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Single subscriptions — $4 for § issues [$5 Canada and overseas] Group subscriptions, mailed all to the same address — 10 or more $3.00 each 30 or more $2.50 each 100 or more $2.00 each Subscription coupon on back cover 2 AG a1 aad Cover ant by Manie Mancho reprinted corteay JF Wasser NEWS © 1967 !f1!! FOR PCC SUBSCRIBERS ONLY TI!!! FOR A MERE PITTANCEs WE WILL SEND YOU TAPES OF GAME=PLAYING OR OTHER PROGRAMS THAT HAVE OR WILL APPEAR IN PCC. HERE ARE THE PRICES.» *PROGRAM* *ISSUE + PAGE* *PRICE* NUMBER OCT 72, PG 8 $1 FOR BOTH LETTER OCT 72, PG 11 STARS DEC 72» PG 3 $1 MELODY DEC 725 PG 17 $1 TRAP FEB 73, PG 8 $1 CHOMP FEB 73» PG 9 $1 MUGWUMP APR 73, PG 3 $1 HURKLE APR 73» PG 22 $1 REVERSE NEXT ISSUE $1 4k ry] eK * MINIMUN ORDER $2.00 * KKK sok well, hobody's ba ie tlit! FOR PCC SUBSCRIBERS ONLY II!!! WORKSHOPS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE Instructors: ROBERT ALBRECHT, People’s Computer Company and LEROY FINKEL, Ravenswood High School Schedule: March 31—Apri! 1;9 a.m, — 10 p.m. Saturday; 9 a.m. — 6:30 p.m. Sunday; Lawrence Hall of Science, Berkeley campus Credit: Two quarter units in Computer Science, each course Fee: $65 each course, includes laboratory fee and some materials. Enrollment is limited For information telephone 642-1061 in Berkeley Computers in the Classroom X 402A (2) An intensive “‘hands on” introduction.to the use of calculators and computers in elementary and secondary school education. Participants use programmable calculators and learn the pro- gramming language BASIC, using both timesharing terminals and small computers. Methods for effectively using computers _ in the classroom and analysis of available hardware, instruc- tional materials, computer education programs, and sources of further information. The course is conducted as an open classroom with activity centers for mathematics, science, business education, and social science teachers. It spans all grade levels — elementary through college. No previous pro- gramming or data processing knowledge is necessary. Computers in the Classroom: Individualized Instruction X 402B (2) This course is a continuation of Computers in the Classroom X 402A, and it gives participants the opportunity to increase their computer problem-solving skills. The course is run con- currently with X 402A, which is a prerequisite. Games Computers Play X 407 (2) Spend a weekend matching wits with a computer. Participants play computer games and explore both real life and ‘worlds of if’ through the medium of computer simulation. Games of skill, games of chance, and games to learn by. Computing equipment is available throughout the course. No previous computer experience is required. The course is run concur- rently with Computers in the Classroom X 402A and B. = _in the country,” sit*of the first New Schools Conference ~ LEARNING FAIRS and FUTURE FESTIVALS The story starts like this: It happened at Peninsula School, a forty-seven-year-old family-staff-owned cooperative, the “oldest free school in 1969. - What was it? Fifteen “workshops and playshops” — Bead Game Music, Kids Teaching Kids, Gestalt Smorgas- bord... —and forty ongoing events — Mobile Solar Sculpture, People’s Computer Center, Tree Loom, the Alexander Technique.... All spread over two days and sprinkled among the oak trees of the six-acre school site and the rooms within Peninsula’s main building, a green Victorian mansion. ‘Come together as participators/ innovators,” read the announcement. and ends like this: While Lam still cutting up bookshelves, the fair comes to its close. Iam reluctant to leave it, and I realize why: I have reopened doors into ways of learning that I had shut or that had been closed upon me years ago. For Tama product of that educational process by which we are systematically and deliberately weaned _ away from what Jerome Bruner called the “left-handed” (visual, intuitive, imaginative) and toward the “right- handed” (verbal, rational, logical), that process which separates one kind of learning from another and rates i © each in terms of its usefulness to society and not to the individual. That may be changing now in many schools for many younger children. But we adults and older children need support, encouragement, what Barney Young called “loosening up,” to open the doors again—to realize that a variety of “life games” are equally important parts of our education. And that sort of encouragement a “learning fair” can provide, At Peninsula’s fair the children were there as our guides, making creativity look natural and easy as pie. We learned from them that weekend. But for me it was only a start. from “Learning Fair’ by Susan Sands, Saturday Review of Education, January 1973, pages 37-41. Saturday Review of Education, Box 2043 Rock Island, Illinois 61207 If you missed the Super Ecstatic Completely Credible Learning Fair at Peninsula School last October — you can still make one of these this spring. TO TOUCH TOMORROW: FUTURE FARE “The merit of the future is that it is the area in which we can exert our will.” Bertrand de Jouvenal If you feel with de Jouvenal that we don't have to accept the future as “fixed,” then join us on March 30-31 and experience with us some of the exciting (and frightening) developments which are shaping our futures, Experience with us also the possibility of creating alternative futures to “‘the future” that you might feel is being imposed on you. We begin on Friday afternoon, March 30, with a series of films to be shown in Olney Hall. Among the films you will see are: “The World of Future Shock: Crisis in the 800th Life- time” in which Alvin Tofler, author of Future Shock, examines the concept of “future shock” and the stress placed on individuals by a society in constant flux. “The Family of the Future” looks at 3 different family lifestyles today which may be typical styles for tomor- row. The film is narrated by Margaret Mead. Thero will be many others. These films will also be shown Saturday. Friday evening at 8:00 PM in Olney Hall, Arthur C. Clarke, author of Profiles of the Future and many other books about futures, will speak on “The Year 2001 and Beyond.” Saturday, March 31, is Future Fare Day. Our environ- ment will be Harlan Center and its adjacent vutside spaces, Come play with a computer from the People’s Computer Co.; imagine with Aaron Hillman you re Lost in Space; participate in The Future State of the Nation with Paul Twelker and Ken Layden; join Gloria Loventhal and her elementary school children in their “School 2000; build a dome with Toni Ricci: eat with the One World Family Commune; ponder the prospects of Immortality with Chad Everone. These are just a sampling of the exciting events in sture for you. So come, Touch Tomorrow, ALTERNATIVES LEARNING FESTIVAL A CELEBRATION We at Webster College, in conjunction with the alter- native schools in St. Louis, will be sponsoring a National Festival on Alternatives in Learning, to be held in St. Louis on May 3—6. Our hopes for holding — such a festival are many; however, our specific aims are to learn more about ways we can humanize the diverse educational needs of an ever-changing and increasingly complex society. The scope of ALF will be between 5,000-—10,000 people from all over the nation. Some of the better known speakers so far are: Swight Allen, University of Massachusetts School of Education; Nate Blackman, Principal of Chicago Metro Alternative High School; Don Glines, author of Creating Humane Schools; Joh Kozol, author of Free Schools; and Don Moore, Midwest Center for New Schools. ALF will revolve around a “Learning Bazaar,” to be run by teachers, administrators, parents, students, and others involved in the creative learning experience. Booths will focus on individualized experiencing... Workshops will focus on group experience - - doing, thinking, creating... Anyone interested in presenting a workshop, group session, learning shop, or other alternative involvement, at the FESTIVAL, or anyone desiring additional info, please call Webster College, (314)968-0500, ext. 400. Webster College 470 East Lockwood St. Louis, Mo. 63119 ROSCOE SEE Dees eeecaesuanacesesseesnnecassenEeeeEGeEEeeS PAGE 2 for more info, contact Ms. Sydney Goldstein Director of Public Events ZA College of Marin Kentfield, CA. 94904 (415)454-3962 ae ae es A mae AIO ?.: : Recently | was modifyin jon an g a program we had on an HP 2000F system. A simplified version of the pro- gram would look. like this: ‘ ti 108 REM 1 150 REM 2 “380 REM 3 350 REM 4 400 REM 5 450 REM 6 $60 REM 7 550 END | wanted to move lines 400 and 450 to before Line 300 so that the program would look like this: 160 REM 150 REM 200 REM 250 REM 398 REM 350 REM S@0 REM 558 END VEOKUN So | innocently typed REN = 200.5. 58s 408. 458 (i.e., “Renumber Lines 400 through 450 b ff : n y 50's, starting at Line 200” for those of you who are unfamiliar with HP BASIC.) And the computer typed back RENUMBER SEQUENCE OVERFLOW/OVERLAP (Whatever that means) | assumed that the computer ‘ was refusing to perform this trivial operation and proceeded to do it the hard way. Here’s how it looks (assume the program’s name is PROG). GET-PROG NAM-T1 DEL-300.550 SAV : GET-PROG : . NAM-T2 DEL=10065350 - - ..._. DEL-5¥0,55a - --- REN-208 55054005450 SAV : GET-PROG NAM-T3 ee DEL-1002153 ante” DEL-488,450 Sav sina SCR NAM=-PROG APP-T1 APP -T2 APP-T3 KIL-TI KIL-T2 . KIL=-T3 KIL=PROG SAV Come on HP, that’s 27-lines | had to type instead of spending my time on something useful. Not only that, it could have been done with just one command, if HP’s software was written properly to begin with. Some day computer manufacturers are going to learn that computers are for people to use, and not the other way around. That day will come only when computer users take it upon themselves to pull themselves out of their apathetic morass of ignorance of what computers could be doing for them, and demand their rights as consumers. If you read the label on a 25¢ can of soup why not read the “label” on a $100,000.00 computer system P.S, It matters not to the poor user if there is some undocumented “'secret’”’ way to do what he or she want. A graffiti found at Resource 1 is quite lucid on this point: q 100 REM see HUGWUMP - A HIDE AND SEEK GAME 7 110 REM eee PE@PLE’S COMPUTER COMPANY.» MENL® PARK CA , 120 RANDOM 130 REM #66 GeGRID SIZE NeNUMBER GF GUESSES ALLOVE 7 140 LET G#l0 150 LET Nes " ° 360 PRINT “D@ YOU WANT THE RULES CfaYES Oeng>™s b “170 «INPUT 2 160 IF Z <> 1 THEN 350 190 REM eee RULES IN LINES 200 THRU 330 5 200 PRINT “A MUGWUMP IS HIDING IN A™JGS™BY"sGS"GRID. TRY TO” ero 230 PRINT “NUMBERS (O Te"3G-15%) SEPARATED BY A COMMA. THE FIRST™ 240 PRINT “NUMBER IS THE DISTANCE T@ THE RIGHT OF HOMEBASE~ . _ 250 PRINT “AND THE SEC@ND NUMBER IS THE DISTANCE ABOVE THE™ 3 270 PRINT “1S HIDING B UNITS T@ THE RIGHT OF H@MEBASE AND™” 2 280 PRINT “3 UNITS ABGVE HOMEBASE, THEN ENTER 8.3 AS YOUR" 300 PRINT / 320 PRINT “TELL YOU HOW FAR CIN A DIRECT LINE) Ye@U ARE FREM™ 330 PRINT “THE MUGWUHP. ~ 340 KEM eee HIDE MUGWUMP AT RANDGM GRIDPGINT A+B 360 LET BaINT(G*RND(O)) 380 PRINT “MUGWUMP IS HIDING. Yeu GET™SNs “GUESSES.” 390 REM ¢¢e N GUESSES ALLOWED - LINES 400 THRU 560° 410) PRINT 430 INPUT X-¥ 440 REH ¢e@ IF MUGWUMP NOT FOUND G6 Te LINE 500 450 IF X <>» A THEN 520 460 IF Y <> B THEN S20 470 PRINT “YOU FOUND HIM IN“) TI*GUESSESILI” 480 PRINT “LET*S PLAY AGAIN.” 490 PRINT $00 GeTe 350 Ps S10 REM e¢¢ DeSTRAIGHTLINE DISTANCE T@ MUGWUMP S20 LET D=SOR((X-A)s2¢C(Y-B) 12) . 530 REH ¢e* THEN WE ROUND D T@ ONE DECIMAL PLACE $40 ‘LET DeINT(10002710 SSO PRINT "YOU ARE’sDs"UNITS FROM THE HUGWUMP.” 360 NEXT T 570 REM #¢e MUGWUHP NOT FOUND IN N GUESSES $80 PRINT 390 PRINT "SORRYs THAT'S”sJNs"1RIES.” 600 PRINT "MUGRKUMP IS AT GRIDPOINT “sAS%s"9B 610 PRINT “LET'S PLAY AGAIN.” 620 PRINT y, 630 GeTe 350 ow spud END loecs to HELP You FwD Deedee 36900 NEW MATH RULE-INDIVIDUAL. ..... . . $ 36 only. each side —- 1/10", 1/16", metric and number line. Accurate, easy-to-read Pocket Set (4) . . . . . $2.40 calibrations, Dozenblack. . . . . . 