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Full text of "Manufacturing, moving forward, rising to the challenge :
report of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology
"
See other formats
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HOUSE OF COMMONS
CANADA
MANUFACTURING: MOVING FORWARD - RISING
TO THE CHALLENGE
Report of the Standing Committee on
Industry, Science and Technology
James Rajotte, MP
Chair
FEBRUARY 2007
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The Speaker of the House hereby grants permission to reproduce this document, in whole or in part for use in
schools and for other purposes such as private study, research, criticism, review or newspaper summary. Any
commercial or other use or reproduction of this publication requires the express prior written authorization of the
Speaker of the House of Commons.
if this document contains excerpts or the full text of briefs presented to the Committee, permission to reproduce these
briefs, in whole or in part, must be obtained from their authors.
Also available on the Parliamentary Internet Parlementaire: http://www.parl.gc.ca
Available from Communication Canada — Publishing, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0S9
MANUFACTURING: MOVING FORWARD - RISING
TO THE CHALLENGE
Report of the Standing Committee on
Industry, Science and Technology :: :
James Rajotte, MP
Chair
FEBRUARY 2007
39 PARLIAMENT, 1° SESSION
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STANDING COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRY, SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
CHAIR
James Rajotte
VICE-CHAIRS
Paul Créte
Hon. Dan McTeague
MEMBERS
Andre Arthur Brian Masse
Hon. Maurizio Bevilacqua Hon. Dan McTeague
Hon. Scott Brison Bev Shipley
Hon. Gerry Byrne Dave Van Kesteren
Colin Carrie Robert Vincent
Paul Créte
OTHER MEMBERS WHO PARTICIPATED
Hon. Joe Fontana Mark Holland
Susan Kadis Hon. Belinda Stronach
Hon. Jean Lapierre
CLERK OF THE COMMITTEE
James M. Latimer
LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT
Parliamentary Information and Research Service
Lalita Acharya, Analyst
Daniel Shaw, Analyst
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2023 with funding from
University of Toronto
https://archive.org/details/31/761119708923
THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON
INDUSTRY, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
has the honour to present its
FIFTH REPORT
Pursuant to Standing Order 108(2), and the motion agreed to by the Committee on
Tuesday, May 16, 2006, your Committee has studied the Challenges Facing the Canadian
Manufacturing Sector and has agreed to report the following:
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ER VER TROT RS PR Ae, a em ce xi
ÉISROFRECOMMENDATIONS 5e tea a EN. xiii
INTRODUCTION bcesceovscsninveecsecsovdesisientitsate ene MONO eee Re à 1
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE CANADIAN ECONOMMEME NN fancier .t ce. 3
WORLD. ECONOMIC. TRENDS 34 A Rene Rene 3
CANADIAN GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AND LABOUR
MARKET IPRENDS ETIENNE ee me a 4
ENERGMPRICES EME UMR SRE NRA RE Re ee 6
THE TERMS OF TRADE AND THE CANADIAN DOLLAR. ui 8
CANADIAN TRADE, COMPETITIVENESS AND PRODUCTIVITY ............:::eeeee 11
CHAPTER 2: CANADIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR TRENDS
ANDICHAECENGES? § Se ee cn font aetna: re eete cre ee eee eee ee 112
CANADIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR TRENDS................................. 1,
MAJOR CHALLENGES FACING THE CANADIAN
MANUFACTURING SECTOR ine cre eter rae ere Re reer 21
1. Rapid Appreciation in the Value of the Canadian Dollar... 21
2. Increasing and Unpredictable Energy Costs.….............................................…. 22
SY Compeuuon tom Merging ÉCONOMIES Talence een 23
AmAvailabity of Skilled Pabourie:] MUR eye ER tae wee gecumneni ate 20
5. Regulatory Environment ........0....ccc.c0ceshecsssccceecsceneeenneaseeavensseunepovtcarnscuseussnars 26
CHAPTER 3: CHALLENGES FACING SELECTED INDUSTRIES WITHIN THE
MANURAGTURING: SEG TOR... senmttetn, PE siete tents eerie terrae 29
Aerospace INAUSITy M Re nn eee rein en ne ie rene ete nt een nr r sz 29
Apparel Industry... ssl 29
Automotive Industry ss. 30
vii
Basic Chemicals and Resins Industries ss of
Computer and Electronic Product Industries... 32
Electrical Equipment, Appliance and Component Industries... oC
Energy Industries is... ct SMART es TS se.
Food and Consumer Products Industries.............................................................. 34
Forest Products Industryes. fist MS RAA ARR sans nes Pet 30
Plastics Industry... tuners ns Sema MO Pee ORO RSR CRETE 35
Railway Equipment Industry ss 36
SHIPDUINGING AUS RE cena etat eee ee re RS I OL
STESLINGUSTRY bin ART A ere ase PE PAR AE a ae AR res NOR ES 38
Textiles IOUS RARE RSS A SR Rotate mt ae ee EE 38
Tool; Die:and' Mould Making:Indusines.:. ri MR NN ERP 39
CHAPTER 4: MANUFACTURING SECTOR'S RESPONSES TO
HS CHALLENGES Écran ne ee etter tee nl Re AR Re snc ene 41
CHAPTER SMPOEICYINSRRÜMENTS'AND OPTIONS ESS RER ne 45
Monetarv.PONCVE ARR ting te scchacceancsseacens Qe et ken am, COMENT EAN REA at 45
Taxation: Policy: <2: cade a the Me em tar A ost tel eee ene ee Bae eee 47
1. The Capital Cost Allowance Regime ............ccccccccccccsssssssnsececeeeceeeeceeeececeeeneess 47
2. The Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Tax
ICENTIVE PROGFaIN te ce. TR RE SN TE TES 49
EEN, PORC TR Re DAT en Re AU DNS EEE 51
ADOUn POC Ves, RAR Re de Dee OR EN atic ine PTE SP ET TITRES 54
1. Accreditation of Skilled immigrants... fees MI Een Ae 56
2: Temporary Foreign Worker Program. CR eee 57
3. Tax Credits for Employer-financed Workforce Training... ts 2e of
Vili
4. Support for Postsecondary Students Conducting Research in
Conjunction with Industry
5. Labour Mobility
Trade Policy
1. Canada-South Korea and Canada-EFTA Free Trade Agreements ................
2. Trade Protection: Anti-Dumping, Countervail and Safeguards ...............0000.
Intellectual Property Rights Protection Policy
ee eee eee ee rr ry
Regulatory Policy
1 Regulatory’ Modernization. Se aee:, Peay Fe CRE CR ee ee
2, ehvironmental Regulations ee ccna oer os ae eee
She User FCOS Acta deceit cis Oe Te ale Ee nee Ree et
PITS UCU ican case voue 2e Ta en Er EN TT
1. National Gateway and Trade Corridor Policy...
2. FAST Lanes at Canada-United States Border Crossings.…..........................….
3. Financing Strategy for the New Windsor-Detroit Crossing .…........................…..
Research, Development and Commercialization Policies...
1. Industrial R&D Spending in Canada and the OECD ee
2. Improving Canada’s Commercialization Performance ….….............................…
Sy Research Infrastructure. -.ose. Bee teeasergacereerecs ene setae cement ee eNane tettenore cere
GONGRUSIONG Get oi RU A SIS M er a een eRe anc ak
APPENDIX41;. LIS HOF: WITNESSES) us. RE RE cnet eet eon as
APPENDIX 2:.UIS OF BRIER Sc.cc:sccictasasencuerat eres eee tea eee ae
APPENDIX A: MANUFACTURING SECTOR: NUMBER OF EMPLOYER
ESTABLISHMENTS BY EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORY AND
REGION: 2005 i od 05) bh ek adel. Ra Te ee vacee peas ceaeaae a
APPENDIX B: MANUFACTURING SHIPMENTS BY PROVINCE AND
TERRITORY, 2001-2005... -.ccc.scceacssosnsnvecntaenonenenrensacdenssoneuntrtannecnnrsseursens=cnensngevanss
APPENDIX C: SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS CONTAINED IN THE REPORT
OF THE EXPERT PANEL ON COMMERCIALIZATION, 2006 ..........-:::ccceseeeteteen 93
APPENDIX D: SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS MADE BY WITNESSES. ......... 95
REQUEST FOR GOVERNMENT RESPONSE ss 135
NDP SUPPLEMENTARY OPINION... ssssssseeereeeeeeeeeessss om
SUPPLEMENTARY OPINION FROM THE BLOC QUÉBÉCOIS... 139
CHAIR’S FOREWORD
Canada’s manufacturing sector is a vital component of our economy.
Manufacturing is Canada’s largest business sector, accounting for 17% of all of
Canada’s economic activity and providing employment for 2.1 million people.
Additionally, every dollar of manufacturing output is estimated to generate over
three dollars of total economic activity.
While the rest of the Canadian economy is generally very robust, many
industries within the manufacturing sector are struggling to remain competitive
against the backdrop of a Canadian dollar that has risen in value by more than 40%
in just four years in comparison to its American counterpart, rising and unpredictable
energy costs, increasing global competition, particularly from China and India, and
excessive and inefficiently designed regulations, to name but a few challenges.
The Committee has completed an intensive study of the challenges facing
the manufacturing sector. It began its hearings in May 2006 and tabled an interim
report so that the federal government was made aware of the challenges facing the
manufacturing sector and the potential solutions proposed by the witnesses. In
October 2006, the Committee picked up where it left off, holding more meetings with
witnesses and undertaking site/shop floor visits of a number of manufacturers
located across the country.
The Committee’s final report reflects a wide perspective on the challenges
facing the manufacturing sector. Given that the downturn in the manufacturing
sector reflects structural changes in the economy and not a cyclical downturn, the
Committee believes that different policies are required than those implemented in
the past. The report offers specific recommendations to the Government of Canada
on how it can help the sector adapt to the challenges it is facing. The Committee
believes that the Government of Canada should make the preservation of a
competitive Canadian manufacturing sector a national goal, and that given the
gravity of the challenges facing the sector, the recommendations presented in this
report should be implemented in a timely fashion.
| would like to thank all of the witnesses who have appeared before the
Committee in Ottawa and across the country and the company officials who
welcomed the Committee to their places of business. | also thank the members of
the Committee for their hard work on this study.
James Rajotte, M.P.
Chair
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INTRODUCTION
a a Ea ee STS Oe ele eS
In May 2006, the House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry,
Science and Technology (hereinafter the “Committee”) began hearings on the
current state of the Canadian manufacturing sector and the challenges facing this
extremely important component of Canada's economy. Manufacturing is Canada’s
largest business sector, accounting for 17% of all of Canada’s economic activity and
providing employment for 2.1 million people. The study originally focused on four
major issues and the impact that they are having on the competitiveness of the
manufacturing sector: (1) the high value of the Canadian dollar: (2) high and
unpredictable energy costs; (3) globalization; and (4) the availability of skilled labour.
However, additional issues raised by witnesses (e.g., the effects of the regulatory
environment) were also examined.
In response to these challenges, many manufacturing firms have
restructured their operations, and employment in the sector has declined. Since the
end of 2002, when the downward trend for the sector’s employment levels began,
manufacturing employment has fallen by 208,900 jobs or 9.2%. In 2005, the
manufacturing sector was the economy’s major source of job losses. This downturn
is not part of cyclical pattern but rather reflects a structural change in the economy:
a decline in the share of manufacturing in overall employment, production and
value-added, with a concurrent rise in the share of services. This pattern is
occurring across OECD economies. In Canada, another structural change, the rise
in the relative importance of the resources sector, is also playing a role.
This final report provides the Government of Canada with an overview of
how the manufacturing sector is affected by the challenges noted above. More
detail and an update on each challenge are included in this report in comparison to
what was presented in the Committee’s interim report entitled Challenges Facing
the Canadian Manufacturing Sector. Like the interim report, this report also
highlights other, often industry-specific, challenges that the sector is facing. In total,
the Committee heard from representatives of 15 broadly defined manufacturing
industries, and the final report reflects a wider perspective on the challenges facing
the manufacturing sector than was presented in its interim report.
In this final report, the Committee assesses many of the recommendations
suggested by witnesses (detailed in Appendix D). Many issues and policy options,
including those recommended by the witnesses, are presented under several broad
policy areas: monetary, taxation, energy, labour, trade, intellectual property rights
protection, regulatory, infrastructure and research, development and
commercialization policies. This structure brings a certain coherence and tractability
to understanding how specific policy measures respond to specific sector
challenges. In the end, the Committee decided on a number of fiscal and non-fiscal
measures and they form a body of recommendations to the Government of Canada
on how it can help the manufacturing sector adapt to the challenges it faces. The
1
Committee is convinced that the adoption and implementation of these
recommendations, within the framework of an industrial strategy, will help revitalize
Canada’s manufacturing sector, making it more resilient and competitive for the
benefit of all Canadians. Furthermore, the Committee emphasizes that urgent action
on the part of the Government of Canada is required, and that preserving a
competitive manufacturing sector in Canada should be a national goal.
CHAPTER 1:
OVERVIEW OF THE CANADIAN ECONOMY
WORLD ECONOMIC TRENDS
World economic activity expanded throughout the 2000-2006 period. The
pace of this growth has been increasing remarkably, accelerating from a low of 1%
in 2001 to a high of just short of 4% in 2004, before settling back in the 3% to 4%
range for 2005 and 2006 (see Figure 1). Southeast Asia, China and India have
been a large part of the story behind this outstanding performance. The Chinese
economy grew by 9% per year, on average, between 2003 and 2005, while the
Indian economy grew by 7% per year, on average, in the same period.’
Figure 1
World GDP Growth, 2001-2005, 2006F, 2007F
(annual percentage change)
| 2001
Source: Conference Board of Canada
The outlook for the world economy in the second half of 2006 and 2007 is
expected largely to reflect developments in the United States and, once again,
China and India. Market analysts are expecting all three of these economies to grow
more modestly: the United States because of weaker consumer spending and a
sharp (negative) correction in housing markets, and China and India since both
countries’ central banks have recently raised their policy interest rates and have
allowed their respective currencies (i.e., the yuan and the rupee) to appreciate in
value to rein in excessive domestic growth and inflation. The Conference Board of
Canada expects the world economy to expand by 3.7% in 2006, with most of the
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006F 2007F
Ue ee ee ee
1 The Conference Board of Canada, World Outlook Autumn 2006, 2006, and Consensus Economics.
8
economic growth having already taken place in the first half of the year, and 2.8% in
2007. By comparison, the Bank of Canada is more optimistic, forecasting world
economic growth of 5.1% and 4.7% in 2006 and 2007, respectively.” The
projections of these two economic forecasters are similar when it comes to the
United States and their differences lie mostly in their projections for China and
Southeast Asia.
CANADIAN GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AND LABOUR MARKET TRENDS
Rapid world economic expansion since 2003 has been particularly beneficial
to Canada. Strong global demand for primary commodities (particularly base metals
and energy) has led to high commodity prices, which, along with strong growth in
final domestic demand, have fuelled robust economic growth — hovering about
3% per annum — in Canada over the past few years (see Figure 2). Indeed, the
Bank of Canada judges that the Canadian economy has been operating at close to
its full production capacity since the second quarter of 2004.
Figure 2
Canadian GDP Growth, 2004-2007F |
(annual percentage change)
2005 2005 2006 2006 2004 2005 2006F 2007F
Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2
Source: Bank of Canada, Monetary Policy Report, October 2006.
However, between March and October 2006, the Bank of Canada lowered
its forecast of Canadian output growth from 3.1% to 2.8% in 2006 and from 3.0% to
2.5% in 2007. The Governor of the Bank of Canada explains this revision in the
following way:
2 Bank of Canada, Monetary Policy Report, October 2006, p. 24.
4
After several years of strong expansion, the U.S. economy is cooling down
restrained by a pullback in the housing sector and slowing demand for
automobiles. After growing at a 5.6% annual rate in the first quarter, U.S.
economic growth siowed to just 2.9% in the second quarter, and may well
have slowed to less than 2% in the third quarter of 2006.
We are expecting 3.3% growth for 2006 overall in the U.S. economy, 2.6%
growth in 2007, and 3.2% in 2008.°
Thus, Canada’s economic performance for the second half of 2006 and
throughout 2007 is expected to be tied closely to developments in the United States,
with the latter marginally outperforming the former.
Figure 3
Employment and Unernployment Rates in Canada, 2003-
Miss PR TN = Es
Seasonally aus tac 5 Seasonally acct
AG SX SAS Au AU 204 20 2005
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force information, Catalogue 71-001-XIE, 1 December 2006.
With Canadian GDP growing rapidly over the past few years, not surprisingly
Canada’s labour market fas also performed well in this period. Aggregate
employment grew from 15.6 million in January 2003 to 16.6 million in December
2006, thereby improving by 1 million persons or by 6.4% in four years (see
Figure 3). The employment rate has also increased steadily to 63.1% in this period,
setting a new all-time record in the process. Finally, the overall unemployment rate
in Canada has declined since January 2003, and the unemployment rate over the
past six months, including the December 2006 rate of 6.1%, has settled at a 30-year
low.
3 Remarks by David Dodge, Governor of the Bank of Canada to the 2006 Ontario Economic
Leadership Summit, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, 25 October 2006.
http://www.bankofcanada.ca/en/speeches/2006/sp06-16.html.
5
ENERGY PRICES
Strong global demand for primary commodities like energy, spearheaded by
the Chinese, Indian and Southeast Asian “tiger” economies, has put stress on an
already tight market that is manifesting itself in price increases. The world’s demand
and supply balance for energy began to tighten in 1998 and, subsequently, energy
prices rose relatively slow at first, but they have done nothing but soar since 2000
before retreating somewhat in 2006.
Figure 4
US$ Canadian Energy Prices, 1978-2005
(US$ per ton of equivalent)
700 ———————— ee
Led i=) N OFT DO OR DB © TN YO Tt WH
Onna D OO D D D D D D A D ON D OO OO A nn © [=] © ©
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——— Electricity —— Light Fuel Oil —— Natural Gas
Source: Natural Resources Canada and the International Energy Agency
Light fuel oil prices in Canada rose immediately and faster than all other
energy forms between 1998 and 2000; since then, light fuel oil prices dipped slightly
for two years before rebounding, recording an overall increase of 219% between
1998 and 2005 (see Figure 4). Natural gas prices in Canada followed light fuel oil
prices. Initially, natural gas prices rose in a more restrained manner than light fuel oil
prices, but since 2000 they have risen sharply and more so than for any other
industrial energy source, recording an overall increase of 317% in just seven years.
Electricity prices, which are somewhat constrained from responding immediately to
new market conditions by provincial pricing policies, bottomed out in 1999 — one
year later than for other energy sources — and have risen by a relatively more
modest rate of 24% between 1999 and 2004.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) foresees a moderation of recent
energy price hikes. The IEA projects world primary energy demand to expand by
more than 50% between 2005 and 2030, averaging 1.6% growth per annum. Under
this scenario, the world will be consuming 16.3 billion tonnes of oil equivalent (toe)
by 2030 — 5.5 billion toe more than in 2005. More than two-thirds of the growth in
6
world energy consumption is expected to come from developing countries, where
economic and population growth is highest. The IEA forecasts member country
crude oil import prices to decline to about US$35 per barrel by 2010 (in constant
2004 U.S. dollars) as new crude oil production and refining capacity are expected to
come on stream. Thereafier, the IEA forecasts crude oil prices to rise slowly to
US$37 in 2020 and US$39 in 2030 (in constant 2004 U.S. dollars). In nominal terms
(i.e., without discounting for inflation or accounting for the loss in purchasing power),
the price of crude oil is expected to reach US$65 per barrel in 2030.
Globalization has been a force for economic convergence, particularly in
terms of energy prices. indeed, while energy prices have skyrocketed worldwide
(not just in Canada) and thus co not appear at first blush to have affected the
relative competitiveness of Canadian manufacturing, this is not the case of
electricity. Because of North American-wide free trade and deregulation in most
energy sub-sectors, light fuel oil and natural gas prices differ little between Canada
and the United States. These two energy forms are no longer (if they ever were) the
basis of a competitive advantage in manufacturing for either country. However,
electricity remains, in some cases, such a strategic factor of production.
Figure 5
ay
Canada-United States Electricity Price Comparison, 2004 |
Cdné per kWh
30 ———$ |
Source: Energy Dialogue Group submission to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry,
Science and Technology, meeting of 3 October 2006.
In 2004, the average price of industrial electricity was 6.15¢ per kilowatt hour
(kWh) in Canada and 6.65¢ in the United States (see Figure 5). However, because
of the location of each country s manufacturing heartland, this 0.5¢ per kWh or 7.5%
lower electricity price does not necessarily provide a competitive advantage for
Canadian manufacturers relative to U.S. manufacturers. Canada's manufacturing
sector lies predominantly in Ontario and Quebec (See Appendices A and B),
“4
whereas its American counterpart lies predominantly in U.S. Middle Atlantic
states — New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania — and in U.S. East North
Central states — Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin. In 2004, the
average price of industrial electricity was 7.75¢ per kWh in Ontario, 4.77¢ in
Quebec, 8.26¢ in U.S. Middle Atlantic states and 6.05¢ in U.S. East North Central
states. Although Ontario manufacturers have a 0.5¢ per kWh or a 6.2% lower price
for electricity as a basis for a competitive advantage over U.S. Middle Atlantic
manufacturers, U.S. East North Central manufacturers have a 1.7¢ per kWh or a
22% lower price for electricity as the basis for a competitive advantage over Ontario
manufacturers.* Since U.S. manufacturers that are highly dependent on electricity
as a source of energy are likely to locate in U.S. East North Central states, a
significant percentage of the U.S. manufacturing sector has a competitive
advantage over Canadian manufacturers. Quebec manufacturers, however, have a
1.28¢ per kWh or a 21.2% lower price for electricity than U.S. East North Central
manufacturers, thereby providing Quebec manufacturers with a competitive
advantage over all U.S. regions. National statistics mask considerable regional
differences, and these disparities appear to be growing with the recent spike in
energy prices.
THE TERMS OF TRADE AND THE CANADIAN DOLLAR
Emerging economies such as China and India are a significant source of
demand for primary commodities and considerably higher Canadian commodity
export prices. At the same time, these countries are proving to be an increasing
source of competition in a number of industrial and consumer goods and
substantially reduced prices for Canadian merchandise imports. Emerging
economies are thus both a boon and a bane to the Canadian economy, and
nowhere is this more evident than in Canada’s terms of trade — that is, in the ratio
of Canadian export-to-import prices.
Canada’s terms of trade has marked three spikes and two troughs in the
past 12 years and is headed towards a third trough, but the trend is definitely up for
the period as a whole (see Figure 6). The most immediate cycle began in the fourth
quarter of 2001 when it rose from its (1993 100-base) index of 96.1 to 119.9 in the
fourth quarter of 2005, representing a 24.8% increase in just four years. By contrast,
the most significant previous spike began when this index was 99.3 in the second
quarter of 1994 until it reached 107.8 in the fourth quarter of 1996. This terms-of-
trade spike amounted to an increase of just 8.6% and lasted for two and a half
years. As such, the data suggest that the past four years have been witness to
unprecedented and abrupt change in Canadian trade terms — one might even say
that Canada is experiencing a positive external shock.
4 The disparity in electricity prices between Ontario and U.S. East North Central states increases when
viewed on an individual state basis.
This improvement in Canada’s terms of trade has increased real wealth and
income in the country, and has fuelled increased spending by consumers,
governments, and busiriesses — the outcome of which is found in rapidly growing
gross national expenditure (GNE) and is, in turn, the source of Canada’s recent high
GDP growth rate (see Figure 2). :
Figure 6
| Canada: Terms of Trade, 1994 | to 2006 Ill
1993 = 100 (Ratio of Export-to-lmport Prices) |
| 120.0 -———_________ RE |
115.0 |
| 110.0
| 105.0
100.0 -
95.0 |
90.0 fe 1 = | = Ge MIRE LE
oe ee Re
Se = = Eu or N N N N N N
Source: Bank of Canada and Statistics Canada
A further outcome of this terms-of-trade spike has been a rapid and
substantial appreciation of the Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar and, indeed,
against many other currencies. The Canadian dollar has surged in value by 43.7%
relative to the U.S. dollar in just four years (see Figure 7).° The Canadian dollar has
also surged in value relative to the Canadian-dollar effective exchange rate Index
(CERI) from 79.75 in January 2002 to 109.51 in September 2006, representing an
increase of 37.3% in four and a half years.° Of course, this currency performance is
not uniquely a Canadian story. Another contributing factor has been currency
traders’ concerns over both the large U.S. current account deficit and the country’s
growing tendency to borrow in foreign markets to finance its federal government
budget deficit.
° The comparison is made between the base case (denominator) of 62.7¢ in February 2002 and of 90.1¢
on 1 May 2006. É
6 The Canadian-dollar effective exchange rate index (CERI) is a weighted average of bilateral exchange
rates for the Canadian dollar against the currencies of Canada’s major trading partners: U.S. dollar,
76.2%, Euro, 9.3%, Japanese yen, 5.3%, Chinese yuan, 3.3%, Mexican peso, 3.2%, and British pound,
2.7%.
The stronger Canadian dollar has tempered the pressure of increased
domestic spending on aggregate demand by dampening net exports, thus helping
to put Canada’s receipts and payments with other countries into better balance,
equilibrate supply with demand, and keep inflation in check. At the aggregate level,
Canada’s flexible currency exchange rate has been playing its classic role of “shock
absorber.”
Figure 7 ‘sling ; MORTE
Cdn¢ Canada-United States Dollar Exchange Rate
per US$ January 1971-January 2007
Also at the aggregate level, the combined effect of a large and sustained
terms-of-trade shock and a substantial and protracted change in the currency
exchange rate triggered a shift of resources to activities generating higher
income (as it often does). Postponing adjustment would, therefore, mean forgoing
potential income gains that the reallocation of resources can bring. To make the
most of Canada’s opportunities as a trading nation, Canadian businesses need to
adjust as quickly and as effectively as possible to changes in global economic
circumstances. Thus, at the industrial sector level, significant shifts in production
and employment among sectors of the economy mean job losses in some
industries and job gains in others. According to the “Dutch Disease” hypothesis, an
increase in revenues from natural resources deindustrializes a nation's economy by
raising the exchange rate, thus making the manufacturing sector less competitive.
Furthermore, at the regional or provincial level, this shift can cause dislocations.
CANADIAN TRADE, COMPETITIVENESS AND PRODUCTIVITY
The immediate and most obvious impact of a rapidly appreciating Canadian
dollar is found in Canada’s merchandise trade account. Canada’s current
10
merchandise trade surplus with the rest of the world could be expected to decline
and, if currency conditions persist, could (theoretically) even turn to deficit. In the
medium term, Canadian competitiveness might languish, with productivity
improvements largely stemming from the closure and shut down of relatively
inefficient plants and facilities, which also tend to be of a lower productivity vintage
than others within their respective industries, and employee layoffs. Limited to these
types of gains, aggregate labour productivity growth could also be expected to stall
for a time. In the longer term, however, the shift towards higher valued output and
activities generating higher income brought about by the recent positive terms-of-
trade shock are expected to ultimately lead to greater corporate profits and
investment of all sorts, not the least of which includes productivity-improving
machinery and equipment. Indeed, since much machinery and equipment in
Canada is foreign sourced, the
renewed investment in this area
would then be expected tc rebou
nigh value of the Canadian dollar may promote
. Productivity growth and industry competitiveness
nd fairly quickly.
