueletwin do strange things)
Aevall Line 370 - this is the other main brunch of the editor
Look at Ist 3 charecters of S$ ond branch
Ratera to EI, Line 330 Uf aot recegalable
The “" contsias X¥ {turns paach off) which allows the
ope to be ward as input at a later time
Reaamber by 10 (15 hols increment valae)
Uf sero, quit
Check if double tength
Seva A and Barreys
RUN (PILOT 2 RUNs the PILOT Program)
Alessy a8 you can wee. Read « record, renrite hotdis mew strings S$
Because strings start at record 9 in TEST ns a
READ #1 ,.VSASs65,CSsDS,ES,FS
GOTO FNACB(1)) OF 30802510045120,51 40,5160,5180
PRINT #1,VsSS,bS,CS,DSsES.FS
KETURN
PRINT #1.VIAS,SS.CS,DS,ES,FS
RETURN
PRINT @15VIASsbSsS$,DS,ES.FS
RETURN ~
PRINT @1s5VSASsbSeCSsSS,ES 5FS
No comment. Sare A aad Bamay:
RETURN
PRINT #)sVjAS,bS,CS,DSsSS5FS
RETURN
PRINT #1,VjAS,bS,CS,DS.ES,SS
RETURN
KEM-PRINT A AND & ARRAYS
READ #341
MAL PRINT #t3n
READ #145
MAT PRINT #136
KETUAN
KEM- EXTRACT SS HHEN GIVEN I 18 uring aldretse. Get S$ given |
KEAD #1, FNECECIID+&
FOK J=1 Te FNACBOID)
HEAD #15SS
NEXT J
IF 1¢1>240 TKEN $400
IF ACI4#13#401) THEN 5400
16cb(141)
KEAD @1,FNKC16)98
FOR Je} TO FNACI6)
KEAD #1jAS
NEXT J
SSCLENCSS.9¢1)eAS
RETURN
REM-GIVEIS Sf CE1 N
DIM Z1010)
ZLe"UlAZdAsa7Hg”
Ne-l
Gash 5550
IF Sic THEN 5540
Gesin S610
Th N1eO THEN 5530
IF N>-] THEN S500
NeO
N51Q@Nneny
S$2S8t7)
GATF S450
Grsth S550
KRTUbH
REM-URELANK Ss
IF S*Clo1}0" © THEN 5600
sees)
IF Se" THEN 5400
ceTc 5560
RETURN
REM-DIGIT SCAN
Nis)
FOR Jz) Te 10
One mile!!! (Note the B)
Serial READ works fine, |
ee eas be If youare @ tune fenatic, avte S280
heck if file is fall
Qherk for duuble teagth
Concatenations in HP HLASIC
Concert ateing “Y" to numeric 4.0 ele, Cetstine aumber
SH10.5530 SUH 5550 removes bading binnks
conypare digit with aumeral
Neild N
Op off first character in SE
Lack he!
Set Ni = value of dit 0-9
IF SSC1431#2SC JJ) THEN 5670
NiwJ=]
RETURN
NEXT J
RETURN
REM*SCKATCH KOUTINE
MAT AxZEK
MAT B=ZER
FOR Jal TO 240
BlJ)aJ
NEXT J
Ase"
FOR Jed TO 46
SetA©0,81,2,3,...,260
Priat NUL strings in SSTRINCS portion
PRINT #1, JIAS,ASsAS,AS,AS,AS
NEXT J
G@SUR $200
RETURN
END
Sores statements
“Ld
* GOSUb 3520
DIM ASCal)
DIM SS{723-0SC721
POsT2
DIM ACZ41)-B(24i JL 65032MC50)
DEF FRACKIMX-~INTCCX=1976)06
DEF FNBCXD@INICCA“1976061
FILES TEST»E
GATO 2400 ‘
CHAIN “PILOTI"
RESTORE
GOSUb 4680
1620
1920
READ #1et
MAT HEAD 4154
READ #15
MAT KEAD #156
MAT MeZER
MAT LeZER
Feo
Gel
FOK Is) TO 240
GOSUb 5260
COsLENCSS)
Esa to dace
faitinbaing
SUB 4680 initializes lots of staff
BB, 9 and Dore counters
Here we stort the fast pass (assemble symbol tebles)
Seas 1 ell string wddevi in ESTRINCE
Sim S240 Gace Lrekion SE foo BSTRINGS
If S$a"" THEN 2750 UL NUL string, fort pass is complete, Start execution
IF SSC1+t 0%" THEN 25BS Orch for *lebel Breach eround (f aot
GESUB 3490 SUB 3490 extracts * abet ax D8
GOSUB 4920 SUM 49720 hash codes NB 4s QI
LtO3«0t Store hashed hable in L
Mtujel Store oldress ea
Orael Incremrat counter Q pio rehl
IF Q>SO THEN 2750 Teat if table fault. Ifo, bepinexecetinn —_sgis now = ry Ng)
GeSub 3540 SLH 3300 Lnok for colon ia statement. ~ CE * COM
IF CECLST ISNA" THEN 2640 Apfaat az
IF SSCIs1)4"S" THEN 2640 Ship (fen # rerakle to mre
GOSUb 3690 ;
Gesuetases Get 8 verithh as DS, kesh cute DE
1921901 farrement counter 19 ‘
Ik 19>Z20 THEN #640 U table is fall, eaore s
SUL9)eG1 Sare la table 5"
GeTe 2565
IF GO<42 THEN 2640
late} locremeat counter I elders) ecenediag to singh ar
IF 00<42 THEN 2650 Keni knee
latet
NEXT I Pad of block
120 Bezeacarentvon 1 ~ pengram rosntcr
Teret dacremenl program cmanter!