86,00 @ £ 2 PUBLICATIONS TM. MUGWUMP PRINT “FIND KIM BY GUESSING H1S GRIDPOINT. H@MEBASE IS™ IND A GUESS Ss PRINT “GRIDP@INT 0.0 A IS A PAIR GF WKELE” Y PRINT “HOMEBASE. FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU THINK THE MUGWUMP” PRINT “GUESS AND PRESS THE ‘RETURN® KEYe” PRINT “YOU GET" JNI"GUESSESe AFTER EACH GUESS» I WILL” LET AsINTCGeRNDCO)? ~ PRINT FOR Tal TON PRINT “WHAT IS YOUR GUESS") ae ; @ Larger grid... Smadl 79 : LF Change grid ste Ga Lin 140 © Mores quran... feaser cutest ? Plies. Wighthot Gitta N in UX ISO. HUswup wes tapered by Pujed Soto MAL #ozot. Contech Project er rhe Departed, Unisensile ° Pi Hs bugle 16213. Buy then Fron 3 Y , 9 CREATIVE 7Or make Hhew _ P.O. BOX 10328 yourself ve PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA 94303 Business Office — (415) 968-3977 Product Development and Teaching Center — (415) 968-1101 ‘TRANSPARENT GRIDS (INCH & CM) Flexible, transparent acetate grids for many different purposes, Measure area by placing grid over plane figure. Put blocks on top of grid. Demonstrate fractions, decimals, area | relationships on the overhead projector, Make charts, graphs, etc.—then wipe them clean! Two kinds of grids available—10" x 10" VIS-A-VIS PENS ruled in inches or 25 cm x 25 cm ruled in Visual aid pens for overhead pro- centimeters, jector transparencies which write CIRCLE MASTER COMPASS 34100 = Circle Master Compass—Individual smoothly and evenly on all acetates. 36500 Transparent Cm Grids — Bright, transparent colors do not change (Pkg. of 10)....... $3.25 during use. Easy to ell tem 37000 ids — acetates; washable from hands an F ieee altho $3.25 clothing; non-toxic and adorless. Available in Pocket Set (one each of the four colors — black, red, blue and green) or in boxes of a dozen in black Durable four-in-one ruler made of plastic. Has four scales — two on 38450 VIS-A-VIS PENS -., Sat. Jan. 8, 1972 Free-Forms 2 At ‘One’ ‘ Warehouse By Thomas Albright Except for its hot mustard exterior paint job, the im- Mmeose, six-level building at the corner of Tenth and How- ard etreets looks Uke any of the older warehouses and Night industrial plants that form most of the surrounding neighborhood. Once inside, however—via a door marked simply, “One” — you plunge Into an utterly mind-boggling complex of winding corridors and {ree- form rooms, and of free-form studio space in a charateris- South of Market garage- fully equipped television and radio studios; film, photo, ; and a staggering varicty af other, continually evolving and overlapping activities, ACTIVITIES ‘These activilies are the work of some 200 people and 0 organizations who are in- volved in “One” on areguiar basis, and who range from students and recent universi- ty graduates and drop-outs, to PhDs, electronics special- ists and other highly trained professionale whohave pulled out of tho normal Stream of economic life to Join in a cooperative sharing of talent, experience and physical resources. They bring with them not only knowledge and skill, bat of- ten costly and highly special- fred technological hardware as wel A year and a half old, "One" js the senlor member of a loose network of similar warehouse ‘“'projects" that has already grown to include @ Jarger “Artaud,” at 17th and Alabama streets, and several smaller complexes. In the works are others in = Franelsco and the East ay. The idea for One" origi- nated with Ralph Scott, an architect and engineer by training who was thea shar- ing space with a dozen other people in smaller warehouse quarters. : At its most practical lavel, Scott explained, the plan grew out of the fact that there were “‘a lot of people who needed to find an aller native way to deal with eco nomic problems, such as low income, or unwillingness to sacrifice their integrity for a reasonable salary. There are great numbers of poeple to- day who have talent, éxperi- ence and a command of money, but refuse to pay the price. There are others — people with master’s ceprces and PhDs — who simply can't find jobs.” ISOLATION "A second factor Is isola- tion, which makes poeple liv- ing in a city relntively incf- fective. People live ina high- ly compartmentalized world, with no flow or continuity be- tween one activity and ancth- er. Many creative people are victimized by the negative aspects of living In an urban environment and are unable to take advantage of its posi- tive elements, such as stimu- lation and sharing Ideas. Soine can't pay to keep a phone Installed to call across the city and find out whata friend fs doing.” Finally, Scott pointed out, “there 15 an aura of ciilism, and even mysticism, that surrounds the world of tech- no!ozy, and many of the arts, berause so many people lack access to equipment, training and other resources." 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S create] 208 suas ure artsepo eee of a ae atsdieed ees oaaeas eee eh EuSew euoeges 3s saa § 29 sP5Ene E=9 Fsteses is (oBe Seotdea we “Beso, gages oma, fF BOS “Sab sade ecnsh kZOGaR By ssau gag Best: 282 os *EUERE35" sen gt *ege Gabe S Bo sence 52299, 25a -SUVBZESOta = 2 ae Sua BAO SoS goe Sgn Aonry Saree a 3.28 ZB6 Se gS go2 teg ga7tgs. 3 8 1 poaE aa ScegGeg Gey & Pm 292. n.08 St he 4 SF atid § bo Pe ZeB Te sSS BaF og gS ats ms WBS) Fig oer ae, eSSSESeS yee cA SSCS RE: CES y SSC HHS a" ohus* 4s g ESSesee tse B exebkat laze es pel Exsedatyp EES Tees izess Tee Seeer gehagessens oo gage Eps ERGSESaESS “dassleSe“ese2 BRSEses Sazasi a “SERS esa Sh Vela aFsS° SeGHRes sere ss Cubed seegzae > ed 2x@ in the process of designing programs. that June '71, id 4 3 RERERSSEE Pe OSRASGRHRHE. SSARRERE, gEeoe cs erpeotus .aETSEE se gi a Ga peed eae are are Hieaaa eHigid anpere Se ESceES “degen eg 3a saSeksay FEGseasdefsue.*, FesSigke RLEL EE ga73 a decbsf fore BE < Eeceeee Bgeckeesis ee te eSB BRS og B28 e fas ay B ae SESESESSEUurECE (hve SgFGEbs, ce geese Gee egik@pboi> g Ure q ° ESET Por g eqs ase ° BagySesesen ss baasias segees © i=} Py PaEELET ELE Le B— CMO} [TEMS w OT Poy jasper emo copoesssor KE THINK IT'S IT FOLLOWS THAT IF WE "THER GROUPS wILL SHARE THEIR MARK PEACOCK HOPING IT 1s WE WANT pocket, along with a few thousand dollars provided by friends. The people have regular out of our own sources of Income vary. Some outside the building. struction and materials cams Some inside jobs generate in- jobs ‘ose Zupyéreas yj Zuope = ‘seanasfqo ano 3 mums 0) pays0m ouckiaas vay pur e@apsefqo ae psuyep suosuios “sanpmumos ueydoyn Ar -Nyw2D MIST OM DI,, “Poppe oq «*PNpeid pre ssacoid 3am} oq woRmunsp yUNWIOdary sqinqns oy) ou} esnoysrem O% xadesq> 3 ponoy earq Sapredmos ‘sreaf yua2az vy,, ‘Pyes yoog ,,mMayeks oTuIoW Zupyiom 1441 eml0I9q Of 70m 0M “ABojouqsa) AIT oq] Jo syIyar escamyjor om TT Ssu]D Suyylow oiqeyeay poe poztepeds ‘pars Anyary ‘pa avonpa me’ + * wsqepnenpay =180d 10] e103 Joqe] & Jo VOR -onpoid omy 01 eur A[quiesse om jo sanbyuyos) om Aldde 0} sea MasTeELNsnpay jo ydanry @VWIITN OL, ‘seouned id dnoiZz eq fq -qnd yepest & ,,‘suopeed -xo mnoj20[3 pue Zuqoyey ‘qUs Te} snjdms jo eacm fepy ¥ FO spres-qeau oi 1,04, INZTIVL “#013 Oj osns sy} 3da9 “203 ,,000,, OT] JT SB sIead 194 se satefqold man 0; osf2 Seay3 queurpedxa eanesedo -o2 sabpm syaiy yeq epsoucs Aqpees syuedppied 000 ~gesuc> om ‘en paiseZ8ns aaa seq emo om nq “sMOY 0008 Joy uo Sezp Sng camry iy “TK y10m ssay eau at ‘SOMA Fy “WOysap B yoasaid ued 0A Zupuas sip o13oys foe Yeuy Zuyread i ye peste aq qs suOTSaP TE Puy, PIES HOS ,,'5]22/qo osTe suo 3mes Thon Zupseu w syeEYyD 183 ouoKTe yey eppscid WPEPOssE OVIHIE CTL,, sav Mei the Saqyej02 & uO pareys ere pow -ouny eanenstuapy “) ie tae ree oo Yy 4 M = MA 16 | | 5 Po gh DIAGRAM B+ H-ScALE DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS ARTICLE — C-scale: The Chromatic scale (Diagram A). Twelve tones with proportionately increasing frequencies, repeating every octave. H-scale: tone of a chromatic scale is very close to the frequency of an important overtone (the 3 overtone). The H-scale is just the C-scale redrawn to display this relationship more clearly. The Harmonic scale (Diagram B). The eighth the defining tone of a scale Perfect Perfect opposite Major Minor AY \ & WR Ag ‘7 ot ES Bar cS Bar 3a i) <7 : PBUH ey C3) OI) All arithmetic in C-scale music is performed “mod 12" — here’s a useful mod 12 reducer DEF FNM(X)=X—INT(X/12)*12 Here’s our question for. today: Given the C-seale as the UNI VERSE, how os ‘ SUBSETS (patterns with fewer than 12 tones) with predictable properties to be selected? Here isa simple model to help us. Disa 4: c - 103 RANDEM Ist location (DO) = 1 (always) 110 DCLsI\D¢8)s1 2nd location = 2(MJ)or ive 120 FOR Is2 TO 7 3rd location = 4(MI) or 5 130 Rs INTC2#RNDCO) > 4th dnd 5th locations =° 6(P) or 7(PO) and 7(PO) or 140 IF I>4 THEN 170 5 8(P) [2 out of 3] 150 DCI) sRe2eC 1-1) 6th location = 9(MI) or 10(MA) 160 GO Te 210 i -= 11(MI) or 12(MA) 7th location = r 170 IF DC€4)#6 THEN 200 180 DC¢5)e8 190 IF I=S THEN 210 200 DCI) =R+24 (1-1-5) 210 NEXT I 220 PRINT 230 FOR I=1 TO 8 240 PRINT DCIDs Diagram C shows the scale locations and which tones = can occupy each location. The diagram also shows how the properties of each of the tones would affect the melodic tendencies of the scale. Major tones tend 250 NEXT I to progress upward, minor tones downward. <—————>- ' 260 PRINT 300 END e . DIAGeAN C! T-TONE SCALES _. Why do we need a definer? The definer (from Ta Chuan/The Great Treatise on () R D() FORMULA CONDITIONS the I Ching, or Book of Changes) (1), (8) not computed 1 1 always | In the Book of Changes a distinction is made among s (2) lor0 2or3 R+2*%(1—1) none i three kinds of change: nonchange, cyclic change, and (3) lor0 Aous R+2%I1—1) ae - sequent (non-cyclic) change. Nonchange is the back- (4) lor0 6or7 R+29(I—1) ae Cnet Git Ga ere, aesiist which change is made (3) lor 0 7or8 R+2%I-15) D(S)=8 if D(4)=7 possible. For in regard to any change there must be , 0 9 or 10 R+2*(I 15 F "some fixed point to which the change can be referred; 7 (6) lor bad * n( — 1.5) HORE otherwise there can be no definite order and every- RUN (7) lorO . llor 12 R + 2*(I — 1.5) none thing is dissolved in chaotic movement. This point of ; reference must be established, and this always requires ~ a choice and a decision. It makes possible a system of 2.8 8 fae ae a ; coordinates into which everything else can be fitted. Consequently at the beginning of the world, as at the READY beginning of thought, there is the decision, the fixing . of the point of reference. Theoretically any point of RUN reference is possible, but experience teaches that al ; the dawn of consciousness one stands already enclosed !3 5 67 9 41 1 within definite, prepotent systems of relationships. ‘ The problem then is to choose one’s point of reference so that it coincides with point of reference for cosmic events. For only then can the world created by one’s decision escape being dashed to pieces against pre- potent systems of relationships with which it would otherwise come into conflict. Obviously the premise 256 7 10 1 1 Now that you've seen this program, a little question on which we shall build in later for such a decision is the belief that in the last analysis READ articles: 3 the world is a system of homogeneous relationships - Y that it is a cosmos, not a chaos. This belief is the We said that there are 48 different scales foundation of Chinese philosophy, as of all philosophy. RUN possible by this method. This statement Bie es frame of reference for all that changes , neglects the phenomenon of inversion. A is the nonchanging. ‘ 3.°«4 : : pista —— aS ae 4 scale ig an inversion of another scale if : y READY : 1) it uses the same tones, but assigns a - \ y pigs different number the role of DO. E.g., 1-3-4-6-8-10-11-1 isan inversion of 11-1-3-4-6-8-10-11, the brack- eting tones being DO in both scales. READY , 2) _ the pattern of intervals is the same, a but beginning with a different interval. . We'll explain this further in a later article; try to work it out for yourself i - iets bm 4a 4 an or yourself in the mean READY How many of the 48 scales are inversions of baa one another? Conversely, how many really unique patterns are possible with these rules? One further question, likewise with future significance: How many of the scales generated by this method are symmetrical? For example, 1-2-5-6-8-9-]2-1 is symmetrical (look at Diagram C). Is this of any importance? 