Data supporting this projected downturn and eventual turnaround are already
being generated by statisticians. Beginning with the trade data, after peaking at
$71 billion in 2001, Canada's merchandise trade surplus hovered about $60 billion
between 2002 and 2005 and, using simple projections to the end of this year
(Canada’s trade surplus was $49.9 billion for the first 11 months of 2006), will
decline further to $55 billion in 2006." Statistics Canada has noted a trend in the
composition of this trade:
In 2001, the trace surplus was rising because of gains in five of the seven
largest sectors: consumer goods, autos, forestry, food and machinery and
equipment. Now, the surplus is being sustained by gains in just two sectors,
energy and industrial goods. ... The surplus in energy surpassed forestry
for the first time ever in 2001, and by last year was nearly twice as large at
$53 billion. Rising commodity prices have also pushed the surplus for
industrial goods to a record high so far in 2006. ... Fuelled by the income
generated from the commodity boom, consumers and businesses in
Canada have gone on a spending spree. This has sent the deficit in
consumer goods to new highs, while the deficit for machinery and
equipment was the largest so far this decade.®
The trade data also show the emergence of China on the Canadian trade
scene (see Table 1). With Canadian imports from China reaching $24.9 billion in the
first nine months of 2006, up 17.2% from the same period in the previous year and
more than the combined value from third and fourth place Japan and Mexico, China
is Canada’s second largest supplier of imported goods. Chinese products showing
the greatest gains in the past year include consumer goods, such as apparel and
footwear, as well as toys and house furnishings. By the same token, Canada
exported $6.6 billion in merchandise goods to China in 2005, making China
7 Statistics Canada, Canadian Economic Observer, Vol. 19, no. 11 (11-010-XIB), Table 1, p. 20.
8 Statistics Canada, The Daily, The Changing Composition of the Merchandise Trade Surplus,
9 November 2006, http://www.statcan.ca/Dail /English/061109/d061109c.htm.
11
Canada’s fourth largest export market. Exports for the first 11 months of 2006
amounted to $6.3 billion, up by about $200 million from the same period in 2005.
Table 1
Canada-China Merchandise Trade, 2001-2005
___ (millions of dollars)
2001 2002 | 2003 2004 2005
3,636.9 6,262.5
15,999.1 | 18,569.5 | 24,009.9 31,690.5
Balance -12,362.2 | -14,716.4 | -17,968.4 | -22,879.1 | -25,428.0
* 11 months only
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian International Merchandise Trade, Catalogue No. 65-001-XIB
Canada's relative cost-competitiveness with the United States has
demonstratively plummeted in the past three and a half years (see Figure 8). Unit
labour cost increases across Canada’s business sector averaged 1.9% per annum
between 2001 and the first nine months of 2006. When viewed strictly in one’s
domestic currency, this performance is not out of line with unit labour cost increases
in the U.S. business sector which averaged 1.1% per annum in the same period.
Given the appreciating value of the Canadian dollar, however, unit labour costs
across Canada’s business sector valued in U.S. dollars increased, on average, by
6.6% per year between 2001 and the first nine months of 2006 — six times that of
the U.S. business sector.
Figure 8
Canada-U.S.Business Sector Unit Labour Costs
2001-2006II!
(percentage change from previous year)
16.0 ——— = ee Nb.
2001 … 2002 2003.
4.0 SERA RE
2004 2005 20061 #200611 2006111 |
& Canada (Cdn $) @ Canada (US $) & United States (US $)
Source: Statistics Canada, The Daily: Labour Productivity, Hourly Compensation and Unif Labour Cost,
13 September 2006, http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/06091 3/d060913a.htm
Canada’s competitiveness with the United States has Clearly deteriorated in
the first half of the first decade of the millennium. Canada’s relative performance
was absolutely the worst in 2003 and it appears to have improved somewhat in
2004, but this improvement has since stalled. Given the apparent recent stability of
12
the Canadian dollar in the US85-90¢ range, then either Canadian wages must show
more restraint, and/or growth in labour productivity must be much larger than in the
United States if stronger Canadian business sector competitiveness with that of the
United States is to be restored relatively soon.
However, Canada’s tight labour market — with an unemployment rate at a
30-year low — and the appearance of labour shortages in selected regions and
industries make it less likely that wage restraint will be the principal strategic path
chosen by the Canadian business sector. Instead, Canadian businesses will likely
turn to greater investment in R&D, productivity-improving machinery and equipment,
and other innovation strategies to raise their labour productivity in order to revitalize
their competitiveness profile. The data clearly point to such a path.
In the aftermath of the ICT investment bubble, which began in the late 1990s,
Canadian investment in machinery and equipment bottomed out only in 2002. Since
2003, the Canadian business sector’s investment in machinery and equipment has
rebounded, with annual growth approaching 8% in the second year of the upturn.°
The impact of this nascent investment boom is already showing up in labour
productivity data (see Figure 9). The Canadian business sector’s labour productivity
growth rate averaged 1.6% per year or about 85% of that of the U.S. business
sector preceding the recent surge in the Canadian dollar (i.e., from 1981 to 2000).
With the Canadian dollar soaring from US62¢ in early 2001 to US83¢ by late 2004,
the Canadian business sector’s labour productivity growth rate averaged only 0.7%
per year or about 21% of that of the U.S. business sector. The job dislocations
taking place during this period (and in response to the terms-of-trade shock) did little
for labour productivity in Canada. However, since 2005, the Canadian business
sector has improved its performance against its American counterpart in terms of
labour productivity growth; in the first nine months of 2006, Canadian business
sector labour productivity growth was 80% that of the U.S. business sector.
Phillip Cross, “Long-run Cycles in Business Investment” in Canadian Economic Observer, Statistics
Canada, Catalogue 11-010, September 2005.
9
18
Figure 9
Canada-U.S. Business Sector Labour Productivity
Growth Rates, 1981 -2006111 ‘i
2000- 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20061 200611 200611 |
2005 |
® Canada @ United States
Quarter 2006,
http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/13-010-XIE/2006002/productivity2006002.htm
Labour productivity levels, rather than their growth rates, show a similar, but
not identical, story: the recent decline and stabilization of Canadian productivity
without a rebound (see Figure 10). For a rebound to occur, Canada will need to post
better productivity growth performances than those recorded in 2006. Canada’s
business sector averaged a productivity level equivalent to 82.2% of that of the U.S.
business sector throughout the 1990s and just before the terms-of-trade shock
beginning in early 2002. Since then, the Canadian business sector’s productivity
level relative to that of the U.S. business sector declined and appears to have
stabilized at an all-time low of 73.6%.
14
Figure 10
A Canada-U.S. Business Sector Relative Labour Productivity
110 sacks ME NS =
1 00 TC ER TTD MAG TA DT TN ELM EP AN CERN SEPTATE 8 I STRODE TIO BML =
90 PE sonia er og GOSSES à
| ee te Z LT :
ive 824%
70 | = = ; —————— à
0 73.6%
60 | Ka - — - ———— -
eee DER Rene kT RE
REA AD ANS A NUS | MEANS RENNES RC ES
SP PPK PM PP GFP PK EP OS SP ES DS D D |
caves (2 NAS LSE cm Jnited States
Source: Canadian Centre for the Study of Living Standards, Aggregate Income and Productivity Trends,
Canada vs United States, Table 7a, http://www.csls.ca/data/ipt2006. pdf
15
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em Pe
CHAPTER 2:
CANADIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR
TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
TSE TLIO LEE
CANADIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR TRENDS
The Canadian manufacturing sector, along with the manufacturing sectors of other
OECD countries, was not at the centre of the world’s most recent economic thrust. World
economic growth was centred principally on primary commodities, most notably energy
and base metals. Hence, any expansion of manufacturing output was at best a by-product
of this commodities boom, as incomes and spending multipliers of these resource-based
industries took hold. For cornmodity export countries, other economic effects weighed in
and had a more telling impact on their manufacturing sectors. For Canada, rising primary
commodity prices were accompanied by an appreciation of the Canadian dollar, which
immediately drove down the competitiveness of Canadian manufacturers relative to their
foreign rivals. Indeed, Canadian manufacturing shipments plummeted and remained
depressed for approximately three years during the ascent of the Canadian dollar (see
Figure 11). But after considerable industry restructuring, the Canadian manufacturing
sector has regained some of its lost competitiveness, and manufacturing shipments in
Canada have rebounded. The annual growth rates of manufacturing shipments were 8.5%
and 3.0% in 2004 and 2005, respectively, and this performance is considered healthy and
vibrant by most standards. Manufacturing shipments stood at $611.5 billion in 2005.
With the retrenchment of shipments beginning in 2001, labour productivity and
corporate profitability in the manufacturing sector declined and turned negative for two
years. Together, these factors conspired to bring about many plant closures and a fresh
round of employee layoffs. Since its peak of 2.32 million in the fourth quarter of 2002,
employment in the manufacturing sector has been in decline (see Figure 12). The total
number of employees who were laid off by the manufacturing sector between late 2002
and August 2006 was approximately 233,900, and manufacturing employment has
hovered about 2.1 million since then. Given a Canadian dollar that appears to have peaked
at US90.1¢ only in May 2006, it appears that employment in the manufacturing sector may
have bottomed out.
F4
Figure 11
Canadian Manufacturing Sector Shipment Growth Rates
1995-2005
29 1995 1996 1997
A0: ER de eh ag
6.0 - De miles 9 ee it stlgwehs qs ewehn
Source: Russell Kowaluk, “Manufacturing: The Year in Review,” Statistics Canada, Catalogue
41-621-MlE, http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/11-621-MIE/1 1-621-MIE2006045. pdf.
Figure 12
Canadian Manufacturing Sector Employment and
‘Thousands = the Canada-U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate, 19851-2006II]_ US$ per C$
2400 | 7 0.95
2300 — - 0.90
2200 - _ 0.85
2100 | 0.80
2000 + 0.75
1900 | 0.70
1800 - 0.65
1700 + 0.60
1600 | = 0.55.
1500 HE | HHH 0.50 |
|
| FEFEEESFEPEFCESES DELL LE |
Manufacturing Sector Employment Canada-U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate
Source: Statistics Canada and the Bank of Canada
Recent developments in manufacturing employment are not, of course, solely the
result of the appreciation of the Canadian dollar. Other forces are at work. Structural
change away from manufacturing and towards services within most mature OECD
developed countries, and the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) have and
continue to play a role.
18
The FTA has had an impact on the timing of employee layoffs implemented by
Canadian manufacturers. This impact is observable from the data on manufacturing
employment and the value of the Canadian dollar (see Figure 12). Developments in
manufacturing employment clearly lag those of the Canadian dollar. When the Canadian
dollar appreciates in value, empioyment in manufacturing falls; when the Canadian dollar
depreciates in value, employment in manufacturing rises. The only question remaining is
the exact timing of the lag.
There were two periods of sustained appreciation of the Canadian dollar and two
periods of sustained manufacturing employment decline that followed. The first period
predates the FTA and the other occurs with the FTA firmly in place and fully
implemented.'° In the pre-FTA environment, the lag between the beginning of the
Canadian dollars appreciation and the beginning of manufacturing employment losses was
three years. When the dollar had finished appreciating five and three-quarter years later,
the 23.7% appreciation coincided with 372,300 job losses, representing a 17.4% decline in
employment, four and a half years later.'’ In the FTA environment, the lag between the
beginning of the Canadian dollars appreciation and the beginning of manufacturing
employment losses was nine months. The 42.2% appreciation of the dollar in just four and
a quarter years was followed by the loss of 208,900 jobs, representing a 9.2% decline in
employment in four years.
These data suggest that the forging of the FTA and the removal of sizeable tariffs
imposed on manufactured goods, particularly in the case of Canada, increased the
intensity of competition between Canadian and U.S. manufacturers. The Canada-U.S.
dollar exchange rate now provides a sharpened competitive edge and, as a result,
Canadian manufacturers are forced to respond more quickly to exchange rate movements
(i.e., more immediate layoffs when tne Canadian dollar rises in value).
Manufacturing employment as a share of total employment for all industries within
Canada fell to 13.7% in 2005,"* the lowest level since 1976. Most OECD countries have
experienced similar declines in the share of manufacturing in total employment (see Figure
13). Research by the OECD suggests that the relative decline in the share of
manufacturing in production and value-added results primarily from relatively slow growth
in demand for manufacturing products, as demand for services is growing more rapidly.
The relative and absolute decline in manufacturing employment is primarily due to strong
productivity growth, but it is also affected by the growth of manufacturing capacity in non-
OECD countries. However, according to the OECD, the loss of manufacturing employment
in OECD countries cannot simply be characterized as a transfer of manufacturing
10 In the first period, the Canadian dollars appreciation begins before the FTA came into effect, whereas
manufacturing employment losses (from star to finish) coincide with the FTA.
11 Daniel Trefler calculates that “the Canadian tariff cuts explain about half of the employment losses over the
[1988-1995] period” (see Daniel Trefler, “The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement: An Assessment for Canadian
Manufacturing,” 1998. See also Daniel Trefler and Noel Gaston, “The Labour Market Consequences of the
Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement,” Canadian Journal of Economics, XXX(1), February 1997, pages 18-41
http://www.nber.org/ftp/trefler/FT/ Vreadme.html).
12 Russell Kowaluk, Manufacturing: The Year 2005 in Review, Statistics Canada, June 2006,
http:/Amww.statcan.ca/english/research/ 11-621-MIE/11-621-MIE2006045.pdf.
19
production to non-OECD countries, since manufacturing employment in non-OECD
countries has not grown significantly.
Figure 13
Manufacturing Share in Total Employment
Japan Canada United States
& 1980 ©1990 0 2002
Europe = Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Spain and Sweden.
Source: Industry Canada submission to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and
Technology, meeting of 13 June 2006 and OECD STAN Indicators database.
Finally, labour productivity growth has returned in robust fashion to the Canadian
manufacturing sector. After three years of poor growth — averaging 0.1% per year — and
even decline, labour productivity grew by 3.5% and 5.7% in 2004 and 2005, respectively
(see Figure 14). Indeed, because of considerable industrial restructuring that included plant
closures and employee layoffs, the manufacturing sector outperformed the larger business
sector in the past two years. Labour productivity growth in the Canadian manufacturing
sector has been three times that of the Canada’s business sector since 2004. The slightly
smaller manufacturing sector is thus much stronger and more resilient than before.
20
Figure 14
Canadian Manufacturing Sector
Labour Productivity Growth Rates, 1998-2005
4.0 1998 1999 2900 | 20071 2002 2003 2004 2005
| 20 ls 4 wees ee i
3.0 2 —— | ; 5
|
Source: Russell Kowaluk, “Manufact
11-621-MIE, http://www.statcz
in Review,” Statistics Canada, Catalogue
:h/11-621-MIE/11-621-MIE2006045.pdf.
MAJOR CHALLENGES FACING THE CANADIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR
1. Rapid Appreciation in the Value of the Canadian Dollar
VE
Relative to the services se
international trade. Exports from tl
or, the manufacturing sector has a higher exposure to
> manufacturing sector are often priced in U.S. dollars,
and as the Canadian dollar has risen, margins have shrunk as the prices of these exports
dropped in Canadian dollar te cause of competitiveness concerns or the fact that
prices for exports may be fixed far in advance in U.S. dollars, many firms have been unable
to raise their U.S. dollar prices.
The Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters (CME) presented two surveys to the
Committee that it undertook under its 20/20 manufacturing initiative, one identifying
manufacturers strategic challenges and the second identifying constraints on export
growth. In both cases, currency exchange rates were listed as the most challenging factor.
In the first survey, the high dollar and the resultant lower prices were listed, while the
second survey listed managing exchange rates, suggesting that a fluctuating currency
(even when the fluctuation is not large) poses a challenge (see Figure 15).
21
Figure 15
Constraints on Export Growth
MANAGING EXCHANGE RATES
LACK OF INTERNAL RESOURCES
LACK OF QUALIFIED PERSONNEL
LACK OF TIME TO DEVELOP NEW MARKETS 121%
LACK OF EXPERTISE IN NEW MARKETS 19%
DIFFICULTY FINDING PARTNERS, AGENTS, 19%
DISTRIBUTORS =.
CORPORATE ORGANIZATION | 17%
CAPACITY TO SCALE-UP PRODUCTION 115%
DIFFICULTY IDENTIFYING MARKET 15%
OPPORTUNITIES
COST/INADEQUATE RETURNS jf D 15%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
PERCENTAGE OF COMPANIES
Source: Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters submission to the House of Commons Standing Committee on
Industry, Science and Technology, meeting of 16 May 2006.
2. Increasing and Unpredictable Energy Costs
The manufacturing sector has also been adversely affected by increasing input
costs. Energy-intensive manufacturing industries such as pulp and paper, chemical,
petroleum refining and primary metal industries make up approximately 29% of Canada’s
manufacturing GDP,'* and these industries have been hit particularly hard by increasing
energy (electricity, fuel oil and natural gas) costs. Between the first quarter of 2000 and the
fourth quarter of 2005, manufacturers saw their energy costs increase by 94.3% (see
Figure 16). Additionally, while electricity deregulation, which has occurred in some
jurisdictions, has led to more efficient production and relatively lower prices, some
manufacturers in these jurisdictions have experienced insecure supplies of electricity (e.g.,
brownouts and power outages).
Member surveys of the Canadian Federation of Independent Business (CFIB) agree
with those of the CME. Energy prices are identified as the leading business factor
adversely affecting manufacturing firms.
8 Data presented by Mr. Howard E. Brown, Assistant Deputy Minister, Department of Natural Resources to the
House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, meeting of 13 June 2006.
22
Intertwined with high energy prices is the unpredictability of energy prices. For some
energy-intensive manufacturers, current and predicted future energy prices have a large
impact on strategic decision-making. Energy price fluctuations exacerbate both business
planning and decision-making.
rigure 16
Percent Change in input Costs (1st Qtr 2000 - 4th Qtr 2005)
PRICES FOR EQUIPMENT -4.2 0
PRICES FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS |
PRICES FOR ALL FINISHED PRODUCTS
AVERAGE MANUFACTURERS’ SELLING PRICE
PRICES FOR SECOND STAGE INTERMEDIATE GOODS
PRICES FOR FIRST STAGE INTERMEDIATE GOODS
PRICES FOR FOOD PRODUCTS
HOURLY LABOUR COSTS
TRANSPORTATION COSTS
COST OF RAW MATERIALS
ENERGY COSTS
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
PERCENT CHANGE
Source: Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters submission to the House of Commons Standing Committee on
Industry, Science and Technology, meeting of 16 May 2006.
3. Competition from Emerging Economies
The Canadian manufacturing sector has been affected by global competition,
particularly from China. China is a large and rapidly growing market for raw materials,
industrial goods, capital equipment, and consumer products. The country has become a
leading manufacturer, not only of textiles and consumer products, but of electronic
equipment, software, and other technologies as well. China’s labour costs are, on average,
about 1/40th of those in Canada, and they provide China with a comparative advantage in
the manufacture of labour-intensive products. China has also become an integral part of
manufacturers’ global supply chains.* Canada is also facing low cost and high value
competition from other emerging economies, such as India.
14 Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters, Manufacturing Challenges in Canada,
http://www.cme-mec.ca/mfg2020/Challengespdf pdf.
23
Although import penetration into Canada from all countries has been relatively
stable over the past decade, there has been a change in the relative positions of the
countries of origin of imports. In particular, import penetration from China has risen. Some
manufacturing industries with a high trade exposure have experienced lower profit margins,
prices or sales volumes in their domestic markets because of increased competition from
imports, particularly from China (see Figure 17).
Figure 17
China’s Import Penetration’:
Most Exposed Manufacturing Industries
(per cent)
Textile Clothing Leather Computer Electrical Furniture Medical Whole
product ancl equipment equip., mfez.
mills electronic and jewellery, sector.
Products appliance sporting from all
Hoods, toy,
and games
Note: Import penetration is measured as the value of imports from China divided by the value of the domestic
market (shipments plus imports minus exports)
Source: Industry Canada submission to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and
Technology, meeting of 13 June 2006.
The emergence of China in the Canadian market is a challenge that many
Canadian manufacturers, particularly those whose products have a medium to high labour
content, will have to overcome. However, the presence in Canada of capital-intensive
products from China at prices lower than in their home market (possibly being “dumped” or
subsidized) because the Chinese government has chosen to support an industry as a
strategic export good for the country’s rapid industrialization poses an extraordinary
challenge. Here, steel and steel products come immediately to mind.
24
4. Availability of Skified Labour
Despite current job shedding, the manufacturing sector, like all other sectors of the
Canadian economy, has to address the shortage (actual or potential, depending upon the
industry or region of the country in question) of skilled labour. Over the past decade, three
main factors have shaped Canada’s workforce: (1) an increasing demand for skills in the
face of advanced technologies and the “knowledge based economy”; (2) a working-age
population that is increasingly made up of older people; and (3) a growing reliance on
immigration as a source of skilled labour.'® Added to this mix of long-term trends is a rather
recent structural development that is forcing a reallocation of labour both from one sector of
the economy to another and from one region of the country to another: the high value of
the Canadian dollar.
Figure 18
Top Labour Skill Shortages in the Manufacturing Sector
ENTRY LEVEL EMPLOYEES
ENGINEERS À
EQUIPMENT OPERATORS |
SALES & MARKETING |
MAINTENANCE
PLANT MANAGERS |
MACHINISTS À
DESIGNERS |
ELECTRICIANS |
GENERAL MANAGERS | on
WELDERS | REA
De DIE MAKERS 8% [MDIFFICULTIES FINDING
ne eas el
SCIENTISTS/R&D TECHNICIANS |
CUSTOMER SERVICE PERSONNEL [M
COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS À
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
PERCENTAGE OF COMPANIES
Source: Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters submission to the House of Commons Standing
Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, meeting of 16 May 2006.
series: The changing profile of Canada's labour force, 2003,
i isti 2001 Census analysis
bee nion/paid/pdf/96F0030XIE 2001009. pdf.
http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Ana icloom
26
According to a survey conducted by the CME in 2003,° more than 40% of
manufacturers say that skills shortages are seriously constraining their ability to improve
business performance and grow. About 17% of those surveyed indicated that skills
shortages pose a major constraint on their ability to develop and commercialize new
products. Finally, slightly more than 25% reported that a lack of skilled and experienced
personnel is a challenge that will fundamentally change the nature of their business over
the next 5 to 10 years. The survey also identifies specific labour skills shortages by
occupation that the manufacturing sector is facing (see Figure 18).
In a survey undertaken in January 2005 by the Canadian Federation of Independent
Business (CFIB), members listed the shortage of qualified labour third among small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) business priorities. The labour skills shortage is
therefore an important challenge for the manufacturing sector.
5. Regulatory Environment
Many witnesses indicated that government regulations represent a burden to their
industry and to all sectors of the economy. The major business associations (e.g.,
Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Canadian
Council of Chief Executives, Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Conference
Board of Canada) suggested that streamlining regulations and reducing paper burden is a
cost-effective way to increase productivity and to help businesses of all sizes and from all
sectors.
In the CFIB survey mentioned above, members listed government regulation
second among the business priorities of SMEs. In the same survey, CFIB members
(manufacturers and others) listed the most burdensome types of federal regulations (see
Figure 19). The top three on the list were compliance with tax regulations (i.e., the GST,
payroll taxes and income taxes).
© Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters 2003 Membership Survey cited in Canadian
Manufacturers and Exporters, Manufacturing Challenges in Canada,
http://www.cme-mec.ca/mfg2020/Challengespdf.pdf.
26
GST/HST
Payroll taxes (CPP/QPP, El)
Income taxes
Record of Employment
Statscan (surveys}
Border and trade rules
Business registration
Environment à
@ Manufacturing
Transport , © Total
Agriculture
Other
Immigration
40 20 20 49
Source: Canadian Federation of independent Business submission to the House of Commons Standing Committee
on Industry, Science and Technology, meeting of 16 May 2006.
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CHAPTER 3:
CHALLENGES FACING SELECTED INDUSTRIES
WITHIN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR
Aerospace Industry
The Canadian aerospace industry consists of more than 500 companies with
annual revenues of $21.7 billion in 2004, placing Canada in 4th position behind
aerospace industries in the United States, United Kingdom and France. This
Canadian industry is extraordinarily dependent on foreign buyers of its products, as
84% of its revenues were garnered from export sales and 75% of all exports were to
the United States.
The global aerospace industry does not operate in a laissez-faire
marketplace. Government intervention in the sector is rationalized primarily on
national security grounds and secondarily on grounds of industry characteristics
such as its high degree of R&D and its attendant high risks and long payback
periods. Governments around the world use various policy instruments to support
aerospace industries operating within their jurisdictions, including funding defence
programs and purchases, financing research and development infrastructure, and
providing loan guarantees and bank financing for aircraft development and
production. In Canada, major federal programs and _ initiatives used by the
aerospace industry include: (1) Scientific Research and Experimental Development
(SR&ED) Tax Incentive Program; (2) Technology Partnerships Canada; (3) Defence
Research and Development Canada; and (4) the National Research Council’s
Institute for Aerospace Research, Aerospace Manufacturing Technology Centre and
Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP).
Given that the aerospace industry’s long-term survival and prosperity depend
on innovation and one of the basic building blocks of that activity is R&D, which in
the last decade represented between 6% and 15% of industry sales, the industry
believes that it is crucial that the Government of Canada redevelop and replace the
Technology Partnerships Canada program as a means of levelling the playing field
with its foreign rivals. Any improvements to the SR&ED tax measure as an incentive
to encourage R&D, particularly for SMEs, would also be welcomed by the industry.
Apparel Industry
Mass production of apparel in Canada began in the mid-19th century in
many urban centres, which supplied much-needed semi-skilled labour but were also
the major consumer markets. For most of that time, domestic production closely
matched domestic demand in terms of quantities, qualities and style requirements.
The second half of the 20th century (by contrast) was marked by a substantial
29
increase in world trade in apparel, mostly originating from low wage, developing
countries and destined for high wage, developed countries. Two attempts to
address the imbalances and inequities caused by this growing trade were made,
which resulted in two multilateral international agreements: the Multi-Fibre
Arrangement (MFA), which permitted developed countries to impose quotas on
imports of apparel and textiles from developing countries, and the Agreement on
Textiles and Clothing (ATC), whereby the MFA quotas were to be gradually phased
out over a 10-year period. These two agreements marked 1975, 1995 and 2005 as
milestones for three distinct and increasingly freer trade regimes.
The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) also played a
role — a positive one — as exports to the United States soared and now account
for 40% of Canadian apparel shipments valued at $5.6 billion in 2005.
In and of itself, the ATC posed significant competitiveness challenges to the
Canadian apparel industry, particularly from the export of cheap Chinese, Indian
and Bangladeshi clothing. Canadian apparel companies were adjusting to the new
trade environment by shifting and focusing their production on selected North
American niche markets, whereby geographical proximity to these markets would
provide a competitive advantage, such as in the case of their “fast fashion”
segments. However, the 43.7% appreciation of the Canadian dollar against the U.S.
dollar in only the past four years has hobbled the implementation of such strategies
given that U.S. apparel companies are reacting similarly. Much greater contraction
and consolidation of the Canadian apparel industry, along with more lay-offs, are
expected should current trends continue. To mitigate such a scenario, the industry
believes that government action is needed on tariff policy and procurement, as well
as continuing general support for the industry.
Automotive Industry
Canada has attracted a number of foreign automobile manufacturers (i.e.,
DaimlerChrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Suzuki, and Toyota) to locate their
production facilities mostly in southern Ontario, producing for the North American
market, while at the same time importing a substantial amount of vehicles to match
its varied automotive needs. Associated with these automotive assemblers are a
large number of independent parts and components manufacturers located across
the country. Based on relatively lower wage rates, on average, than those in the
United States, government-provided benefits (e.g., health care), and federal and
Ontario government financial support of $434 million and $513.8 million,
respectively, in the last two years alone, capital expenditures in Canada’s
automotive assembly plants have been brisk, averaging more than $3 billion per
year over the past 12 years. As a result of these investments, Canada’s automotive
assembly plants are estimated to be, on average, 4.6% more productive than those
of the United States and 38.9% more productive than those of Mexico.