IF I6<1 THEN 2740 Mt choy bs for duabl beagth bar
Lede.
18x10
IF I»vag 1KEN 3490 Haupe of rad of file
GOSUr svbO Cot new SO, tort of NGL, teat if double bength, wt BH fing
IF ss2"" THEN 320
IF LEu(S$)<42 TREN 2R60
180)
IF SS(t21)0"e" THEN 2920
Gosub 3690
IP LENCSS)>0 THEN 2920
GaTO 3z0
GOSUb 3580 Cet C9» condition, C8 = commend
TE G&e"y* THEN 3000
IF GSa"N" THEN 3020
Csacsc py
IF Css THEN 3360
IF CSs THEN 3220 Breach to command
IF Cae THEN 3190
IF C$e"k" THEN 2760
IF CS="E" THEN 2890
Check if C$ exists
GOTO 3140 T: defestt
IF F>O THEN 2945 Oech if "ya"
GeTo 2760
IF F«t THEN 2945 Onrch if “no”
GOTO 2760
GOSUB 3820 SUB 3820 weans for § variable ead prints text
Tatel Tia loop flag. If > 100, will exit program
IF T>100 THEN 3470
GOTO 2760 Back to main loop
GOSUB 4520 Match routine SUB 4520
GeTe 2760
INPUT IS aA
ISCLENCIS)41 }5""
LSC AyLENCLSD¢9 014 |Add dngend mg bo
ISCt,3)2"" ¢
TsO Tern off loop couaters (rest to zero}
IF 18€4,4)0"@" THEN 3490 Check if "3" abort (chain to PILOT 1)
TisTsO
IF S$€1,138"S" THEN 3340 4
GOSUB 3690 Save reply ia “E" 3280 — find addres
GOSUb 4920
FOR J=l To 19
IF Q)=S€J) THEN 3320
NEXT J
GeTe 2760
L2rJ
GOSUH 4370
GOTO 2760
Tietlel
IF Ti>100 THEN 3450
DSu"e"
G8SUb 3690
G@SUb 4120
IF M20 THEN 3430
Take
GOTS 2600
PRINT "CANNOT LOCATE *"DS"*
GeTe 2760
PRINT “JUMP LeeP AT “DS
G8TS 3490
PRINT “TEXT LoeP”
PRINT "BYE"
Gots 3¢0
IF SSC1eEIa" " THEN 3570 SUB 3520 remove broding blanks
IF LENCSS)
READ &2,LI5USsXSsYSeZS
L4a=FNDC(L2)
IF L4<2 THEN 4a90
IF L4<3 THEN 4470
1F L4<4 THEN 4450 7
PKINT @2sL33hSsXL,YSo18
RETUKN .
PRINT @2,L33hSsXSo1S6Z8 ,
RETUKN
PRINT #2oL33t:$s IS, YS$,Z5
RETURN
PRINT 625L331SsXS,¥S,28
RETURN
SSCLENCSS)¢1 22%,"
FOR Jes2 TO LENCI3)
IF ISCJ2,J2)# 13 CJZ-1,32-1) THEN 4526
It [4CJZ-UZ)e" THEN 4526 Remove multiple blanks in oancer
Uf mot found, error and wt to program counter +!
Civen LY, grt NB from “E™
Ciren L2, put X8 nto “E™
MATCH FUNCTION
IF JZeLENCIS) THEN 4530
NEAT J2
tro Phige “N"
IF LENCS22<2 THEN 4660 Naar cae wonts — branch
toh Jal 19 LENCSE)
AF S£CJloJi1e"s" THEN A5¢0
NEXT JI
XSaSSCioJiel)
IF XSCi,1)¢" " THEN 4585
xXSaxS(2)
IF XSu""' THEN 4530
GOTO 4581
IF XSCLENCXS)+LENCXS) 0" “ THEN 4590
Cot NS as cue word. Remove lesding and trailing blenks
| Blank cue word exit ~
GOTO 4585 "
SSasSStJle1) Traacate S8 for next cue word
IF LENCXS)>LENCIS) THEN 4540
Fok Jil TO LENCIS)-LENCXS)¢1
IF XSBISCUI,JISLENCXS)-12 THEN 4650 Socing window match scan
NEXT JI
GOTO 4540
Fal “ayn
RETURN i Sone
DEF FNCCK)m@INTCX/ 4095241 Initializing stuff
DEF FND(X)=X-INTC(X-1 974904
OSs" *SABCDEFGHI JKLMNGPURSTUVEXYZ098 7654321" Legel character set
DIM 18072) ;
DIM 4$(601.XS(601sYS(60 1425660}
DATA 22325e Tob lol3ol 7519023229 4
DATER err ara 730-4780 Pat log (primes) into Parray
READ Q1 Pte
PCJ)*LeGCO1) Line 4840 — Print “XXNX™ into “E" If you hare:
NEXT J 1 T: HOW ARE YOU, 8 NAM? fi
MeLI=T1oT220 2 A: SNAST
TsO the “XXXX™ will appeer as an undefined $ variable
MAT LaZER valve indicator oe aa
DIM S(20)
MAT SeZER
READ #251
FORK J=l To 5
PRINT #25 SI XXAAXK' oAXAKAK g XARXKK" 4G "XAARARK"
NEXT J : -
RETURN
DIM QS$C40)
O1mM PLI02
Q1=0
JIZLENCDS)
IF JI<11 THEN 4960
Jisl0
FOR Jel TO Ji
FOR Kel TO 36
IF DS(J,J120SC(K»K) THEN 5020
NEXT K
NEXT J
RETURN
O1sO1+KePLJ)
GoTA 5000
READ #@1,FNBCBC1))+6
FOR Jsi TC FNACBCII)
READ #13S%
WEXT J
IF 141>240 THEN $400
IF ACL#I)#ACI) THEN 5400
16eBC141)
READ #1 ,FNUCI6)+6
FOk Jel TO FNACIG)
KEAD #13AS
NEXT J
SLECLENCSS 241 2AS
RETUAN
REM-DEELARK S$ Kemove bading blanks from SB
IF S£$C1o1)0" " THEN 5600
S£eSs2)
IF Sis" THEN 5600
GeTO 5540
hETUKN
END
Converts 8 into log godclized hash code 08
Willegel character, will tnp (“*_ "is Dlegal)
Cet S$ from TEST
Paren JAPES of Piuora ent
Pivot 2, Axe AVAWABLE Far 5 10:00
FROM;
Cd Regan 4oe
12% Beayant Pave Mero, cm.