12 5 6 7 10 11 3 fage 7 & mks, 8s ey Mek, tes Last issue we dealt with some general bid re- quirements that can be used in any computer bid situation (see box this page). This issue will deal with specifics for hardware and soft- ware. You should be aware from the start that your software requirements may be every bit as important as your hardware needs and specs should be written accordingly. Secondly, the more specific you are, the more information will be provided to you by bidders, (i.e., if you list all your requirements, it is incumbent upon the bidder to list any exceptions to.those requirements). If you don’t list your needs, he may not tell you all about his system and you will have to search out this information on your own. Both hardware and software sections can and should be written with a required section and a preference will be shown if you can provide this section. This gives you wiggle room in your selection and lets your bidders know exactly what your minimum needs are and what you really want. Chances are, no one will be able to give you everything you want (at least not at a reasonable price!). ees - ; : : Here are some more general bid specs that have been brought to our attention since the last installment of this article. Use them in good health. * The bidder must have gross sales in excess of $50 million and evidence of a profitable computer operation. [Wonder who suggested that one?] This line will certainly knock out Fly-By-Nite Manufacturing but will also knock out other small, legit- imate bidders as well. * Bidder must have 10 (20, 30 ??) or more similar installations in simi- lar institutions and must provide their names and addresses. Bidder must have an active educa- tional users group. * Bidder must provide a library of programs suitable for use in sec- ondary schools (in BASIC). * Computer system must have a second instructive language (e.g., FOCAL — who claims this one?), * HARDWARE You can take three different approaches in writing specs for hardware. You can be SUPER-SPECIFIC. For instance, you could specify an 8K, DEC Edusystem 20 with 4 terminals (ASR 33). Unless you added “or the equivalent,” this kind of spec would get you one single bidder, DEC. If you add “or the equivalent” it would be like opening Pandora's box. Everyone would bid claiming they were “equivalent” or better than an Edusystem 20 and you might have a real hassle proving otherwise. Unless your mind is completely closed, we don’t recommend this approach. : Another approach is to spec your hardware completely around your software specs — “the hardware provided will be capable of operating the software described elsewhere in this document.” This seems like an awfully gutsy thing to do and requires that your soft- ware specs be exhaustive and exacting. This approach probably makes the most sense but I’m not convinced it’s practical unless you really have some sharp spec writers around your shop. pte 4 ritine Bia § ne hie Always seeking a compromise, the obvious way to spec your system is to list those minimum hardware requirements that you think you might have plus your preferences, require that the hardware be capable of operating all the software specs and write yourself a neat set of software specs. - Now for the specific hardware items — Central or Basic Computer System 4 Don’t spec a Central Processor (CPU) per se, rather spec a total system. Require that it be new equipment (unless you want a used one) and define that it be of latest generation design (today that’s third generation or is it fourth or 3%[?]). If you’re gutsy don’t identify your core storage requirements in terms of x number of words or bytes. Instead, specify your needs in x amount of USER SPACE or user space per terminal, while operating in time shared BASIC. (We felt S000 words was adequate if the system could CHAIN programs.) And, if your’re messing with FORTRAN and the like, then define your needs in terms of user space for each language. User space is really what you’re concerned about isn’t it? You will find wide variations in user space from system to system— so beware. This tactic puts the pressure on the vendor to spécify space in your terms, not his. To save you dollar$ later, you should specify that the delivered system be expandable to x amount of core without thé need to replace the CPU or the addition of an expansion chassis (we said 32K). It’s cheaper to get the bigger chassis now and less aggravation later. If you have a preference for a 12 bit word system, say so. If you want a 16 bitter spec it that way. You may as well.get what you want!, More Storage In this day and age you have an unbelievable choice if you want more storage capability on your system. For the complete system you can choose fixed-head disks, cartridge disks, magnetic tape, DECtape, cassette tape, and a plethora of floppy disks and other assorted paraphenalia, or any combination thereof. You should examine your needs as you see them and then make your decision. We’re not convinced that a fixed head disk is needed for any reason other than speed and to run up the price. If speed is not your concern, save yourself some PEGS: Pant If you're considering a DEC Edusystem, some combination of DECTAPE and cartridge disk is probably the most flexible, least cost way to go. ~ Remember, DECTAPE is more like arandom access device than it is like magnetic tape, or ‘so they say. s Whatever you do, be sure to specify that the storage you want be available to all users in time shared BASIC. That seems obvious but - you should know, that hardware people some- times sell you things that don’t work the way you expect them to. We're a little gun-shy about floppy disks and _ cassette units as of now. We haven't seen major vendors providing software to drive these units. Is that clear? Just because it’s attached to your hardware does NOT mean it will work. There must be some linking software to make the “it” available to the user in BASIC. The software is not always available, so buyer beware... . However, if you have some good software people around, these two items may bea good low- cost way to adding storage to your little system. 1/O Capability If you’re specing a Teletype-only system, there. is little to worry about. For each TTY you need a TTY interface or for all of them get one multi- plexor into which they plug. Multiplexors usually handle 8 to 16 TTY and work out to be cheaper than buying individual interfaces. If you are going to communicate via phone lines with modems (see PCC Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 12), beware. Some TTY interfaces WILL run either direct TTY or modems — some WON'T. Specify your needs. No matter how many TTY’s you want now, you'll want more soon. Be sure to require . that your system I/O isexpandable. _- - AND tHaTS * ONLY" SAF is With changing technology you-should be able to get multi-speed interfaces and multiplexors So you will be prepared to run those sweet new CRT’s at rates of 30 CPS or faster. Your standard TTY interface will not run at 30 CPS. Specify variable speed interfaces or multiplexors money and don’t require a fixed head disk. That doesn’t mean you won’t get one. Some systems only work with such a disk for reasons that have never been adequately explained. (Warning: If you will be doing CAI on your system you will need a fixed head disk. CAI consumes an enormous amount of disk space and it slows the system down considerably. If you plan to do anything in addition to CAI on that system, be prepared — you'll need plenty of extra disk space to handle it.) to meet this need. If you want card readers, printers, and all those other high speed peripherals be very cautious. These items don’t just plug into the multiplexor— EACH needs a controller (like an interface). Do you want these peripherals available for time share users? You had better say so! Some BASIC systems will run these peripherals in time share, ~ other will not. The HP 20008, the low cost model, will not drive high-speed peripherals in time share . . . the 2000F will. (Another of life’s “unexplained mysteries.) Some DEC systems will drive these peripherals IF you buy more core. “T’d like a computer that’s about this high and this wide...” Another frustrating item is the high-speed paper tape reader you must buy on larger systems for $3500 or so. It is only used to ENTER system software. No user can use it to enter BASIC programs (don’t ask me why!). Cost savers — Mark sense card readers — we have friends who swear by them and other who swear at them. Check mark sense readers out carefully before you decide. You may find a punch card reader will better meet your needs and save you money. Line printers are expensive as hell. A good Saving can be made if you buy the 80 column printer instead of the full blown 132 column model. Do you really need all that printing? Here are some cost savers — Most large systems are sold with magnetic tape to be used to load the “‘system”’ in case of a malfunction. This tape unit ($10,000 worth) has no other use since time sharing users cannot use it. You can eliminate this costly extra by using a cartridge disk as your time share storage unit. In case of malfunction you use this same device to reload the system. MOLE MEMOS ONYECOING TO BID2s\r Miscellaneous Somewhere in your bid spec you should require that all interconnecting cables and hardware be included. Cables can run $35 to $50 each. It’s _nice to have them included in the price. (I realize these things sound obvious but unfortu- nately we know of schools that have been $-screwed by these little things.) Most bids we’ve seen have specified that the system will operate without special environ- mental requirements such as air conditioning. You might even specify the low-high tempera- tures you require. That’s what’s neat about a mini... no air conditioning, no special raised floors and all those other expensive things. Powerfail/restart capability is a hardware and software item. This goody costs about $500. In case of power failure or fluctuation, it guarantees you won’t lose everthing that’s going on and then restarts your system automatically. Asa hardware item, it’s pretty straightforward. Be sure to mention the requirement that there be software to make it operate when you’re running BASIC. Again, it sounds obvious, but we did use a system recently that had powerfail hardware but when the plug was kicked out, we lost everything???! Want your computer ina cabinet? Better say so, you may not get it that way. Maintenance — the stickywicket of this business. It costs dearly but buy a yearly maintenance contract on your system and high speed peripherals. It’s worth it. We don’t recommend maintenance contracts on TTY’s. Service them with on-call service. Be confident that you will get 12 to 24 hour service from the computer manufac- turer — service by employees of the firm. I’d be very leery if maintenance is only available from a ‘local mechanic with whom we -contract.”’ Those of you in the boonies will encounter this problem. Beware. Haat ah Ll We’ve said... don’t buy TTY’s from the computer supplier. It'll cost you a fortune. The computer supplier may require that you buy a consol TTY from them (usually an ASR 35 for $3500 or so). Your stuck buying it from them but don’t accept the ASR 35 — tell them you want an ASR 33. It will do the same job at half the price. When you specify TTY’s from another source be sure to include the requirement that the TTY be modified for your system. TTY’s connected to DEC, Data General and other computers, require a modifi- cation kit installed in the TTY to make it run compatibly with the computer (cost is about $100 each). Remote TTY’s (via phone lines) don’t require these modifi- cations. iki ih a easing — Nobody buys computers these days, they lease them. Someone out there should write us an article about leasing — pros, cons, prices etc. We do know that interest rates vary from firm to firm as do all other fine print items. Let Truth-In-Lending work for you — REQUIRE the vendor to specify the interest rate used in calculating your lease. SOFTWARE y We’re only going to worry about BASIC here. If you need other language specs, you'll have to find another reference. Let me repeat the comment that this section of your specs may be more important than your hardware require- ments. BASIC was developed at Dartmouth College and there is considerable literature to explain what is called Dartmouth BASIC. Trouble is, the authors of the language have come out with several revisions and improvements to the language which have blurred the original definition. We’re going to reinstate what we think is the original Dartmouth BASIC. WA sy sez aXS SS ee RN SS Dartmouth BASIC includes the following statements: LET, PRINT, READ, DATA, GOTO, IF-THEN, FOR, NEXT, GOSUB, RETURN, INPUT, REMARK, END, DEF, DIM, STOP, RESTORE, RND, SGN, SIN, COS, TAN, ATN, SQR, LOG, EXP, INT, You may not need the MATRIX commands. All the rest represent the absolute minimum BASIC language requirements. You might place the MATRIX commands in a “‘desirable” software category. (MATRIX commands take up an awfully large amount of user space on core-based minis. Be sure to require the ability to delete the MATRIX commands at your will to gain user space when MAT isn’t used. Then you only have to load the MAT commands when you need them.) To tnis standard BASIC