In turn, Canadian production accounted for about 17% of North
American production and Canada-U.S. automotive trade amounted to
30
$143.8 billion in 2005. Canadian consumption accounted for approximately 8% of
total North American consumption, resulting in a Canadian t | f
$23.5 billion in 2005. g anadian trade surplus o
With many countries also subsidizing investment in their automotive sectors,
leading to a world and North American automotive assembly plant overcapacities
estimated at 11.5 and 2.5 million units, respectively, and a 43.7% appreciation of
the Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar in just the past four years, Canada’s
labour cost advantage is rapidly shrinking. The appreciation of the Canadian dollar
has been particularly hard on the automotive assembly supply-chain, and the
availability of both general skilled and technical skilled workers is also a growing
concern. These factors are threatening industry profitability, labour wage increases
and Canada’s trade surplus. They have also played some role in plant closures and
production capacity restructurings over the past several years, as well as planned
expansions in the next two years. For example, three light duty vehicle assembly
plants (i.e., General Motors of Canada, Ste. Thérèse, Quebec, jobs = 1,092;
DaimlerChrysler, Windsor, Ontario, jobs = 1,128; and Ford Motor Company,
Oakville, Ontario, jobs = 1,388) and one medium/heavy duty plant (Mercedes
(Western Star Truck), Kelowna, B.C., jobs = 675) have closed between 2001 and
2005, while no new plants have opened. These plant closures decreased Canada’s
vehicle production capacity by 553,000 units, but capacity expansions totalling
195,000 units elsewhere at existing facilities meant that Canadian production
capacity declined only by 358,000 units in the past five years. Honda, Toyota and
General Motors have also announced new plant openings and expansions over the
next two years. Honda will invest $154 million in a new engine plant to begin
production in 2007. General Motors will invest an additional $750 million for the
production of the new Camaro beginning in 2008. Finally, Toyota is investing $1.5
billion in a new RAV4 assembly plant located in Woodstock, Ontario, which will
begin production in 2008.
The industry suggests that it may be threatened further by a Canada-South
Korea free trade agreement if market access and measures such as South Korea's
non-tariff barriers are not addressed. The industry also believes that a lower
marginal effective tax rate on capital, one that is competitive with that of the United
States, would provide a favourable investment climate.
Basic Chemicals and Resins Industries
The basic chemicals and resins industries form part of the chemical
manufacturing subsector. In 2005, the industries’ shipments totaled approximately
$23 billion, a 5% increase over 2004 shipments. Shipments are expected to rise by
12% in 2006 to $25.7 billion. In 2005, exports totalled $17.4 billion (a 17% increase
31
over 2004 levels), of which $13.4 billion (77%) was exported to the United States
The industries employed 21,889 people in 2005, a 1% increase over 2004 levels,
but 4.6% lower than in 2003."”
The industries have experienced considerable cost pressures from high raw
material and energy prices, and from the relatively high value of the Canadian
dollar. Chemical producers are also concerned about the impact on their operations
of environmental regulations that may be introduced by the federal government.
With respect to energy, the cost, availability and reliability of electricity remain as
concerns for competitiveness and plant safety, particularly in Ontario. Other
challenges cited by the producers include rail transportation concerns in Western
Canada, the regulatory environment, and labour shortages in Alberta.
Despite these challenges, increased demand for chemicals kept plants
running at, or near, capacity in 2005. As a result of chemical price increases,
operating profits have been relatively high since 2004. This performance also
reflects gains in productivity achieved by the industries in recent years; productivity
levels for Canadian chemical producers exceed those of their U.S. competitors.
Computer and Electronic Product Industries
Companies manufacturing computers, computer peripheral equipment,
communications equipment, and similar electronic products, as well as components
for such products make up this subsector. These industries employ production
processes that are characterized by the design and use of integrated circuits and
the application of highly specialized miniaturization technologies. In 2005, most of
the subsector’s 3,681 establishments were located in Ontario (47.7%) and Quebec
(22.5%). Shipments by the subsector totalled $18.6 billion in 2005, down from
$27.04 billion in 2001, just prior to the ICT bust.'8
Members of the subsector note challenges to competitiveness that include
difficulties in attracting skilled labour, the relatively high value of the Canadian dollar,
and delays in getting product across the border into the United States. In an attempt
to deal with some of these challenges and other difficulties stemming from the dot-
com bust, some companies have responded by eliminating as much waste as
possible (e.g., overproduction, waiting time, transportation, processing, inventory,
motion and scrap) and detecting process defects through a blend of Lean and
Sigma Six methodologies known as “Lean Six.”
'” Information and statistics from Canada’s Chemical Producers,
http://www.ccpa.ca/files/Library/Documents/Economic/Yrend2005_report_final.pdf.
18 Data from Statistics Canada.
32
Electrical Equipment, Appliance and Component Industries
This subsector is composed of manufacturers of electric lighting equipment,
household appliances, electrical equipment and other electrical equipment and
component manufacturers. Most of the 1,964 establishments in the subsector in
2005 were located in Ontario (47.3%) and Quebec (25.6%). Shipments by the
subsector stood at $9.6 billion in 2005, down from $11.6 billion in 2001."°
These industries cite challenges to competitiveness from the high value of
the Canadian dollar, increasing energy and commodity prices, and from emerging
markets in Asia and Latin America. The industries note that the Chinese
government has imposed export duties of between 20% and 40% on metals, and
export tax credits of between 13% and 17% on finished goods. According to the
industries, both the tax credits and export duties have left Canadian and U.S.
manufacturers with no access to China’s material cost structure and tax shelter
without relocating manufacturing to China. Members of the large appliance industry
note that importers have an 11.4% cost advantage with respect to taxes since
imported appliances are subject only to the GST, whereas domestic manufacturers
must pay a variety of income, property and other taxes, in addition to the GST.
These manufacturers suggest that a radical restructuring of how taxes are collected
is required to address this issue. They propose a reduction in corporate, property
and payroll taxes and an increase in consumption taxes, in order to place more of
the tax burden on imported products.
Energy Industries
In 2005, Canada’s energy industries contributed $64 billion to the GDP
(1997$), $87 billion of nominal exports, and $34 billion of nominal imports. The
industries employ 180,000 people, and have an estimated total employment impact
of over 500,000.~°
Industrial energy use is the biggest single component of energy demand in
Canada (39% of total demand). Of that demand, 30% is from energy industries
themselves (mostly the upstream oil and gas industry), and 27% from the forestry
and pulp and paper sectors. The average annual growth in energy demand from
industry grew by 1.4% between 1990 and 2003. Gains in energy efficiency and
structural changes in the economy (the relative increase in the activity of less
energy intensive industries) have partially offset increased demand for energy. The
key energy sources for industry are natural gas (30%); electricity (26%); refinery fuel
oils, coke and still gas (23%); wood waste and pulping liquor (14%); and coal, coke
oven gas, liquid petroleum gas and gas-plant natural gas liquids, steam and waste
fuels (8%). In terms of the main input sectors to industry (natural gas, electricity and
petroleum products), oil is the most deregulated, the most competitive, and the most
19 Data from Statistics Canada.
20 Statistics supplied by the Energy Dialogue Group and Natural Resources Canada.
33
world-scale in terms of the market. Natural gas is a continental market that is largely
deregulated. Electricity is the least deregulated and the most regional in its basic
structure.
The Energy Dialogue Group notes the following challenges facing Canada’s
energy system: (1) the need for new supply and delivery capability; (2) the need to
adapt to higher prices; and (3)the need to find sustainable solutions to
environmental challenges. In terms of other challenges, many energy industries
complain of the complicated, multi-jurisdictional regulatory processes governing
approvals for new investments in energy infrastructure. They suggest that the
adoption of a national energy framework that recognizes jurisdictional authorities,
but that emphasizes the value of working cooperatively across governments, would
help in dealing with issues (e.g., regulations) that transcend jurisdictional
boundaries.
Food and Consumer Products Industries
Food manufacturing is Canada’s second largest manufacturing subsector
with shipments totalling $65.8 billion in 2005 (second to transportation equipment
whose shipments totalled $123.1 billion). Shipments for the food manufacturing
subsector in 2005 were 3.6% lower than in 2004 ($68.2 billion), and were at their
lowest level since 20022! In 2005, Canadian companies exported $17.9 billion
worth of processed food products. Canada’s food exports account for approximately
29% of total production, up from 18% 10 years ago. In fact, Canada moved from
being a net importer of manufactured food products to a net exporter over this
period? In 2005, the food manufacturing subsector employed 243,950 people,
down 2.8% from the 250,762 employed in the subsector in 2004, and the lowest
number of employees since 2000.
Meat processing has consistently been Canada’s biggest processed food
industry; in 2003, shipments of processed meat totalled $18.6 billion, which was
2.2% lower than the high of $19 billion recorded in 2001. Dairy processing is the
second largest food manufacturing industry in Canada, with record sales of
$10.4 billion in 2003, followed by grain and oilseed milling and fruit and vegetable
preserving. Other processed food products include fish and seafood, poultry, and
bakery and tortilla products.
Because food manufacturing is export-oriented, the industry faces
challenges from the high value of the Canadian dollar. Additional challenges include
falling prices resulting from high inventories, increased import competition
21 Data from Statistics Canada.
22 Michael Burt, Canada’s Food industry: Industrial Outlook, Winter 2006, Conference Board of Canada.
34
and weak domestic demand growth. According to the industry? the most
significant barrier to innovation and growth it faces is Canada’s “outdated and poorly
functioning regulatory system.” It suggests that minimizing regulatory differences
between trading partners and eliminating costly delays are critical to ensuring that
an economically viable manufacturing sector remains in Canada. With respect to
industry-specific issues concerning regulations, the industry notes challenges
related to the absence of a policy regarding food fortification; the long approval
process for novel foods and food additives; and the lack of a regulatory approval
framework for health claims.
Forest Products Industry
Canada’s forest industry sold some 250 products, valued at $84 billion in
2005, to more than 175 countries, generating $32 billion in trade surplus. Canada
ranked first in the world in terms of newsprint production and second in the world in
terms of both wood pulp production and softwood lumber production.
As the forestry sector is simultaneously highly energy-intensive, capital-
intensive and export-oriented, the rapidly rising prices of energy and the Canadian
dollar present the sector with its greatest competitiveness challenges. Somewhat
linked to these challenges is the sector’s fragmented industrial structure. Canada’s
two largest forestry companies, Abitibi-Consolidated and Domtar Canada, rank just
21st and 23rd among the largest forest companies of the world. Significant
economies of scale exploited through further industry consolidation could bode
capital cost savings and would help towards levelling the competitiveness playing
field with its much larger foreign rivals. The industry believes that the Government of
Canada can play a significant role in improving the investment climate for the
industry, most notably by taking various measures that would lower the marginal
effective tax rate on capital. The industry also believes that a more accommodating
application of the Competition Act would be part of its competitiveness solution and
that a Canada-South Korea free trade agreement would provide incremental
benefits.
Plastics Industry
Rapid growth in the Canadian plastics industry followed the dramatic
increase in the domestic capacity for producing synthetic resins beginning in the late
4970s which was, in turn, a response to the OPEC oil embargo and energy crisis.
During that period, U.S. tariffs on imported resins were typically 10 to 12%, whereas
they were 3% to 5% for plastic products. This tariff differential spawned vertically
integrated production of resin and plastics in Western Canada. Today, Canada
boasts more than 2,000 plastics companies, mostly Canadian-owned small and
23 :
Ibid.
24 Submission by Food & Consumer Products of Canada to the House of Commons Standing Committee
on Industry, Science and Technology, 17 October 2006.
35
medium-size enterprises (SMEs), whose shipments were more than $20 billion in
2005, of which 50% was exported (and of which 93% was destined for the United
States).
The industry faces a number of competitiveness challenges that include:
(1) the small size of many of its Canadian companies; (2) the need to match high
R&D rates of their U.S. competitors; (3) a more secure supply of its Canadian
natural gas feedstock; and (4) increasing natural gas prices. As resin costs typically
account for 30% to 50% of the final value of a plastics product and one dollar of
natural gas at the wellhead can be turned into a $15 _ plastic
product — hence, a value-added multiplier of 15 — the development of a federal
energy framework that would ensure adequate feedstock for manufacturing (rather
than exporting so much natural gas in its raw state) and the stabilization of energy
prices is seen by the industry as a way to boost its competitiveness. The industry
has also indicated that acceleration of the capital cost allowance to no greater than
two years, and a simplification of Canada’s R&D tax credit regime are top priorities
to assist it in meeting its innovation challenge.
Railway Equipment Industry
Railroad rolling stock manufacturing is part of the transportation equipment
manufacturing subsector (Canada’s largest manufacturing subsector). Railroad
rolling stock companies design and manufacture the following equipment: ballast
distributors (railway track equipment); self-propelled railroad cars; diesel-electric
locomotives; railway track equipment (e.g., rail layers, ballast distributors); mining
locomotives and parts; railway rapid transit cars; rail laying and tamping equipment;
subway cars; and trolley buses.
The rail equipment manufacturing sector is highly specialized and export-
oriented, with more than 70% of urban transit and locomotive shipments destined
for foreign countries, principally the United States. Virtually all Canadian urban
transit and rail systems and vehicles are supplied by domestic sources, while major
systems and components such as engines, computers and other equipment are
usually imported from U.S. suppliers. Manufacturing shipments for this industry
group increased from $1.9 billion in 1994 to $2.0 billion in 2003, an average
compound annual rate of 0.6% per year. Between 2002 and 2003, manufacturing
shipments decreased by 42.0%. The railway suppliers employ approximately
60,000 people in Canada.
The industry cites challenges related to competitiveness with U.S. suppliers.
It notes that the federal capital cost allowance rate for the depreciation of railway
rolling stock and track infrastructure is 15% and 10%, respectively. With these rates,
it takes Canadian railways more than 20 years using the declining balance method
to fully depreciate their rolling stock assets. In contrast, U.S. tax rules allow railway
companies to fully depreciate their rolling stock assets in seven years. The industry
believes that the disparity is hindering Canadian railways’ capital spending for
36
modernization and growth when compared to U.S. railways. It also argues that the
rates will adversely affect the industry’s ability to meet government objectives
related to climate change and air quality.
Shipbuilding Industry
| Canada's shipbuilding industry” is comprised of 203 establishments,
including about 30 shipyards that are located principally in each Atlantic province,
Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. The shipyards are fixed facilities with
drydocks and fabrication equipment capable of building watercraft suitable or
intended for other than personal or recreational use. Canada’s shipbuilding tradition
dates back to pre-Confederation, but in recent years, the industry has suffered
through declining demand, which has led to declining production. In 2003 (the latest
year for which there are data), industry shipments were $535.5 million (down from
$969.5 million in 1994, an average annual rate of decline of 6.4%), with exports
accounting for $83 million of these shipments. Canada has a persistent trade deficit
in shipbuilding, which in 2005 amounted to $304.5 million. Employment was also
down over the same period from 7,361 persons in 1994 to 3,797 employees in
2003, an average annual rate of decline of 7.1%.
Canadian shipbuilders have a limited domestic market that cannot, in itself,
sustain the current industry. Unlike the United States, government procurement of
naval and other vessels does not provide a consistent base level of demand in
Canada. The domestic commercial market is relatively stable, and industry growth is
therefore dependent on capturing a share of the international market. However,
Canadian shipyards are finding it extremely hard to compete internationally because
of government subsidization by other shipbuilding nations (e.g., Norway and South
Korea). Additional external factors that adversely affect competitiveness include low
foreign labour rates, less stringent environmental regulations, and improved
manufacturing practices in several countries — challenges that have been
magnified by the recent appreciation in the value of the Canadian dollar.
In terms of other challenges, on the immediate horizon is Canada’s pursuit of
two free trade agreements: one with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA),
which includes Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland; and the other with
South Korea. Norway is a formidable competitor (based, in part, on subsidies) and
South Korea (based, in part, on low labour wages and subsidies), if it shifts its
expertise and capabilities from large to smaller vessels, could also become a direct
competitor. Eliminating the current 25% tariff on ship imports into Canada for these
two countries without addressing the issue of subsidies would put Canadian
shipbuilders at a competitive disadvantage in their home market.
25 Statistics Canada defines the shipbuilding and repairing industry as establishments engaged in the
construction, repair, conversion or alteration of all ship types of more than five tons displacement;
anything less is deemed to be engaged in boatbuilding.
on
Steel Industry
Canada has 10 steel producers operating in five provinces (Alberta,
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec). Of the 15 plants in Canada, 4 are
integrated mills and 11 are mini-mills. Algoma Steel Inc., Dofasco Inc. and Stelco
Inc. are the largest operations, producing close to 60% of Canada’s total steel
output; they operate large integrated facilities equipped with blast furnaces and
rolling mills. The smaller producers use electric arc furnaces, and produce carbon
steel plate, sheet, bar and rod products as well as specialty steels and stainless
steel products. Across the country, 20 other production facilities fabricate pipes and
tubes, wire and wire products. Canada’s steel industry is concentrated in Ontario,
where most of its customers are located. In particular, all but one of Canada’s auto
assembly plants are located in southern Ontario, as are all of the stamping plants,
most of the appliance makers, and a significant portion of the steel fabrication and
construction market. Steelmakers in other markets tend to serve regional or special
markets, such as the oil and gas industry in Western Canada.
In 2005, steel production in Canada was estimated at 15.6 million tonnes.
Canadian steel shipments totalled $13.5 billion in 2005, with $5.5 billion in exports.
The industry directly employs more than 35,000 people, including contractors, part-
time employees and students.?
The industry cites a number of challenges to its competitiveness including
strong global competitors and a rapid expansion in capacity; escalating input prices;
a declining domestic and NAFTA manufacturing base; industry consolidation
(competition for investments in Canada versus other jurisdictions); and the
increasing need for innovation. It is particularly concerned about market distortions
resulting from alleged subsidies and dumping by certain steel-producing nations,
including China.
Textiles Industry
The textiles industry is one of Canada’s oldest manufacturing industries.
Established more than 150 years ago in small, urban communities that offered a
stable labour supply and rivers ideally suited for water-generated power and
dyeing/finishing, the industry started with the manufacture of yarns and fabrics from
natural fibres. Today, the industry is structured very differently. Canada’s textiles
manufacturing industry has transformed itself, particularly in the past 25 to 30 years,
through substantial and sustained capital investment and the result is a modern
industry that is increasingly capital-intensive, a major user of high technology, and a
provider of jobs for thousands of Canadians. In 2005, the
2 Data supplied by the Canadian Steel Producers Association.
38
industry is located mostly in Quebec and Ontario and uses natural, artificial and
man-made fibres and filaments to produce and ship $6.2 billion worth of textiles and
textile products, of which $3.0 billion or about 48% were exported.
The Canadian market for textiles appears to have peaked at a level just shy
of $11 billion in 2000, declining more than 20% in the past five years. This slump in
demand is more protracted than a simple downturn in the economy — trade factors
are at play. Indeed, the ATC and the rapid appreciation of the Canadian dollar have
together sharpened the industry’s competitiveness challenge. The industry is
prepared to meet this challenge but is seeking complementary industrial and trade
policies from the federal government in the areas of an export processing strategy
and on the rules of origin governing duty-free entry of imported apparel from least
developed countries (LDCs).
Tool, Die and Mould Making Industries
The Canadian tool, die and mould making industries are comprised of two
groups: industrial mould manufacturers and other metalworking machinery
manufacturers.’ The industries include more than 800 companies — mostly small,
Canadian owner-manager operations — located across the country that employ
more than 29,000 people. These industries shipped $4.3 billion of product in 2003
(the latest year for which there are data). In terms of mould makers, in 2003, there
were 637 establishments in Canada, with at least 1 establishment located in every
province but none in the three territories, that employed 10,692 people, up from
9,360 in 1994. Mould shipments were $1.47 billion in 2004, growing on average by
5.7% per annum in the previous decade.
The industries are built on traditional precision metalworking skills but make
use of many modern and advanced technologies, including computer aided
design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies. Typically, tool, die
and mould makers employ less than 100 people but they tend to be larger than their
U.S. counterparts, thereby benefiting from efficiencies gained in labour
specialization (employees in U.S. operations often have multiple roles). Canada’s
eight largest mould makers rank among the top 20 mould makers in North America.
They are heavily concentrated in southern Ontario. While the Canadian industries
serve a wide array of industrial sectors, regional specialization in particular products
and markets is evident: (1) southwestern Ontario companies focus on automotive
and building products; (2) Toronto companies specialize in automotive, aerospace,
appliance, packaging, consumer products and building
27 Industrial mould includes all manufacturers engaged in casting and machining industrial metal moulds,
including: extrusion moulds, industrial moulds, metal casting moulds and metal moulds for rubber or
rubber products machinery.
2% US. International Trade Commission, Tools, Dies, and Industrial Molds: Competitive Conditions in the
United States and Selected Foreign Markets, October 2002, p. 4-4.
39
products; (3) Montreal companies focus on recreational vehicles, aerospace and
building products; (4) Winnipeg companies focus on aerospace products; and
(5) Edmonton and Calgary companies focus on petroleum products.
The challenges facing Canada’s tool, die and mould manufacturers are
principally: the rapid rise of the Canadian dollar; the increasing costs of financial and
technological risks associated with supplying automotive manufacturers; and
intense competition from low-wage offshore sources, most notably China. Tool, die
and mould manufacturers that supply automotive manufacturers are being asked to
carry a greater share of the financial and technological risks, as new tooling can
take a year or more to develop while payment terms (i.e., production part approval
process or PAPP) are being stretched to 18 months (whereas, traditionally, banks
provide SMEs with 60-90 days of financing for accounts receivable and very limited
support for work-in-process). Finally, the automotive manufacturers are increasingly
setting up operations (i.e., off-shoring) in China— sometimes lured there by
government financial incentives — and parts from those operations are increasingly
being exported to the United States and Canada for assembly or integration with
standardized parts into customized modules for final assembly.
40
CHAPTER 4:
__ MANUFACTURING SECTOR’S
RESPONSES TO ITS CHALLENGES
DESIRE SILLS EBD LR IE
The rapid appreciation in the value of the Canadian dollar in the past four
years along with higher and unpredictable energy costs and strong competition from
emerging economies, such as China and India, have had a negative impact on
profitability in many parts of the Canadian manufacturing sector. Subsectors
particularly hit hard by these economic shocks are those with a high exposure to
trade and international competition: forest products, particularly pulp and paper,
textiles, apparel, transportation equipment, particularly automobiles and
shipbuilding, chemicals and consumer products to name but a few. Industries less
exposed to trade and international cornpetition have fared much better.
Particularly informative (in the aggregate) is the Bank of Canada’s series of
business surveys (from autumn 2003 to spring 2006) on the impact of the
appreciation of the Canadian dollar. From these surveys, one finds that the
percentage of natural resource and manufacturing firms reporting an adverse
impact ranged from 75% to 85% in this period and that this percentage declined
with time. The percentage of natural resource and manufacturing firms reporting a
favourable impact ranged from 10% to 17% and this percentage increased with
time. Presumably, these iatter firms had a low export sales intensity and benefited
from lower imported input costs. By contrast, only about 50% of firms reported an
adverse impact while about 22% of all firms reported a favourable impact, and both
these statistics remained relatively constant over the period.
Further scrutiny of the surveys reveals a trend to more types of negative
effects, spreading from export markets to domestic markets. All of the surveys
indicated the principal effect of the rise in the Canadian dollar on those adversely
affected was to lower profit margins on exports, though the percentage of firms
suffering from this effect had fallen in this period from a peak of 80% in winter 2004-
05 to 69% in spring 2006. The second most important effect was felt on lower
export volumes (in the range of 17% to 28% of adversely affected firms) until winter
2004-05, when a number of other effects, such as lower domestic profit margins,
lower domestic prices and lower domestic sales volumes, overtook lower export
volumes in importance. This trend suggests that increased foreign competition in
Canadian markets led to lower domestic prices and that the loss of export sales and
reduced profitability across the manufacturing sector probably rippled through to
lower domestic sales.
What is particularly interesting is the extent of measures taken by firms
adversely affected by the rise in the Canadian dollar. In spring 2006, reported
actions taken in descending order of importance were: increasing financial hedging,
improving productivity or reducing costs through measures other than investing in
41
machinery and equipment, increasing inputs/processing abroad, lowering labour
costs, increasing investment in machinery and equipment, raising selling prices and
reorienting production (see Figure 20).
Figure 20
Main Reactions of Firms Adversely Affected by |
Rise in Canadian Dollar (48 Firms)
|
|
|
|
Lower Labour Costs
Increase Inputs/Processing Abroad
Increase Investment in Machinery and Equipment
Take Other Measures to Improve >
Productivity/Reduce Costs
Raise Selling Prices
Reorient Production
Increase Financial Hedging
Other
Do Nothing
10 12 14 16
o
N
7.
6
œ
Number of Firms |
Source: Bank of Canada, Adjusting to the Appreciation of the Canadian Dollar, Supplement to the
Spring 2006 Business Outlook Survey, April 2006
Given the speed of the rise in the value of the Canadian dollar, it is not
surprising that a number of firms negatively affected by this rise did nothing,
choosing instead to ride out the currency shock with the same business plan.
Improving productivity and reorienting production —that is, shifting from
unprofitable or less profitable to more profitable products and/or consolidating
production at fewer but more productive sites while closing and shutting down less
productive facilities — remained popular actions among firms adversely affected
throughout the period. Financial hedging”* grew to be the most favoured response
by 2006, followed by increasing inputs/processing abroad — a natural hedge. Two
other responses — lowering labour costs and raising prices — peaked in 2004 and
have since declined. Raising prices was impossible for a number of firms in the
early stages of the appreciation, as their prices were set in U.S. dollar terms and
locked in by contract for a period of time.
Of particular concern to the Committee is the decision to lower labour costs
through employee layoffs. Statistics Canada reported that employment in the
manufacturing sector stood at 2.1 million in December 2006, up 10,000 over the
previous month but down 59,300 in the past year. Job losses since the fourth
9 Financial hedging refers to firms locking in future prices today (by contract) in face of persistent and
expected future appreciation of the Canadian dollar.
ENS
2
quarter of 2002 have totalled 208,900 or 9.2% of total employment _ in
manufacturing, with job shedding peaking in 2005 at 100,400. These job losses
have occurred across all parts of the manufacturing sector, but have been
particularly marked in clothing and textiles, computer and electronic manufacturing,
electrical equipment and appliances, transportation equipment, and wood and paper
products. Similarly, manufacturing job losses have been experienced in most
provinces, but Ontario and Quebec have been hit particularly hard.
To further improve productivity and decrease costs, Canadian manufacturers
have increased capital spending substantially. Although job losses in the sector
have been substantial, output levels have not declined by as much because of
these investments as well as the reorientation of production cited above:
manufacturing labour productivity thus increased at an average annual rate of 5.7%
in 2005, which is almost three times the average for the business sector as a whole
(compare Figures 9 and 14).
With worldwide demand for energy growing and relatively few new oil and
gas fields being discovered, energy reserves have been waning while the prices of
energy commodities have been rising briskly since 1998. However, with the
phenomenal growth of the energy-thirsty Chinese and Indian economies, energy
prices have soared since 2002. Not surprisingly, the tripling of light fuel oil and
natural gas prices spawned a new round of energy conservation and an energy-
efficiency drive within Canadian industry not seen since the “Energy Crisis” of the
late 1970s. This drive has been executed largely through investments in new
technology and the turnover of capital and the replacement of old, inefficient
production systems.