CWS BUG . 4Yos4',
16
USING PILOT
If you are familiar with BASIC, the remarks will help you fit PILOT 1
_ and PILOT 2 to your system. If you aren’t, follow this cookbook:
C1) Be sure your computer is an HP 2000 Series machine. .
@2) LOGON, SCRATCH, ENTER THE CODE FOR PILOT 1 AND
SAV AND LIS.
C3) Check that what you have is identical with this one. If not, fix
and repeat this step.
C4) Repeat for PILOT 2.
GS) Create a dummy program, PILOT 3
5 COMKS(1)
10 PRINT “READ THE MANUAL, CHARLIE!”
15 K$ = eyez?
20 CHAIN — PILOT 1
-30 END ; —
Later you can write your own instructions.
C6)_Now that you are loaded and ready (ahem):
OPEN—TEST,48
OPEN-—E,5
GET-PILOT 1
RUN
At which time all those other errata will appear which you missed
in Step 3.
It’s wise to save some copies under other names in case you clobber this
one [Beware of the CHAIN—BEAST]
C7) At last, it runs (sort of). Try the various operations — entering a
- program, LISTing, SCRatching, RENUMBERing, and RUNning.
(When you RUN, PILOT 2 is activated. If you crash, you will
still be in PILOT 2. When fixing your typos, be sure to get
~ *SAV—THE PROGRAM YOU ARE FIXING* or you will likely
either fix the wrong program or lose your fix when it chains to
the other program] *Each time!!
C8) Try writing PILOT programs which use all the features (i.e., TY
NMJAR&).
C9) Congratulations!
Send us any really neat PILOT programs — some will appear in
PCC.
.
C10) If you don’t like steps 2 through 9, send $10to Gregory Yob,
a 2296 Bryant, Palo Alto, CA. and we will send you a tape with
: PILOT 1, PILOT 2 and PILOT 3 on it. 2
= 7 Pate ie
_ MISCELLANEOUS THINGS & TECHNICAL HASSLES
C1) Files — If you have a highly similar BASIC (like NOVA or BASIC
TYMSHARE), the files statement [Line 190 ] may be different.
“TEST” is FILE #1 and “E” is FILE #2. .
@) Space — If you have a HP 2000C, your record length is 256 words
So you can use twice as many strings, etc. per record. Try if you
dare. :
C3) Space (continued) — PILOT holds 240 single length lines. In
practice about 1 in 8 lines are double length. Think of about 200
lines of PILOT as your maximum size. ;
C4) Since this is an interpreter, it looks at the disc a lot. There may
be response problems at 5 or more terminals in PILOT. (This
trouble has been experienced at SRI and LHS.) If you have
this problem, let us know.
G5) There may still be bugs! Call me up (Greg at 415-326-4039) so
we can fix em! If you have cleaner code or hot programming
ideas, we have ears. (Especially if your version (a) works,
(b) faster (c) with less core)
C6) Tapes of PILOT 1 and 2 are available — $10 service charge per
tape (holds PILOT 1 and PILOT 2). When we have it together,
a manuals and some sample program will be included,
INTERPRETER
Vs.
~ TRANSLATOR
IMPLEMENTING SIMPLE LANGUAGES ON MIDI-MINI TIMESHARE COMPUTERS
Pete Rove
Lawrence Hall of Science
University of California
Berkeley
24% JAN 1973
In this and later issues of PCC, readers will be able to explore new lan-
guages. Some of the sinple languages can bo written in BASIC. The way
they are inplemented in BASIC 4s the point of this article.
At the start, I vill define a Midi-Hini as a miti-user, BASIC interpreter
with data files and string manipulation, timeshare computer. Hewlett
Packard's 2000 series, Digital Equipment's EDU 30, 40, 50, RSTS~11 and
Pata Goneral's Seninar 2 thru 10 generally comply with this definition.
BASIC as a problem oriented interpretive language “is known for its ease a
of coding, debugging and editing. However, to use BASIC, one must have a
minimal knowledge of algebra; a knowledge enjoyed by relatively Low.
Then what other languages can we design for the majority of the "kids" (PCC
vol.1,no-2 p.5) and teachors who do not and usually will not learn BASIC?