you should add the requirement of a TAB command which will help formatting output and the MULTI-BRANCH GOTO (ON x GOTO 100, 200, 300) which you will find invaluable. If you’re really getting into it, youll want STRING VARIABLE capability on your system. String variable commands allow you to manipu- late alphabetic data. Some systems will only allow strings of lengths from 6 to 18 characters, depending on the system. This is almost like no strings at all. HP allows strings of 72 characters (one full TTY line) on the 2000 series. DEC’s BASIC PLUS language will handle strings as large as 255 characters. In addition to having strings you should specify the ability to use relational operators (< =, >) with strings so you can do such things as compare strings and arrange them in alphabetic order. To round out your string variable capability you should re- quire the ability to concatenate strings and separate strings using substring commands. In the category of “preferred and awfully nice” (but not necessary) we place the ability to store strings in arrays or string array capability. This feature is now available one some of the newer, super BASIC systems that are coming out. Next in order of preference, we see the need to CHAIN programs, that is to link two or more programs together for continuous operation. With CHAIN you must have a COMMON state- ment which allows carrying a variable forward from one program to another. Some systems offer CHAIN but not COMMON, caveat emptor. The following BASIC features are not in any meaningful order but we suggest you evaluate each on its’ merits and use them in your specs as you see fit,...asrequired,... preferred, ... not necessary. PRINT USING or picture formatting asa BASIC command. This gives you the ability to control output format with more precision and without some fancy programming shenan- igans. Especially useful for business applications. Multiple statements per line — DEC has a neat user space saving feature that permits-you to put multiple statements on one line. 10 FOR X=1 TO 1ON\PRINT XNNEXT X If you’re looking at a core based mini this is almost a necessity. Immediate or calculator mode — allows you to execute unnumbered statements without writing a complete program and without having to scratch the existing program. The statement may be any legit BASIC statement, even including a looping one. ENTER permits limiting the time a user has to input a value. Absolutely essential for CAI and nice to have for simulations and games. File capability — the ability to store data in sequential and random access files. You should specify how many files can be accessed at one time (4 to 10), how much data each file should be able to handle. These figures will vary wildly from system to system. Logical operators — AND, OR, NOT operators available to use on all data. Peripheral drivers — if you are buying card readers etc., we repeat again, specify (REQUIRE) that the BASIC software include the ability to effectively use these items by terminal users. There must be other BASIC features but we’re out of gas! If you’re seeking a large disk time sharing system than you must require a full compliment of system accounting features including x number of assignable user numbers, file protection for each user, and the ability to keep track of time and space for each user. You should also require that the system have a Public Library capability which allows all users to access the programs in this library, AND require that the vendor provide you with at least 200 programs for this library each of which be suited for educational use at your level. HP (maybe DEC too’ has a nice feature called a GROUP library. Users with similar user numbers have access to this library in addition to the Public Library. This feature is appropriate in a consortium installation where each school may like its own library in addition to the Public one. We hate to say this, but these are the recommended, requirements for one language. If you are con- cerned with other languages you should take some time to specify your needs for that or those langu- ages as well. Is it hardware or software? Someplace you should require a reasonable response time when the system is in full use. What’s reasonable??? How about 5 seconds after pressing RETURN when all 16 (or 32° users arg doing normal problem-solving activities. At the present time there is a Standards Committee meeting to establish stand- ards for the BASIC language and all its improvements. This article has com- pletely disregarded the existence of these standards. When they become available, we will print them so you can require the established standards on your %, Cha Bot, gr, ales, Veena age a —-+—-- PO ee ee af hn ene fT Uchilanen, Copeieind so, am tlh herd An Cayptmcen iy ae, ee Zeb pot kre ad 7K Cs. COE Presi Beter spas MUX. AP fears EY 7I7KG I. : one” Sam. an. Whe sate es Parnrlins <<, : Edmonton Amara TSK OCS poner Re TIE PPAR Toot gD ew Oo AH CANADA wad 12822 Wt te. On COC 6Ivo_ ont? TFOPKSF —oaN vhe yaad bre _freave n~ Ya edi?) Conye. wi H_. ne Showed the paper around a fot and found that the computer people were very Interested (re. the Computing Services subscription) and nan-comauter people were a bit bedazzied . . . if you could do something in the way of a simple analogue y I 2H KAS let Ae. welretng? wt Ben. ee BO to help explain how @ computer sort of goes about its business | think it might —- DO eee "ea? P6oo Say 5 Cn ke help. a al ; Z ee ass a op t hesitate getting too deep into that: a> ered Sxe_ tort) a 7K. FE sehen” we aps (1) Decause the computers themselves can provide an experience worth much ae es ee Pop,- ? nk Z ‘IL a0 Pcp er, more than a newspaper article. Z ; : - ; Set Co a Da x (2) for fear of the “Radical Software Effect... | like software but couldn't a ae se A) ane A a Se aig ae do much with until | had a few personal exchanges with a porta-pak under 4 iA ne : g - i: oF a ee rae ag afte 100, slows gi Ce me Aes, etd OE fF U of A has a whole mess of computers: IBM 360/6F /40,1800, POP8{18), POP8E(2), "Lior 2 Le ae ) es é HP 2116, HP 2114, D&C NOVA (3), HON DDP SIV SONDGEEISNIGAERG: "Lies Sis i ote, Le uhane a. sacl... oe SS, EAI §90, CDC 240, COC L6P 30, CDC 3150, NIC . , . $200, eae a ee cia ha Se 2 pte - ; 3 UNI 8300 (2), BUR L2301, but the only one I've ever spoken to is the IBM 360/67... th Letn/ Pm Paso SA. At na poteeaK 1 don’t even know what the rest look like or what kind of magic they perform, OA OE. esp eeaiuats ee: ly oe vail 4 sie No, I don’t have a computer ...do you haye 8 4K you can spare... what do you think — a ea mg = - of DEC's POP-16 modules . . . I'm reading the book. ALS oO. haze ee. GUA rer ae ee ec ae. \'m kind of new to computers really and haven’t got enough vocabulary to ssy much more er ee LALLA kek ff ‘o A 22.7 en een agrees more than a few stupid sentences but...) found # magazine called: SOFTWARE - sek 7 ‘ ZL woe a z Practice & Experience, Periodicals Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane, we ae SPraae lie, Act, ey Aare. ow 4, OP Lao) Ge eee AS are IK Chichester, Sussex, ENGLAND, $23.40 USA, $22.50 CANADA/year (quarterly), that ath, et . Con oh —s has a regular article in the back called Computer Recreations: for example, —- per ers settee + Oye (lan : - Cue. CONE to ~ “Darwin” a game between computer programs as programs « MOWERT ete ese em Move. 7_ Hesiacnffites ee. —"Napolean™ The Military Game J ha wv, / Z (ape the — "MOD" or f ede ot Pes aie ALO. Sooty. wu a + —"“CALCOMP” = can’t read this stuff o Seymour Papert was in Edmonton a few weeks back for some seminars, etc. and mentioned: : 1) Alan Kay's involvement in somo kind of computing thing (centre?) for public oO. i Go ‘ w ane hale Alto or wherever it is that Xerox has its mutant farm Seionlific Analysis Conforalion (2) Xerox’s own “computers and kids” program (3) Ed Schlossberg (of the Brooklyn Children’s Museum) and a traveling circus that Involved computers, inflatables and a lot of travelling 964 {4} Ors. Papert & Minsky’s own “computers & kids" thing @ MIT and General 3 Turtle Pa a Oo you people know anything about these things or could you find out about & . them and write it up in PCC? zs x Pla ts near. At COLL CPPORTURUTY Lar OTTER: : ‘ Lure leven. Ae Sane shape AS meek om oa Fama aL MINNEAPOLIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS 2 pitts ines a : es — Wee ra see ; RARE HELE PT al Fhiscg oe oe Minneapolis, Minneso un” A rnennte Fe cco le ¢ Bee - Jin Moen, a menber of the Corouter Club, did this cartoon, T thought it fh) sr 7 The pictnny wee tb was @ clever ofece of work and hove that you night publish it ina coming ALS ane issue of your paver, 7 ay ae ‘4 44 p ote io Jin Moen gives tis consent for Publication, If it is published he would Tre like some extra ccpies of the issue. 4 fam weet" Z Emmmeny 5 p coennek heteg meas Yours truly, Ibe he's 5 in STRATA cng Sued: Edvin Andersen F ) é Chairman, Mathematics Departaent ~ tet nal vraper mal veviate, Stats, b Oeste] onan LLL ate, et Sa NURS Co ilalectines 9i a taataget oom eh re O deter. phre : f Stott hk — peor 3 3 = (p, tz ) ick. ‘< C5 Jompling tana tte bre prola Yo hae Shean tha, pretc te bere (A then, Maghe they Until wrk wth Lu levy peneke ter. : rx ep om Peeking 1s. les Morgan A NOM. PROFIT ORGANIZATION - 4309 CALIFORNIA STRECT, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA one? TELEPHONE CABLE, BPRA BAN FRANCIECO I would like to know how to vet the rest of this school year's issues, (Hy son and I like your magazine very much), Pr. Opasiack- James UcCorzack (418) 732-7180 ' Sincerely, “PS. Ky son, the main computer user 2t our house, sayss I don't have a comzuter, but have access to one (an HF 20002) I don't have a misic conposor, but don't really want one HP-20002 The cheapest tape winder is a peir of hands BASIC (Bo Acaaterms Srenen lereusscont Conruress) ZT have about five sinulstion/gane programs I -1ve written TERMINAL (and nore thet are either inaccuarste or not working) $s I would like to see simulition/gene programs that are e little no ons oeey 2000* wherever toys aro sold ; @ more conslex A GIFT FROM THE GOUTHIEST ANTI-MANACEMENT FORCES (SAMF) Twill definitely do a Pare in the future . PILOT °73 RUN - *MORE Tr HERE WEGSGO! Tt HEY» HEY» WHAT'S YOU SAY?? ArSCAT Tr wHOs, WHO ARE YCUUU? ArtSNAME Tt HOW, HOW DO YOUU FEEL L L ? AIrSFEEL TrDO YOU LIKE GRAPEFRUIT IN THE MORNING?? As s Mz YES.» YEAH. OKsSURE »LOVE YSSNAME, DGES A GKAPEFKUIT FEEL £FEEL IN THE MORNING? NzI SAYs SAY SCAT TO YoU! > Ji*MORE HERE WEGOOB@! HEY» HEY» HHO TT Sate SAY?? ?DINGBATS ARE FUNNY WHO. 2ME, HOWs WH@ AKE YOUUU? HEE,» HEE HOW D@ YGUU FEEL LL ? ?RUN OVEK BY WATERMEL@NS D@ YOU LIKE GRAPEFRUIT IN THE MO@RNING?? PILOVEIT “ ME, HEE»HEEs D@ES A GRAPEFRUIT FEEL KUN OVER BY WATER: MELO@NS IN THE M@RNING? HERE WEGG@OSt? HEY» HEY» KHAT'S YOU SAY2? 78 P BYE - EDIT@K IN EH?10 220 2KUN HERE tEG@O08! WHO, WH@ ARE Y@UUU? ?HENRY HCW, HOW DO YCUU FEEL L L ? 7TRUNNYNOSED ae D@ YOU LIKE GRAPEFRUIT IN THE MORNING?7 2NEVER 1 SAY, SAY CAT TC YOU! HERE tEGeoo! WHO» 7e BYE EP aE WHO ARE YCUUU? FOR THE REVOLUTIONARY — Put some PILOT Poetry up! Find the English Department! — Try Spanish, French, Latin (?) in PILOT! T: HOLA — Invent some word games!! (Courtesy Abe Waksman, SRI) R: WORD GAME IN & OUT T: TROUBLE IS OUT, BUBBLE IS IN T: DUCK IS OUT, GOOSE IS IN T: FOOT IS IN, SHOE IS OUT T: GUESS THE RULE-GIVE ME A WORD *MOREA:$WORD M: AA,BB,CC,DD,EE,FF,GG,HH,II,JJ,KK,LL,MM JY: *NEXT M:NN,OO,PP,QQ,RR,SS,TT,UU, VV,WW,XX,YY,ZZ N:$WORD IS OUT JN:*MORE *NEXT t:$SWORD IS IN J:*MORE 10 THI! THIS IS THE GAME @F ROOMS~ 20 TrIT*S LIKE “HIDE AND SEEK*--Y@U PICK ONE OF THE ROOMS 30 Ts@F YOUR H8USEs LIKE THE KITCHEN OR 40 TsYGUR BEDKYOM 50 Tel'LL ASK YOU “YES" OR "NB* QUESTIONS 60 TeAND TRY T@ GUESS YOUR HIDING PLACE t 60 TsPICK A RGGM AND TELL ME WHEN YOU'RE READY 90 *AGAIN Ts 100 At 10 TtOKeee 120 T 130 Ts 140 TrIS FEGD USUALLY FOUND IN YOUR ROOM 150 *ASKI At 160 MIYES ge 170 JY:*FeoD 160 MrNG 190 JYteN@FoeD 200 TrI*H SOGRY-. 210 TrI'Hh SORRY¥e*e+PLEASE TYPE ‘YES*® BR ‘*NO° 220) Jt*ASK! . 230 FOOD TsG6GD-e-1S IT USUALLY USED TS EAT IN 240 *ASK2 At 250 MrYES ae 260 JYt*KITCHEN 270 MING 260 JYt*DININGROOM 290 Trl*M SORRYs++PLEASE TYPE *YES* OR ‘NG* 300 JreASKe . ’ 310 KITCHEN TSARE YOU IN THE KITCHEN 320 At 330 MStYES 340) (JYseGOTIT 350) JNs*GIVEUP 360 *DININGRO@M TIARE YOU IN THE DINING ROOM At 380 MtYES 390) JY8*GOTIT 400 JNt#*G]VEUP 410 *NOFOOD TrHMMeeeIS YOUR R@@M USUALLY USED T@ RELAX IN BY 420 TrEVERYBODY 430 *ASK3 At 440 MIYES 450 JY!