Finally, the emergence of China in the Canadian market is a challenge for
many Canadian manufacturers, particularly those whose goods have a medium to
high labour content. By and large, manufacturers have chosen one of two
strategies: (1) innovate and shift to more capital-intensive methods of production
based on the relatively lower cost of capital in Canada than in China; or
(2) outsource the labour-intensive activities or undertake some other form of
partnering arrangement that incorporates Chinese competitive advantages.
43
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| CHAPTER 5:
POLICY INSTRUMENTS AND OPTIONS
ARR PSD LOIRE IDOE ET TE NO
The numerous chailen
the profound structural chan:
previous four chapters ne
Canada. Industrial policy :
circumstances. In this cha:
to the Canadian manufacturing sector posed by
in the Canadian economy that were described in the
‘$sitate policy responses from the Government of
Canada must change to reflect the new economic
r, the Committee analyses the recommendations
offered by witnesses (see pendix D). We traverse a policy landscape that
includes monetary, taxation y, labour, trade, protection of intellectual property
rights, infrastructure, regu! , and research, development and commercialization
in the search for a new, f industrial policy framework that would assist and
Baan erent the Canadian manufacturing sector’s productivity and competitiveness
agenda.
MONETARY POLICY
In assessing Canadian monetar
first understand its institutic:
Currency exchange rate y the
inflation-control targeting tactics. The
was adopted by the Finance Minis
positive terms of trade shock (in thi
that resulted in soaring Ca:
upward pressure on inflation. 1
allowed to float; market fc
not unlike those that prevail toc
work which rests on two pillars: a flexible
«x of Canada’s independent exercise of its
current floating currency exchange rate regime
port prices relative to import prices) that put
slieve these inflationary pressures, the dollar was
ich were very strong and positive at the time —
ay) were to determine its external value.
After a period of targeting the narrowly defined monetary aggregate known
as M1% (1970-1982) and a return to its operational target for the Bank Rate”
(1982-1991), the Bank of Canada has pursued a strategy of inflation-control
targeting. In February 1991, the Government of Canada and the Bank of Canada
agreed to introduce targets aimed a
to achieve a 3% inflation rate, as measure
the end of 1992 and to gradually reduce the rate of inflation to 2% by the end of
1995. This last target was extended four times by agreement and all extensions also
involved maintaining a target range of 1% to 3%. The latest Government of Canada-
Bank of Canada inflation-contro! target agreement commenced in January 2007 and
will continue until 31 December 2011.
30 The M1 monetary aggregate is defined as currency in circulation plus demand deposits.
31 The Bank Rate is the rate of interest that the Bank of Canada charges on short-term loans to financial
institutions.
45
The Bank of Canada Governing Council’s main tool for implementing
monetary policy is the target for the Overnight Rate.** This rate is normally set on
eight fixed dates per year.°° Prior to the appreciation of the Canadian dollar, the
Bank of Canada’s Overnight Rate was set at slightly more than a half percentage
point above that of the U.S. Fed Rate. This gap increased to as much as 2.2
percentage points in July 2003 but has averaged slightly more than a full
percentage point between February 2002 and February 2005. Since that time, the
Bank of Canada’s Overnight Rate has been almost a full percentage point below
that of the U.S. Fed Rate (see Figure 21).
Figure 21
} We Bank of Canada and US. Federal Reserve 4;
17e Policy Interest Rates, 2000-2006 |
7.0 — ee —— a —— — 7.0
ION) sess RSS RS ee See eee - 0.0
| SON IR TONI RON ET Se Ae oe De N OR TEEN Se ee TS
| ENS 2 See eS Se SS ae Sea aS See Se LS ae Se ae es
| OO ONO net en EN FQN ONIN POD MIN OMS TES TRIO D 1090 LIT LOL Om CO tO CO
2 © © © © © © © © © © © 0 © © © © OO © © © © © © © © © ©
9 © 0 C0 O0 0 0 0 0 0 © © © © © 0 © ©0 © 0 © © © © © © © ©
NNN NNN NNN NNN NN NN NNN NNN DN NON ON SN SN
Canada Overnight Rate ——~ U.S. Fed Funds Rate
Source: Bank of Canada
The Bank of Canada sets a 50 basis-point target band (i.e., 2 of one percentage point) for the market
rate for overnight transactions. The Bank Rate is placed at the upper end of this band and the rate the
Bank of Canada pays on settlement balances held by participating financial institutions is placed at the
bottom end of this band. The Overnight Rate is set at the midpoint.
32
°° Bank of Canada scheduled interest rate announcements are at 9 a.m. on either a Tuesday or
Wednesday of: ~
January week 3 July week 2
March week 1 September week 1
April week 4 October week 3
May week 4 December week 1
The Bank of Canada retains the option of taking action between these scheduled dates in the event of
extraordinary circumstances.
46
. Monetary policy is, of course, pan-Canadian in scope and cannot be
manipulated to address the specific circumstances of either one sector of the
economy or one region of the country. It is also important to recognize that it is not
possible for a central bank to successfully control both domestic and external values
of its currency at the same time. With only one policy instrument — the Overnight
Rate —a central bank can have only one target: the rate of inflation (i.e., the
domestic value of the currency). The external value of the currency is determined by
the market, and thus a floating currency exchange rate regime has managed the
adjustment necessitated by both improving and deteriorating terms of trade in the
past decade.
The Committee recognizes that the Bank of Canada has been within its 1-
3% inflation target range 32 times in the past 40 quarters. Furthermore, the Bank of
Canada’s setting of the Overnight Rate at a discount to that of the U.S. Fed Funds
Rate in the past two years indicates that the Governor of the Bank of Canada is
accounting for the rising value of the Canadian dollar in its policy decision-making.
The Committee acknowledges:
The Government of Canada’s decision to renew its inflation-
control target agreement with the Bank of Canada that would
allow it to target the consumer price index (CPI) rate of inflation
at the 2% midpoint of a 1% to 3% range for a period of five years
ending in 2011.
TAXATION POLICY
Tax relief in various forms was suggested by most witnesses and was not
limited in its application to the manufacturing sector. The tax measures
recommended most often included: an increase in the capital cost allowance (CCA)
rates for machinery and equipment used in manufacturing and processing activities,
and railway rolling stock, locomotives and inter-modal equipment, a lowering of the
corporate tax rate beyond the current schedule™; and an expansion of the Scientific
Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Tax Incentive Program. These
recommendations would apply not solely to the manufacturing sector but to the
business sector at large.
1. The Capital Cost Allowance Regime
The Committee deliberated extensively on a number of recommendations for
change of the CCA rates applicable to certain equipment made by witnesses, with
particular attention paid to two of them:
ee ral corporate income tax rate of 21% is scheduled for
As currently planned, the current federal gene
gradual He to 19% by 2010, and possibly to 18.5% by 2011. See Appendix D and Supplementary
Opinions for additional information and discussion.
47
e A two-year write-off period for investments in new manufacturing
and processing (M&P) equipment and equipment associated with
information, energy and environmental technologies; and
e À capital cost allowance rate of 30% for rolling stock, locomotives
and inter-modal equipment.
To fully appreciate the novelty of these suggested treatments and the
additional costs (in the form of revenue cost) they would imply for the federal
treasury, a review of the current CCA regime is in order. Presently, capital
investment expenditures cannot be written off entirely in the year incurred for
income tax purposes. Rather, this expenditure/cost may be written off at the CCA
rates that are permitted under the /ncome Tax Act, similar to the concept of
depreciation used in financial statements. In time, these annual deductions that may
be claimed under the CCA regime will result in virtually the entire capital cost being
allowed as a deduction from income by the taxpayer. In the case of specific
equipment that depreciates at a faster rate than implied by the CCA rate for the
class of equipment to which it belongs, taxpayers can make an election for terminal
loss to be claimed upon disposition of the equipment. Finally, Finance Canada’s
approach in setting the CCA rate for a particular class of assets is based on the
general principle that this rate reflects the “useful life” of the asset in question — this
ensures investment decisions reflect economic and not tax considerations.
The Committee understands that the current CCA regime allows for most
M&P equipment to be depreciated at the declining balance rate of 30%. An
expected benefit of accelerating the write-off period to two years would be a faster
turnover of capital and a higher rate of investment. Finance Canada indicates that
the revenue cost of permitting machinery and equipment used in manufacturing and
processing to be fully deducted in two years — actually, three years because of the
half-year rule — is estimated to cost the Government of Canada approximately
$2.3 billion over five years. Such a change would also have a significant revenue
cost for provinces that have signed a tax collection agreement with the federal
government. The revenue cost of providing the same treatment for equipment
associated with information, energy and environmental technologies could not be
determined without further details on the specific design of such a measure,
including the specific types of assets that would be eligible.
The Committee concludes that the benefits of accelerating the CCA rates for
M&P equipment and equipment associated with information, energy and
environmental technologies are likely to exceed its costs. The Committee further
believes that this special treatment should be extended to the business sector as a
temporary measure and would be renewable based on periodic review and
assessment of its benefits and costs. The Committee, therefore, recommends:
That the Government of Canada modify its capital cost
allowance for machinery and equipment used in manufacturing
48
and processing and equipment associated with information,
energy and environmental technologies to a two-year write-off
(i.e., 50% using the straight-line depreciation method) for a
period of five years. This measure would be renewable for
further five-year periods upon due diligence review by a
parliamentary committee.
The Committee was made aware by the Canadian Association of Railway
Suppliers (CARS) that the current federal CCA rates governing the depreciation of
rails rolling stock (15%) and track infrastructure (10%) are significantly lower than
those of the United States. With these rates, it takes Canadian railways more than
20 years to fully depreciate their rolling stock assets. In contrast, U.S. tax rules allow
railway companies to fully depreciate their rolling stock assets in seven years. As
such, CARS claims that identical rail investment projects require a 23% higher level
of earnings in Canada than in the United States to yield the same rate of return.
Consequently, and particularly since continental free trade, a U.S. company that
leases equipment to a Canadian railroad will likely buy this equipment from a U.S.
supplier, not a Canadian supplier.
The Committee is convinced that the U.S. government s CCA rates for
railway rolling stock and infrastructure, which deviate significantly from those that
would reflect the “useful life’ of these assets, create an uneven playing field
between Canadian and U.S. railway equipment suppliers that must be met in kind.
The Committee, therefore, recommends:
That the Government of Canada raise the capital cost allowance
rate for rolling stock, locomotives and inter-modal equipment to
30% using the declining-balance depreciation method.
2. The Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Tax
Incentive Program
Canada’s SR&ED tax incentive program is one of the most advantageous in
the industrialized world, providing more than $2.6 billion in deductions or credits to
Canadian businesses in 2005. The tax incentives for SR&ED come in two forms:
(1) income tax deductions and (2) investment tax credits (ITCs) for SR&ED
conducted in Canada. In terms of income tax deductions, current expenditures
(e.g., salaries of employees directly engaged in SR&ED, the cost of materials
consumed in SR&ED, overhead) and capital expenditures on machinery and
equipment are fully deductible in the year incurred. Unused deductions may be
carried forward indefinitely. In terms of ITCs, there are two rates under SR&ED:
49
e the general rate of 20%; and
e an enhanced credit rate of 35% for smaller Canadian-controlled
private corporations (CCPCs) on their first $2 million of eligible
expenditures; these ITCs are refundable to smaller CCPCs at a
rate of 100% on current expenses and 40% on capital expenses.
ITCs may be deducted from federal taxes otherwise payable. Unused ITCs
may be carried back 3 years or carried forward 20 years.
The Committee deliberated on a number of suggestions for change to the
SR&ED tax incentive program made by witnesses. In the end, the Committee
focused on the impact of one recommendation that combined most witnesses’
suggestions along the following lines:
e An improved SR&ED Tax Incentive Program that would make the
tax credits refundable to all firms, exclude them from the
calculation of the tax base, provide an allowance for international
collaborative R&D, and extend the tax credit to cover patenting,
prototyping, product testing, and other pre-commercialization
activities.
The Committee understands that business R&D intensity (expenditure as a
percentage of GDP) in Canada is lower than the OECD average, and that the
business sector both funds and performs a lower percentage of total national R&D
than does the business sector in other OECD countries. The above
recommendation addresses virtually all of the barriers of access to the SR&ED tax
incentive program mentioned by the witnesses and would likely encourage more
R&D activities by the private sector in Canada.
Finance Canada suggests that the cost of extending full refundability of
SR&ED ITCs to all firms and all types of expenditures would depend on the
treatment of existing pools and unused ITCs. Depending on whether the application
of ITC pools to current taxes would affect the refund available, the fiscal cost of
refundability is estimated to be between $5 billion and $10 billion over five years.
Finance Canada indicates that the cost of excluding SR&ED ITCs from the
tax base would depend on whether the proposal would apply only to federal ITCs, or
include provincial ITCs for R&D, and whether the change in allowable expenditures
for the purpose of the tax deduction would also flow through to qualified
expenditures for the ITCs. Depending on how the change is implemented, the fiscal
cost is estimated to be between $1 billion and $4 billion over five years.
35 . ST : te
See details under Research, Development and Commercialization Policies.
90
. Finance Canada concludes that the cost of providing an allowance for
international collaborative R&D would depend on the definition of this activity and
the type of allowance provided. Based on Statistics Canada data on industrial
payments for R&D and other technical services abroad, and assuming the
allowance would be provided by including expenditures for such activities in the
base for the ITC, the fiscal cost of this proposal is estimated to be $2.2 billion over
five years.
Finance Canada did not provide the Committee with an estimate of the cost
of extending the tax credit to cover patenting, prototyping, product testing, and other
pre-commercialization activities because there was no data readily available on the
size of corporate expenditures on these items.
Excluding the proposal to extend the tax credit to cover these other activities,
the fiscal cost of implementing the above SR&ED measures would vary from
$8.2 billion to $16.2 billion over five years. The Committee believes that increased
R&D will lead to increased employment levels in the manufacturing sector. Given
the extent of the fiscal costs to the above suggested changes, the Committee
recommends:
That the Government of Canada improve the Scientific Research
and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Tax Incentive Program
to make it more accessible and relevant to Canadian businesses.
The government should consider making the following changes:
1. make the investment tax credits fully refundable;
2. exclude investment tax credits from the calculation
of the tax base;
3. provide an allowance for international collaborative
research and development; and
4. expand the investment tax credits to cover the
costs of patenting, prototyping, product testing,
and other pre-commercialization activities.
ENERGY POLICY
Industrial energy use is the biggest single component of energy demand in
Canada (39% of total demand in 2002). Of that demand, 30% is from energy
industries themselves (mostly the upstream oil and gas industry), and 27% from the
pulp and paper sector (2002 data). Industrial energy use increased by
% The Office of Energy Efficiency defines the industrial sector as manufacturing activities, all mining
activities, forestry and construction.
51
approximately 17% between 1990 and 2002. This increase was the result of an
increase in industrial activity, which grew by about 44%. Gains in energy efficiency
(between 1996 and 2002, energy intensity decreased by 11%) and structural
changes in the economy (the relative increase in the activity of less energy intensive
industries) have partially offset increased demand for energy. Greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions from the industrial sector increased by 15% between 1990 and
2002. However, a significant shift towards the use of less GHG-intensive fuels in the
industrial sector has meant that the level of GHG emissions is lower than it would
have been otherwise.°’
Abundant, secure supplies of energy are essential for the manufacturing
sector. The key energy sources for industry are natural gas (30%); electricity (26%);
refinery fuel oils, coke and still gas (23%); wood waste and pulping liquor (14%);
and coal, coke oven gas, liquid petroleum gas and gas plant natural gas liquids,
steam and waste fuels (8%).% Data presented to the Committee by the Canadian
Federation of Independent Business and the Canadian Manufacturers and
Exporters suggest that rising and/or unpredictable energy prices are one of the
major business factors adversely affecting firms in the manufacturing sector. This is
especially true for energy-intensive industries such as pulp and paper, chemical,
petroleum refining and primary metal, which make up about 29% of Canada’s
manufacturing GDP.
Canada, with its large oil sands deposits as well as coal and natural gas
resources, has one of the largest supplies of hydrocarbons in the world. In addition,
Canada has significant capacity for hydroelectric and nuclear production. Despite
this abundant supply of energy, there are problems in Canada’s overall future
energy picture. Given increasing geopolitical tensions, supply disruptions
(e.g., because of natural disasters or weather problems), environmental and climate
change problems, and increased market and price instability, a “business as usual”
approach with respect to energy consumption and supply is not sustainable.
Required changes include: development of lower carbon footprint energy sources;
integration of energy sources, distribution and markets; accelerated development of
renewable and alternative energy sources; emphasis on the development and
deployment of new technologies; a responsive regulatory environment; and a more
certain and stable business environment.*°
Many witnesses appearing before the Committee called on the federal
government to work with the provinces to implement an energy framework that
would articulate a national energy vision for Canada. This vision would provide a
7 Office of Energy Efficiency, The State of Energy Efficiency in Canada, Report 2005, Natural Resources
Canada http://oee.rncan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/data e/see05/SEE0S. pdf.
% Statistics from the Energy Dialogue Group.
°° Presentation to Committee by Dr. Michael Raymont, EnergyINet, 2 November 2006.
52
Clear policy framework on regulation, energy R&D, commercialization, energy
efficiency, and environmental issues, among other items, and would indicate how
the various components are tied together.
The provinces have the constitutional responsibility for natural resources and
are responsible for most aspects of the regulation and promotion of the energy
sector within their borders. The federal government is responsible for inter-provincial
facilities and international and inter-provincial trade. Through regulatory and fiscal
measures, it can facilitate and support research, development and investment in the
energy sector.
The Committee recognizes the importance of energy to the future of
manufacturing and the need to develop cleaner energy sources. It has also duly
noted the comments and findings included in the report of the National Advisory
Panel on Sustainable Science and Technology. The Panel called for an increased
focus on energy science and technology (S&T) to ensure long-term growth and
sustainability in the Canadian economy. In particular, the Panel recommended
increased funding support for innovation from governments (both federal and
provincial), and the private sector. It also defined a number of key priorities for
sustainable energy S&T in Canada. They include bio-energy; gasification;
CO: Capture and storage; electricity transmission, distribution and storage; and fuel
cells.
The Committee has noted five recommendations in particular made by the
Panel that pertain specifically to the federal government:
Double the federal government's investments in real terms in
energy research and development within the next 10 years.
Provincial and Federal governments should work together to
develop clear and consistent long-term market signals to address
environmental issues such as climate change.
In large, commodity-based energy industries, governments should
consider using regulation or financial incentives to stimulate private
sector funding for research to address common, long-term
economic and environmental issues.
The federal government should provide $30 million to leverage
investment in a reputable and visionary private sector investment in
a Canadian venture capital fund that is focused on energy
technologies. Such a strategic investment should be made on a
recurring basis to support the ongoing development and growth of
i i inable Energy Science and Technology, Powerful Connections:
National Advisory Panel on Sustainab gy
Priorities and Saone in Energy Science and Technology in Canada, October 2006,
http:/www.nrcan.gc.ca/eps/oerd-brde/report-rapport/toc e.htm.
53
innovative, knowledge-based Canadian energy technology
companies;
Federal energy research labs should conduct a systematic review
of their mission, roles and objectives in the context of a federal
energy strategy. They should then undergo a review of their
activities, by external peers among others, to evaluate their ability
to deliver on these goals and objectives, and to assess the
effectiveness of existing structures and programs in advancing an
energy strategy.
Like the National Advisory Panel on Sustainable Science and Technology,
the Committee recognizes the need to develop sustainable energy in Canada and
sees this as an outstanding opportunity for technological innovation and economic
development. The development of clean and renewable energy sources is an
unavoidable challenge for Canada. As such, the Committee recommends:
That the Government of Canada review its policies and
regulatory and fiscal measures to ensure that they make a
greater contribution to the development of clean and renewable
energy sources, foster research and development in this area
and provide greater support to companies and provinces
engaged in these activities.
The Committee also endorses the National Advisory Panel’s
recommendation that the energy sector increase its R&D spending.
LABOUR POLICY
Over the past decade, three main factors have shaped Canada’s workforce:
(1) an increasing demand for skills in the face of advanced technologies and the
“knowledge based economy”; (2) a working-age population that is increasingly
made up of older people; and (3) a growing reliance on immigration as a source of
skilled labour. Added to this mix of long-term trends is a recent structural
development that is forcing a reallocation of labour both from one sector of the
economy to another and from one region of the country to another.
Data from the 2001 Census (2006 Census data are not yet available)
indicate that between 1991 and 2001, the number of people in the labour force
increased by 1.3 million. Almost half of this growth occurred in highly skilled
occupations that generally require university qualifications, whereas low skilled
occupations requiring a high school (or less) education accounted for only a
54
quarter of the increase.*' The data also show that Canada’s workforce is aging, and
that the median age of retirement has decreased (falling from 62.0 between 1992
and 1996 to 60.8 between 1997 and 2001). eee |
The combination of an aging population, a lower retirement age, fewer young
people entering the working-age population (because of low fertility rates),
increased demand for workers with specialized skills, and international worker
mobility has led (or may lead) to labour Shortages in some areas of the economy.
Canada has increasingly turned to immigration as a source of skilled labour. Data
from the 2001 Census show that immigrants who arrived in Canada during the
1990s, and who were in the labour force in 2001, represented almost 70% of the
total growth of the labour force over the decade. If current immigration rates
continue, it is possible that immigration could account for virtually all labour force
growth by 2011.*°
The rapid and significant appreciation in the value of the Canadian dollar
since 2002 has made many manufacturers less competitive relative to foreign
competitors. They have had to both shed employees and invest more in capital
machinery and equipment to raise their labour productivity levels and, in turn,
Stabilize their production levels and competitiveness. Given that national
employment levels have risen to all-time highs and national unemployment rates
have declined to modern day lows (i.e., lowest levels in 30 years), primary
commodities and services sectors are engaging many of the skilled workers laid-off
by the manufacturing sector. Despite the fact that manufacturing firms have been
laying-off workers, many firms (sometimes the same ones) are faced with a lack of
skilled labour for certain work (see Chapter 2).
Slower economic growth induced by a labour skills shortage can be mitigated
or countered by taking actions to: (1) increase the participation rate of those not fully
participating in the labour force; (2) increase the value of work performed per person
of those already in the labour market; and/or (3) increase the skill levels of those
entering the labour force. Individuals falling within this first category include,
amongst others, older skilled workers who are considering retirement in the
immediate or near future, and immigrant workers whose skills accreditation are not
recognized or who, along with Aboriginals, are not fully integrated into the labour
market for reasons such as language or cultural barriers. Individuals falling within
the second category include (employed and unemployed) workers
whose skills can be upgraded through further training or education.
41 Statistics Canada, 2001 Census analysis series: The changing profile of Canada’s labour force, 2003,
http /ww/12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/paid/pdff96F0030X1E2001009.paf-
42 Statistics Canada, “Fact sheet on retirement,” Perspectives on Labour and Income, Statistics Canada,
September 2003, http://www. statcan.ca/english/freepub/75-001-XIE/comm/2005 04.pdf.
43 Statistics Canada, 2001 Census analysis series: The changing profile of Canada’s labour force, 2003.
55
Individuals falling within the third category include Canadian youth who are pursuing
further education or vocational training and new working-age immigrants to the
country.
In the following sections, the Committee addresses three government policy
instruments that could be employed to supplement measures used by employers
(e.g., higher wages) to deal with the actual (or potential) shortage of skilled labour
across different sectors of the economy.
1. Accreditation of Skilled Immigrants
Many immigrants to Canada, though well-educated and highly skilled, face
barriers in obtaining recognition of their qualifications, training and experience. A
survey of 2000 Canadian employers, conducted at the end of 2004, indicated that
although Canadian employers generally have positive attitudes towards immigrants
and immigration, many continue to overlook immigrants in their human resource
planning, do not hire immigrants at the level at which they were trained, and face
challenges trying to integrate recent immigrants into their workforce.°
The Government of Canada, led by the Minister of Human Resources and
Social Development, in consultations with the provinces and territories and other
stakeholders, has recently begun work on deciding on the mandate, structure and
governance of a Canadian agency for the assessment and recognition of foreign
credentials. The agency would be devoted to ensuring foreign-trained immigrants
meet Canadian standards and helping foreign-trained immigrants secure jobs in
their areas of expertise more quickly. The government’s Budget Plan 2006 set aside
$18 million over two years for the establishment of such an agency.
Given that immigration could account for virtually all labour force growth by
2011, and that many sectors of the economy will likely experience skilled labour
shortages over the next decade, the Committee recommends:
That the Government of Canada, with the consent of the Council
of Ministers of Education, place a high priority on establishing
the agency responsible for the assessment and recognition of
foreign credentials.
Discouraged job seekers are omitted.
“8 Poll conducted by the Environics Research Group for the Public Policy Forum, November 2004.
56
2. Temporary Foreign Worker Program
The Temporary Foreign Worker Program allows employers to hire foreign
workers to meet their human resource needs when Canadian workers are not
readily available. The Program is jointly administered by Citizenship and
Immigration Canada and Human Resources and Social Development
Canada/Service Canada, and operates under the authority of the /mmigration and
Refugee Protection Act and Regulations.
In November 2006, the federal government announced improvements to the
Temporary Foreign Worker Program to make it easier for employers in Alberta and
British Columbia to hire foreign workers when there are no Canadian citizens or
permanent residents available to fill the position. The federal government has
indicated that it plans to expand the program to include “occupations under
pressure” in other regions of the country as well.*° Although Western Canada has
been hit particularly hard by shortages of all types of labour, other areas of the
country are also experiencing labour shortages. The Committee therefore
recommends:
That the Government of Canada immediately expand
improvements to the Temporary Foreign Worker Program to
make it easier for employers across Canada to hire foreign
workers when there are no Canadian citizens or permanent
residents available to fill the position. The Government of
Canada should require that employers taking advantage of this
program provide working conditions that are consistent with
federal and/or provincial standards for the occupation and
workplace.
3. Tax Credits for Employer-financed Workforce Training
The reallocation of labour described above has, in some cases, been
insufficient in terms of the number of potential employees available or in matching
skill sets with demand, and has prohibited some companies and industries from
meeting rising demand for their goods. Improving employee skills through on-site
training or by sending employees to training programs are ways for firms to deal
with a lack of skilled labour. Employees with enhanced skills not only help the
company providing the training, but they are more marketable in the long term, and
less likely to draw Employment Insurance, or to draw it for shorter periods of time, in
the future.
4 On 8 December 2006, Ontario was added to the list of regions that are permitted to participate in the
program.
57
The cost of paying for training and temporarily losing employees while they
are participating in training activities often prohibits companies, especially small and
medium-sized enterprises, from providing training to their employees. Furthermore,
since employees that have upgraded their skills are more marketable, they may
seek other, more lucrative employment opportunities, especially in tight labour
markets, once their training is complete; the company providing the training may
therefore reap little or no benefit from the training for which it has paid.
As an incentive to encourage companies to provide employer-financed
training, the Committee recommends:
That the Government of Canada provide tax credits and/or other
measures to companies providing employer-financed training to
their employees.
4. Support for Postsecondary Students Conducting Research in
Conjunction with Industry
Some of the witnesses who appeared before the Committee noted that
university and college graduates looking for work in the manufacturing sector do not
always have the required research or business skills to work in the sector. Although
Constitutional jurisdiction for education rests with the provinces, there are ways that
the federal government supports higher education: through the Canada Social
Transfer; by providing support for infrastructure, research and scholarship in
universities and colleges; by offering student loans; and by supporting international
education. The Committee recognizes these jurisdictional boundaries but notes that
there are appropriate avenues that the federal government can pursue to respond
to the specific concerns raised by the manufacturers.