PILOT, PYLON, CO-PILOT and NYLON ore predecessors to PILOT 73. All are
simple author languages that take only minutes to learn and use, but are
powerful onough to produce moderately complex programs. The question arises
of how to implement this new tool on currently available rachines, providing
the interactive features for PILCT 73 authors that BASIC authors have been
enjoying for years.
G 1969) defines an interpreter as a routino that executes by statement~
te translation, substituting effective error tracing for execution
efficiency. BASIC on all the afore mentioned computers has been implemented
interpretively,
When PILCT-like languages are implemented interpretively in BASIC, also an
interpreter, response-time is affected. PILOT 73 source code must be kept
on a date file for interprotation, translation and/or editing. Hence the
need for a Midi-Mini. And during file access and transfer, no machine
instructions can te executed, hence reducing the numbor of machine instruc-
tions, therefore BASIC statements executed during a given amount of time.
When many users are involved with file accesses and transfers then the
number of instructions executed for an individual user will be evon less,
resulting in a degraded response-time.
Two actual examples are known: (1) A DIALOG program, a subset of a more
elaborate interactive author language was implemented on our HP2000B as
an interpreter and (2) Dr. Sylvan Rubin at S.R.I. implemented his PYLON
interpretive language-on the DEC RSTS-i1. In both cases, seven terminals
executing these interpreters seened to be the magic number. The systems
became bogged down doing file accesses and transfers and response-tine was
noticeably degraded.
An operational solution: Create an editor, syntax analyzer and a PILOT 73-
to-BASIC translator. The editor and statement Syntax analyzer could reside
in one BASIC program, where each PILOT 73 line, before insertion to a source
fie, would be checked for acceptable PILOT 73 grammar. Once insertion and
editing were complete, the author could give a command to translate his
PILOT 73 statements into BASIC code, which would be written into a data file.
“This translation need only be done once to produce the executable BASIC code.
On our Decision system and on the Data General Seminar series, a user could
uceess this data file as if it were a program file and execute it using the
machine's BASIC interpreter. On the HP2000 series, an intermediate step of
punching a papor tape image of the data file and loading the tape back into
the terminal as a BASIC program, is necessary.
Perhaps in a student-es~author environment, handling paper tape will dis-
courage their involvement. It's yet unknown what effect the intermediate
step might have on teacher authors,
In contrast to the interpretive implementation of PILOT 73, a translator
need only translate the source code once. And in effect, the PILOT 73 author
4s creating a BASIC program, oliminating file accesses during its execution
and therefore improving response-tine.
PILOT 73 is a real language! The following people have agreed
on the main features of PILOT (this version is a subset) and the
means of extension. Specifications are available through U.C.
Medical Center.
WHO’S WHO IN PILOT LAND
Name Organization Mainframe Language
John Starkweather UC Medical Center IBM 360 PL/I
Marty Kamp San Francisco Datapoint 2200 Machine Code
Pete Rowe LHS Decision BASIC
Berkeley HP 3000 BASIC
Dean Brown Stanford Research Tymshare BASIC
Sylvan Rubin Institute DEC11/20 SUPER BASIC
RSTS
Gregory Yob PCC HP2000C,E,.F BASIC
If you have a version, let us know and we willadd you to the list.
Dean Brown, Marty Kamp, and Greg Yob are interested in groovy
Programs, curricula, etc., which develop in PILOT. 7
THE CEHEEGNOER Ss
by marc le brun
[Each issue we will present an ‘advanced”’ programming technique:
with explanations, examples, programs and problems. We welcome
suggestions for topics of interest to you. ]
<== LOGICAL
A logical expression is an expression whose value is either 0 or 1
depending on the values of the variables in the expression. For
example
ABS(SGN(X))
is a logical expression
IF X = 0 THEN the expression equals 0
IF X #0 THEN the expression equals |
Notice the use of the words IF and THEN. It is sometimes con-
venient to think of | as representing true and O as representing
Jalse. :
Many times it is possible to use a logical expression in place of an
IF-THEN statement. In this article we will show how this is done.
In the following discussion we will use ane to represent a logical
expression, and other lower case letters to represent any old kind
of expression.
Notice the following ‘“‘rules.”’
IF THEN es
e=0: 1]-e=
e=1: 1-e=0
1 — e is always the “opposite” of e. If we think of e as being equiv-
“alent to TRUE or FALSE then | —e is equivalent to NOT e; that is,
NOT TRUE (FALSE) and NOT FALSE (TRUE). :
Remember also that any number multiplied by 0 is 0, and that any
number plus 0 is that number.
Now suppose we wish to write an expression which is equal toa if e
is one and equal to b if e is zero. Here is how we do it:
a*e+b*] —e)
Suppose we wish to set X to the value of this expression. The following
two BASIC programs do this in different ways
P
PROGRAM 1 SOS ©
10 IF E=1 THEN 40
10 LET X=A*E+B*(1-E) 26 LET X=B
20 eee 38 GO TO Se
4@ LET X=A
58 eee
Clearly Program No. | is a lot simpler.
If we want a variable to have a certain value if something is true and
another value if it is false, then in MOST cases we can use a logical
expression instead of an IF-THEN statement.
The rest of this article will be devoted to showing how to write logical
expressions for the usual sorts of “‘if’s.” First we will consider what
are called “relational expressions,” that is, those involving =, < , >, <=,
>= and <> (or #). Here is a table giving the relational expressions and
their equivalent logical expressions.