*RELAX 460 MING A7Q JY #*N@RELAX 480 TrI"M SORRY+++PLEASE TYPE "YESS GR ‘NG* 490 Jt*ASK3 SOO *RELAX TLARE YOU IN THE LIVING ROOM S10 As S20 MSYES 530) JY¥r:*G2TIT $40 JNs*GIVEUP 550 *N@RELAX TsD@ES SOMEONE SLEEP IN THIS ROOM S60 At 570 MtYES S80 JYt#*BEDRGGM S90 MsNe 600 JYr:*eGIVEUP G10) INS *WASH 620 *BEDRGOM TsIS IT THE BEDROOM 630 At 640 MtYES 650 JYsGOTIT 660 JN?*GIVEUP 670 *WASH T:D®9 PE@PLE WASH UP IN YOUR RO@M As 650 MrYES 700 JY: *BATHROOM 710 JNI*UNDER 720 #*BATHROBM T8ARE Y@U IN THE BATHROOM 7136 «At 740 MtYES 750 JYt#GOTIT 760 JNt#GIVEUP 770 =*UNDER TrARE Y@U IN THE BASEMENT 780 At 790 MtYES 800 JYr*GOTIT B10 JN1*GARAGE 820 *GARAGE T&ARE YOU IN THE GARAGE 630 At 840 MrYES GSO JY¥s*GOTIT 860 JNreGIVEUP 670 *GOTIT Ts BGO TrTHAT HAS FuUNt 890 J2*AGAIN? 900 ¥*GIVEUP Trl GIVE UPe WHAT ROOM ARE YOU HIDING IN 910 As 920 TrOHeeel SEEI 930 *AGAIN? TrWANT T@ PLAY AGAIN 940 At F 950 UtYs/ YES, OKsALRIGHT» SURE 960 JN1*OUT = 970 TsPICK AN@THER ROOM AND TELL ME WHEN YOU‘RE READY 960 JIeAGAIN 990 *@UT Et 7RUN HI! THIS IS THE GAME OF R@@MSe IT°S LIKE "HIDE AND SEEK*-~Y@U PICK ONE OF THE ROOMS OF YOUR HOUSE, LIKE THE KITCHEN OR Y@UR BEDREeM I*LL ASK YOU *YES*® GR °N@* QUESTIONS _ AND TRY T@ GUESS YOUR HIDING PLACE PICK A R@@M AND TELL ME WHEN YOURE READY TREADY OK eee saree USUALLY FOUND IN Y@UR ROOM H¥MeeeIS YOUR ROGM USUALLY USED T@ RELAX IN BY EVERYBODY ?YES ARE YOU IN THE LIVING ROOM TYES THAT WAS FUN! ie 3 ‘These. PILOT 73 Saatrctions are the “core” instructions ‘selected by the makers-of the language. Many implemen-. - tations. will have more instructions, some may have fewer. The idea i is to keep the core set in every. Amiplementalion::- : A note about entering programs: -The program that makes PILOT 73 work is uniaity called: « “the Editor.” This program varies in language and operation : from system to system. This miniprimer isa description of - the language only; we assume that you will learn about your Editor from the people who set uP PILOT 73 on the: ayetara ages you will use. “ e TALKING COMPUTER: To make the computer talk, you use the T: instruction (for TYPE). When you run this program : THHELLO ® the computer says e he HELL@ (T: is just like BASIC “PRINT”’) You can use the T: to make the computer print pictures! Tz PESOS OH OD Ts 1. ee 8 Te e ¢€o OD) e Ts c A 1 Ts € @s# ) Ts t 1 Ts NN># TsTHIS IS THE END (Je*sEND MIDDLE TsTHIS 1s THE MIDDLE. Et SEND Ts GoeDBYE Es fp 2RUN : @ 3s MERE'S THE START 3 @ S THIS IS THE MIDDLE THIS IS THE END GOODBYE : Zs FE _U: (for USE) acts just like J: (, ‘jumps toa label) E: (for END) does two.things ( 1) Ends the whole program (like BASIC “END”’). The last E: in -the program above does this, right giter the label *END. pains 7, )- Ifa U: line-has been executed, E: returns the computer to the _ line following the U:. The first ‘'E: above, right after the,label ~“*MIDDLE, does this. When the ‘computer reaches this instruc: | tion, it automatically jumps back to the line right after the U- instruction. cS ig F M: - THE WORLD O e@ The M: instruction (for MATCH) is used to make the computer a little “‘smarter.’’ LOOK HERE ate Y@U KNOW WHAT DARWIN IS FAMOUS FOR MIEVOLUTION, SPECIES BEAGLE TY:FQUND A-MATCH! a 2 ‘TNSN@ MATCH ; ?RUN D@ YOU KNOW WHAT DARWIN IS FAM@US FOR ~~ Now. if the responder types in one of the three M: items, a “match” - will be found. Ifa match is found, the value of M: is “YES” (Y). If no-match is found, the value of M: is “NO” (N). M: executes a character by character string comparison of the response . given to A:, with each of the M: items, one item at atime. (In other words, a ‘moving window” comparison. ) M:.takes everything literally. Suppose we run the above program. gerierccar a aii? ey gS Sex a YOU KN@W WHAT DARWIN IS Eanes FOR @~—————_ an honest answer. . we MATCH M: is NO. Se ee YOU KNOW WHAT DARWIN IS FAMOUS FOR SynoaToH SPESES : (M: is NO ‘cause the responder can't spell.) - Once more: ~ Kon YOU KNOW WHAT DARWIN IS FAM@US FOR ?THEORY OF EVOLUTION ri A MATCH! (M: is YES, since the A: matches one of the M: items.) K To get the computer to “ignore” irrelevant spelling errors and/or extra text, the M: items may consist of a few consecutive So characters of the desired response, for example: MSEVOL»SPEsBEAG You may get ina little trouble with this approach. Consider: De YOU KNOW WHAT DARWIN IS FAMOUS FOR ?THE SEXUAL REVOLUTION If the M:- line is MsEVOL»SPEsBEAG then M: will find a match, because REVOLUTION contains one of the M: items. This should help you to figure out how M: works. That's only the first part. Next, let’s do something with the value of M:. Look at this program: JY: *#END TSSORRY» THAT’S NOT IT #END Es if M: is Y after execution, the instructions TY8G@OD FOR YO@Us.7 SMARTY. JY: END will be performed. If no match is found, M: will be N, and all Y: instructions will be skipped. Here’s the RUN: = AMERICAN WAS THE aoe AMERICAN WAS THE *FATHER @6F HIS COUNTRY®* As M3 GE@ » WASH TY:G8OD FOR YOUs SMARTY- . "FATHER @F HIS COUNTRY® ?SAM SPADE > laa THAT’S NOT IT s Let’s try again K aie AMERICAN WAS THE ‘FATHER @F HIS COUNTRY’ ?WASHINGTON G@8D FOR YOUs SMARTY-+ Because M: is YES, the JY: instruction jumps to the line labeled *END. Se Any PILOT 73 instruction can be make “conditional” on the \ast M: line executed by adding Y or N to the instruction. Examples: AY JN MN UY _EN MY : a A few other details: TY: can be written as just Y: a (1) M: looks at the last A: executed. K (2) M: lines can contain as many items as you can fit in a line. SK K TN: can be written as just N: eS (4) RA ye) Each time a new M: line is executed, the value (that is, Y or N) of any previous M: line is erased. Example: TeWHERE IS THE LARGEST STOCK MARKET LOCATED, aia YORK» MOSCOW, @R LONDON ry MSNEWs YORK »NY Y:RIGHT ON JY3*END M3MOS YsSORRY» THE RUSSIANS AREN’T CAPITALISTS CYET) JY? END MN LON YsS@RRY» THE SUN HAS SET ON THE EMPIRE *END Es ?RUN SOO DROSS WHERE IS THE LARGEST ST@CK MARKET LOCATED» NEW YORK» MOSCOW, OR LONDON ?MOSCOW SORRY» THE RUSSIANS AREN'T CAPITALISTS CYET) ?RUN WHERE 1S THE LARGEST ST@CK MARKET L@CATED>» NEW YORK» MOSCOW» OR LONDON ?7LONDON SORRY» THE SUN HAS SET ON THE EMPIRE 13 NUMBERS IN PILOT 73 The computer can do number things, too (in case you didn’t know). PILOT 73 commonly handles numbers and-expressions just like BA SIC. To.allow you to enter a number while a program is running, use - ‘ ("X" can be any of the 26 alphabet letters. Sone As #Xx Then, you can use the C: instruction (for COMPUTE) to ae the com- puter to evaluate expressions. ) e C: works just like a BASIC “LET” statement. The expression must contain legal BASIC arithmetic symbols, and any letter variables mst have been assigned values previous to the C: instruction. CsYs2*x (Y = 2X is the expression) If you're doing a lot with numbers and algebraic expressions, iene are some other things about PILOT 73 to learn. (Or go learn BASIC!) We'll hold the messy details for future issues. Wa Ce, REYAR LMI MIDE 7. FOR COMPUTER FREAKS ONLY LAND FOOLS} I. PRELUDE TO THE EDITOR THESE PROGRAMS WERE MADE TO FIT THE HP eOODE {& THEREFORE. 2000C & F}- THREE BIG LIMITATIONS IN HP BASIC {2000 VARIETY} ARE {1} STRINGS MAXIMUM LENGTH = 72 CHAR- ACTERS, t2t NO CHRIX} AND NUMNLX$} FUNCTIONS {3} YOU CAN'T RUN A DATA FILE, EVEN IF IT'S FULL OF PERFECT BASIC STATEMENTS. THOSE OF YOU WITH 25b WORD DISC RECORDS MAY WISH TO CHANGE THESE PROGRAMS, AS -PILOT=- 1 AND PILOT: 2 WORK ON 4& RECORD X 128 WORD ‘FILES. {PLEASE AFTER THIS ONE WORKS FOR YOuU.} II. ORGANIZATION OF THE EDITOR FILE "TEST" LOOKS LIKE THIS: [A (240) [7 6 (240 ]$ staines $84 | g t t 5 9 A CONTAINS LINE NUMBERS. PILOT PROGRAM B CONTAINS ADDRESSES IN SSTRINGS PORTION. SSTRINGSS LOOK LIKE: es Typ Torr] SIX STRINGS IN EACH RECORD MAXIMUM LENGTH=41 CHARACTERS ~? ZERO=END OF A "B" ADDRESS=ADDRESS OF STRING. FIRST STRING=1 47TH STRING=4? LONG STRINGS {)41 CH} ARE BROKEN UP INTO TWO STRINGS & SAVED SEPARATELY. THE LINE NUMBER IS REPEATED - LONG NO oe) ae , (i "— A © 20 30 30 40 50 60 O Bt 24 ® S§ 7 6 8 LINE NUMBER 10 IS IN ADDRESS 1. LINE NUMBER 30 IS IN 4, OND HALF IN 19 14 systems will allow you to use more than one letter. d ( OE YArtan vant onantany N1= 2? ¥ 37 Pris A: eTabex i. Yi: _M: - $LABEL N: J: Rs: E PCC PILOT DOES NOT HAVE: . . flabel To insert remarks in your-program, use _R: (for REMARK) _ - R: lines don't print or do anything eise. They are for ths programmer ’s comments. petiole - ® Rt THIS IS REMARKABLE! e To continue a line, (especially M: and T:) just begin the next line-with a colon. Example - T:THIS IS THE FIRST PARTs AND sTHIS IS THE CONTINUATION @& UMAR WEEN ae ME OBR WH aN THE EDITOR KEEPS TRACK OF ALL THIS AS You ENTER & EDIT YOUR PILOT PROGRAMS. You CAN'T FOUL THINGS UP AS EACH COMMAND OR LINE IS PERFORMED, THE DISK FILE IS up- DATED. SCR DOES THIS: A ©ooo°o. Bi234 G/ RECORD ~TIIT- PRELUDE TO THE INTERPRETER + PILOT IS STRAIGHTFORWARD FO. INTERPRET. ‘THIS HAS BEEN PATCHED OVER’ A-LOT, BUT IF ~ “YOU CAN DO CLEANER CODE. GROOVY. DUE TO SPACE LIMITATIONS, THE REMS HAVE BEEN ELIMINATED - MAKE YOUR OUN. A &® B ARE SAME AS IN THE EDITOR- BE SURE OF AT LEAST 241 ELEMENTS. {THE EXTRA IS FOR OCCASIONAL LOOP OVERLOAD} M & L ARE SYMBOL TABLES. M HOLDS STRING ADDRESS OF A ¥LABEL - L HOLDS STRING HASHCODED LABEL NAME. S STORES SVARIABLES {fHASHCODED}. OF S=STRING ADDRESS IN FILE 'E' BO CHARACTER STRINGS/RECORD. INDEX E HAS 4, IV. HASHCODING IMAKING STRINGS BECOME A NUMBER} HERE'S A NEAT METHOD {COURTESY PETE ROWE} CALLED - LOGARITHMIC GODELIZATION.’ {1} TAKE EACH POSITION OF THE STRING {LABEL} AND ASSIGN IT A PRIME NUMBER. COVED a Es Ee SEED 23ga4 5s {2} ASSIGN A NUMERIC VALUE EACH LEGAL CHARACTER, LIKE: : $A BCD ise ZO ns 9 2 3 Y¥ S@ aw 29 33 {3} THEN CONSTRUCT A LABEL LIKE "ABA" THE NUMERIC VALUE OF THIS WOULD BE Be VALUE OF LETTER THIS IS CALLED "GODELIZATION-" SINCE NL GROWS A BIT RAPIDLY, WE USE LOGS: {y+ N= woe (NI) = 3 ¥ L0G (2) + 4 ¥ Log (3) + 3 * LOG (5) ERGO: "LOGARITHMIC GODELIZATION." STRINGS- 24O NUL STRINGS, - F——ASSXIATED POSITIONAL PRIME t (I ALLow 10) emetl 9 COM Ksen? 10 KEM*PILOT 73 SYSTEM bX GhEGUKY YOb | oe REM-2296 BAYANT PALO ALTO CAL. 326-4039 qal 10 .KEM- COPYRIGHT, 1972. eine WD DIM ASTAL J obSC 4) 2CS041 -DSL 41 OES A TOF SCANT © VIM S8C72),03(72) ® vim T$C72) % : - 0 EN-SET PO TO LENGTH GF SS AND OS 1%. ABGVE PQ js mazimum sirlag bragth OD PO=s72 ‘ alowed on your system @ DIK AC2S01,86250).L6503.MC50) ©0 DEF FNACK aX= N THEN 750 Locate Gane nember M0 NEXT I 140 «GOTTA 340 1SO) PRINT ""* %60 «(J1s0 170, «IF J1>10 THEN 870 180 G®SUN 5270 190 «IF -ACI¢1)#AC1) THEN 620 ""ts for NC line food tn HP BASIC SUU S270 bmoks op the string Cheek if double length (300. Teter” r 310 IF SSe™" THEN B70 ; 320 PKINT AC133S$ * ft 390 Iejer . | = RaQ IF ACI)<1 THEN 870 B50 JieJle) 860 GOTO 770 B70) PRINT “"* “" ls for NC line food tn HPHASIC “ago GO18 340 B90 KEM-#NE [INE 90 FOK Jal 10 vau 910 «IF ALJJ=N THEN 940 %0 NEXT J . 930 GeTe 340 940 PKINT "* "ba four kine fords 950 ley 2 960 GuSUb 5270 ‘ 970 PRINT ACIISS 980 PRINT “", 990 GoTe 340 1000 KEM- INSERT OF BVERKKITE 1010 FeK I#l TO 240 890-990 List one line Seve or overurite « line (hairiest pert of editor) 1020 IF ACT2=N THEN 1080 Check if overnrite 1030 IF ACI)>N THEN 1400 Check tf last tine 1040 IF ACI}=0 THEN 1570 Insertion 1050 NEXT I A 1060 PKINT “N@ KORE SPACE” Exrer fing 1070 GeTe 340 1080 REM-OVEKWRITE 10801390 Orerweite ~ Possible cases: 1090 IF 1¢1>240 THEN 1110 ~ SINCLE DOUBLE. W100 IF ACLI#ACIO1) ThEN 1250 — Single length inpat 10 1270 1110) REM- ORE LINE IN FILE Double length inpat 1180 1x20 1120 IF LENCSS)>41 THEN 1160 1130 Gesus S040 1140 GeTe 340 4150 REM- TkO LINE INSERT, ONE LINE IN FILE 1160 TSess 4170) S$#SSt1,41) 1180 GeSUB 5040 1190 Isto 1200 S$=sTS(42) 1210 Gesu 1910 1220 GOSUB S040 1230 Ge@SUB 5200 1240 GOTe 340 1250 kEM- TLO LINES IN FILE 1260 IF LENCSS)>41 THEN 1320 ' 1270 REM- €NE LINE T@ PUT INT@ TWO LINE FILE 1280 G@SUb 1820 SUB 1820 anti-bumps A ond B (fills a hole) 1290 G@SUB $040 1300 GeSuB $200 1310 GOT@ 340 : . 