For example, two federal granting agencies (the Canadian Institutes for
Health Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
Canada) offer programs that support postsecondary students and postdoctoral
fellows conducting research in industry. These awards generally consist of a
scholarship or fellowship from the granting agency, and a minimum cash
supplement from the company hosting the student or fellow. Depending on the level
(i.e., undergraduate, postgraduate or postdoctoral) of the award, the programs’
goals include encouraging graduates in science and engineering to gain experience
and seek careers in Canadian industry, and facilitating the transfer of expertise and
technology between academia and industry.
The Committee believes that programs that provide support to students and
postdoctoral fellows who have interests in industrial research and who will gain the
necessary skills to contribute to and enhance R&D in Canadian industry are very
valuable. As such, the Committee recommends:
58
That _the Government of Canada, complying with the
constitutional division of powers, provide increased funding to
programs that support postsecondary students and
postdoctoral fellows conducting research in industry.
5. Labour Mobility
Unimpeded labour mobility is an important component of an efficient labour
market. The Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT), signed in 1994, requires that
provinces and territories eliminate barriers to labour mobility such as residency
requirements for registration and unnecessary fees and delays. It also requires
governments to: mutually recognize the qualifications of workers already qualified in
other provinces/territories; reconcile differences in occupational standards; and put
in place accommodation mechanisms to help workers acquire any additional
competencies they need related to differences in scope of practice across
jurisdictions.
Despite this agreement there continue to be inter-provincial barriers to labour
mobility; progress is being made in removing these barriers but it has been slow. In
September 2006, the Committee of Federal-Provincial-Territorial Ministers
Responsible for Internal Trade came to an agreement on an action plan on internal
trade. A key component of the action plan is a strategy to improve labour mobility so
that by 1 April 2009, Canadians will be able to work anywhere in Canada without
restrictions on labour mobility (i.e., full compliance with the labour mobility provisions
of the AIT). The Committee supports:
Agreements recently concluded on construction labour mobility
between Quebec and Ontario and on trade, investment and
labour mobility signed by Alberta and British Columbia. The
Committee believes that removing all additional barriers to
labour mobility within Canada is an important means of dealing
with regional shortages of skilled labour and ultimately leads to
a better allocation of labour within the country.
TRADE POLICY
4. Canada-South Korea and Canada-EFTA Free Trade Agreements
As a trading nation, Canada remains committed to multilateral trade and its
rules-based system that underpin commercial relations with the 148 other member
countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Canada’s first priority on matters
of trade continues to be the enhancement of the multilateral trade system, including
the conclusion of an agreement based on the “Doha Development Agenda”
launched in November 2001. As part of its prosperity initiative, Canada has also
59
negotiated a bilateral free trade agreement with Chile, Costa Rica, Israel and the
United States and a regional free trade agreement with Mexico and the United
States.
To further its prosperity initiative, Canada is currently negotiating bilateral
free trade agreements with the Dominican Republic, the Republic of Korea and
Singapore, and regional free trade agreements with the Americas (Free Trade
Agreement of the Americas), the Andean Community Countries (Bolivia, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela), CARICOM (the Caribbean Community), the Central
American Four (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua), and the
European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which includes Iceland, Liechtenstein,
Norway and Switzerland.
In particular, Canada’s trade initiatives with South Korea and EFTA are
advancing, with a number of important issues and details left to be negotiated. The
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT) views South Korea
as a gateway to Northeast Asia, a region of strategic importance to Canadian
manufacturers that have established global value chains, and a free trade
agreement with the EFTA countries as a strategic platform for expanding
commercial ties with these countries in particular and the European Union in
general. Moreover, the latter would put Canada ahead of the United States and on
an equal footing with competitors, such as Mexico, Chile, Korea and the European
Union (EU) that already have a free trade agreement with EFTA.
In terms of South Korea, with a population of 48 million and a GDP
approaching $71 trillion, it is the largest of the four “Asian tigers” and is the world’s
eleventh largest economy. In terms of EFTA, when these nations are combined and
treated as one, this group would rank as Canada’s 8th largest merchandise export
destination. Norway and Switzerland are ranked as Canada’s 13th and 19th most
important trading partners in terms of merchandise exports.
These two trade initiatives were raised by witnesses who appeared before
the Committee, winning the support of a number of manufacturers. Yet automobile,
tool, die and mould manufacturers have reservations on a free trade agreement with
South Korea, and shipbuilders and labour union representatives have reservations
on both initiatives. Their preoccupations focus on matters relating to non-tariff
barriers in both South Korea and EFTA countries that make market access for
Canadian firms difficult; Norwegian shipbuilding subsidies and rules of origin for ship
sub-assembly components that would lead to an uneven playing field in the
Canadian market; and the absence of “fair” labour and environmental standards in
South Korea.
These same witnesses also complained about the lack of available
information and analyses on the impact that these two free trade agreements would
have on particularly vulnerable industries and employment. They claim that
60
either DFAIT has not done the necessary work, or when it has been done, DFAIT
has either not disclosed it to the public or has done so only belatedly. The
Committee therefore recommends:
That the Government of Canada, through the Department of
Foreign Affairs and International Trade, complete and disclose to
the public, in a timely manner, all important impact analyses of
any free trade agreements with South Korea and the European
Free Trade Association on specifically vulnerable industries and
on employment.
The Committee also reiterates the concerns expressed by Canadian
manufacturers on the importance of eliminating South Korean and Norwegian non-
tariff barriers to enable Canadian businesses to gain market access to these
countries.
2. Trade Protection: Anti-Dumping, Countervail and Safeguards
China and India are rapidly industrializing countries, but this development is
a double-edged sword for Canadian businesses. Growing Chinese and Indian
markets present many opportunities for Canadian exporters, but they also represent
a growing challenge for Canadian producers in both their domestic and American
export markets. In particular, China has adopted a lengthy set of government
measures, including direct and indirect subsidies, market protection and other
measures which support its export growth, in order to develop what it believes are
critical industries such as steel and steel products. This rapid build-up of capacity
through subsidies, the production of which often ends up in the international
markets, inevitably results in market distortions in Canada and elsewhere.
According to Canadian steel producers, China appears to be the only country
in the world where their export prices are lower than their domestic prices, which
suggests “dumping.” The Canadian steel industry, among others, wants the
government to recognize the importance of applying existing trade rules when
“unfair’ trade distorts markets for Canadian manufacturing companies. These
manufacturers believe these “unfair” practices should be addressed before bigger
problems and trade frictions develop.
Witnesses also raised concerns on why Canada has chosen not to impose
safeguard measures on selected foreign products, such as Chinese textiles and
textile products, whereas other WTO signatory members, including the United
61
States and the European Union, have already imposed them.*’ For more clarity on
this issue, the Committee understands that safeguards are temporary trade
measures applied by a government on an emergency basis against increased
imports of a particular good that are causing or threatening to cause serious injury
to its domestic industry producing like or directly competitive products. Such
measures can take the form of either tariff increases or quantitative restraints. In
Canada, the Canadian International Trade Tribunal (CITT) conducts safeguard
inquiries upon complaint by a domestic producer or the Governor in Council and
reports its findings to the government, which ultimately decides whether or not to
apply safeguards and the form any such measures will take.
The Committee takes note of these industry concerns regarding an apparent
divergence between Canadian trade law and its application and believes more
information is required. The Committee, therefore, recommends:
That the Government of Canada conduct an internal review of
Canadian anti-dumping, countervail and safeguard policies,
practices and their application to ensure that Canada’s trade
remedy laws and practices remain current and effective. This
review would also include comparisons with other World Trade
Organization members such as the European Union and the
United States.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION POLICY
Counterfeiting of goods started as a localized industry focused on the
copying of high-end designer products, and has developed into a sophisticated
global business involving the manufacturing and sale of counterfeit*® versions of a
large range of products, including software, electrical products, batteries, cigarettes,
alcoholic beverages, golf clubs, automobile parts, motorcycles, and pharmaceutical
products. Although it is difficult to quantify levels of any illegal activity, a 1998 OECD
study“? estimated that trade in counterfeit goods is valued at more than 5% of world
trade. The high level can be attributed to a number of factors: (1) advances in
technology; (2) increased international trade and emerging markets; and (3) more
products that are attractive to copy, such as branded clothing and software. The
“” As part of China’s accession to the WTO in November 2001, China became a party to the Agreement
on Textiles and Clothing. Under this agreement, all WTO members agreed to the termination of quotas
on textiles by 31 December 2004. However, there is a safeguard mechanism in place until the end of
2008 that permits WTO Member Governments to take action to curb imports in case of market
disruptions caused by Chinese exports of textile products. Furthermore, for a 12-year period starting
from the date of accession, there will be a special transitional safeguard mechanism in cases where
imports of products of Chinese origin cause or threaten to cause market disruption to the domestic
producers of other WTO members.
“8 A counterfeit item is an unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical
or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into
believing that he/she is buying the original goods. OECD definition.
OECD, The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting, 1998, htto:/Awww.oecd.org/dataoecd/1 1/1 1/2090589. pdf.
49
62
OECD is currently Conducting another survey of governments and industry to
assess the economic impact of the counterfeiting problem today. In Canada, the
Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters estimate that the counterfeit industry is
worth $20-30 billion dollars annually.°° In addition to the counterfeiting of
trademarked products described above, intellectual property (IP) theft also involves
the piracy of copyright products in digital and analogue formats.
___ According to international agreements, Canada must provide effective
criminal enforcement against willful trade-mark counterfeiting and copyright piracy
on a commercial scale, as well as to implement border measures to prevent the
importation of counterfeit and pirated goods. For example, both the WTO
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and
NAFTA require criminal enforcement and border measures. Canada does have
legislation against both trade-mark offences (in the Criminal Code) and copyright
offences (in the Copyright Act). Despite the existence of this legislation, Canada
continues to find itself on the United States Trade Representative’s (USTR) Special
301 Watch List, which examines IP rights protection in 87 countries.°' Canada was
placed on the list once again in 2006 because it has not ratified and implemented
the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Internet Treaties, does not,
according to the USTR, provide adequate and effective protection of copyrighted
works in the digital environment, and has no legislation to protect against unfair
commercial use of undisclosed test and other data submitted by pharmaceutical
companies seeking marketing approval for their products.°? The USTR also
suggests that Canada needs to improve its IP rights enforcement system so that it
can take effective action against the trade in counterfeit and pirated products within
Canada, as well as curb the amount of infringing products transiting through
Canada.
The Committee heard from several manufacturers who described problems
that they are experiencing with counterfeit versions of their products being sold in
Canada and other markets. Problems cited with respect to IP protection include the
time and expense involved in pursuing patent infringement cases through the
courts; inadequate enforcement by Canadian officials at the border; and the
difficulty in dealing with patent infringement in countries, particularly China, which
are allegedly not respecting their obligations under TRIPS. Some manufacturers
suggested that these problems were a disincentive to innovate.
Although counterfeiting was the focus of the manufacturers’ complaints, the
Committee shares the concerns expressed about copyright piracy in recent position
50 Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters (CME), Position Paper — Intellectual Property Rights in Canada
and Abroad, June 2006, http://Awww.cme-mec.ca/pdf/CME IPRO606.pdf.
51 .
TR 301 Watch List, 2006, 5
ms ‘/www.ustr.qgov/assets/Document_Library/Reports Publications/2005/2005 Special _301/asset_uplo
ad_file662_7650.pdf.
52 a published Regulations Amending the Food and Drug
18 October 2006, the Government of Canada p ending
eh One of the amendments was to increase the market exclusivity (i.e., data protection)
period for pharmaceutical products from five to eight years.
63
papers by the Canadian Anti-Counterfeiting Network and by the Canadian
Manufacturers and Exporters. The Committee therefore wishes to address both
issues and makes the following recommendation:
That the Government of Canada immediately bring forth
legislation to amend the Copyright Act, ratify the World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty
(WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
(WPPT); amend related acts; and ensure appropriate
enforcement resources are allocated to combat the scourge and
considerable economic and competitive damage to Canada’s
manufacturing and services sectors, and to Canada’s
international reputation by the proliferation of counterfeiting and
piracy of intellectual property.
REGULATORY POLICY
1. Regulatory Modernization
Governments use regulation in combination with other instruments, such as
taxation, program delivery and services, and voluntary standards to achieve
important public policy objectives. Regulations can be beneficial to businesses by
creating an environment in which commercial transactions take place in predictable
ways, consistent with the rule of law. Complying with regulations can, however, be a
costly endeavour, and hits small businesses particularly hard. According to a survey
of 7,300 firms conducted by the Canadian Federation of Independent Business, the
cost of regulatory compliance is $33 billion annually. Various industry associations
have called for streamlined regulations and reduced paper burden as a cost-
effective way to increase productivity.
Work on improving Canada’s regulatory framework has already been
conducted. For example, in 2004, the External Advisory Committee on Smart
Regulation submitted a report to the Government of Canada that described how to
put the principles of a “smart regulation” framework into practice, and realize the
vision of Smart Regulation for Canada over the next three to five years. Its report
set out proposed directions and recommendations regarding international
Brian Isaac and Carol Osmond, The Need for Legal Reform in Canada to Address Intellectual Property
Crime, January 2006,
http://Awww.cacn.ca/PDF/CACN%20Position%20Paper%20January%202006%20Clean. pdf.
54 CFIB, Prosperity Restricted by Red Tape, 2005, http://www.cfib.ca/research/reports/RatedR. pdf.
64
regulatory cooperation, federal-provincial-territorial regulatory cooperation, federal
coordination, risk management, instruments of government action, the regulatory
process, and government capacity.
The Committee believes that, in certain cases, regulation is excessive or
duplicative, and that in these cases, regulation is impeding innovation or
productivity. As such, the Committee recommends:
That the Government of Canada, in collaboration with provincial,
territorial and foreign governments and the private sector, make
implementation of a “smart regulation” initiative a priority. In the
interests of efficiency, the government should build on the work
of previous and current advisory groups in setting its goals for
regulatory reform (e.g., the 2004 report of the External Advisory
Committee on Smart Regulation, and the recommendations of
the ongoing Advisory Committee on Paperwork Burden
Reduction).
2. Environmental Regulations
Many energy industry associations complain of the complicated, multi-
jurisdictional regulatory processes governing approvals for new investments in
energy infrastructure. Additionally, industries in all sectors are concerned about the
uncertainty surrounding new environmental regulations related to greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions and air pollution that may be introduced by the federal
government as outlined in the Notice of intent to develop and implement regulations
and other measures to reduce air emissions. The federal government intends to set
short-term (2010-2015), medium-term (2020-2025) and long-term (2020-2050)
emissions targets for air pollutants and GHGs. The short- and medium-term targets
for GHGs would be intensity-based such that the absolute level of GHG emissions
may increase over the time periods involved. Nonetheless, the targets would have
to be restrictive enough to allow for a smooth transition to the long-term goal of an
absolute reduction of 45-65% in GHG emissions from 2003 levels by 2050.
Consultations are underway to discuss the overall regulatory approach, including
short-term targets.
Since clear environmental regulations and unambiguous timetables for
implementation of new regulations are essential for companies making new
investments in energy infrastructure, the Committee recommends:
That the Government of Canada conclude negotiations related to
the implementation of any regulations on the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, and that the
process be expedited.
65
3. The User Fees Act
The User Fees Act came into effect on 31 March 2004, with the aim of
strengthening accountability, oversight, and transparency in the management of
user fee activities. The Act lists requirements when proposing a new fee or
amending an existing fee. Some industry associations maintain that the government
is not ensuring that federal departments meet the performance standards that they
are required to set under the provisions of the Act. The Committee shares these
concerns and recommends:
That the Government of Canada review the requirements of the
User Fees Act and ensure that all federal departments are setting
and meeting the performance standards and reporting to
Parliament as required under the provisions of the Act.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Manufacturers need access to modern infrastructure to efficiently receive
from and ship product to other companies along the supply chain, ship their goods
to market, and allow the movement of people across the country. Given that over a
third of Canadian manufacturers export more than 50% of what they produce, and
only 12% of Canadian manufacturers do not export at all,°? manufacturers require
access to infrastructure that allows easy and rapid access to world markets. Since
the U.S. market is extremely important to Canadian manufacturers, efficient
functioning of Canada-United States border crossings is essential. Additionally, in
order to take advantage of the trade opportunities associated with the growing
economies of Asia, Canada’s ports on the east and west coast and connecting rail
lines must offer unimpeded access to those markets.
Canadian manufacturers are particularly concerned about continued delays
at certain border crossings into the United States. The Windsor-Detroit Corridor is
Canada’s most important entry to the United States, with 28% of goods shipments
between Canada and the United States passing through that corridor. Congestion at
this crossing has a negative impact on Canada’s economy, particularly the
automotive industry. Studies have demonstrated that a new crossing between
Windsor and Detroit is required to meet long-term capacity needs and add
redundancy to the crossing infrastructure. Building a new crossing requires a
partnership between the U.S. and Canadian governments, and requires customs
plazas and access roads on both sides of the border. The government promised in
its recent economic plan, Advantage Canada, that the crossing would be in place no
later than 2013.°°
°° Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters, 2005-2006 Management Issues Survey,
http://Awww.cme-mec.ca/pdf/SURVEY %20FINAL. pdf.
% Government of Canada, Advantage Canada: Building A Strong Economy for Canadians, November
2006, p. 69, hitp://www.fin.qc.ca/ec2006/pdf/plane.pdf.
66
1. National Gateway and Trade Corridor Policy
The Government of Canada, in Advantage Canada, indicated that it would
work towards developing a long-term plan for infrastructure that includes predictable
funding for a variety of infrastructure projects, and that it will be implementing a new
national gateway and trade corridor policy. Given the importance of modem
infrastructure to manufacturers (and Canadians in general), the Committee
recommends
That the Government of Canada announce its national gateway
and trade corridor policy, and that it respond specifically to the
concerns about infrastructure expressed by the Coalition for
Secure and Trade-Efficient Borders in its policy.
2. FAST Lanes at Canada-United States Border Crossings
According to a recent report,°” at several key border crossings there is
limited access to dedicated lanes for commercial vehicles in the Free and Secure
Trade (FAST) Program. This Program is a joint Canada—United States initiative
involving the Canada Border Services Agency and the United States Customs and
Border Protection (CBP). FAST supports moving pre-approved eligible goods
across the border quickly and verifying trade compliance away from the border. The
Committee believes that programs such as FAST are extremely important for the
efficient movement of commercial traffic across the border. The Committee
therefore recommends:
That the Government of Canada ensure that sufficient, dedicated
Free and Secure Trade (FAST) lanes be available for commercial
traffic at important crossings, and be staffed to meet traffic
demands during peak periods. Where infrastructure limits
prohibit such an undertaking, the government should expand or
alter the infrastructure to accommodate additional FAST lanes,
and other border programs that facilitate trade.
3. Financing Strategy for the New Windsor-Detroit Crossing
In its economic plan Advantage Canada announced in November, the
Government of Canada indicated that a financing strategy for the new Windsor-
Detroit Crossing would be announced in Budget 2007. A recent announcement by
the Minister of Transport suggested that the government will explore the
5 Rethinking our Borders: A New North American Partnership, Coalition for Secure and Trade-Efficient
Borders — July 2005, http:/Awww.cme-mec.ca/pdf/Coalition Report0705 Final.pdf.
67
opportunity to partner with the private sector to design, build, finance, and operate
the new crossing. Since details of the financing strategy have not been released,
the Committee recommends:
That the Government of Canada define its financing strategy for
the Windsor-Detroit crossing, including any potential tolls and
toll roads associated with the crossing.
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION POLICIES
One way in which the manufacturing sector can adapt to some of the
challenges it is facing is for the sector to increase its R&D and innovation
performance in order to improve productivity. A large econometric literature
demonstrates the link between R&D and productivity.
1. Industrial R&D Spending in Canada and the OECD
Industrial R&D spending in Canada is projected to reach $14.9 billion in 2006
according to reported intentions. Although absolute spending on industrial R&D
(in current dollars) has increased slightly since 2001, spending adjusted for inflation
(in 1997 dollars) has declined (see Figure 22). Industrial R&D spending is still
recovering from the sharp decline in R&D spending by the information
communications technology (ICT) sector, and in particular the communications
equipment industry’s, that occurred in 2002. At the peak of the “ICT boom” in 2001,
R&D spending by these industries represented 46% of industrial R&D; current R&D
spending by these industries has leveled off to just below 40%.°°
°° Statistics Canada, Industrial Research and Development, 2002 to 2006, Science Statistics, August
2006, http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/88-001-XIE/88-001 -XIE2006004. pdf.
68
Figure 22
Research and Development Spending in Canadian Industry, 1992 to
2006
in millons of dollars
16,000
15,000
14,000
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
1992 1993 1994 1995 {996r 1997 1986
Source: Statistics Canada, Indus
{| Development, 2002 to 2006, Science Statistics,
August 2006, http://www Ld
11b/88-001-XIE/88-001-XIE2006004.pdf.
Between 2002 and 2006 the manufacturing sector s share of industrial R&D
while the services sector's share has
{hat showed the strongest decline in its
/ responsible for the overall decline in
> communications equipment, whose
fail from 15% to 11% between 2002 and
juioment industry’s share of industrial R&D
2001, this industry still leads all industries in
information and cultural industries are a close
est industrial R&D spenders continue to be
pharmaceutical and medicine cturing ($1.29 billion), scientific research and
development services ($1.14 billion), and computer system design and related
services ($1.06 billion). Ontario and Quebec, which together account for 63% of
gross domestic product by province in 2004, were the two provinces that together
ps
accounted for four-fifths of industrial R&D in Canada in 2004.
spending declined from
increased from 35% to 40%. 7!
share of industrial R&D, anc
industrial R&D spending ir
proportion of total industrial |
2006. Although the commun:
spending has been deciinir:
R&D spending ($1.58 billion in:
second ($1.52 billion). The next la
).
Business R&D intensity (expenditure as a percentage of GDP) in Canada is
lower than the OECD average (1.07% vs. 1.53% in 2004; see Figure 23).°°
Additionally, the Canadian business sector, on average, performs a lower
percentage of total national R&D than does the business sector in other OECD
% OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outiook, 2006
69
countries (53% vs. 67% in 2003), and funds a lower percentage of total national
R&D than does the business sector in other OECD countries (47.5% vs. 61.6% in
2003).°°
Figure 23
Business Expenditures on R&D as a % of GDP
by Country, 1995, 2000 and 2004
% 11995 (1) © 2000 (2) à 2004 (3)
e © À ESS S eS) D KL EP À
&
FS MOR YT SCS SS
À AS VW ee KS S «A
Source: | OECD: Main Science and Technology Indicators Database, July 2006. si
Various explanations have been proposed as to why Canadian business, on
average, performs and finances relatively little R&D. One of the explanations
centres around Canada’s industrial structure: a relatively large resource sector,
which is not R&D intensive compared to other sectors (e.g., high-technology); a
large proportion of small and medium-sized enterprises, which may have difficulty in
financing and performing certain types of R&D; and the relatively large proportion of
foreign-owned firms in Canada, whereby most R&D may be conducted at the firms’
headquarters that are located abroad.®? Another explanation points to framework
policies (e.g., competition policy, taxation regimes, intellectual property rights, and
the regulatory regime), which may pose barriers to investing in R&D and innovation.
° OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005.
®" StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/130812203177.
oe Although foreign subsidiaries do access technology from their parent and sister companies, research
conducted in 2000 shows that foreign-owned firms in Canada are more active in R&D than the
population of Canadian-owned firms. They are also more often involved in R&D collaboration projects
both abroad and in Canada. See John Baldwin and Petr Hanel, (2000) Multinationals and the
Canadian Innovation Process, Statistics Canada,
http://www. statcan.ca/english/research/11F0019MIE/11F0019MIE2000151.pdf
70
4 The Committee has made a recommendation to improve the Scientific
esearch and Experimental Development Tax Incentive Program (see “Taxation
saa which it believes will lead to increased spending on R&D by the private
sector.
2. Improving Canada’s Commercialization Performance
As well as the relatively low performance and financing of R&D by the
business sector, other indicators reflect Canada’s poor innovation performance.
Canada lags behind its major competitors in terms of the commercialization of
knowledge and discoveries (i.e., the end use of ideas through the implementation or
sale of new goods or services). Recent surveys suggest that the commercialization
of Canadian university research has improved over the last few years. For example,
between 2003 and 2004, the number of inventions reported or disclosed by
researchers to universities and hospitals increased from 1,133 to 1,432 (26%). The
number of patents issued to these institutions also increased from 347 to 397 (14%)
while the total number of patents held rose from 3,047 to 3,827 (26%).
Additionally, more institutions are doing intellectual property (IP) management, and
spending more money doing so than in the past.
Despite this increase, there are still problems on both the higher education
and private sector sides of the “commercialization gap.” For example, according to
recent surveys cited by the Expert Panel on Commercialization, most Canadian
businesses prefer strategies based on cost containment rather than innovation. In
2001, fewer than 40% of businesses in Canada considered developing new
products or production techniques as being important to their business strategies.
More than half, however, believed that reducing labour and other operating costs
was important.
A. Report of the Expert Panel on Commercialization
In April 2006, the Expert Panel on Commercialization released its report,
which contained 11 recommendations intended to improve Canada’s
commercialization performance (see Appendix C). The Panel suggested that
Canada faces a significant challenge in the low level of commitment by many
Canadian businesses towards research and the many other components of
innovation, especially in comparison to these levels of commitment among
Canada’s major competitors. It suggested that these failings do much to explain
a Cathy Read, Survey of Intellectual Property Commercialization in the Higher Education Sector, 2004,
Statistics Canada, October 2006,
http://www. statcan.ca/english/research/88F0006XIE/88F0006X1E200601 1 .pdf.
71
Canada’s relatively weak commercialization performance. The Committee believes
that the recommendations made by the Panel are important and could boost
Canada’s commercialization performance. The Committee therefore recommends:
That the Government of Canada seriously consider the
recommendations of the Expert Panel on Commercialization and
report back to Parliament on its intentions with respect to
implementing any or all of them, and/or on other policies it
intends to implement to improve Canada’s commercialization
performance.
B. Bridging the Commercialization Gap
In terms of commercialization, the Committee heard about the difficulty in
going from an idea to a product in the marketplace. Witnesses pointed out that
Canada does very well at making new discoveries and expanding knowledge, but is
relatively bad at making the follow-up investments in order to translate these
discoveries into economic returns. The commercialization gap between research
and the marketplace has been referred to as the “Valley of Death.” At this stage,
public money begins to pull out because the returns can be increasingly
appropriated by private interests, but private interests are not yet fully committed (or
may not be at all) because the risks associated with commercialization can be
relatively high.
The Committee heard from/of “fourth-pillar’ organizations (e.g., Precarn
Incorporated) that are usually independent, non-profit entities funded jointly by
government and the private sector that bring together business, government and
post-secondary education institutions to focus on the development and
commercialization of new technologies. The Committee was impressed with the
work of these types of organizations and the important work they are doing to bridge
the commercialization gap. The Committee therefore recommends:
That the Government of Canada provide increased funding for
organizations that bring together business, government and
post-secondary education institutions to focus on the
development and commercialization of new technologies.
C. Technology Partnerships Canada
There are federal government programs that help Canadian companies
performing R&D take new technologies closer to the marketplace. For example,
Technology Partnerships Canada (TPC) is a special operating agency of Industry
Canada with a mandate to provide financial support (via conditionally repayable
contributions) for strategic research and development, and demonstration projects
that will produce economic, social and environmental benefits to Canadians. TPC
focuses on key technology areas such as environmental and enabling technologies,
which includes biotechnology and health-related applications, plus aerospace and
defence technologies as well as manufacturing and communications technologies.