RELATIONAL LOGICAL
EXPRESSION EXPRESSION
p=q 1 — ABS(SGN(p-q))
p4q | — SGN(I — SGN(p-q))
ps<=q SGN(1 — SGN(p-q))
p>=q SGN(1 + SGN(p-q))
<> ABS(SGN(p-q))
| CC ——)
For example, the phrase
MED SSG ccc”
is equivalent to
“IF ABS(SGN(p-q)) = 1...”
!
POOLEOL
EXPRESSIONS ~~ -
Secondly, we will consider what are called the “logical Operators,”
that is, those involving AND, OR, NOT and others.
We already know that NOT e is equivalent to 1 —e. If we have two
logical expressions e/ and e2 then e/ AND e2 is equivalent to el *e2.
e] OR e2 ise] +e2. (Remember the two facts about zero given above.)
KOX a5 here 2 the ec
S000 6 Ooo Gas s.
? =
SHORT FORM
LONG FORM LOGICAL EXPRESSION |
el AND e2 e1 AND e2 e1*e2
el OR e2 NOT(NOT(e1) AND NOT (e2)) 1 — (1-e1)*(1~e2)
el XOR e2 {el AND NOT(e2)) OR (NOT(e1) AND e2) el *(1—e2)+(1~-e1) *e2
e1 NAND e2 NOT(e1 AND e2) 1—et1*e2
el NOR e2 NOT(e1) AND NOT(e2) (1—-e1) °(1~e2)
el EQV et (e1 AND e2) OR (NOT(e1) AND NOT (e2)) el *e2 + (1~e1 )*(1-e2)
el IMP e2 NOT(e1 AND NOT(e2)) 1 —e1*(1—-e2)
el NIMP e2 e1 AND NOT (e2) e1*(1—e2)
VAT AAT AAT NAD AID VAT AT AAI ey
OYE 2
For example the phrase —-
IFaOR®...
is equivalent to :
IF 1 —(1-e/)*(1-e2)=1 2.
In many cases the resulting expressions can be algebraically simplified.
It is also useful to use several LET statements rather than repeating the
same sub-expression. An example — suppose we wish to set U to V if
X >= Y and X <= Z; and to set U to W if X Z. Here is a
short program which does this:
10 LET T=SGNC1+SGNOX+#Y) )*SGNC1L-CX=Z) )
20 LET UsVeT+W*(1-T) .
Asa matter of fact, using a little algebra, we can write
in one jine —
16 LET U=(V-W)*SGNC1*#SGNCX=Y) 2*SGNC1L-SGNCK=-Z))+W
the whole thing
PROBLEMS (in order of increasing difficulty)
I. Write an expression which sets Z to MAX(X,Y).
Write an expression that sets U to V if X < Y and sets U to W if
X< YANDX < Z,
The “rule”
X=Y : I/(X+Y)
X<>Y : IfX-Y)
has to be done with IF-THEN — why? Think up some more “rules”
which can’t be performed with a logical expression. Can you find
a way to describe when you have to use IF-THEN?
Steet ete Ot 8 8 8M 08 omens cecasvees s+ toss nane
Without using the MOD operator, write an expression which is TRUE
if an odd number of e’s in the set {e/, e2, e? }are TRUE and FALSE
if an even number are TRUE.
Hint: Explore the properties of XOR.
Logical expressions can only “select” one of two values. Write an
“illogical” expression which “selects” one of three values according
to the following rules.
X>Y:a
X=Y:6
X can Keep track of whatihey mest 4 file of master student informa
tign might be called MASTER, 2 list of
4... The amount of data (the number of pieces of data) that you can wale -
onto the fll will depend on the size of the file. The size of the file will vary
from computer fo computer. In some computers you determine the size of
the file, In othesS, an opened file has a fixed size. (Consult your comput
manus! to find 01+ how the file size is determined.) 8 :
File size is measured in units called words. Data written ona file uses ~
Numeric vaniables— Each numeric variable uses 2 words of file space,
, whether the number has one digit or more
Each character of a string varable (akes approxi
mately 44 word.
Asan example, file that will contain 100 names, each with as many as 20
Calculate how many words each of these sets of data will fill in a serial file.
explaining” demonstration programs that
showed or explained how they worked or
what they did when RUN. But in some
cases, a lot of time and space had to. be
used to explain and teach that which would
have been almost trivial if we could have
assumed that the reader were seated at a
. TTY or CRT.
Another aspect of programmed instruction
as a technique is the requirement of testing
the instructional program, and revising and ~
retesting according to the problems and
comments of the learner. If the student is
unable to meet the objectives, that is,
successfully complete the problems in the
Self-Test at the end of each chapter, then
the instructional sequence is atfault-and
must be revised atvordingly. This isa
process that can be extended indefimitely,
but which is most often left out fas F
discavered ichen working for a company
that wrore PI under contract for big money)
because it is time consuming and therefore
expensive. Our testing was done primarily
with high school students with no previous
programming knowledge, on an individual
basis with close observation and discussion,
and later, in beginning computer workshops,
We did not attempt to da the mass testing +.
that PI theoreticians so dearly love. Pl, of
course, derives from Skinner and the
behaviorist psychologists, who often have
a deformed bent for depersonalized stat-
istical analysis of substantial data bases.
The real world result is usually trivial-
ization and the most boring, lack-luster
instructional ordeal that’s possible.