1320 REM- TWe AND THO 1330 Ts=ss i 1340 S$eS$t1,41) 1350 GeSUB S040 1360 Tate 1370 SS$=T$(42) 1380 GeSUB S040 1390 GeTO 340 1400 KEM- INSERTICN 1410 GOSUb 1910 1420 IF LEN(SS)>41 THEN 1470 1430 KEM- SINGLE INSERT SUB 1910 bumpe 4 and B (maxes e hole) SUB 5040 stores ttring on disk Ssves Aaad Bary: 14001560 Insert new tine berwcen others | Check if double length “4440 GOSUb $040 4 1480 GoSUU $200 1460 GOTO 340 1470 REM= DOUBLE INSERTION | 1480 TS=S$ 1490) SSeS$(1,41) 1800 Ga@SuUb 5040 1510 Inlet 1520 S$=TS${ 42) 1$30 GaSUb 1910 1540 GeSU 5040 1880 GOSUb 5200 1560 GeTe 340 PILOT P SUB 5410 tries to get ating number N= —J waonember found NY \ % > 1$70 1580 1390 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1660 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 3620 1630 1440 1#90 1640 1Kk70 1660 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 19n0 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2060 2090 2100 2110 2120 2130 2140 2150 2160 2170 2180 2190 2200 2210 2220 2230 2240 2250 2260 e270 2260 2290 2300 2310 2320 2330 2340 2350 2360 5040 5050 53060 5070 5080 5090 5100 S110 5120 5130 5140 5150 5160 $170 $180 5190 5200 5210 5220 $230 5240 5250 $270 5280 $290 $300 $310 s920 5330 5340 5350 5360 $370 $380 5390 $400 $410 5419 $420 5430 5440 5450 5460 $070 54k0 5490 5500 5910 ss2u S550 4540 $380 5560 $570 5580 5590 $600 5610 5620 3630 5640 5650 $660 $670 5680 $690 5700 $710 $720 $730 $740 5750 $760 5770 5780 5790 5800 6100 .1F SS$s REM- LAST LINE CASE IF LENCSS)>41 THE! 1650 KEM- ONE LINE, PLEASE ACI IJen GOSUL $040 GOSU Sz00 GOTa 340 REM-LCULLE IF YOU WISH ACLIsN ACIe1IEN Tle83 She32017-41) GOSUL 5040 S$eTst a2) Islet GHSUL 5040 GUSUE 5700 GEIB 346 1570.1740 Ifnew hae equal to last ne then t beck @ aaed eae a Songle site : Donble sae Store tring Sere A aad Barrays KRM- GIVEN I< DELET# THE LINE heb) FOR Jel To 239 ACJIEAC ELD bOSIabO Sen) NEAT J Avea0186 biY40 JEP bRTURN HAZ0.1900 SUH IRZO shrinks A amd Ih the thor z r a Wr >] CF it 0 > MF trceeen FhM= Given To» HUFP CUT Nk LIKE pebCi'a0) FUK Jezag Te 1¢) STEP a1 ACJISALS=-19 BOLE g-13 NEXT y ACTIN BCL )=P KETUKN KEM-NON NUMERIC COMMANDS SSassie IF ss=°SC IF SS="L1 GOTO 330 REM- SCRATCH GOSUB 5690 GETS 340 REM-LIST PRINT" Fox et Te 240 IF ACI3<1 THEN 2190 GosuB 5270 PRINT ACIsS8"" IF ACIIOALI¢l) THEN 2180 Talel NEAT I PRINT "* Ge8Ts 340 REM- KENUMBER 15010 FOR Is] Te 240 IF ACII<1 THEN 2340 IF ACIIACI¢1) THEN 2290 ACT )#15 TSs15010 GeTe 2330 ACII#IS ACIe1IaI5 Intel GETS 2270 NEXT 1 G@SUb 5200 GoTg 340 CHAIN “PILOT2" KEM-GIVEN I, STASH SS VaFNb(b(1 06 THEN 2070 " THEN 2100 SEN“ THEN 2220 IF SSe"hUN" THEN 2360 1910-170 os punde A oad I bho thie 4 N line aumber Po lateaty alt (Aa you may ante, mucrtion & Ueletwin do strange things) Aevall Line 370 - this is the other main brunch of the editor Look at Ist 3 charecters of S$ ond branch Ratera to EI, Line 330 Uf aot recegalable The “" contsias X¥ {turns paach off) which allows the ope to be ward as input at a later time Reaamber by 10 (15 hols increment valae) Uf sero, quit Check if double tength Seva A and Barreys RUN (PILOT 2 RUNs the PILOT Program) Alessy a8 you can wee. Read « record, renrite hotdis mew strings S$ Because strings start at record 9 in TEST ns a READ #1 ,.VSASs65,CSsDS,ES,FS GOTO FNACB(1)) OF 30802510045120,51 40,5160,5180 PRINT #1,VsSS,bS,CS,DSsES.FS KETURN PRINT #1.VIAS,SS.CS,DS,ES,FS RETURN PRINT @15VIASsbSsS$,DS,ES.FS RETURN ~ PRINT @1s5VSASsbSeCSsSS,ES 5FS No comment. Sare A aad Bamay: RETURN PRINT #)sVjAS,bS,CS,DSsSS5FS RETURN PRINT #1,VjAS,bS,CS,DS.ES,SS RETURN KEM-PRINT A AND & ARRAYS READ #341 MAL PRINT #t3n READ #145 MAT PRINT #136 KETUAN KEM- EXTRACT SS HHEN GIVEN I 18 uring aldretse. Get S$ given | KEAD #1, FNECECIID+& FOK J=1 Te FNACBOID) HEAD #15SS NEXT J IF 1¢1>240 TKEN $400 IF ACI4#13#401) THEN 5400 16cb(141) KEAD @1,FNKC16)98 FOR Je} TO FNACI6) KEAD #1jAS NEXT J SSCLENCSS.9¢1)eAS RETURN REM-GIVEIS Sf CE1 N DIM Z1010) ZLe"UlAZdAsa7Hg” Ne-l Gash 5550 IF Sic THEN 5540 Gesin S610 Th N1eO THEN 5530 IF N>-] THEN S500 NeO N51Q@Nneny S$2S8t7) GATF S450 Grsth S550 KRTUbH REM-URELANK Ss IF S*Clo1}0" © THEN 5600 sees) IF Se" THEN 5400 ceTc 5560 RETURN REM-DIGIT SCAN Nis) FOR Jz) Te 10 One mile!!! (Note the B) Serial READ works fine, | ee eas be If youare @ tune fenatic, avte S280 heck if file is fall Qherk for duuble teagth Concatenations in HP HLASIC Concert ateing “Y" to numeric 4.0 ele, Cetstine aumber SH10.5530 SUH 5550 removes bading binnks conypare digit with aumeral Neild N Op off first character in SE Lack he! Set Ni = value of dit 0-9 IF SSC1431#2SC JJ) THEN 5670 NiwJ=] RETURN NEXT J RETURN REM*SCKATCH KOUTINE MAT AxZEK MAT B=ZER FOR Jal TO 240 BlJ)aJ NEXT J Ase" FOR Jed TO 46 SetA©0,81,2,3,...,260 Priat NUL strings in SSTRINCS portion PRINT #1, JIAS,ASsAS,AS,AS,AS NEXT J G@SUR $200 RETURN END Sores statements “Ld * GOSUb 3520 DIM ASCal) DIM SS{723-0SC721 POsT2 DIM ACZ41)-B(24i JL 65032MC50) DEF FRACKIMX-~INTCCX=1976)06 DEF FNBCXD@INICCA“1976061 FILES TEST»E GATO 2400 ‘ CHAIN “PILOTI" RESTORE GOSUb 4680 1620 1920 READ #1et MAT HEAD 4154 READ #15 MAT KEAD #156 MAT MeZER MAT LeZER Feo Gel FOK Is) TO 240 GOSUb 5260 COsLENCSS) Esa to dace faitinbaing SUB 4680 initializes lots of staff BB, 9 and Dore counters Here we stort the fast pass (assemble symbol tebles) Seas 1 ell string wddevi in ESTRINCE Sim S240 Gace Lrekion SE foo BSTRINGS If S$a"" THEN 2750 UL NUL string, fort pass is complete, Start execution IF SSC1+t 0%" THEN 25BS Orch for *lebel Breach eround (f aot GESUB 3490 SUB 3490 extracts * abet ax D8 GOSUB 4920 SUM 49720 hash codes NB 4s QI LtO3«0t Store hashed hable in L Mtujel Store oldress ea Orael Incremrat counter Q pio rehl IF Q>SO THEN 2750 Teat if table fault. Ifo, bepinexecetinn —_sgis now = ry Ng) GeSub 3540 SLH 3300 Lnok for colon ia statement. ~ CE * COM IF CECLST ISNA" THEN 2640 Apfaat az IF SSCIs1)4"S" THEN 2640 Ship (fen # rerakle to mre GOSUb 3690 ; Gesuetases Get 8 verithh as DS, kesh cute DE 1921901 farrement counter 19 ‘ Ik 19>Z20 THEN #640 U table is fall, eaore s SUL9)eG1 Sare la table 5" GeTe 2565 IF GO<42 THEN 2640 late} locremeat counter I elders) ecenediag to singh ar IF 00<42 THEN 2650 Keni knee latet NEXT I Pad of block 120 Bezeacarentvon 1 ~ pengram rosntcr Teret dacremenl program cmanter! IF I6<1 THEN 2740 Mt choy bs for duabl beagth bar Lede. 18x10 IF I»vag 1KEN 3490 Haupe of rad of file GOSUr svbO Cot new SO, tort of NGL, teat if double bength, wt BH fing IF ss2"" THEN 320 IF LEu(S$)<42 TREN 2R60 180) IF SS(t21)0"e" THEN 2920 Gosub 3690 IP LENCSS)>0 THEN 2920 GaTO 3z0 GOSUb 3580 Cet C9» condition, C8 = commend TE G&e"y* THEN 3000 IF GSa"N" THEN 3020 Csacsc py IF Css THEN 3360 IF CSs THEN 3220 Breach to command IF Cae THEN 3190 IF C$e"k" THEN 2760 IF CS="E" THEN 2890 Check if C$ exists GOTO 3140 T: defestt IF F>O THEN 2945 Oech if "ya" GeTo 2760 IF F«t THEN 2945 Onrch if “no” GOTO 2760 GOSUB 3820 SUB 3820 weans for § variable ead prints text Tatel Tia loop flag. If > 100, will exit program IF T>100 THEN 3470 GOTO 2760 Back to main loop GOSUB 4520 Match routine SUB 4520 GeTe 2760 INPUT IS aA ISCLENCIS)41 }5"" LSC AyLENCLSD¢9 014 |Add dngend mg bo ISCt,3)2"" ¢ TsO Tern off loop couaters (rest to zero} IF 18€4,4)0"@" THEN 3490 Check if "3" abort (chain to PILOT 1) TisTsO IF S$€1,138"S" THEN 3340 4 GOSUB 3690 Save reply ia “E" 3280 — find addres GOSUb 4920 FOR J=l To 19 IF Q)=S€J) THEN 3320 NEXT J GeTe 2760 L2rJ GOSUH 4370 GOTO 2760 Tietlel IF Ti>100 THEN 3450 DSu"e" G8SUb 3690 G@SUb 4120 IF M20 THEN 3430 Take GOTS 2600 PRINT "CANNOT LOCATE *"DS"* GeTe 2760 PRINT “JUMP LeeP AT “DS G8TS 3490 PRINT “TEXT LoeP” PRINT "BYE" Gots 3¢0 IF SSC1eEIa" " THEN 3570 SUB 3520 remove broding blanks IF LENCSS) READ &2,LI5USsXSsYSeZS L4a=FNDC(L2) IF L4<2 THEN 4a90 IF L4<3 THEN 4470 1F L4<4 THEN 4450 7 PKINT @2sL33hSsXL,YSo18 RETUKN . PRINT @2,L33hSsXSo1S6Z8 , RETUKN PRINT #2oL33t:$s IS, YS$,Z5 RETURN PRINT 625L331SsXS,¥S,28 RETURN SSCLENCSS)¢1 22%," FOR Jes2 TO LENCI3) IF ISCJ2,J2)# 13 CJZ-1,32-1) THEN 4526 It [4CJZ-UZ)e" THEN 4526 Remove multiple blanks in oancer Uf mot found, error and wt to program counter +! Civen LY, grt NB from “E™ Ciren L2, put X8 nto “E™ MATCH FUNCTION IF JZeLENCIS) THEN 4530 NEAT J2 tro Phige “N" IF LENCS22<2 THEN 4660 Naar cae wonts — branch toh Jal 19 LENCSE) AF S£CJloJi1e"s" THEN A5¢0 NEXT JI XSaSSCioJiel) IF XSCi,1)¢" " THEN 4585 xXSaxS(2) IF XSu""' THEN 4530 GOTO 4581 IF XSCLENCXS)+LENCXS) 0" “ THEN 4590 Cot NS as cue word. Remove lesding and trailing blenks | Blank cue word exit ~ GOTO 4585 " SSasSStJle1) Traacate S8 for next cue word IF LENCXS)>LENCIS) THEN 4540 Fok Jil TO LENCIS)-LENCXS)¢1 IF XSBISCUI,JISLENCXS)-12 THEN 4650 Socing window match scan NEXT JI GOTO 4540 Fal “ayn RETURN i Sone DEF FNCCK)m@INTCX/ 4095241 Initializing stuff DEF FND(X)=X-INTC(X-1 974904 OSs" *SABCDEFGHI JKLMNGPURSTUVEXYZ098 7654321" Legel character set DIM 18072) ; DIM 4$(601.XS(601sYS(60 1425660} DATA 22325e Tob lol3ol 7519023229 4 DATER err ara 730-4780 Pat log (primes) into Parray READ Q1 Pte PCJ)*LeGCO1) Line 4840 — Print “XXNX™ into “E" If you hare: NEXT J 1 T: HOW ARE YOU, 8 NAM? fi MeLI=T1oT220 2 A: SNAST TsO the “XXXX™ will appeer as an undefined $ variable MAT LaZER valve indicator oe aa DIM S(20) MAT SeZER READ #251 FORK J=l To 5 PRINT #25 SI XXAAXK' oAXAKAK g XARXKK" 4G "XAARARK" NEXT J : - RETURN DIM QS$C40) O1mM PLI02 Q1=0 JIZLENCDS) IF JI<11 THEN 4960 Jisl0 FOR Jel TO Ji FOR Kel TO 36 IF DS(J,J120SC(K»K) THEN 5020 NEXT K NEXT J RETURN O1sO1+KePLJ) GoTA 5000 READ #@1,FNBCBC1))+6 FOR Jsi TC FNACBCII) READ #13S% WEXT J IF 141>240 THEN $400 IF ACL#I)#ACI) THEN 5400 16eBC141) READ #1 ,FNUCI6)+6 FOk Jel TO FNACIG) KEAD #13AS NEXT J SLECLENCSS 241 2AS RETUAN REM-DEELARK S$ Kemove bading blanks from SB IF S£$C1o1)0" " THEN 5600 S£eSs2) IF Sis" THEN 5600 GeTO 5540 hETUKN END Converts 8 into log godclized hash code 08 Willegel character, will tnp (“*_ "is Dlegal) Cet S$ from TEST Paren JAPES of Piuora ent Pivot 2, Axe AVAWABLE Far 5 10:00 FROM; Cd Regan 4oe 12% Beayant Pave Mero, cm. CWS BUG . 4Yos4', 16 USING PILOT If you are familiar with BASIC, the remarks will help you fit PILOT 1 _ and PILOT 2 to your system. If you aren’t, follow this cookbook: C1) Be sure your computer is an HP 2000 Series machine. . @2) LOGON, SCRATCH, ENTER THE CODE FOR PILOT 1 AND SAV AND LIS. C3) Check that what you have is identical with this one. If not, fix and repeat this step. C4) Repeat for PILOT 2. GS) Create a dummy program, PILOT 3 5 COMKS(1) 10 PRINT “READ THE MANUAL, CHARLIE!” 15 K$ = eyez? 20 CHAIN — PILOT 1 -30 END ; — Later you can write your own instructions. C6)_Now that you are loaded and ready (ahem): OPEN—TEST,48 OPEN-—E,5 GET-PILOT 1 RUN At which time all those other errata will appear which you missed in Step 3. It’s wise to save some copies under other names in case you clobber this one [Beware of the CHAIN—BEAST] C7) At last, it runs (sort of). Try the various operations — entering a - program, LISTing, SCRatching, RENUMBERing, and RUNning. (When you RUN, PILOT 2 is activated. If you crash, you will still be in PILOT 2. When fixing your typos, be sure to get ~ *SAV—THE PROGRAM YOU ARE FIXING* or you will likely either fix the wrong program or lose your fix when it chains to the other program] *Each time!! C8) Try writing PILOT programs which use all the features (i.e., TY NMJAR&). C9) Congratulations! Send us any really neat PILOT programs — some will appear in PCC. . C10) If you don’t like steps 2 through 9, send $10to Gregory Yob, a 2296 Bryant, Palo Alto, CA. and we will send you a tape with : PILOT 1, PILOT 2 and PILOT 3 on it. 2 = 7 Pate ie _ MISCELLANEOUS THINGS & TECHNICAL HASSLES C1) Files — If you have a highly similar BASIC (like NOVA or BASIC TYMSHARE), the files statement [Line 190 ] may be different. “TEST” is FILE #1 and “E” is FILE #2. . @) Space — If you have a HP 2000C, your record length is 256 words So you can use twice as many strings, etc. per record. Try if you dare. : C3) Space (continued) — PILOT holds 240 single length lines. In practice about 1 in 8 lines are double length. Think of about 200 lines of PILOT as your maximum size. ; C4) Since this is an interpreter, it looks at the disc a lot. There may be response problems at 5 or more terminals in PILOT. (This trouble has been experienced at SRI and LHS.) If you have this problem, let us know. G5) There may still be bugs! Call me up (Greg at 415-326-4039) so we can fix em! If you have cleaner code or hot programming ideas, we have ears. (Especially if your version (a) works, (b) faster (c) with less core) C6) Tapes of PILOT 1 and 2 are available — $10 service charge per tape (holds PILOT 1 and PILOT 2). When we have it together, a manuals and some sample program will be included, INTERPRETER Vs. ~ TRANSLATOR IMPLEMENTING SIMPLE LANGUAGES ON MIDI-MINI TIMESHARE COMPUTERS Pete Rove Lawrence Hall of Science University of California Berkeley 24% JAN 1973 In this and later issues of PCC, readers will be able to explore new lan- guages. Some of the sinple languages can bo written in BASIC. The way they are inplemented in BASIC 4s the point of this article. At the start, I vill define a Midi-Hini as a miti-user, BASIC interpreter with data files and string manipulation, timeshare computer. Hewlett Packard's 2000 series, Digital Equipment's EDU 30, 40, 50, RSTS~11 and Pata Goneral's Seninar 2 thru 