72
TPC support is provided via two main programs: (1) The TPC R&D investment
program targets pre-competitive projects across a wide spectrum of technological
development; and (2) the TPC IRAP program, delivered by the National Research
Council Ss Industrial Research Assistance Program, which provides support to small
to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with projects valued under $3 million.
The Committee heard from witnesses, particularly in the automobile and
aerospace industries, who have relied heavily on TPC support for R&D and
technology development. In September 2005, the previous government announced
that TPC would be terminated, and replaced with another initiative to stimulate
private sector technology development. In September 2006, the current government
announced cuts to TPC’s funding. The terms and conditions for the TPC program
expired on 31 December 2006, and no new outlines are being accepted and no new
projects will be contracted under this program. Given the importance of TPC to
certain manufacturing industries the Committee recommends:
That the Government of Canada identify, as soon as possible, a
replacement program or alternative funding mechanism for
Technology Partnerships Canada in order to support strategic
R&D and demonstration projects by industry that are intended to
produce economic, social and environmental benefits for
Canadians.
D. Networks of Centres of Excellence Program
The Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) is a federal program that
fosters partnerships among universities, industry, government and not-for-profit
organizations that are aimed at turning Canadian research and entrepreneurial
talent into economic and social benefits for Canada. The Committee heard from a
representative from one of the NCEs (AUTO21) who questioned the value of the
program’s “sunset clause,” whereby a network has a maximum lifespan of 14 years,
regardless of whether it is providing value for money.
The Committee believes that the NCE program is a valuable component of
Canada’s innovation system, and that certain NCEs are of direct importance to the
manufacturing sector. The Committee is concerned about relatively flat funding
levels (about $80 million per year since 1999) to the program, and the necessity of
the 14-year sunset clause. As such, the Committee recommends:
That the Government of Canada conduct a review of the funding
levels and operation of the Networks of Centres of Excellence
program, and eliminate the automatic 14-year sunset clause that
restricts the lifespan of an individual network.
73
3. Research Infrastructure
The Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) was established by the federal
government in 1997 with a mandate to invest in research infrastructure to increase
the capacity of Canadian universities, colleges, research hospitals, and non-profit
research institutions to compete internationally and enhance research productivity.
The CFI normally funds up to 40% of a project’s infrastructure costs and eligible
institutions and their funding partners from the public, private, and voluntary sectors
provide the remainder. Based on this formula, the total capital investment by the
CFI, the research institutions, and their partners, will exceed $11 billion by 2010.
The CFI has a fixed budget of $3.65 billion, and its research programs will end in
2010.
In terms of support to industry, CFI enhances the capacity of Canada’s
research enterprise by providing state-of-the-art infrastructure required for the
training of highly qualified personnel and by promoting the development of
technology clusters through collaborations between public research institutions and
the private sector.
The Committee believes that modern research infrastructure is important to
all stakeholders in Canada’s innovation system, including the private sector, and
that continued federal support for research infrastructure is essential. The
Committee therefore recommends:
That the Government of Canada continue to fund research
infrastructure through the Canada Foundation for Innovation on
a cost-sharing basis.
74
CONCLUSION
eee NY EVO
The third millennium ushered in a new era of remarkable economic growth, with
world economic activity persistently growing at an unprecedented fast pace. China and
India have been a large part of the story behind this outstanding world economic
performance, as their resource-thirsty economies have boosted worldwide demand for
energy and base metals beyond existing supply capacities. This imbalance has set off
energy and metal prices on upward trajectories not seen since the commodities boom of
the 1970s. For Canada, a commodity export country, rising primary commodity prices have
been accompanied by a relentless appreciation of the Canadian dollar which, despite
growing demand for manufactured goods, immediately drove down the competitiveness of
Canadian manufacturers relative to their foreign rivals. Indeed, the challenges posed by a
soaring dollar, spiralling energy prices and intense competition from China on the
Canadian manufacturing sector have been called “The Perfect Storm”.
Canada is witnessing, not a cyclical change in its economy that will reverse itself
sometime soon, but a long-term structural change favouring both the resources and the
services sectors at the expense of the manufacturing sector. The economic data indicate
that manufacturing shipments plummeted and remained depressed for three years (i.e.,
2001 through 2003), taking with them manufacturing sector profits and labour productivity.
Subsectors hit particularly hard by these economic shocks are those with a high exposure
to trade and international competition: forest products, particularly pulp and paper, textiles,
apparel, transportation equipment, particularly automobiles and shipbuilding, chemicals
and consumer products to name but a few.
Only after considerable industrial restructuring that included product rationalization,
numerous plant shutdowns and closings, and considerable job shedding has the Canadian
manufacturing sector been abie to stabilize its competitiveness with foreign rivals. Given
these actions, Canadian manufacturing shipments in 2005, valued at $611.5 billion, were at
its highest level ever, but even still profitability has not yet returned to the sector. Moreover,
measured in terms of employment, the Canadian manufacturing sector in 2006 is nine-
tenths its size in 2001.
New government policies are required to respond to the challenges of the
manufacturing sector. This report offers 22 specific recommendations to the Government
of Canada on how it can help the sector adapt to the challenges it is facing. Indeed, the
Committee is convinced that the adoption and implementation of these recommendations,
within the framework of an industrial strategy, will help revitalize Canada’s manufacturing
sector, making it more resilient and competitive for the benefit of all Canadians. The
Committee also emphasizes that urgent action on the part of the Government of Canada is
required, and that preserving a competitive manufacturing sector In Canada should be a
national goal.
75
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APPENDIX 1
LIST OF WITNESSES
ete at ee
Organizations and Individuals Date Meeting
Canadian Council of Chief Executives 2006/05/16 3
Sam Boutziouvis, Vice-President, economics and
International Trade
Canadian Federation of Independent Business
Lucie Charron, Policy Analyst
Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters
Jayson Myers, Senior Vice-President and Chief Economist
Canadian Federation of Independent Business
Corinne Pohimann, Director, National Affairs
Canadian Council of Chief Executives
David Stewart-Patterson, Executive Vice-President
Canadian Federation of Independent Business
Garth Whyte, Executive Vice-President
Bank of Canada 2006/05/30 4
David Dodge, Governor
Bank of Canada
Paul Jenkins, Senior Deputy Governor
Global Insight Inc. 2006/05/30 5
Dale Orr, Managing Director, Canadian Macroeconomic
Services
Conference Board of Canada 2006/06/01 6
Paul Darby, Deputy Chief Economist
Canadian Chamber of Commerce
Michael Murphy, Executive Vice-President, policy
Canadian Auto Workers Union 2006/06/01 74
Peter Kennedy, Assistant to Secretary-Treasurer
Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec
Pierre Laliberté, Political Advisor
Canadian Auto Workers Union
Bill Murnigham, National Representative, research /
pension and benefits department
Apparel Manufacturers Institute of Quebec 2006/06/06 8
Eve Grenier, President
Canadian Apparel Federation
Bob Kirke, Executive Director
77
Organizations and Individuals Date
Canadian Textiles Institute 2006/06/06
Harvey Penner, Chairman
Canadian Plastics Industry Association
Atul Sharma, Chief Economist and Executive Director,
Ontario
Canadian Textiles Institute
Elizabeth Siwicki, President
Association of International Automobile 2006/06/08
Manufacturers of Canada
David Adams, President
Canadian Vehicle Manufacturers’ Association
Mark Nantais, President
General Motors of Canada Ltd.
David Paterson, Vice President, government affairs
Ford Canada
Paul Roy, Director, government relations
DaimlerChrysler Canada
Lorraine Shalhoub, Director, Public Policy and External
Affairs
Quebec Aerospace Association 2006/06/08
Stewart Bain, Board Member and President, advisory
council
Aerospace Industries Association of Canada
Peter Boag, President and Chief Executive Officer
Quebec Aerospace Association
Sharon Core, Manager, business development and
communications
Aerospace Industries Association of Canada
Ron Kane, Vice-President
Department of Natural Resources 2006/06/13
Howard Brown, Assistant Deputy Minister, energy policy
sector
Department of Industry
Sara Filbee, Director General, manufacturing industries
branch
78
Meeting
10
11
12
Organizations and Individuals Date
Department of Human Resources and Social 2006/06/13
Development
Martin Green, Acting Director General, program policy
planning and analysis
Department of Human Resources and Social
Development
Cliff Halliwell, Director General, policy research and
coordination directorate
Department of Industry
Robert Lamy, Coordinator, economic analysis, micro-
economic policy analysis branch
Department of Natural Resources
Margaret McCuaig-Johnston, Assistant Deputy Minister,
Energy Technology and Programs Sector
Canadian Tourism Commission
Michele McKenzie, President and Chief Executive Officer
Department of Human Resources and Social
Development
Eric Parisien, Director, sector council program division
Department of Industry
Renée St-Jacques, Chief Economist and Director General,
micro-economic policy analysis branch
Canadian Wood Council 2006/06/15
Shawn Dolan, Director, Corporate Affairs
Forest Products Association of Canada
Marta Morgan, Vice President, Trade and Competitiveness
Forest Products Association of Canada
Tom Rosser, Chief Economist
Energy Dialogue Group 2006/10/03
Dane Baily, Vice-President, Canadian Petrolum Products
Institute
Energy Dialogue Group
Michael Cleland, President and Chief Executive Officer,
Canadian Gas Association
79
Meeting
12
gi)
18
Organizations and Individuals Date
Energy Dialogue Group 2006/10/03
Hans Konow, President and Chief Executive Officer,
Canadian Electricity Association
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade 2006/10/05
(International Trade)
lan Burney, Chief Trade Negotiator, Bilateral and Regional
Canadian Association of Railway Suppliers
Glen Fisher, Executive Director
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
(International Trade)
Kendal Hembroff, Deputy Director, Bilateral Market Access
Division
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
(International Trade)
Marvin Hildebrand, Director, Bilateral Market Access
Division
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
(International Trade) |
Cam Mackay, Deputy Director, Regional Trade Policy
Canadian Association of Railway Suppliers
Jay Nordenstrom, Director of Government and Industry
Affairs
Canadian Association of Railway Suppliers
Rachel Pereira, Associate Director of Industry Affairs
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
(International Trade)
David Plunkett, Director General, Bilateral and Regional
Trade Policy
Department of Finance 2006/10/17
Nancy Horsman, Director, Business Income Tax Divison,
Tax Policy Branch
Food and Consumer Products of Canada
Blake Johnston, Vice-President of Government Affairs
Department of Finance
Kevin Shoom, Acting Chief, Economic Development,
Business Income Tax Division, Tax Policy Branch
Food and Consumer Products of Canada
Gemma Zecchini, Senior Vice-President, Public Policy
UNITE HERE Canada 2006/10/24
Lina Aristeo, Quebec Regional Director
80
Meeting
18
19
20
"22
Organizations and Individuals
United Steelworkers
Jorge Garcia-Orgales, Researcher
Canadian Labour Congress
Ken Georgetti, President
Centrale des syndicats du Québec
François Vaudreuil, President
Independent Lumber Remanufacturers' Association
Russ Cameron, President
Polytechnics Canada
Sharon Maloney, Executive Director
Canadian Chemical Producers’ Association
Richard Paton, President and Chief Executive Officer
Canada's Chemical Producers
David Podruzny, Vice-President, Business and Economics
and Board Secretary
Auto 21 Inc.
Peter Frise, Chief Executive Officer and Scientific Director,
AUTO21 Networks of Centres of Excellence
Energy Innovation Network
Michael Raymont, President and Chief Executive Officer
Canadian Steel Producers Association
Stephen Sampson, Director, Canadian Steel Partnership
Council
Canadian Steel Producers Association
Ron Watkins, President
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Suzanne Corbeil, Vice-President, External Relations
Electro-Federation Canada
Wayne Edwards, Vice-President, Electrical Equipment
Manufacturers Association of Canada
Electro-Federation Canada
Milos Jancik, President and Chief Executive Officer
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Eliot Phillipson, President and Chief Executive Officer
Electro-Federation Canada
Ernie Reynolds, Vice-President and General Manager,
DSG-Canusa
81
Date
2006/10/24
2006/10/31
2006/11/02
2006/11/09
Meeting
22
24
26
28
Organizations and Individuals Date
Department of Industry 2006/11/09
lain Stewart, Director General, Policy Branch, Science and
Innovation Sector, Industry Canada
Precarn Incorporated
Graham Taylor, Vice-President, External Relations
Electro-Federation Canada
Dave Wood, President, W.C. Wood Company
Atlantic Institute for Market Studies 2006/11/20
Charles Cirtwill, Acting President
Maritime Steel and Foundries Limited
Robert Durdan, Executive Vice-President
J. D. Irving Limited
Jim Irving, President
Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters
Ann Janega, Vice-President, Nova Scotia Division
Secunda Marine Services Limited (Nova Scotia)
Don Mac Leod, Vice-President
Offshore/Onshore Technologies Association of Nova
Scotia
Paul McEachern, Managing Director
City of Oshawa 2006/11/22
John Gray, Mayor
Greater Oshawa Chamber of Commerce
Bob Malcolmsen, Chief Executive Officer
General Motors of Canada Ltd.
David Paterson, Vice-President, Corporate and
Environmental Affairs
University of Ontario Institute of Technology
Marc Rosen, Professor & Dean, Faculty of Engineering
and Applied Science
Toronto Board of Trade 2006/11/22
Jonathan Barry, Senior Member, Economic Development
Committee, Vice-President, Entreprise and Bell Canada
Toronto Board of Trade
David Black, Policy Advisor
Mancor Industries
Art Church, President and Chief Executive Officer
82
Meeting
28
29
30
31
Organizations and Individuals Date
Port Credit Secondary School 2006/11/22
Jan Courtin, Principal
Edson Packaging Machinery Ltd.
Robert Hattin, President
Superior Tire and Auto
Paul Hyatt, President
Tempress Ltd
Bill McLean, President
Port Credit Secondary School
Jean-François Michaud, Head of Business & Technology
Department
Celestica
John Sloan, Vice-President, Operations planning
Bernard Mould 2006/11/23
Ed Bernard, President
DMS Corporation
Mike Hicks, North American Sales Manager, president of
the Canadian Association of MoldMakers Inc.
Windsor and District Chamber of Commerce
Peter Hrastovec, Chair of the Board
Accucaps Industries Limited
Ed Kanters, Chief Financial Officer
Platinum Tool Technologies
Dan Moynahan, President
Windsor and District Labour Council
Gary Parent, President
Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
Patrick Persichilli, Director, Administration & Corporate
Affairs
MidWest Precision Mould Ltd
Bill Storey, Partner and director
CAW-Canada
Mike Vince, President
Team Calgary 2006/11/24
Bruce Graham, President and Chief Executive Officer,
Calgary Economic Development
83
Meeting
31
32
39
Organizations and Individuals Date Meeting
Flexxaire Manufacturing Inc. 2006/11/24 99
Jonathan McCallum, Vice-President, Operations and
Engineering
Alberta Research Council
John McDougall, President and Chief Executive Officer
Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters - Alberta
Division
Peter Ouellette, Chairman of the Board, Alberta Division
Edmonton Economic Development Corporation
Allan Scott, President and Chief Executive Officer
Standen's Limited
Mel Svendsen, President and Chief Executive Officer
84
APPENDIX 2
LIST OF BRIEFS
Accucaps Industries Limited
Aerospace Industries Association of Canada
Alberta Research Council
Apparel Manufacturers Institute of Quebec
Association of International Automobile Manufacturers of Canada
Atlantic Institute for Market Studies
Auto 21 Inc.
Bank of Canada
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Canada's Chemical Producers
Canadian Apparel Federation
Canadian Association of Railway Suppliers
Canadian Auto Workers Union
Canadian Chamber of Commerce
Canadian Council of Chief Executives
Canadian Federation of Independent Business
Canadian Labour Congress
Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters - Alberta Division
Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters
Canadian Steel Producers Association
Canadian Textiles Institute
85
Canadian Tourism Commission
Canadian Vehicle Manufacturers' Association
CAW-Canada
Daimler Chrysler Canada
Department of Finance
Department of Industry
Department of Natural Resources
DMS Corporation
Edmonton Economic Development Corporation
Edson Packaging Machinery Ltd.
Electro-Federation Canada
Energy Dialogue Group
Energy Innovation Network
Fiberex Glass Corporation
Food and Consumer Products of Canada
Forest Products Association of Canada
General Motors of Canada Ltd.
Global Insight Inc.
Independent Lumber Remanufacturers' Association
J. D. Irving Limited
Les Caoutchoucs et Plastiques Falpaco Inc.
MidWest Precision Mould Ltd
MRC of Haute-Yamaska
86
MRC of Rouville
MRC of Rouville
MRC of Val-Saint-Francois
Plastiques Cellulaires Polyform inc.
Platinum Tool Technologies
Polytechnics Canada
Port Credit Secondary School
Precarn Incorporated
Quebec Aerospace Association
Retail Council of Canada
Standen's Limited
Superior Tire and Auto
Team Calgary
Toronto Board of Trade
United Steelworkers
Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
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APPENDIX A:
MANUFACTURING SECTOR: NUMBER OF EMPLOYER
ESTABLISHMENTS BY EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORY
AND REGION, 2005
Size of Establishment by Employment
Size Category
Micro Small Medium Large
Province or Territory (1-4) (5-99) (100-499) (500+) — Total % Total
Newfoundland and Labrador 295 272 54 8 629 1.0
Prince Edward Island 120 151 20 1 292 0.5
Nova Scotia 658 721 91 13 1483 2.4
New Brunswick 492 595 99 9 1195 2.0
Québec 7995 7810 TS 108 17026 28.1
Ontario 8548 12400 2067 205 23220 38.3
Manitoba 614 960 152 19 1741 2.9
Saskatchewan 566 620 67 6 1259 2.1
Alberta 2134 2901 365 16 5416 8.9
British Columbia 4024 3718 428 31 8261 13.6
Yukon Territory 13 14 0 0 27 0.0
Northwest Territories 8 16 0 0 24 0.0
OUEN RME RARE ar eu Oe 12 0.0
Total 25471 30246 4456 412 60585 100.0
% Total 42.0 49.9 T4" 0.7 100.0
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Business Patterns database.
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APPENDIX C:
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS CONTAINED
IN THE REPORT OF THE EXPERT PANEL
ON COMMERCIALIZATION, 2006
e establish a business-led Commercialization Partnership Board (CPB). The
CPB would create a new role for the private sector as a full partner in
charting the course for, and developing policy related to, commercialization.
e increase business demand for talent, through the development of a new
Canada Commercialization Fellowships Program;
e spur private sector hiring of highly qualified personnel with commercialization
talents;
e encourage and celebrate young Canadians who aim for success in science,
technology and business;
e develop and retain talent for success in the global marketplace;
e create a Commercialization Superfund to address key commercialization
challenges;
e expand federal programs that support seed and start-up firms in proving their
business ideas;
e increase the commercialization involvement of small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs), through a Canadian SME Partnerships Initiative;
e improve access to early-stage angel financing and expertise;
e review and identify improvements in Canada's expansion-stage venture
capital market; and
e remove barriers to investment for foreign venture capital investors.
People and Excellence: The Heart of Successful Commercialization, Report of the Expert Panel on
Commercialization, April 2006, '
http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inepc-gdc.nsf/vwapj/Volume |_e.pdf/$FILE/Volume_|_e.pdf.
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SASSANLIM
suoneziuebio 1961e]
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Buipoid ul ejo1 eu} BuiziuBosel ‘SANS JO} SeANUBOU! xe}
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SASSANLIM NOILVONANWOOSY 2NSSI AOM10d
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ssa15uo9 1noqe7 ueipeuea
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SASSSANLIM
sjuapnis yjnpe
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jooyos-Auepuodes um sdiysiouyed Ansnpui eHheunooue
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NOILVON3WNWO93à _ ANSSI AI IOd
SASSANLIM
109
BODJAWIWUOD JO aquIeYD UeIPeUueD aAnoedsiad jeyUeuNUOD e WJ ABieuse 1episuo9
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se ajqeules} UO SNdO} 0} ABajeus UONeuBiWWW! ,uiepouwu, e UBIsep
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SASSANLIM NOILVON3WWO934
110
sielddns Aempey jo uoneioossy ueipeued sjanj ajqemaua JAUJO pue |aseipolq Jo esn eHeunooue
uoneloossy ses
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dnosid enbojeig AB1suz ylomewuel AGious jU818U09 a1ouu e dojsAep
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S,epeueyd ulejUuleW 0} syoelojd ouj9e1e OupAY meu yoddns
dnois anboyeig Abieug
Jeyeq JOM sjayew sayew jeu} fem e |
Ul, LUe9Ns sJonpoid wnejoned peules eu} Oui sjenjoiq eyesHequI
dnoig enboyeig ABieuz
seoud A6isus
jo uonezilIqe]s eu} pue Buunjoeynueu 10 H90}S
pee, ajenbepe seinsue uaiym yiomewedy ÂBieus ue dojeAsp
uonel90SS\ ANSNPU] sonsejg UEIPEUET
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pue uoluN S18#I0/AA ON UeIPeUeD
seoinoses pue ABieus uo Aoijod jeuoneu e dojenep (puo9) ABisuz
SAISSANLIM NOILVON3NWNO9Zà4 _ 2NSSI AOMNOd
111
uoneloossy ses ueipeuen
uoneloossy/ ses uelpeuey
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uelpeue) / dnoig enBojeig ABieuz
HIOMEN uonenouu] AB1euz
YIOMJON uoneAouu] ABieuz
UOIJEINOSSY ,S189NPOld edIWAaYD UeIpeueD
SASSANLIM
sjoefoid pue saibojouyoe} ABieus paye1Baqui jo uondope pue
jueufojdep ‘uonessuowuep eu] 104 uoddns weiBoid sseeoul
‘sjeob jeguewuouaue pue Ayiqepioye Buneeuw
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ABieus jeu} e1nsus 0} ‘suelpeue{ SWODU! I8MO] JO} papuaju!
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SUOISSILUS }]NOUJIM
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NOILVONAWWOOSdY
(pjuoo) ABieuz
ANSSI AOMNOd
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BOJOWLUOD JO JaquieyD uelpeuen
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sie1odx3 pue sssinjoejnueyy UelpeUE{
[OUNnON Ydesssy ELIOQI\
eMEUSO JO AID
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JUSUIUOJIAUS BPE} PSZi|es9qI| 10} Sseid 0} eNUNUOD
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ou} JO eoueodiul Sy} UC pasndo} Ae}s 0} speeu EpeueD
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NOILVON3NWNO924
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2NSSI AdI10d
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ssa1uo) snoqe7
uelpeue) ‘UOIUN SI8HIOAA ON UeIPeUeD
SASSANLIM
SOIPISQNS JI9U} YO}EW JO
| pue saipisqns joueuye 29np81 0} Sa}e}S pay!uA eu) eGeunooue
ILHAA
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suodul jee SANOWO}Ne S,e810ÿ yynos dn Huluedo
jo JeUUEUU ajqeuleysns e aAaiyoe |IIM jeu} UONNJOS e Ajuepl
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Sieddns Aemey Jo uojeloossy ueipeueo
Sielddns Aemjiey jo uoneloossy ueipeued
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sjusweeibe ape
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se SPIEPUE}S |[BJUSUIUOIAUS JO Sen JUa}ed Jo JUsLUBDJOJUa
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NOILVANAWNO924
(p4U09) epeul
3NSSI A9Ï1Od
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(lon2gq-10Spun ye Aejnoed) 18p10q SN-epeueD
ou} ssolde Spoof uodsue. Ajueloiye 0} Ayjiqe eu} 8101duuI
J0p1109 emejef onueny
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134
REQUEST FOR GOVERNMENT RESPONSE
Pursuant to Standing Order 109, the Committee requests that the government table a
comprehensive response to this Report.
A copy of the relevant Minutes of Proceedings (Meetings Nos.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12
13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and
40) is tabled.
3
Respectfully submitted,
James Rajotte, MP
Chair
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A
NDP SUPPLEMENTARY OPINION
Brian Masse, M. P.
Windsor West
NDP Industry Critic
POLICY INSTRUMENTS
With the manufacturing sector is made up of numerous sub-sectors that are
distinctive and have a variety of challenges that need to be addressed. This can
only be done by focusing with further detail before coming up with a series of
policy instruments that are needed for each sub sector. Therefore the NDP
recommends,
That the Government of Canada develop sector based strategies for
the manufacturing industry to address the specific concerns and
challenges that are distinct for that particular sub-sector.
For example the establishment of a National Auto Strategy that
would encompass all trade, financing, labour, innovation, research,
tax and environment policies as a whole. The NDP Green Auto
strategy should be the model of such a policy. Other examples of
sectors needing specific strategies include textiles, aerospace,
shipbuilding, plastics, food processing, and chemicals.
FINANCING
Certain manufacturing industries are facing difficulties in regards to capital
access and credit capacity. This difficulty is more pronounced in some sub-
sectors than others. With large financial institutions not providing capital to
sectors they previously did, this has created a unique challenge. As referred to
by the payments for the Production Parts Approval Process (PAPP) system in
the tool, die and mould industry being the most pronounced example of the
financial barriers present in the manufacturing industry. The access to capital is
essential for a capital intensive industry such as manufacturing. Therefore, the
NDP recommends
That the Government of Canada establishes a sector specific
financing mechanism for the manufacturing industry.
137
INFRASTRUCTURE
The Windsor-Detroit Gateway presently has four modes of crossing with a tunnel,
bridge, rail tunnel, and truck ferry. With the potential addition of another crossing
a few years away, a methodology of coordination and governance is urgently
needed. This would increase the efficiency of the gateway for the movement of
goods and people across the border while allowing for transportation
management to fully utilize the present and potential infrastructure. This would
significantly improve the long term investment climate of the region. Therefore
the NDP recommends
That the Government of Canada work with the Province of Ontario
and the City of Windsor to establish a Public Border Authority for the
Windsor-Detroit gateway to coordinate and provide oversight for all
present and future crossings in the region.
That the government of Canada ensures that the new crossing in the
Windsor-Detroit Gateway is publicly owned and operated which
provides for the lowest toll rates possible.
TRADE
With the Free Trade Agreement with the United States eighteen years old and
the North American Free Trade Agreement in effect for thirteen years it is time for
a comprehensive study to evaluate the economic outcomes of these agreements.
When these studies are complete recommendations to ameliorate the
operational difficulties that have resulted from these agreements must be
implemented. Furthermore, a detailed analysis on sector based trade
agreements must be conducted in comparison to comprehensive trade
agreements. Therefore, the NDP recommends
That the Government of Canada conduct a comprehensive study of
the North American Free Trade Agreement economic impact over its
duration, and study the economic outcomes of sector based trade
agreements in a variety of sectors and how this compares to
comprehensive trade agreements
That the Government of Canada withdraws from the Free Trade talks
with South Korea until it can be demonstrated that non-tariff and
tariff barriers are eliminated in South Korea.
138
An About-face on Government Policy is Needed
Supplementary Opinion from the Bloc Québécois
The Bloc Québécois is especially proud of its contribution to this report on the gravity
of the situation in the Canadian manufacturing sector. We would like to thank the
many witness from a variety of backgrounds who submitted briefs to the Committee
during its six months of consultations and hearings
Consensus on the Findings
These hearings were very enlightening and enabled the Committee members to reach
agreement on a number of findings:
= that the manufacturing sector has been seriously undermined, whether by
increased competition from emerging countries or by the rapid rise of the
Canadian dollar
* both traditional and high-tech sectors have been hit
= businesses will have to modernize, innovate and become better equipped in
order to meet foreign competition
= there will have to be an abrupt about-face in federal government policies to
provide the manufacturing sector in which it can develop
= that about-face must include better support for those who lose from
globalization, who more often than not are the workers
= trade laws must genuinely protect businesses from unfair competition
Consensus on doing much more to support industry
Even more importantly, Committee members noted the scope of the challenges facing
the manufacturing industry and were able to agree that the government cannot
respond to these challenges with laissez-faire economic policy.