In contrast (again) to MY COMPUTER
LIKES ME and PCC, the design of the
book is quite plain and linear. The pub-
lisher required that it follow the Self-
Teaching Guides uninspired PI format,
and Wiley’s editors were also responsible
conversational asides, and ironic humor
natural to the authors’ collective writing -
style, I finally got the feeling that the ~
publishers wished the book to have Lowest
Common Denominator appeal, like commer-
cial TV, on the theory that it would broaden’
the sales potential. However, to give credit
where credit is certainly due, Wiley editor”
Irene Brownstone provided us with excep-
tionally helpful suggestions and excellent _
detailed critiques of the various manuscript
drafts and revisions, which definitely con- —
tributed to the quality of the instruction.
Another anonymous contributor who
helped us put the finishing touches on the -
manuscript as we were all running out of
steam was Peter Lynn Sessions ( ‘you've
seen his BASIC music ideas in PCC). He
did the Final Self-Test and several end of
chapter tests, as well as general helpful
editing. By rights he should have received
published mention. Likewise, Mary Jo —
Albrecht and Hal Hershey, who did the
final photo-ready layout with a little help -
from the authors, should have received
published mention,
We think this book is an excellent alter-
native to MY COMPUTER LIKES ME
for instructional situations where terminal
access is limited or sporadic. It also goes —
more deeply into BASIC than MCLM, and -
includes a chapter on Advanced BASIC and
strings and files. IT assign chapters to high |
school kids to do before coming tothe
People’s Computer Center workshops, and
so far they have responded enthusiastically
to the ease with which they get into pro-
. gramming. We're looking forward to re-
views, criticisms and comments from
students and teachers on the content and
good ways to use this book, and we hope
to pass on such comments through the
pages of PCC
© The order of the names'In the FILES statement determines how they.
are referenced Later in the program. The file named ZERO will now be ref-
ecnced as fils 3 in the program.
10 FILES ZER@ /ABLE. C100
~~ Write a
PHONE.
10 FILES
The general form
For example:
~ oan alga tt
10 FILES
7. You san abo
statement.
If ina previous sta
6 Aseria file READ statement permits reading data from an exist
will read one pitce of numeric data
the:variable. A.
In this case, Bhs fe named ZERO will he referenced as file 1.
FILES statement that will pre|
named GRADES and MASTER.
Pare the computer to use files
GRADES» MASTER
ing file.
is shown below: ee
READ ¢ (file number) ; (variables)
Note the punctuation
£0. READ @15&
fromthe first file in the FILES statement
Will read two pieces of numericdata from the third file in the FILES state-
ment-and assign them to variables A and B.
1 Given the FILES statement, write a statement that will read three
Aumeric variables from the file named ZERO.
Py
ABLE. C100, ZERO
uss a calculated value for the file number ina file READ
20 READ #Xs ASB
tement, X has been calculated as equal to 2, the statement
above will read from the second file in the FILES statement. The string
variable (A$) and the numeric variable (B) will be read each time Line 20 is
executed,
10 FILES
(d) 420 numbers (representing responses to an opinion poll. Responses
One advantage of placing data into files instead of using DATA statements is
You can access the data with more than one program.
are 1,2, or 3.)
(a) 140x 15 x 4= 1050
(b) 140 x 20x %= 1400
(c) 140% Sx %=350
(d) 420 x 22840
2 ~~ Later we will explain the use of serial files and random access files.
This first section will deal only with serial files.
Information stored in a serial file can be viewed as a continuous series
of data packed densely in the computer memory.
GEORGE/VOUNG/25/94191/BOB/HARRIS/42/83107/...
Which file will be read in the following:
PHONE, MASTER, ZER@
20 LET Y=3-1
30 READ #Y3 AS.B
MASTER
5. At the beginning of a program that uses files you must include a state-
The files statement looks like this:
10 FILES ABLE, C100. ZERO
\ 4 a
To get to data in the middle of a serial file you must read from the beginning , 2
“of the file, one piece of data at a time, until you reach the data you need.
ment which tells the computer which files are to be used by the program.
+ -- -
BASIC
By Albrecht, Finkel and Brown
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
605 Third Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10016
325 pages, 1973.
1 7 Be
@) Last time I talked about Edu 10 and Edu 20 and how to get from
ae Edu 10 to Edu 20 and the cost of adding TTYs and stuff like that.
p ° : This time Ill start by giving you a handy do-it-yourself kit consisting
of excerpts from DEC’s price list.
INST* MONTHLY
ID # DESCRIPTION PRICE CHG MAINTENANCE
) ( sf id PDP8E—BA Computer, 4K memory, TTY 4490 -- 60
control
( (> UW , S PDP8E—BE Computer, 8K memory, TTY 5650 -- 80
: control
MC8—E 4K memory. Required to 2750 150 20
A : expand from 4K to 8K
MM8—E 4K memory. This one gets 2500 150 . 20
: you from BK to 12K or
O.K. Here is how you build an Edu 10 or a one user Edu 20. from 12K to 16K
MC8-—EJ 8K memory. Required to 4160 175 40
Edu 10 One User Edu 20 expand from 4K to 12K
© PDP8E—BA $4490 © PDPSE-BE $5650 MM8-—EJ 8K memory. Gets you from 3900 175 40
Es trea ; pi © MI8_EF 500 ; 8K to os in one neat jump
° LT33—-pc 1620 ° KP8—E 250 KP8-E Power fail/restart 250 60 2
3. Sctwate 250 e LT33—pc 1620 MI8—EF Hardware bootstrap 500 60 5
© Textbook Kit 100 e Edu 20 Software 250 LT33—DC Teletype Model ASR 33 1620 120 30
$6960 © Textbook Kit 100 ; modified to work with PDP8
$8370 KL8—E Interface card for TTY 300 60 10
Now here are four ways to get a 4 TTY Edu 20 with 8K memory. “This is the charge for installing additional equipment on an existing system.