10 generally comply with this definition. BASIC as a problem oriented interpretive language “is known for its ease a of coding, debugging and editing. However, to use BASIC, one must have a minimal knowledge of algebra; a knowledge enjoyed by relatively Low. Then what other languages can we design for the majority of the "kids" (PCC vol.1,no-2 p.5) and teachors who do not and usually will not learn BASIC? PILOT, PYLON, CO-PILOT and NYLON ore predecessors to PILOT 73. All are simple author languages that take only minutes to learn and use, but are powerful onough to produce moderately complex programs. The question arises of how to implement this new tool on currently available rachines, providing the interactive features for PILCT 73 authors that BASIC authors have been enjoying for years. G 1969) defines an interpreter as a routino that executes by statement~ te translation, substituting effective error tracing for execution efficiency. BASIC on all the afore mentioned computers has been implemented interpretively, When PILCT-like languages are implemented interpretively in BASIC, also an interpreter, response-time is affected. PILOT 73 source code must be kept on a date file for interprotation, translation and/or editing. Hence the need for a Midi-Mini. And during file access and transfer, no machine instructions can te executed, hence reducing the numbor of machine instruc- tions, therefore BASIC statements executed during a given amount of time. When many users are involved with file accesses and transfers then the number of instructions executed for an individual user will be evon less, resulting in a degraded response-time. Two actual examples are known: (1) A DIALOG program, a subset of a more elaborate interactive author language was implemented on our HP2000B as an interpreter and (2) Dr. Sylvan Rubin at S.R.I. implemented his PYLON interpretive language-on the DEC RSTS-i1. In both cases, seven terminals executing these interpreters seened to be the magic number. The systems became bogged down doing file accesses and transfers and response-tine was noticeably degraded. An operational solution: Create an editor, syntax analyzer and a PILOT 73- to-BASIC translator. The editor and statement Syntax analyzer could reside in one BASIC program, where each PILOT 73 line, before insertion to a source fie, would be checked for acceptable PILOT 73 grammar. Once insertion and editing were complete, the author could give a command to translate his PILOT 73 statements into BASIC code, which would be written into a data file. “This translation need only be done once to produce the executable BASIC code. On our Decision system and on the Data General Seminar series, a user could uceess this data file as if it were a program file and execute it using the machine's BASIC interpreter. On the HP2000 series, an intermediate step of punching a papor tape image of the data file and loading the tape back into the terminal as a BASIC program, is necessary. Perhaps in a student-es~author environment, handling paper tape will dis- courage their involvement. It's yet unknown what effect the intermediate step might have on teacher authors, In contrast to the interpretive implementation of PILOT 73, a translator need only translate the source code once. And in effect, the PILOT 73 author 4s creating a BASIC program, oliminating file accesses during its execution and therefore improving response-tine. PILOT 73 is a real language! The following people have agreed on the main features of PILOT (this version is a subset) and the means of extension. Specifications are available through U.C. Medical Center. WHO’S WHO IN PILOT LAND Name Organization Mainframe Language John Starkweather UC Medical Center IBM 360 PL/I Marty Kamp San Francisco Datapoint 2200 Machine Code Pete Rowe LHS Decision BASIC Berkeley HP 3000 BASIC Dean Brown Stanford Research Tymshare BASIC Sylvan Rubin Institute DEC11/20 SUPER BASIC RSTS Gregory Yob PCC HP2000C,E,.F BASIC If you have a version, let us know and we willadd you to the list. Dean Brown, Marty Kamp, and Greg Yob are interested in groovy Programs, curricula, etc., which develop in PILOT. 7 THE CEHEEGNOER Ss by marc le brun [Each issue we will present an ‘advanced”’ programming technique: with explanations, examples, programs and problems. We welcome suggestions for topics of interest to you. ] <== LOGICAL A logical expression is an expression whose value is either 0 or 1 depending on the values of the variables in the expression. For example ABS(SGN(X)) is a logical expression IF X = 0 THEN the expression equals 0 IF X #0 THEN the expression equals | Notice the use of the words IF and THEN. It is sometimes con- venient to think of | as representing true and O as representing Jalse. : Many times it is possible to use a logical expression in place of an IF-THEN statement. In this article we will show how this is done. In the following discussion we will use ane to represent a logical expression, and other lower case letters to represent any old kind of expression. Notice the following ‘“‘rules.”’ IF THEN es e=0: 1]-e= e=1: 1-e=0 1 — e is always the “opposite” of e. If we think of e as being equiv- “alent to TRUE or FALSE then | —e is equivalent to NOT e; that is, NOT TRUE (FALSE) and NOT FALSE (TRUE). : Remember also that any number multiplied by 0 is 0, and that any number plus 0 is that number. Now suppose we wish to write an expression which is equal toa if e is one and equal to b if e is zero. Here is how we do it: a*e+b*] —e) Suppose we wish to set X to the value of this expression. The following two BASIC programs do this in different ways P PROGRAM 1 SOS © 10 IF E=1 THEN 40 10 LET X=A*E+B*(1-E) 26 LET X=B 20 eee 38 GO TO Se 4@ LET X=A 58 eee Clearly Program No. | is a lot simpler. If we want a variable to have a certain value if something is true and another value if it is false, then in MOST cases we can use a logical expression instead of an IF-THEN statement. The rest of this article will be devoted to showing how to write logical expressions for the usual sorts of “‘if’s.” First we will consider what are called “relational expressions,” that is, those involving =, < , >, <=, >= and <> (or #). Here is a table giving the relational expressions and their equivalent logical expressions. RELATIONAL LOGICAL EXPRESSION EXPRESSION p=q 1 — ABS(SGN(p-q)) p4q | — SGN(I — SGN(p-q)) ps<=q SGN(1 — SGN(p-q)) p>=q SGN(1 + SGN(p-q)) <> ABS(SGN(p-q)) | CC ——) For example, the phrase MED SSG ccc” is equivalent to “IF ABS(SGN(p-q)) = 1...” ! POOLEOL EXPRESSIONS ~~ - Secondly, we will consider what are called the “logical Operators,” that is, those involving AND, OR, NOT and others. We already know that NOT e is equivalent to 1 —e. If we have two logical expressions e/ and e2 then e/ AND e2 is equivalent to el *e2. e] OR e2 ise] +e2. (Remember the two facts about zero given above.) KOX a5 here 2 the ec S000 6 Ooo Gas s. ? = SHORT FORM LONG FORM LOGICAL EXPRESSION | el AND e2 e1 AND e2 e1*e2 el OR e2 NOT(NOT(e1) AND NOT (e2)) 1 — (1-e1)*(1~e2) el XOR e2 {el AND NOT(e2)) OR (NOT(e1) AND e2) el *(1—e2)+(1~-e1) *e2 e1 NAND e2 NOT(e1 AND e2) 1—et1*e2 el NOR e2 NOT(e1) AND NOT(e2) (1—-e1) °(1~e2) el EQV et (e1 AND e2) OR (NOT(e1) AND NOT (e2)) el *e2 + (1~e1 )*(1-e2) el IMP e2 NOT(e1 AND NOT(e2)) 1 —e1*(1—-e2) el NIMP e2 e1 AND NOT (e2) e1*(1—e2) VAT AAT AAT NAD AID VAT AT AAI ey OYE 2 For example the phrase —- IFaOR®... is equivalent to : IF 1 —(1-e/)*(1-e2)=1 2. In many cases the resulting expressions can be algebraically simplified. It is also useful to use several LET statements rather than repeating the same sub-expression. An example — suppose we wish to set U to V if X >= Y and X <= Z; and to set U to W if X Z. Here is a short program which does this: 10 LET T=SGNC1+SGNOX+#Y) )*SGNC1L-CX=Z) ) 20 LET UsVeT+W*(1-T) . Asa matter of fact, using a little algebra, we can write in one jine — 16 LET U=(V-W)*SGNC1*#SGNCX=Y) 2*SGNC1L-SGNCK=-Z))+W the whole thing PROBLEMS (in order of increasing difficulty) I. Write an expression which sets Z to MAX(X,Y). Write an expression that sets U to V if X < Y and sets U to W if X< YANDX < Z, The “rule” X=Y : I/(X+Y) X<>Y : IfX-Y) has to be done with IF-THEN — why? Think up some more “rules” which can’t be performed with a logical expression. Can you find a way to describe when you have to use IF-THEN? Steet ete Ot 8 8 8M 08 omens cecasvees s+ toss nane Without using the MOD operator, write an expression which is TRUE if an odd number of e’s in the set {e/, e2, e? }are TRUE and FALSE if an even number are TRUE. Hint: Explore the properties of XOR. Logical expressions can only “select” one of two values. Write an “illogical” expression which “selects” one of three values according to the following rules. X>Y:a X=Y:6 X can Keep track of whatihey mest 4 file of master student informa tign might be called MASTER, 2 list of 4... The amount of data (the number of pieces of data) that you can wale - onto the fll will depend on the size of the file. The size of the file will vary from computer fo computer. In some computers you determine the size of the file, In othesS, an opened file has a fixed size. (Consult your comput manus! to find 01+ how the file size is determined.) 8 : File size is measured in units called words. Data written ona file uses ~ Numeric vaniables— Each numeric variable uses 2 words of file space, , whether the number has one digit or more Each character of a string varable (akes approxi mately 44 word. Asan example, file that will contain 100 names, each with as many as 20 Calculate how many words each of these sets of data will fill in a serial file. explaining” demonstration programs that showed or explained how they worked or what they did when RUN. But in some cases, a lot of time and space had to. be used to explain and teach that which would have been almost trivial if we could have assumed that the reader were seated at a . TTY or CRT. Another aspect of programmed instruction as a technique is the requirement of testing the instructional program, and revising and ~ retesting according to the problems and comments of the learner. If the student is unable to meet the objectives, that is, successfully complete the problems in the Self-Test at the end of each chapter, then the instructional sequence is atfault-and must be revised atvordingly. This isa process that can be extended indefimitely, but which is most often left out fas F discavered ichen working for a company that wrore PI under contract for big money) because it is time consuming and therefore expensive. Our testing was done primarily with high school students with no previous programming knowledge, on an individual basis with close observation and discussion, and later, in beginning computer workshops, We did not attempt to da the mass testing +. that PI theoreticians so dearly love. Pl, of course, derives from Skinner and the behaviorist psychologists, who often have a deformed bent for depersonalized stat- istical analysis of substantial data bases. The real world result is usually trivial- ization and the most boring, lack-luster instructional ordeal that’s possible. In contrast (again) to MY COMPUTER LIKES ME and PCC, the design of the book is quite plain and linear. The pub- lisher required that it follow the Self- Teaching Guides uninspired PI format, and Wiley’s editors were also responsible conversational asides, and ironic humor natural to the authors’ collective writing - style, I finally got the feeling that the ~ publishers wished the book to have Lowest Common Denominator appeal, like commer- cial TV, on the theory that it would broaden’ the sales potential. However, to give credit where credit is certainly due, Wiley editor” Irene Brownstone provided us with excep- tionally helpful suggestions and excellent _ detailed critiques of the various manuscript drafts and revisions, which definitely con- — tributed to the quality of the instruction. Another anonymous contributor who helped us put the finishing touches on the - manuscript as we were all running out of steam was Peter Lynn Sessions ( ‘you've seen his BASIC music ideas in PCC). He did the Final Self-Test and several end of chapter tests, as well as general helpful editing. By rights he should have received published mention. Likewise, Mary Jo — Albrecht and Hal Hershey, who did the final photo-ready layout with a little help - from the authors, should have received published mention, We think this book is an excellent alter- native to MY COMPUTER LIKES ME for instructional situations where terminal access is limited or sporadic. It also goes — more deeply into BASIC than MCLM, and - includes a chapter on Advanced BASIC and strings and files. IT assign chapters to high | school kids to do before coming tothe People’s Computer Center workshops, and so far they have responded enthusiastically to the ease with which they get into pro- . gramming. We're looking forward to re- views, criticisms and comments from students and teachers on the content and good ways to use this book, and we hope to pass on such comments through the pages of PCC © The order of the names'In the FILES statement determines how they. are referenced Later in the program. The file named ZERO will now be ref- ecnced as fils 3 in the program. 