What should therefore be taken from this report is that the Committee is
recommending that the government take must more proactive measures to support
the manufacturing sector, which is facing major challenges.
The Committee recommends that the government take trade measures to provide
better protection for the industries undermined by fierce and sometimes unfair
competition, offer tax incentives for investment in production equipment in the
manufacturing sector, and budget measures to provide more support for research and
development in the industrial sector.
Consensus that the government must revise its policies
The Bloc welcomes the general agreement expressed in the report, and for that
reason we have supported it. We expect that the government will take this into
account and revise its industrial policy from top to bottom accordingly. The
committee's recommendations are actually the opposite of what the Conservative
government has done since it was elected.
For example, while the Committee is recommending that support for technological
research and development in industry be increased, the primary federal program that
contributes to it, Technology Partnerships Canada, ended on December 31, 2006
189
without the government announcing a new program to take its place. Industry today is
in a state of complete uncertainty and R&D investments cannot help but suffer as a
result.
Another example is that while the Committee is recommending that support for clean
energy development be enhanced, the government is working to multiply by five the oil
sands production without public debate.
And while the Committee is worried that some industrial sectors are being seriously
undermined by fierce and sometimes unfair foreign competition, the government is
refusing to implement the recommendations made by the Canadian International
Trade Tribunal, which is urging that they be protected.
Specific assistance measures needed in some industrial sectors
The government must make a rapid about-face and propose a set of measures to
provide better support for industry. Those measures will have to vary, depending on
the industrial for which they are designed. The Committee clearly states that not all
sectors of the manufacturing are in the same situation.
It identifies some sectors that are particularly hard hit, such as textiles, clothing,
furniture and forestry. The Bloc Québécois has had occasion in the past to propose a
set of measures designed specifically for those sectors. In every case, they are
measures to accelerate modernization in the industries and to create trade conditions
that will allow them to carry out that accelerated modernization. To date, the
government has done absolutely nothing to assist them.
Because what the Bloc is calling for takes exactly the same approach as in the
Committee's recommendations, the Bloc Québécois believes that it is better equipped
to take up this cause and bring more pressure to bear on the government to help
industries in these sectors that have deep roots in Quebec.
In addition, the Committee recognizes that it is important for high-tech industries to be
able to compete on a level playing field. They are weakened if their foreign
competitors receive support from their governments while here they are left to their
own devices. For that reason, the Committee is recommending that support for R&D
in industry be significantly intensified.
That is exactly what the Bloc Québécois was calling for. Let us not forget that Quebec
accounts for over a third of Canadian exports of high technology goods. At the top of
the list is the aeronautics industry, which has been left completely on its own since the
Conservative government came to power.
Here again, the repeated calls by the Bloc Québécois for a complete and coherent set
of measures to support the aeronautics industry to be put in place are consistent with
the consensus reached by the committee. Here again, the report submitted by the
Industry Committee gives the Bloc Québécois more ammunition for getting the
government to put an aeronautics policy of this nature in place.
Consensus on the importance of trade issues
The Committee recognizes that foreign competition has radically changed the
environment in which manufacturing businesses operate. In fact, this is the source of
the greatest pressure on the manufacturing sector, along with the rise in the Canadian
dollar prompted by oil exports from the West.
140
Obviouslyy it was not within the Industry Committee's terms of reference to review all
of Canada's trade laws. However, the Bloc would like to echo the alarm sounded by a
number of companies: we must adapt our trade laws and the application of those laws
to the current context.
The government must stop turning a deaf ear when the Canadian International Trade
Tribunal finds that an industrial sector is suffering serious harm because of rising
imports and recommends that protective measures be taken.
And laws must be tightened to provide genuine protection for our businesses against
unfair competition. The case of Chinese companies, where the government has
relaxed the criteria for determining whether they are practising dumping, resulting in
the abolition of antidumping duties that protected bicycle manufacturing, is an obvious
case in point.
Ultimately, we will have to seriously revisit the very structure of trade agreements.
Is it reasonable not to regard trade in a product manufactured contrary to the leading
international labour rights, environmental protection or human rights agreements as
unfair? Does this failure to take into account human, social or environmental
considerations in trade agreements not open the door to a kind of unfair competition in
which parties that honour their international commitments are penalized? And is this
not an incentive for out-sourcing and exploitation in other countries?
The Industry Committee's hearings brought to light the enormous pressure that whole
segments of the manufacturing industry are enduring. The Bloc Québécois plans to
work even harder on this issue and ensure that the federal government plays an active
role in opening this discussion at the international level.
The ones left behind
The transformations that will have to take place in the manufacturing sector over the
next few years will enable many businesses to develop, as long as an effective policy
is adopted. Some, however, will be unable to keep up, and their future is in jeopardy.
The Bloc Québécois believes that it is essential that we provide workers in those
businesses with a decent quality of life, and this aspect of the future of the
manufacturing sector must not be swept under the carpet.
For that reason, the Bloc Québécois is calling for an income support program to be
created for workers 55 and over who are victims of mass layoffs and who are unable
to find work, in addition to the measures now found in the TIOW. Such a program
could be funded by the federal government and the provinces in the same way as the
former POWA, on a 70%-30% basis. In addition, it would be administered by the
provincial governments.
The objective of the income support program for older workers would be to enable
workers who are unable to find work to have a decent income until they retire, so that
they would not have to rely on social assistance and sell off everything they have
acquired over their working lives.
Employment insurance
Year in and year out, the employment insurance fund amasses surpluses of billions of
dollars. When those surpluses are diverted from their true purpose they allow the
141
government, in turn, to reap surpluses that it invests as it sees fit. The Bloc
Québécois has denounced this state of affairs on many occasions and called for the
creation of an independent fund so that this diversion will stop and the funds will be
used solely for the purposes of the employment insurance scheme.
The Bloc Québécois believes that an appropriate premium rate and using the fund
exclusively for the purposes of employment insurance would allow for the scheme to
be reformed for the benefit of workers who lose their jobs, and in particular workers in
the manufacturing sector.
Such a reform should include an increase in the coverage rate, from 55% to 60%,
elimination of the waiting period, an increase in the maximum number of benefit weeks
to 50 weeks, a reduction in the minimum qualifying period to 360 hours regardless of
the regional unemployment rate, and an increase in the maximum insurable annual
earnings, from $39,000 to $41,500.
An industrial policy designed to meet the needs of Quebec
In many ways, the industrial base in Quebec is different from in Canada. While
medium-technology goods account for the bulk of Canadian exports outside Quebec,
Quebec's manufacturing industry, on the other hand, is characterized by strong
representation of high-technology businesses and more traditional industries.
In view of these and various other differences, it would not be realistic to imagine that
a federal industrial strategy will be able to provide a complete response to the needs
of Quebec industry. For that to happen, the policy would have to be designed in
Quebec, based on Quebec's interests alone.
That requires that Quebec itself have control over all of its levers of economic
development.
In other words: it requires sovereignty.
142
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DOMAINE
Politique de sécurité
RECOMMANDATIONS
continuer d'accorder la priorité à l'initiative de Partenariat pour la
sécurité et la prospérité
créer une stratégie de fabrication à long terme intégrée à une
stratégie de renouvellement en matière de défense nationale, où
les entreprises recevant un appui devront être prêtes à répondre
aux besoins de fabrication en cas d'urgences nationales
TÉMOINS
Chambre de commerce du Canada
Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
91
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
Infrastructures et
commerce
interprovincial (suite)
améliorer l’infrastructure routière, en particulier la construction de
la route 407 pour contourner Toronto
investir dans l’infrastructure des transports et de l'énergie
investir dans l’infrastructure des transports et de l'énergie
investir davantage dans l'infrastructure routière, notamment par le
partage du produit de la taxe sur l’essence avec les municipalités
consacrer un milliard de dollars par an, prélevés sur le Fonds
canadien sur l'infrastructure stratégique, aux transports en
commun
réaliser des missions commerciales interrégionales au Canada au
lieu de missions commerciales internationales
établir des partenariats d'entreprises interrégionaux comme ceux
qui existent à titre expérimental entre Calgary et Québec
Greater Oshawa Chamber of
Commerce
Edson Packaging Machinery Ltd.
Tempress Ltd.; Manufacturiers et
| Exportateurs du Canada — Division de
’Alberta
Toronto Board of Trade
| Toronto Board of Trade
Windsor and District Labour Council
Team Calgary
SL
RECOMMANDATIONS TÉMOINS
Infrastructures et
commerce
interprovincial (suite)
mettre sur pied des mesures incitatives pour un transport des Association canadienne des
marchandises « plus vert » grâce à une assurance responsabilité | fournisseurs de chemins de fe
civile complémentaire tant pour les camions que pour les trains
encourager Transports Canada à financer de nouvelles Association canadienne des
technologies et les mises à niveau du système de transport des fournisseurs de chemins de fer
voyageurs par chemin de fer
aider à réduire le coût en capital de nouveaux équipements du Association canadienne des
transport en commun de façon à diminuer les tarifs fournisseurs de chemins de fer
établir une stratégie nationale complète pour coordonner l’action Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
des diverses industries concernées par le commerce Canada
international, le transport et la sécurité
améliorer l'infrastructure des transports et le réseau routier pour Atlantic Institute for Market Studies
créer davantage de liens directs entre les fabricants et leurs
marchés
réduire les obstacles aux mouvements interprovinciaux en Atlantic Institute for Market Studies;
matière d’investissement, d'échanges et de main-d'œuvre Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada — Division de l’Alberta
vrl
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
Industrie (suite)
Infrastructures et
commerce
interprovincial
politiques d’approvisionnement exigeant un contenu canadien, a
utiliser de concert avec des programmes de promotion des
produits canadiens auprès des Canadiens
créer des encouragements pour inciter les sociétés à s’établir au
Canada, ce que de nombreux États américains font déjà
développer des mécanismes de résolution des différends aux
décisions exécutoires pour le commerce interprovincial
besoin d’une stratégie nationale d'infrastructure des transports,
envisageant des discussions concernant des partenariats public-
privé
améliorer les infrastructures physiques à la frontière canado-
américaine
investir dans les transports afin de s’ajuster aux modifications des
sources de gaz naturel
Plastiques Cellulaires Polyform Inc.
Plastiques Cellulaires Polyform Inc.
Conference Board du Canada
Chambre de commerce du Canada
Syndicat des travailleurs et
travailleuses de l’automobile du
Canada
Groupe pour un dialogue sur l'énergie
SS
DOMAINE
Industrie (suite)
RECOMMANDATIONS TEMOINS
poursuivre le programme Partenariat technologique Canada, et Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
appuyer les programmes comme la Stratégie ontarienne
d'investissement dans l’industrie automobile
créer une politique fédérale globale pour les secteurs de Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
l’automobile et de la fabrication, comprenant des encouragements
à l'investissement, l'amélioration de la structure fiscale, des
programmes à risque partagé et des politiques commerciales
protéger les fabricants d'outils contre le risque financier associé à | Platinum Tool Technologies
la longue période qui sépare le début de la production et la
perception des premières recettes a) en permettant aux fabricants
d'obtenir un droit de rétention sur leurs produits; b) en maintenant
le programme d’assurance de créances d’EDC, avec un
programme similaire pour les produits qui ne sont pas exportés; c)
en permettant une meilleure coordination des paiements et des
crédits de TPS; et d) en encourageant les banques à accepter
des risques de crédit plus importants
CvL
DOMAINE
TÉMOINS oF
Mancor Industries
RECOMMANDATIONS
Industrie (suite)
faire en sorte qu'on offre davantage d’incitatifs aux entreprises
canadiennes pour qu’elles prennent de l'expansion et investissent
au Canada pour concurrencer les incitatifs qu’offrent d’autres
pays
créer un système de financement par prêt pour les Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
investissements partagés entre le gouvernement et l’industrie
dans le capital et le développement des compétences où les
remboursements reposent sur les rentrées futures générées par
les produits et les procédés innovateurs
créer des programmes pour aider les entreprises à obtenir les Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
ressources financières nécessaires pour investir dans la
technologie et l'équipement de pointe; inclure possiblement une
exonération de remboursement de prêt fondée sur le maintien de
l'emploi et la création d'emplois
Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
créer une stratégie industrielle et manufacturière comprenant une
aide à la modernisation des biens d'équipement, ainsi qu'à
l'augmentation du savoir et de l'investissement en matière de
technologies de fabrication « allégées »
DOMAINE
Industrie (suite)
RECOMMANDATIONS
politiques d’approvisionnement exigeant un contenu canadien, a
utiliser de concert avec des programmes de promotion des
produits canadiens aupres des Canadiens
développer des mécanismes de partenariat entre les principaux
intervenants de certains secteurs industriels afin de cibler les
intérêts manufacturiers à moyen et à long terme
il ne faut pas fournir de capital direct ni de subventions a la
production a l’industrie
veiller a ce que les subventions gouvernementales ciblent la
productivité et pas seulement la création d'emplois
instituer un programme national d’incitatifs pour permettre aux
municipalités de soutenir la concurrence étrangère pour ce qui est
d'attirer des investissements
chercher à attirer de gros fabricants au Canada
TÉMOINS
Association canadienne des
producteurs d’acier
Association canadienne des
producteurs d’acier
Association canadienne des
producteurs d'acier
Atlantic Institute for Market Studies
Ville d Oshawa
Edson Packaging Machinery Ltd.
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
Industrie (suite)
OÿL
promouvoir l’utilisation du bois dans la construction non
résidentielle
créer un forum où les travailleurs pourront participer à la
réorganisation de leur industrie dans le but d’en accroître la
productivité
investir dans une nouvelle politique industrielle « plus verte » et la
soutenir, surtout dans le secteur de l'automobile
créer une stratégie d'emploi à long terme pour le secteur
manufacturier canadien « innovateur et hautement productif » par
l'entremise d’investissements dans la R-D, le développement des
compétences et les nouvelles infrastructures
créer une « banque de développement sectoriel » afin d'aider à
investir dans la restructuration des industries
il ne doit pas y avoir de programmes spéciaux pour des industries
particulières
Conseil canadien du bois
Centrale des syndicats du Québec
Métallurgistes unis
Congrès du travail du Canada
Congrès du travail du Canada
Association canadienne des fabricants
de produits chimiques
6EL
DOMAINE
Industrie (suite)
RECOMMANDATIONS
politiques d’approvisionnement exigeant un contenu canadien, a
utiliser de concert avec des programmes de promotion des
produits canadiens aupres des Canadiens
poursuivre les activites du Programme des industries
canadiennes du textile et du vêtement (PICTV)
promouvoir les vêtements fabriqués au Canada
mise en ceuvre d’un programme de perfectionnement passif pour
l'industrie du textile (les vêtements importés fabriqués a partir de
tissus Canadiens entreraient au Canada en franchise de droits)
opposé à la recommandation pour le perfectionnement passif
les programmes devraient réserver une partie de leur financement
aux PME (dans l’aérospatiale par exemple)
offrir du soutien aux organisations qui doivent composer avec le
règlement américain relatif au commerce international des armes
(ITAR)
TÉMOINS
Institut des manufacturiers du
vêtement du Québec
Institut des manufacturiers du
vêtement du Québec
UNITE HERE
Institut canadien des textiles
Institut des manufacturiers du
vétement du Québec
Association québécoise de
l’aérospatiale
Association québécoise de
l’aérospatiale
SEL
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
Recherche et
développement/
commercialisation
(suite)
Industrie
faire participer le gouvernement fédéral à I-CAN (Innovation
Canada) soit par l'octroi de subventions, soit en rendant I-CAN
admissible aux programmes de financement de la R-D
étendre les mécanismes de soutien de la R-D à la
commercialisation de nouveaux produits et l'obtention de brevets,
y compris des brevets internationaux
le gouvernement fédéral devrait encourager une réduction des
subventions au secteur manufacturier
continuer de soutenir les grands investissements stratégiques
dans l’industrie automobile par la participation au Conseil du
partenariat pour le secteur canadien de l’automobile
offrir des garanties de prêt de l’État
offrir des subventions directes à l’achat de matériel neuf
se servir des fonds du Régime de pensions du Canada pour
financer les dépenses d'équipement des PME
Alberta Research Council
Flexxaire Manufacturing Inc.
Global Insights Inc.
Syndicat des travailleurs et
travailleuses de l’automobile du
Canada
Fédération des travailleurs et
travailleuses du Québec
Fédération des travailleurs et
travailleuses du Québec
Fédération des travailleurs et
travailleuses du Québec
Let
DOMAINE
| Recherche et
développement/
commercialisation
RECOMMANDATIONS
TÉMOINS
encourager l'accroissement du financement de la R—D dans le
secteur manufacturier
accroître les investissements en R—D, en particulier les
partenariats entre l’industrie et l’université
améliorer les transferts de technologie entre l’université et
l'entreprise
encourager la recherche universitaire axée sur la
commercialisation et les besoins de l’industrie; investir dans les
programmes de commercialisation des industries et participer à
leur financement
investir dans la recherche et le développement par exemple en
revoyant et en élargissant le programme de RS-DE, mais aussi
en accordant davantage de subventions et pas seulement des
crédits d'impôt
veiller à ce que les investissements en R—D soient liés a de
véritables besoins commerciaux et à des produits
commercialisables
Ville d'Oshawa
University of Ontario Institute of
Technology
Tempress Ltd.
Valiant Machines & Tool Inc.
Accucaps Industries Limited
Alberta Research Council
9EL
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
Recherche et
développement/
commercialisation
(suite)
allouer un financement stable et à long terme au FCI à compter
du budget du printemps
associer le financement de projets à d’autres services de soutien
qui encouragent la collaboration entre l’industrie et le milieu
universitaire, surtout durant l'étape de commercialisation des
nouvelles technologies
encourager les projets de recherche axés sur le marché
encourager davantage la R-D dans le secteur privé en
assortissant les bourses accordées par le gouvernement pour la
R-D universitaire de conditions exigeant une collaboration avec
l’industrie
encourager et simplifier les programmes de collaboration
industrie-universités en matière de R-D
Fondation canadienne pour
l'innovation
| Precarn Incorporated
Precarn Incorporated
Atlantic Institute for Market Studies
Maritime Steel and Foundries Limited
SEL
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
Recherche et
développement/
commercialisation
(suite)
mettre en place une approche méthodique et coordonnée pour les
divers programmes de financement de la recherche
inclure les augmentations du taux d'inflation dans le financement
des projets de recherche à long terme
intégrer la R-D à l’industrie et aux consommateurs dans une
« chaîne d’approvisionnement de l'innovation »; en particulier,
partager les risques que présente la conversion des nouvelles
découvertes en projets pilotes avec le secteur privé, par exemple
en utilisant une sorte de mécanisme d'assurance
faire participer davantage le secteur privé à la supervision des
programmes de recherche et de développement financés par les
deniers publics afin de s’assurer que la recherche répond aux
besoins du marché
TÉMOINS
Réseau de centres d'excellence
AUTO21
Réseau de centres d’excellence
AUTO21
Energy Innovation Network
Energy Innovation Network
VEL
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
Recherche et
développement/
commercialisation
(suite)
rétablir le programme de développement de transport durable des
marchandises ou concevoir un programme similaire qui appuierait
les innovations technologiques
appuyer la R—D en général, mais surtout permettre
l'acheminement de nouvelles technologies vers les marchés
s'assurer que la recherche effectuée dans les universités
canadiennes et subventionnée par le gouvernement canadien est
développée et commercialisée au Canada et non pas dans
d’autres pays
accroître les possibilités de placements de capital de risque dans
les nouvelles technologies au Canada
investir dans la recherche appliquée ainsi que dans la recherche
fondamentale
Supprimer la disposition de temporisation de 14 ans qui s'applique
aux réseaux de centres d'excellence (c.-à-d. permettre aux RCE
de renouveler leur mandat de 7 ans à plus d’une reprise, et ce
tant que l'industrie concernée participe au programme)
Association canadienne des
fournisseurs de chemins de fer
Association canadienne des
fournisseurs de chemins de fer
Métallurgistes unis
Congrès du travail du Canada
Polytechnics Canada
Réseau de centres d'excellence
AUTO21
cel
Réglementation
(suite)
Recherche et
développement/
commercialisation
RECOMMANDATIONS
instituer un système de plafonnement et d’échange d’émissions
de dioxyde de carbone, avec des crédits compensatoires pour la
biomasse
asseoir la réglementation environnementale sur des bases
scientifiques saines et ne pas seulement copier ce qui se fait
ailleurs
voir à l'harmonisation des réglementations canadienne et
américaine
maintenir le Partenariat technologique du Canada, le doter de
ressources suffisantes et tenir compte de l’évolution des
investissements en R—D tout au long du processus de R-D
le gouvernement et les organes de financement devraient
distinguer les différentes phases de la R-D et traiter chacune
différemment
commercialiser la recherche (faire participer l’industrie à la R-D);
par exemple, développer le programme d'encouragement au
transport des marchandises et le programme de développement
des technologies ferroviaires
J. D. Irving Limited
Maritime Steel and Foundries Limited
General Motors du Canada Ltée
Association des industries
aérospatiales du Canada
Association québécoise de
l’aérospatiale
Association canadienne des
fournisseurs de chemins de fer
cel
DOMAINE RECOMMANDATIONS TEMOINS
Réglementation Energy Innovation Network
(suite) garantir un milieu de la réglementation réceptif et un
environnement d'entreprise plus assuré à long terme
sai : , 4 Groupe pour un dialogue sur
accélérer l'approbation des nouveaux ouvrages hydro-électriques l'énergie/Association canadienne de
en augmentant la coordination entre les compétences et les l'électricité
ministères fédéraux et en améliorant les calendriers des
évaluations réglementées
adn : , ; ante à Association canadienne des
appuyer les modifications réglementaires et investir afin de producteurs d’acier
faciliter la participation des industries dans la production
combinée d'électricité
f Association canadienne des fabricants
S'assurer que la réglementation environnementale tient compte de produits chimiques
des différences sectorielles au niveau des émissions et des
réductions antérieures des émissions
Électro-Fédération Canada
s'assurer que le processus réglementaire est concurrentiel pour
ce qui est du coût et de la rapidité
| Électro-Fédération Canada
conclure des ententes avec les autres compétences afin de
réduire les chevauchements dans le processus réglementaire
LEL
DOMAINE RECOMMANDATIONS TEMOINS
: Réglementation
Groupe pour un dialogue sur l'énergie
réglementer l'électricité de façon à ce que les prix puissent
évoluer en fonction de la conjoncture
: : x : : Groupe pour un dialogue sur
avoir une plus grande latitude sur le plan réglementaire afin de l’énergie/Association canadienne du
permettre la passation de contrats a long terme (surtout pour le gaz
gaz naturel) et ainsi éliminer la volatilite des prix
+ hale Ne Groupe pour un dialogue sur
ne pas faire marche arrière à la suite de la dereglementation l’énergie/Association canadienne du
réussie dans les secteurs du pétrole et du gaz gaz
; à , | F EE Groupe pour un dialogue sur
s'assurer que la réglementation des prix de l'électricité permet la l'énergie/Association canadienne de
conclusion de partenariats ayant pour objectif de récupérer les l'électricité
coûts des investissements des industries du secteur des
technologies avancées
3 ; . ac ¢ : Produits alimentaires et de
examiner et réorganiser le milieu de la réglementation canadienne | consommation du Canada
(pour les produits alimentaires et de consommation), surtout en
ce qui a trait à la réduction des délais d'évaluation des produits, a
l'amélioration de la coopération juridictionnelle et ministérielle, à la
flexibilité permettant de s’ajuster aux normes internationales et à
l’utilisation des données scientifiques internationales
O€L
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
Réglementation
(suite)
alléger la réglementation et les formalités administratives
instituer un processus d'examen de la réglementation,
systématiser la mesure et la déclaration du fardeau que
représente la réglementation
régime réglementaire qui encourage la mobilité de la
main-d'œuvre et réduit les facteurs qui découragent les
travailleurs d’aller s'installer ailleurs
suivre les recommandations faites en 2004 par le Comité
consultatif externe sur la réglementation intelligente
simplifier, rationaliser et évaluer le cadre réglementaire
il faudrait calculer la valeur comptable nette de toute
réglementation (sur l’économie, sur l’environnement, sur la santé,
etc.)
réviser la Loi sur la concurrence afin de garantir que l'examen des
fusions tienne davantage compte des économies d'échelle
Fédération canadienne de l’entreprise
indépendante
Fédération canadienne de l’entreprise
indépendante
Conseil canadien des chefs
d'entreprises
Chambre de commerce du Canada;
Conseil canadien du bois
Conference Board du Canada
Conference Board du Canada
Association des produits forestiers du
Canada
6cL
Politique
commerciale (suite)
Protection des droits
de propriété
intellectuelle
Réglementation
RECOMMANDATIONS
tenter résolument de conclure des accords commerciaux
régionaux et bilatéraux, mais par au détriment des négociations
multilatérales
améliorer la mise en œuvre des règles commerciales à la
frontière pour lutter contre l'importation et l'exportation de
contrefaçons
veiller à l'application des règles commerciales et protéger les
droits de propriété intellectuelle pour entretenir la confiance des
Canadiens et des Américains dans notre partenariat commercial
aider les entreprises à compenser les frais juridiques et autres
frais liés aux poursuites judiciaires en matière de protection
conférée par un brevet international
accélérer les homologations réglementaires (dans le secteur
pharmaceutique)
faire observer la Loi fédérale sur les frais d'utilisation — veiller a ce
que les frais soient dûment déclarés et concurrentiels au niveau
international
TÉMOINS
Conseil canadien du commerce de
détail
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada; Accucaps Industries Limited;
Flexxaire Manufacturing Inc.;
Plastiques Cellulaires Polyform Inc.;
Caoutchoucs et plastiques Falpaco
inc.
Conseil canadien des chefs
d’entreprises
Caoutchoucs et plastiques Falpaco
inc.
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada; Fédération canadienne de
l’entreprise indépendante
8cL
DOMAINE RECOMMANDATIONS
TÉMOINS
Politique
commerciale (suite) | Clarifier les stratégies gouvernementales relatives à l'exportation
des produits manufacturés
imposer des droits de douane sur les importations en provenance
d’Asie de produits aussi fabriqués au Canada
imposer des droits dissuasifs sur les importations en provenance
de pays peu respectueux de l'environnement
élargir l’actuel programme des missions commerciales en y
intégrant des mesures qui incitent les entreprises à développer
les relations stratégiques nécessaires pour que le Canada
demeure un pays exportateur net
s'assurer que les importateurs étrangers doivent se soumettre
aux mêmes contraintes environnementales que les entreprises
canadiennes
ne pas mettre en place des systèmes d'échange de crédits
d'émission pour des questions environnementales; il serait
préférable d'exiger des pays n'ayant pas respecté leurs
obligations environnementales qu'ils indemnisent ceux qui l'ont
fait en leur versant un pourcentage de leurs revenus d'exportation
À = —
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada — Division de l’Alberta
Plastiques Cellulaires Polyform Inc.
Plastiques Cellulaires Polyform Inc.
Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
MRC de la Haute-Yamaska
Caoutchoucs et plastiques Falpaco
inc.