(1) Buy an Edu 10 this year and next year expand to an 8K Edu 20
with 4 TTYs.
© Edu 10 ; 6960
© MC8-E + installation 2750 + 150
e KP8~—E + installation 250 + 60
© 3LT33-DC + installation 4860 + 360
¢ 3KL8-E + installation 900 + 180
© Edu 20 software =.
: d 15970 750
Total cost $16720
(2) Buy a one user Edu 20 with 8K this year — next year expand to
4TTY’s. '
©. One user Edu 20 with 8K 8370
© 3LT33-DC + installation 4860 + 360
© 3KLB-E + installation 900 + 180.
14130 540
Total cost $14670
Next — let’s look at more memory. First, suppose we buy a 16K
Edu 20 with one TTY.
(3) Buy a4 user Edu 20 with 8K this year.
e Edu 20 with 8K and 1 TTY 8370 © PDP8E—EJ 5650
e 3LT33—DC 4860 ° MM8-EJ 3900
e 3KL8-E 900 © Hardware bootstrap 500
Total cost $14130 © Power fail/restart 250
e LT33-DC 1620
(4) Buy an 8K Edu 20 with one TTY from DEC and buy 3 TTYs © Edu 20 software 250
from someone else.* © Textbook kit 100
© Edu 20with 8K and 1TTY —-8370 Totahoost #12270
© 3TTYs from someone else* 3450
© 3KL8—E from DEC 900
Total cost $12720
You can now add on TTYs — up to 8 of them with the 16K version of
Edu 20. Or you may prefer using Edu 21 software which provides
modest string capabilities. .
We will, in turn, look at another way to get a 16K Edu 20 or Edu 21
with one TTY.
© Start with Edu 10 6960 4K
© Add on things at later times
SISOS
$16720 $14670 $14130 $12720 KP8-E + installation 250 + 60
MC8-E + installation 2750 + 150 8K
*We got thisprice from Data Terminals Corporation. $1150 for anew ASR 33 MME=E + rnstalaee 2500 + 150 12K
TTY modified so taht it will work on a PDP8E. Or you can get a rebuilt ASR 33 MM8-—E + installation 2500 + 150 16K
for PDP8 from DTC for $850. For more information, contact Data Terminals
Edu 20 or Edu 21 software _ 250
Corporation, P.O. Box 5583, San Jose, CA. 95150. Phone (408)378-1112.
15210 + 510.
Total cost $15720
Power fail detect and restart is handy! It
keeps your software from getting wiped
out during power failures or temporary
brownouts or when someone trips over
the power cord. You just restart when
power is OK again — otherwise, you usu-
ally have to reload the software,
Pll leave other possibilities to you ~ like going from 4K to 12K then
to 16K or from 4K to 8K then to 16K and so on.
In the meantime, I’ll rest up for the next issue of PCC when Ill talk
about EduSystem 25 and maintenance and .. . what do you want to
know? Write a letter!
THE BURKLE IS A BAPPY BEAST
Hurkle? A Hurkle isa happy beast and lives in another galazy
on a planet named Lirht that has three moons. Hurkle are
favorite pets of the gwik, the dominant race of Lirthand...
well, to find out more, read “The Hurkle is a Happy Beast"
in a book called A WAY HOME by Theodore:Sturgeon,
published by Pyramid Publications, 444 Madison Avenue,
New York, NY 10022. (Unless they have moved since
January, 1968.)
Scared hwukles go invisble.
VW took a snapohs 2 o happy
sodiating huwrble , ee
chick acarwod him and 2...
188 REM eee HURKLE - PEOPLE*S COMPUTER COMPANY» MENLO PARKe CA
118 RANDOM
120 REM eee N IS THE NUMBER OF GUESSES ALLOWED
130 LET Nw5
140 PRINT "DO YOU WANT THE RULES CI*YES @=NO)"™3)
tse INPUT Z
160 IF Z <> |} THEN 490
178 REM eee HERE ARE THE RULES
16G PRINT “A HURKLE IS HIDING IN A GRIDs LIKE THE ONE BELOW.”