10 FILES ZER@ /ABLE. C100 ~~ Write a PHONE. 10 FILES The general form For example: ~ oan alga tt 10 FILES 7. You san abo statement. If ina previous sta 6 Aseria file READ statement permits reading data from an exist will read one pitce of numeric data the:variable. A. In this case, Bhs fe named ZERO will he referenced as file 1. FILES statement that will pre| named GRADES and MASTER. Pare the computer to use files GRADES» MASTER ing file. is shown below: ee READ ¢ (file number) ; (variables) Note the punctuation £0. READ @15& fromthe first file in the FILES statement Will read two pieces of numericdata from the third file in the FILES state- ment-and assign them to variables A and B. 1 Given the FILES statement, write a statement that will read three Aumeric variables from the file named ZERO. Py ABLE. C100, ZERO uss a calculated value for the file number ina file READ 20 READ #Xs ASB tement, X has been calculated as equal to 2, the statement above will read from the second file in the FILES statement. The string variable (A$) and the numeric variable (B) will be read each time Line 20 is executed, 10 FILES (d) 420 numbers (representing responses to an opinion poll. Responses One advantage of placing data into files instead of using DATA statements is You can access the data with more than one program. are 1,2, or 3.) (a) 140x 15 x 4= 1050 (b) 140 x 20x %= 1400 (c) 140% Sx %=350 (d) 420 x 22840 2 ~~ Later we will explain the use of serial files and random access files. This first section will deal only with serial files. Information stored in a serial file can be viewed as a continuous series of data packed densely in the computer memory. GEORGE/VOUNG/25/94191/BOB/HARRIS/42/83107/... Which file will be read in the following: PHONE, MASTER, ZER@ 20 LET Y=3-1 30 READ #Y3 AS.B MASTER 5. At the beginning of a program that uses files you must include a state- The files statement looks like this: 10 FILES ABLE, C100. ZERO \ 4 a To get to data in the middle of a serial file you must read from the beginning , 2 “of the file, one piece of data at a time, until you reach the data you need. ment which tells the computer which files are to be used by the program. + -- - BASIC By Albrecht, Finkel and Brown John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 605 Third Avenue New York, N.Y. 10016 325 pages, 1973. 1 7 Be @) Last time I talked about Edu 10 and Edu 20 and how to get from ae Edu 10 to Edu 20 and the cost of adding TTYs and stuff like that. p ° : This time Ill start by giving you a handy do-it-yourself kit consisting of excerpts from DEC’s price list. INST* MONTHLY ID # DESCRIPTION PRICE CHG MAINTENANCE ) ( sf id PDP8E—BA Computer, 4K memory, TTY 4490 -- 60 control ( (> UW , S PDP8E—BE Computer, 8K memory, TTY 5650 -- 80 : control MC8—E 4K memory. Required to 2750 150 20 A : expand from 4K to 8K MM8—E 4K memory. This one gets 2500 150 . 20 : you from BK to 12K or O.K. Here is how you build an Edu 10 or a one user Edu 20. from 12K to 16K MC8-—EJ 8K memory. Required to 4160 175 40 Edu 10 One User Edu 20 expand from 4K to 12K © PDP8E—BA $4490 © PDPSE-BE $5650 MM8-—EJ 8K memory. Gets you from 3900 175 40 Es trea ; pi © MI8_EF 500 ; 8K to os in one neat jump ° LT33—-pc 1620 ° KP8—E 250 KP8-E Power fail/restart 250 60 2 3. Sctwate 250 e LT33—pc 1620 MI8—EF Hardware bootstrap 500 60 5 © Textbook Kit 100 e Edu 20 Software 250 LT33—DC Teletype Model ASR 33 1620 120 30 $6960 © Textbook Kit 100 ; modified to work with PDP8 $8370 KL8—E Interface card for TTY 300 60 10 Now here are four ways to get a 4 TTY Edu 20 with 8K memory. “This is the charge for installing additional equipment on an existing system. (1) Buy an Edu 10 this year and next year expand to an 8K Edu 20 with 4 TTYs. © Edu 10 ; 6960 © MC8-E + installation 2750 + 150 e KP8~—E + installation 250 + 60 © 3LT33-DC + installation 4860 + 360 ¢ 3KL8-E + installation 900 + 180 © Edu 20 software =. : d 15970 750 Total cost $16720 (2) Buy a one user Edu 20 with 8K this year — next year expand to 4TTY’s. ' ©. One user Edu 20 with 8K 8370 © 3LT33-DC + installation 4860 + 360 © 3KLB-E + installation 900 + 180. 14130 540 Total cost $14670 Next — let’s look at more memory. First, suppose we buy a 16K Edu 20 with one TTY. (3) Buy a4 user Edu 20 with 8K this year. e Edu 20 with 8K and 1 TTY 8370 © PDP8E—EJ 5650 e 3LT33—DC 4860 ° MM8-EJ 3900 e 3KL8-E 900 © Hardware bootstrap 500 Total cost $14130 © Power fail/restart 250 e LT33-DC 1620 (4) Buy an 8K Edu 20 with one TTY from DEC and buy 3 TTYs © Edu 20 software 250 from someone else.* © Textbook kit 100 © Edu 20with 8K and 1TTY —-8370 Totahoost #12270 © 3TTYs from someone else* 3450 © 3KL8—E from DEC 900 Total cost $12720 You can now add on TTYs — up to 8 of them with the 16K version of Edu 20. Or you may prefer using Edu 21 software which provides modest string capabilities. . We will, in turn, look at another way to get a 16K Edu 20 or Edu 21 with one TTY. © Start with Edu 10 6960 4K © Add on things at later times SISOS $16720 $14670 $14130 $12720 KP8-E + installation 250 + 60 MC8-E + installation 2750 + 150 8K *We got thisprice from Data Terminals Corporation. $1150 for anew ASR 33 MME=E + rnstalaee 2500 + 150 12K TTY modified so taht it will work on a PDP8E. Or you can get a rebuilt ASR 33 MM8-—E + installation 2500 + 150 16K for PDP8 from DTC for $850. For more information, contact Data Terminals Edu 20 or Edu 21 software _ 250 Corporation, P.O. Box 5583, San Jose, CA. 95150. Phone (408)378-1112. 15210 + 510. Total cost $15720 Power fail detect and restart is handy! It keeps your software from getting wiped out during power failures or temporary brownouts or when someone trips over the power cord. You just restart when power is OK again — otherwise, you usu- ally have to reload the software, Pll leave other possibilities to you ~ like going from 4K to 12K then to 16K or from 4K to 8K then to 16K and so on. In the meantime, I’ll rest up for the next issue of PCC when Ill talk about EduSystem 25 and maintenance and .. . what do you want to know? Write a letter! THE BURKLE IS A BAPPY BEAST Hurkle? A Hurkle isa happy beast and lives in another galazy on a planet named Lirht that has three moons. Hurkle are favorite pets of the gwik, the dominant race of Lirthand... well, to find out more, read “The Hurkle is a Happy Beast" in a book called A WAY HOME by Theodore:Sturgeon, published by Pyramid Publications, 444 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022. (Unless they have moved since January, 1968.) Scared hwukles go invisble. VW took a snapohs 2 o happy sodiating huwrble , ee chick acarwod him and 2... 188 REM eee HURKLE - PEOPLE*S COMPUTER COMPANY» MENLO PARKe CA 118 RANDOM 120 REM eee N IS THE NUMBER OF GUESSES ALLOWED 130 LET Nw5 140 PRINT "DO YOU WANT THE RULES CI*YES @=NO)"™3) tse INPUT Z 160 IF Z <> |} THEN 490 178 REM eee HERE ARE THE RULES 16G PRINT “A HURKLE IS HIDING IN A GRIDs LIKE THE ONE BELOW.” 198 PRINT 2a@ PRINT 216 PRINT TAS(26)s"NORTH” 228 PRINT 238 FOR K=9 TO @ STEP -1 248 #IF K <> 4 THEN 270 258 PRINT TAB(B) 3s" WEST AN STAB(2B)3"%2 2 2 ew ew we ww East" | Pehang 268 GOTO 280 270 PRINT TABCI4)SKITAB(EO DI. « © 6 0 ow ww ow 260 NEXT K 298 PRINT 3866 PRINT TABC(200"8 12345678 9" 318 PRINT 320 PRINT TAB(26)s"SOUTH” 330 PRINT 348 PRINT “TRY TO GUESS WHERE THE HURKLE IS HIDING. YoU GUESS" 35@ PRINT “BY TELLING ME THE GRIDPOINT WHERE YOU THINK THAT" 368 PRINT "THE HURKLE IS HIDING. HOMEBASE IS POINT 0,0 IN" 378 PRINT “THE SOUTHWEST CORNER. YOUR GUESS SHOULD 3E A PALA" 360 PRINT “OF WHOLE NUMBERS, SEPARATED BY A COMMA. THE FIRST" 390 PRINT "NUMBER TELLS HOW FAR TO THE RIGHT OF HOMEBASE AND" 480 PRINT "THE SECOND NUMBER TELLS HOW FAR ABOVE HOMEBASE YOU" 41@ PRINT “THINK THE HURKLE IS HIDING. FOR EXAMPLE» IF YOU " 420 PRINT “THINK THE HURKLE IS 7 TO THE RIGHT AND 5S ABOVE" 438 PRINT “HOMEBASE, YOU ENTER 745 AS YOUR GUESS AND THEN" 443° PRINT “PRESS THE ‘RETURN KEY. AFTER EACH GUESS, 1 WILL" 450 PRINT "TELL YOU THE APPROXIMATE DIRECTION TO GO FOR YOUR" 468 PRINT “NEXT GUESSe GOOD LUCK!" 470 PRINT 480 REM ¢e* HURKLE ‘PICKS A GRIDPOINT AND HIDES 498 LET AsINTC(1A¢RND(O)? 500 LET BeINTCI@*RND(O)> $16 PRINT $20 PRINT "THE HURKLE IS HIDING ~ YOU GET" SNs"GUESSES TO FIND HIMe™ 5338 PRINT $48 REM s#e GET A GUESS AND PRINT INFO FOR PLAYER 558 FOR K=l TON 566 PRINT “WHAT IS YOUR GUESS" s 578 INPUT XsY 56@ IF ABS(X-A)+ABSCY-8)50 THEN 710 598 REM ee GO TO INFO SUBROUTINE 688 GOSUS 768 618 PRINT 620 NEXT K 638 PRINT 648 REM ee@ HURKLE WAS NOT FOUND IN N GUESSES 658 PRINT “SORRY» THAT'S" 3NS"GUESSES." 660 PRINT “THE HURKLE IS AT "3A3's"3B 678 PRINT 686 PRINT “LET'S PLAY AGAIN." 698 GOTO 498 786 REM *¢* HURKLE HAS BEEN FOUND! 718° PRINT 728 PRINT “YOU FOUND HIM IN“Ks"GUESSESIII” 738 PRINT "LET'S PLAY AGAIN." 748 «GOTO 498 758 REM ¢¢¢ SUBNOUTINES PRINT INFORMATION FOR NEXT GUESS 768 PRINT “GO ") 778 «IF Y2B THEN 628 788 «#IF Y IN ORDER. CW A eiigarnen Lid eeiieraeener iit rr22222222 = AuYuuries Here Mee Smee PRES MED OL TWO PRUIURE, BOT Tey He FM EvPeNove. [D4 CARDS ‘We Ce PEAT AWARE 4 SAN PNUD AT YOUR LolAL (OMPURTION CenTEe. ae Vide am Ie . mien Vee ak te an BL AS GAHes , OS STRIN INFAU4ATION ON UA RENIWES TL lexRAL AEA TC. (FELD CLE SFR TIME | AUK THE WIZE IN 4 AL THE GID FAL IT. MAE Yow WL To. Wns NY From = de Schoo] rimer no, 7 Ze phyros Materials Exchanee. oe JStanyan St, d San Francisco CA F4NNT MEDIA MIX An interesting newsletter entitled Media Mix: Ideas and Resources for Educational Change recently shuffled its way to the surface of the mess on my desk. It carries interesting reviews on films, filmstrips, publications and other items. Media Mix is published monthly, October to May at 145 Brentwood Dr., Polatine, I11.,60067 by Jeffery Schrank. One year.subscription is $5, two year $9. Here is a sample item: Lifestyle 2000: Inquiry into the Future . +». Schools are only beginning to Tecognize that a study of the future is a valid part of the curriculum. In response to this recognition a few companies are producing media material about the future. One of the best to come along so far is the Denoyer-Geppert filmstrip Lifestyle 2000. The sound filmstrip is in four parts, each about 80-frames in 10 minutes. Each consists of an interview with a futurist-Hugh Downs, Paolo Soleri, Herman Kahn and Ray Brad- bury. The four segments, however, are economically placed on two rolls of film. The Hugh Downs segment pro- vides a gentle and general introduction to the study of the future paving the way for the mind-blowing ideas of Paolo Soleri. Soleri works mostly with young people in Arizona building his city of the future-a gigantic single building that serves as a total environ- ment. Herman Kahn talks of knowledge 29 ne e \ \ Guindon “Any people anywhere, being inclined and having the Power, have the right to rise up, and shake off the existing government, and form a new one that suits them better. This is a most valuable, a most sacred right--a right, which we hope and believe, is to liberate the world.” Abraham Lincoln Wounded Kye Measacre and the ability to control the future and Ray Bradbury delivers a kind of pep talk encouraging optimism. $30.60 from Denoyer-Geppert, 5235 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, IL 60640. Also ask for their rapidly growing cata- log of filmstrips. anny 1293 send check or money order to: People’s Computer Company BO. Box 310 jf | ee Menlo Park,Ca 94025 ZIP What kind of computer do you use? 9f- subscriptions start with 1st issue of school year $4 for 5 issues ($5 Canada & overseas) apres © ark“ y NS. 7s eo Mm SS j £2, O : ae a ON Say Ty - joe ne) 3 Va) ba 04a EE TS Aap wars iT = i Oe op me a AS Se Fa) tes TSS Lew Hig Ca @; tray Sooo et tes en nN O Sess : ms MLA Sass fay Sie ag SS ak me Sa fray eka is Benen ts eee OD d4jaLNdW b “ON ‘’L TOA E46. ‘WMudY Coy taser, +44, ey 1} Sc “te erate t stacy ci ‘ " . a - yu J i . 25M - oe Lae a) ,/ i 4 VIO y: < U3 " 4 2 ; ‘ Re & oN By ee bes wh) ee eM) Co v7 ah wy ead SP ay oe reared bs