198 PRINT
2a@ PRINT
216 PRINT TAS(26)s"NORTH”
228 PRINT
238 FOR K=9 TO @ STEP -1
248 #IF K <> 4 THEN 270
258 PRINT TAB(B) 3s" WEST AN STAB(2B)3"%2 2 2 ew ew we ww East"
| Pehang
268 GOTO 280
270 PRINT TABCI4)SKITAB(EO DI. « © 6 0 ow ww ow
260 NEXT K
298 PRINT
3866 PRINT TABC(200"8 12345678 9"
318 PRINT
320 PRINT TAB(26)s"SOUTH”
330 PRINT
348 PRINT “TRY TO GUESS WHERE THE HURKLE IS HIDING. YoU GUESS"
35@ PRINT “BY TELLING ME THE GRIDPOINT WHERE YOU THINK THAT"
368 PRINT "THE HURKLE IS HIDING. HOMEBASE IS POINT 0,0 IN"
378 PRINT “THE SOUTHWEST CORNER. YOUR GUESS SHOULD 3E A PALA"
360 PRINT “OF WHOLE NUMBERS, SEPARATED BY A COMMA. THE FIRST"
390 PRINT "NUMBER TELLS HOW FAR TO THE RIGHT OF HOMEBASE AND"
480 PRINT "THE SECOND NUMBER TELLS HOW FAR ABOVE HOMEBASE YOU"
41@ PRINT “THINK THE HURKLE IS HIDING. FOR EXAMPLE» IF YOU "
420 PRINT “THINK THE HURKLE IS 7 TO THE RIGHT AND 5S ABOVE"
438 PRINT “HOMEBASE, YOU ENTER 745 AS YOUR GUESS AND THEN"
443° PRINT “PRESS THE ‘RETURN KEY. AFTER EACH GUESS, 1 WILL"
450 PRINT "TELL YOU THE APPROXIMATE DIRECTION TO GO FOR YOUR"
468 PRINT “NEXT GUESSe GOOD LUCK!"
470 PRINT
480 REM ¢e* HURKLE ‘PICKS A GRIDPOINT AND HIDES
498 LET AsINTC(1A¢RND(O)?
500 LET BeINTCI@*RND(O)>
$16 PRINT
$20 PRINT "THE HURKLE IS HIDING ~ YOU GET" SNs"GUESSES TO FIND HIMe™
5338 PRINT
$48 REM s#e GET A GUESS AND PRINT INFO FOR PLAYER
558 FOR K=l TON
566 PRINT “WHAT IS YOUR GUESS" s
578 INPUT XsY
56@ IF ABS(X-A)+ABSCY-8)50 THEN 710
598 REM ee GO TO INFO SUBROUTINE
688 GOSUS 768
618 PRINT
620 NEXT K
638 PRINT
648 REM ee@ HURKLE WAS NOT FOUND IN N GUESSES
658 PRINT “SORRY» THAT'S" 3NS"GUESSES."
660 PRINT “THE HURKLE IS AT "3A3's"3B
678 PRINT
686 PRINT “LET'S PLAY AGAIN."
698 GOTO 498
786 REM *¢* HURKLE HAS BEEN FOUND!
718° PRINT
728 PRINT “YOU FOUND HIM IN“Ks"GUESSESIII”
738 PRINT "LET'S PLAY AGAIN."
748 «GOTO 498
758 REM ¢¢¢ SUBNOUTINES PRINT INFORMATION FOR NEXT GUESS
768 PRINT “GO ")
778 «IF Y2B THEN 628
788 «#IF Y IN ORDER.
CW
A
eiigarnen Lid eeiieraeener iit
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=
AuYuuries
Here Mee Smee PRES MED OL TWO PRUIURE, BOT Tey He FM EvPeNove. [D4 CARDS
‘We Ce PEAT AWARE 4 SAN PNUD AT YOUR LolAL (OMPURTION CenTEe.
ae Vide am Ie . mien Vee ak te an BL AS GAHes , OS STRIN INFAU4ATION
ON UA RENIWES TL lexRAL AEA TC. (FELD CLE SFR TIME | AUK THE WIZE IN
4 AL THE GID FAL IT. MAE Yow WL To. Wns
NY From = de Schoo] rimer no, 7
Ze phyros Materials Exchanee.
oe JStanyan St, d
San Francisco CA F4NNT
MEDIA MIX
An interesting newsletter entitled Media Mix:
Ideas and Resources for Educational Change
recently shuffled its way to the surface of the
mess on my desk. It carries interesting reviews
on films, filmstrips, publications and other items.
Media Mix is published monthly, October to
May at 145 Brentwood Dr., Polatine, I11.,60067
by Jeffery Schrank. One year.subscription is
$5, two year $9. Here is a sample item:
Lifestyle 2000: Inquiry into the Future
. +». Schools are only beginning to
Tecognize that a study of the future is a
valid part of the curriculum. In response
to this recognition a few companies are
producing media material about the
future. One of the best to come along
so far is the Denoyer-Geppert filmstrip
Lifestyle 2000. The sound filmstrip is in
four parts, each about 80-frames in 10
minutes. Each consists of an interview
with a futurist-Hugh Downs, Paolo
Soleri, Herman Kahn and Ray Brad-
bury. The four segments, however, are
economically placed on two rolls of
film. The Hugh Downs segment pro-
vides a gentle and general introduction
to the study of the future paving the
way for the mind-blowing ideas of
Paolo Soleri. Soleri works mostly
with young people in Arizona building
his city of the future-a gigantic single
building that serves as a total environ-
ment. Herman Kahn talks of knowledge
29 ne
e
\
\
Guindon
“Any people anywhere, being inclined and having the
Power, have the right to rise up, and shake off the existing
government, and form a new one that suits them better.
This is a most valuable, a most sacred right--a right, which
we hope and believe, is to liberate the world.”
Abraham Lincoln
Wounded Kye Measacre
and the ability to control the future and
Ray Bradbury delivers a kind of pep
talk encouraging optimism.
$30.60 from Denoyer-Geppert, 5235
Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, IL 60640.
Also ask for their rapidly growing cata-
log of filmstrips.
anny 1293
send check or money order to: People’s Computer Company
BO. Box 310
jf
| ee Menlo Park,Ca 94025
ZIP
What kind of computer do you use?
9f- subscriptions start with 1st issue of school year
$4 for 5 issues
($5 Canada & overseas)
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