RA
pe
| Politique
commerciale (suite)
RECOMMANDATIONS
améliorer le passage de la frontière canado-américaine, non
seulement pour les marchandises, mais aussi pour les personnes
veiller a ce que les accords commerciaux futurs (en particulier
avec les pays qui comptent de grands constructeurs
d'automobiles) soient justes et réciproques
égaliser les chances contre les concurrents étrangers qui
protègent et subventionnent leurs industries
empêcher les grandes sociétés de délocaliser leurs opérations de
fabrication de pièces au profit de pays où les salaires sont
moindres
examiner les prix de cession interne au niveau international pour
prévenir le dumping au Canada
conclure un pacte de l'automobile avec la Chine, la Corée et
d’autres pour contrecarrer les droits et règlements
protectionnistes de ces pays
TÉMOINS
Canadian Association of MoldMakers /
DMS Corporation
General Motors du Canada Ltée; Ville
d’Oshawa
Canadian Association of MoldMakers /
DMS Corporation; Windsor and District
Chamber of Commerce
Windsor and District Labour Council
Windsor and District Chamber of
Commerce
MidWest Precision Mould Ltd
921
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS TEMOINS
a Politique
commerciale (suite)
Independent Lumber Remanufacturers
Association
reconvoquer les comités sur le commerce international de bois
d'œuvre avec les Etats-Unis afin de permettre aux entreprises de
mettre leur grain de sel maintenant que leurs dirigeants
comprennent l'accord actuel et, en particulier, s’assurer que tous
les droits imposés sont clairs et conséquents (aucun droit
rétroactif), de sorte que les entreprises puissent prévoir leurs
coûts de façon adéquate
Association canadienne des
utiliser les règles commerciales existantes pour s’ajuster aux producteurs d’acier
manipulations des marchés causées par le développement rapide
de certains pays (comme la Chine et l'Inde) qui subventionnent
largement certaines industries
Offshore/Onshore Technologies
Association of Nova Scotia et Secunda
Marine Services Limited
ne pas conclure d'accord Canada-AELE tant que ne seront pas
instituées les politiques nécessaires pour permettre aux
constructeurs de navires canadiens de soutenir la concurrence de
l'industrie norvégienne, protégée
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
soutenir l'Initiative de la porte de l’Asie-Pacifique et établir une Canada
porte et un corridor de l'Atlantique
Greater Oshawa Chamber of
Commerce; Tempress Ltd.; Celestica;
Windsor and District Chamber of
Commerce: Accucaps
améliorer l'efficacité du transport transfrontalier des marchandises
(en particulier entre Windsor et Detroit)
SCL
Politique
commerciale (suite)
RECOMMANDATIONS
aider a promouvoir les ventes et a subventionner les missions
commerciales dans les marchés internationaux, surtout en Chine
poursuivre et accélérer les négociations bilatérales de
libre-échange dans la foulée de la suspension des pourparlers de
l'OMC
mettre en place des mesures temporaires de sauvegarde aux
termes de l'OMC afin de limiter les importations de vêtements
provenant de la Chine
mettre en application, le cas échéant (p. ex. à la suite d’une
recommandation du Tribunal canadien du commerce extérieur)
des mesures de protection temporaires afin de donner aux
industries le temps d'apporter des modifications ou de s'adapter
considérer l’absence d'application des règles sur les brevets ou
de normes environnementales dans les autres pays (par exemple
en Chine) comme l'équivalent de subventions industrielles lors de
la négociation des accords commerciaux
ne pas appuyer le projet de loi C-24 (Loi sur le droit à l'exportation
de produits de bois d'œuvre, 2006)
TÉMOINS
Association canadienne des
fournisseurs de chemins de fer
Produits alimentaires et de
consommation du Canada
UNITE HERE
Centrale des syndicats du Québec
Congres du travail du Canada
Independent Lumber Remanufacturers
Association
vel
TEMOINS
DOMAINE RECOMMANDATIONS
Politique
commerciale (suite) | trouver une solution qui permettrait d'ouvrir le marché sud-coréen | Association canadienne des
de l'automobile aux importations (p. ex. : approche fondée sur des | constructeurs de véhicules
indicateurs du marché, avec rétablissement temporaire des droits)
révision des règles d’origine relatives aux PMA Institut canadien des textiles
supprimer les droits de douane sur les tissus qui ne sont pas Institut des manufacturiers du
produits commercialement au Canada vêtement du Québec
collaborer étroitement avec nos homologues sur les questions qui | Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
entourent l'Initiative relative aux voyages dans l'hémisphère Canada
occidental
encourager les États-Unis à réduire les subventions relatives à Groupe pour un dialogue sur
ethanol ou égaler leurs subventions l'énergie/Institut canadien des produits
pétroliers
, + | Association canadienne des
S assurer que les exonérations de droits pour les importations fournisseurs de chemins de fer
provenant de pays en développement sont supprimées une fois
que ces pays deviennent des concurrents industriels
DOMAINE RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
Politique énergétique Ville d'Oshawa
creer une stratégie énergétique nationale qui soutient la R-D,
établit un cadre propre à stabiliser les prix de l'énergie et institue
un climat d’affaires compétitif
Ville d'Oshawa
fournir des incitatifs pour ceux qui atteignent des cibles en matière
d’efficience énergétique
Alberta Research Council
encourager le gouvernement fédéral, par l'intermédiaire du
CNRC, à soutenir les projets d'utilisation du CO: et de production
d'électricité à partir de la biomasse
Politique
commerciale mettre l'accent sur les ententes commerciales régionales et
bilatérales qui offrent un bon accès aux marchés
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada
Conseil canadien des chefs
d'entreprises
le Canada doit maintenir le cap sur l'importance du régime
commercial multilatéral et tenter de contribuer à l'élimination des
obstacles au commerce international
Chambre de commerce du Canada
continuer de réclamer la libéralisation des échanges
Syndicat des travailleurs et
travailleuses de l'automobile du
Canada; Congrès du travail du Canada
abandonner la négociation d’un accord de libre-échange avec la
Corée du Sud
col
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
Politique énergétique
(suite)
éclaircir la politique sur les changements climatiques afin que
l'industrie pétrolière puisse prendre les décisions appropriées à
long terme
revoir les programmes actuels et proposés, notamment ceux
destinés aux Canadiens à revenu relativement faible, pour
s'assurer que l'efficacité énergétique et les possibilités de
remplacement de combustible sont pleinement prises en
considération dans l'atteinte des objectifs environnementaux et
liés à la capacité financière
accroître le soutien aux programmes pour la démonstration,
l’utilisation et l'adoption de technologies et de projets
énergétiques intégrés
encourager le développement de nouvelles technologies de
production d'énergie, surtout des technologies « vertes » (comme
l'énergie éolienne)
encourager l'investissement dans les énergies renouvelables, en
particulier en modifiant les usines pour que celles-ci génèrent leur
propre électricité à partir de la biomasse ou d’éoliennes —
éventuellement en permettant une déduction de 150 % des coûts
Groupe pour un dialogue sur
l’énergie/Institut canadien des produits
pétroliers
Association canadienne du gaz
Association canadienne du gaz
Métallurgistes unis
J. D. Irving Ltd.
L
a
L
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
Politique énergétique
soutenir les nouveaux ouvrages hydroélectriques afin de
conserver l’avantage du Canada dans les prix de l'électricité, etc.
Élaborer un cadre énergétique plus cohérent
Imposer des délais sur les subventions pour ies énergies
alternatives
promouvoir l’utilisation de biodiésel et d’autres carburants
renouvelables
développer un cadre énergétique solide qui inclut l'énergie
nucléaire comme un moyen de générer une alimentation stable
en électricité sans émissions
intégrer les sources d'énergie et les systèmes de distribution
accélérer le développement de sources d'énergie de
remplacement
accroître la sensibilisation et la coopération de la population à
l'égard du besoin de créer de nouvelles infrastructures
énergétiques
Groupe pour un dialogue sur l'énergie
Groupe pour un dialogue sur l'énergie
Groupe pour un dialogue sur
l’énergie/Association canadienne du
gaz
Association canadienne des
fournisseurs de chemins de fer
Association canadienne des fabricants
de produits chimiques
Energy Innovation Network
Energy Innovation Network
Groupe pour un dialogue sur
l’énergie/Association canadienne du
gaz
OcL
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
TÉMOINS
Compétences de la
main-d'œuvre (suite)
Politique énergétique
travailler de concert avec les provinces et les territoires à faire
connaître les programmes de garde d'enfants pour permettre aux
femmes de travailler
élaborer une stratégie en matière d'énergie favorable à
l'établissement d’un climat commercial compétitif
envisager l'énergie d’un point de vue continental
développer une politique nationale sur l'énergie et les ressources
fournir des encouragements et des ressources aux producteurs
industriels à l’appui de l’efficacité énergétique
développer un cadre énergétique assurant une charge
d'alimentation suffisante au secteur manufacturier et la
Stabilisation des prix de l’énergie
incorporer des biocarburants dans le flux des produits pétroliers
raffinés « d’une manière qui favorise le fonctionnement des
marchés »
Conseil canadien du commerce de
détail
Chambre de commerce du Canada
Chambre de commerce du Canada
| Syndicat des travailleurs et
travailleuses de l’automobile du
Canada et Fédération des travailleurs et
travailleuses du Québec
Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses
du Québec
3
Association canadienne de |
des plastiques
Groupe pour un dialogue sur |
ye
e
industrie
nergie
6LL
DOMAINE
Compétences de la
main-d'œuvre (suite)
RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
investir davantage dans les cours de métiers et la formation,
notamment dans le recyclage des travailleurs d’age mûr déplacés
veiller à ce que les programmes de développement des
compétences financés par l'Etat répondent bien aux besoins en
consultant les dirigeants de l’industrie
favoriser l'élaboration de programmes collégiaux et universitaires
en collaboration avec l’industrie, et créer un point de liaison entre
l'industrie et les établissements d'enseignement pour que ces
derniers connaissent mieux les besoins de l’industrie; financer ces
programmes avec des fonds fédéraux
utiliser les excédents budgétaires actuels pour appuyer la
formation continue
concevoir une stratégie d'immigration « moderne » qui met
l'accent à la fois sur les travailleurs aptes à la formation et déjà
compétents
revoir les politiques fiscales qui peuvent inciter les Canadiens
adultes à se retirer du marché du travail
Windsor and District Labour Council
Windsor and District Labour Council
Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
Conseil canadien du commerce de
détail
Conseil canadien du commerce de
détail
SLL
DOMAINE RECOMMANDATIONS TEMOINS ~
Compétences de la | a ee ae) ; Edson Packaging Machinery Ltd.
main-d'œuvre (suite) | Encourager l'immigration pour rajeunir la population active
École secondaire Port Credit
encourager des partenariats de l’industrie avec les écoles
secondaires qui offrent des programmes techniques (comme le
programme régional de haute technologie de l'École secondaire
Port Credit)
École secondaire Port Credit
permettre aux étudiants et aux apprentis de déduire leurs
dépenses d'outils
Celestica
chercher à attirer des jeunes dans le secteur manufacturier et leur
donner la formation nécessaire durant leurs études
Celestica
aider les entreprises qui contribuent à la formation des étudiants
par des programmes de stages, etc.
— =
DOMAINE
Compétences de la
main-d'œuvre (suite)
RECOMMANDATIONS
TÉMOINS
modifier la politique en matière d'immigration pour mieux l’adapter
aux besoins en main-d'œuvre; encourager les jeunes
entrepreneurs immigrants
faciliter les choses aux entreprises qui veulent faire venir des
travailleurs temporaires, par exemple en provenance du Mexique
effectuer une réforme du régime d’AE pour supprimer les
obstacles à la mobilité de la main-d'oeuvre
réduire les effectifs dans le secteur public de manière à libérer
des travailleurs qui pourront alors travailler dans le secteur privé
encourager les collèges communautaires à multiplier les
programmes de formation industrielle en collaboration avec les
industries et les syndicats
Atlantic Institute for Market Studies
Atlantic Institute for Market Studies
Atlantic Institute for Market Studies
Atlantic Institute for Market Studies
Maritime Steel and Foundries Limited
9LL
TÉMOINS
DOMAINE RECOMMANDATIONS
Compétences de la Polytechnics Canada
main-d'œuvre (suite)
encourager la coopération entre les gouvernements, les industries
et les instituts polytechniques afin de former des travailleurs qui
auront des compétences recherchées
; Ve CRE Ge Lens Rte Association canadienne des
instaurer un crédit d'impôt qui sera déduit des cotisations d’AE producteurs d'acier: Électro-Fédération
pour la formation de la main-d'œuvre financée par l'employeur Canada: Manufacturiers et
Exportateurs du Canada
! Association canadienne des
mettre l'accent sur les programmes gouvernementaux de producteurs d'acier
ressources humaines portant sur les compétences techniques
avancées
2 | Association canadienne des
le gouvernement doit travailler de concert avec l'industrie afin de producteurs d’acier
faire la promotion auprès des jeunes des carrières dans le secteur
de la fabrication
Centrale des syndicats du Québec
le gouvernement doit élaborer une politique visant à protéger et à
accroître le nombre d'emplois spécialisés
J. D. Irving Limited
faciliter l'accès aux subventions et programmes de formation de la
main-d'œuvre, en alléger les formalités; éliminer les restrictions
qui visent actuellement les prestataires de l'AE
DOMAINE
| Compétences de la
main-d'œuvre (suite)
RECOMMANDATIONS
TÉMOINS
réévaluer la position du congé de maternité au sein du système
de l’AE afin d'accroître les incitatifs pour que les employeurs
offrent des prestations de maternité suffisantes
utiliser le système de l’'AE comme un incitatif, semblable aux
rabais de prime d’AE qui sont actuellement octroyés aux
employeurs qui offrent leurs propres prestations de maternité,
pour que les employeurs donnent de la formation axée sur les
compétences
en faire davantage afin d'améliorer la formation en emploi de
façon à ce que les travailleurs puissent être à jour dans leurs
compétences
élaborer une stratégie nationale de « compétences humaines »
afin de fixer des objectifs à court et à long terme visant à garantir
une main-d'œuvre compétente
mettre sur pied un système national de virement-crédit entre les
établissements d'enseignement ainsi qu’un système de crédit
pour les acquis des étudiants adultes
accroître la capacité d'apprentissage en ligne du Canada
Congrès du travail du Canada
Congrès du travail du Canada
Congrès du travail du Canada
Polytechnics Canada
Polytechnics Canada
Polytechnics Canada
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS TEMOINS
Compétences de la
main-d'œuvre (suite)
DLL
| ; UNITE HERE
mettre sur pied un Programme d’adaptation des travailleurs âgés
qui comprend les travailleurs de l’industrie du vêtement, surtout a
Montréal
: Sez : Centrale des syndicats du Québec
mettre sur pied un système visant à aider les PME a adopter de
nouvelles methodes de gestion des employés plus coopératives
Oe ; Centrale des syndicats du Québec
étudier les options de retraite progressive pour faire face a une
population vieillissante de travailleurs qualifiés
Métallurgistes unis
faire participer à nouveau le gouvernement fédéral à la formation
axée sur les compétences et surtout à la formation des
prestataires d’AE pour qu'ils puissent s'adapter aux nouvelles
industries ou aux nouveaux emplois sans perdre leurs prestations
(semblable aux programmes d’apprentissage existants)
| ar Métallurgistes unis
instaurer une taxe de 1 % pour les sociétés qui ne forment pas
leurs employés (suivre le modèle québécois)
j Ë SOUS: ; Congrès du travail du Canada
investir dans des formations sur l’alphabétisation et les notions de
calcul de base pour les travailleurs
Clb
DOMAINE
_ Compétences de la
main-d'œuvre (suite)
RECOMMANDATIONS
le gouvernement fédéral, les gouvernements provinciaux et le
secteur privé doivent en faire plus au chapitre de la formation des
salariés
revoir le régime d’assurance-emploi
encourager davantage les migrations vers des marchés du travail
plus prometteurs
investir davantage dans l’enseignement supérieur
investir davantage dans les programmes d'apprentissage
fournir des encouragements fiscaux aux PME parce qu'elles
offrent des possibilités de formation et d'apprentissage dont
profitent ultérieurement les grandes entreprises
encourager les entreprises, en particulier les PME, à offrir
davantage de possibilités de formation
rétablir le Programme d'adaptation des travailleurs âgés (PATA)
Global Insights Inc.
Global Insights Inc.; Windsor and
District Chamber of Commerce
Global Insights Inc.
Chambre de commerce du Canada;
Mancor Industries
Chambre de commerce du Canada;
Ville d’ Oshawa
Association québécoise de
l’'aérospatiale
Chambre de commerce du Canada;
Platinum Tool Technologies; Ville
d’Oshawa
Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses
du Québec; Centrale des syndicats du
Québec
CLL
DOMAINE RECOMMANDATIONS TEMOINS
Compétences de la
ie ae, ISF : : : : ; Chambre de commerce du Canada :
main-d'œuvre (suite) eoeliien l'intégration a la population active des immigrants et des Conseil canadien du commerce de
utochtones
détail
ne , 2 Chambre de commerce du Canada
améliorer la reconnaissance des titres de compétence
Chambre de commerce du Canada et
faciliter l'intégration des immigrants dans des emplois qui leur Conseil canadien du bois
conviennent par l'adoption de politiques d'accréditation efficaces
|
métiers et les professions
Re à ae ee ; Conference Board du Canada
établir un système d’accréditation national simple et coordonné en
commençant par les 10 branches d’activité où les pénuries de
main-d’ceuvre sont les plus graves
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
compenser les couts de formation en allégeant les autres charges | Canada
sociales (comme l’assurance-emploi)
Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses
congé de formation financé à même l’assurance-emploi du Québec
Banque du Canada
insister davantage sur le perfectionnement continu et l'offre de
compétences
TE RE Ce
LLL
Politique fiscale -
Taux de la déduction
pour amortissement
(suite)
Competences de la
main-d'œuvre
RECOMMANDATIONS
faire revoir officiellement par un comité industrie/gouvernement
les critères d'admissibilité à inclure dans le taux de déduction
pour amortissement accéléré et les récentes majorations
temporaires
faire correspondre le taux de la déduction pour amortissement au
taux équivalent américain pour le matériel ferroviaire
permettre l’amortissement d’un bien d'équipement dès l’année où
les dépenses sont engagées et non pas seulement à partir de
l’année de mise en service du bien
accélérer le traitement des demandes d’immigration émanant de
travailleurs spécialisés et le processus de sélection de ceux qui
possèdent des compétences en demande
voir a ce que le systeme de permis de travail corresponde aux
besoins en main-d'œuvre
travailler plus efficacement pour attirer au Canada les travailleurs
étrangers nécessaires pour répondre aux besoins en main-
d'œuvre; consacrer plus de ressources aux régions cibles
(comme l'Asie)
TÉMOINS
Association canadienne du gaz
Association canadienne des
fournisseurs de chemins de fer
J. D. Irving Limited
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada
DOMAINE
Politique fiscale -
Taux de la déduction
pour amortissement
(suite)
OLL
RECOMMANDATIONS
TEMOINS
taux de la déduction pour amortissement : faire en sorte que la vie
utile du bien corresponde a la réalité économique
permettre l'amortissement en deux ans des machines et du
matériel
porter le taux d'amortissement des dépenses d'équipement de
4 % à 8 % pour le système de distribution de gaz naturel
porter le taux de la déduction pour amortissement de 8 % à 12 %
pour les infrastructures électriques et jusqu’à 45 % pour les
compteurs intelligents et les autres biens des secteurs de la
communication et des logiciels
Chambre de commerce du Canada:
Chambre de commerce de Toronto
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada; Association canadienne de
l'industrie des plastiques; Association
canadienne des producteurs d’acier;
Electro-Fédération Canada et
Association canadienne des fabricants
de produits chimiques; J. D. Irving
Limited; Windsor and District Chamber
of Commerce; Edmonton Economic
Development Corporation
Groupe pour un dialogue sur
l’energie/Association canadienne du
gaz
Groupe pour un dialogue sur
l’énergie/Association canadienne de
l'électricité
L
60
DOMAINE
Politique fiscale -
programme
d'incitation fiscale
pour RS—DE (suite)
Politique fiscale -
Taux de la déduction
pour amortissement
RECOMMANDATIONS
instituer dans le crédit pour RS—DE un incitatif à la création de
produits viables (commercialisables)
veiller a ce que les entreprises puissent déduire leurs crédits
d'impôt pour RS—DE accumulés de leurs cotisations d’AE ou s’en
servir à l'égard de leurs dépenses d'équipement
augmenter les déductions relatives aux coûts en capital pour le
programme RS-DE
amortissement accéléré du matériel et des investissements
technologiques
accélérer la déduction pour amortissement
TÉMOINS
Atlantic Institute for Market Studies
Edson Packaging Machinery Ltd.
Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses
du Québec; Association des fabricants
internationaux d'automobiles du
Canada; et Edson Packaging
Machinery Ltd.
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada; Fédération canadienne du
vêtement, Association des produits
forestiers du Canada
80L.
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS
TÉMOINS
Politique fiscale -
programme
d'incitation fiscale
pour RS—DE
rendre les crédits d'impôt pour RS—DE plus accessibles /
améliorer le programme d’incitatifs fiscaux pour RS—DE
rendre les crédits d'impôt pour RS—DE plus accessibles :
permettre l'inclusion du remboursement dans l'évaluation du
projet, inclure les travaux coopératifs internationaux et les coûts
du travail de précommercialisation (par exemple, le brevetage, le
prototypage)
imposer à Industrie Canada (et non pas à l'ARC) la responsabilité
d'évaluer les propositions relatives à la RS-DE
rendre les crédits d'impôt pour RS—DE remboursables, et les
exclure de l'assiette fiscale
permettre que le crédit pour RS—DE couvre aussi la R — D
collaborative internationale et les coûts de brevet
Association canadienne de l’industrie
des plastiques; Institut canadien des
textiles; Fédération canadienne du
vêtement; Association des industries
aérospatiales du Canada; Association
canadienne des producteurs d’acier;
Bernard Mould
| Electro-Fédération Canada
Association canadienne des
fournisseurs de chemins de fer
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada; Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada
ZOL
RECOMMANDATIONS
Politique fiscale
générale (suite) corriger le regime fiscal de manière que les retraités et les Atlantic Institute for Market Studies |
prestataires d’AE ne perdent pas d'argent quand ils retournent |
travailler
encourager les provinces a remplacer la taxe de vente par une Chambre de commerce de Toronto
taxe sur la valeur ajoutée comme la TPS/TVH et envisager de
| DOMAINE
|
|
|
nouvelles réductions de la TPS pour faciliter la transition
instituer un système de transfert des pertes entre les membres Windsor and District Chamber of
d'un même groupe de sociétés Commerce
accroître les crédits d'impôt à l'investissement et pour l'acquisition | Valiant Machine & Tool Inc.
d’immobilisations, ce qui compenserait les coûts immédiatement
favoriser les achats au pays ( p. ex. en accordant un crédit Caoutchoucs et plastiques Falpaco
d'impôt à ceux qui achètent des produits fabriqués au Canada) inc.
envisager une réduction du taux marginal d'imposition des Conseil canadien du commerce de
particuliers pour les familles dont le revenu est faible ou modeste | détail
réduire à nouveau la TPS / TVH de 1 % Conseil canadien du commerce de
détail
901
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS TEMOINS
Politique fiscale
générale (suite)
Métallurgistes unis
mettre l'accent sur les réductions d'impôt et les incitatifs fiscaux
dans certains secteurs, par exemple les avantages fiscaux pour
les activités de recherche et de développement ou
l'investissement dans les nouvelles technologies et les nouveaux
équipements
réviser les lois sur les fiducies de revenu afin d'encourager les Congrès du travail du Canada
sociétés à réinvestir leurs profits dans le développement de leurs
produits ou dans leur expansion
dans les industries où il y a des investissements temporaires de Congrès du travail du Canada
crédits d'impôt pour de nouveaux équipements, etc., comme
l'industrie automobile, ces crédits d'impôt devraient encourager
l'achat de produits fabriqués au Canada
utiliser les incitatifs fiscaux pour encourager les entreprises à Polytechnics Canada
investir dans la formation de leur main-d'œuvre
permettre aux entreprises d'accorder des primes au rendement et | J. D. Irving Limited
d’autres primes en franchise d'impôt jusqu’à concurrence de
2 500 $ pour les salariés qui gagnent moins de 50 000 $ par an
exonérer d'impôt les programmes de santé et de bien-être des J. D. Irving Limited
salariés parrainés par l'employeur
SOL
DOMAINE
Politique fiscale
generale (suite)
RECOMMANDATIONS
porter le seuil du taux d'imposition marginal le plus élevé sur le
revenu personnel de 118 000 $ a 150 000 $
harmoniser les taxes de vente provinciales avec la taxe sur les
produits et services (TPS)
introduire un allegement fiscal pour les dépenses de réinstallation
si le gouvernement veut encourager les gens a acheter des
véhicules, il doit le faire indépendamment de la technologie
si l'impôt sur les gains en capital est aboli, il faut s'assurer que les
profits sont réinvestis dans les infrastructures des entreprises
s'assurer que les frais imposés aux usagers sont utilisés
conformément à la raison pour laquelle ils sont recueillis et qu’il
existe une trace écrite vérifiable
TÉMOINS
Chambre de commerce du Canada:
Windsor and District Chamber of
Commerce
Association des fabricants
internationaux d'automobiles du
Canada; Conseil canadien des chefs
d'entreprises; Conseil canadien du
commerce de détail
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
Canada
General Motors du Canada Limitée
Centrale des syndicats du Québec
Électro-Fédération Canada
vOL
DOMAINE
RECOMMANDATIONS TEMOINS
Politique fiscale
générale (suite)
Association canadienne des
ramener le taux d'imposition des sociétés a 17 % d’ici 5 ou 6 ans producteurs d’acier
: oem) LE Électro-Fédération Canada: Chambre
maintenir l'engagement gouvernemental d’abaisser l'impôt fédéral | de commerce du Canada:
des sociétés pour le ramener de 21 % à 19 % et ultérieurement à Manufacturiers et Exportateurs du
17% Canada
: BIW. 46 Je Conseil canadien des chefs
S'assurer que l'impôt des sociétés est globalement avantageux d'entreprises
par rapport aux États-Unis
7 à | Association des fabricants
rendre la structure du régime fiscal très concurrentielle (par internationaux d'automobiles du
exemple au niveau des taux marginaux d'imposition réels) Canada; Association des produits
forestiers du Canada
| ¢ UE < Windsor and District Chamber of
se servir de l'excédent budgétaire fédéral pour accélérer la Commerce
réduction de l'impôt des sociétés
Sat : ; A RES Chambre de commerce du Canada
réduire le taux marginal d'imposition des familles à faible revenu
et à revenu modeste (25 000 $-45 000 $) et évaluer les
« récupérations » (la réduction du crédit de TPS et des
prestations pour enfant à charge à mesure que le revenu
augmente)
€OL
ANNEXE D :
RÉSUMÉ DES RECOMMANDATIONS PRÉSENTÉES PAR LES TÉMOINS
Eu DOMAINE
|
RECOMMANDATIONS
Politique monétaire
Politique fiscale
générale
TÉMOINS
encourager la Banque du Canada à assouplir sa politique sur les
taux d'intérêt de manière à réduire les pressions à la hausse qui
s'exercent sur le dollar canadien
décourager les autres pays de laisser flotter leur monnaie pour en
tirer un avantage économique injuste
réduire l'impôt sur les investissements des entreprises
réduire l'impôt sur les gains en capital
appuyer un projet visant à réduire l'impôt des sociétés, des
particuliers, foncier et autres et les remplacer par une
augmentation de la taxe de vente afin d’équilibrer le fardeau fiscal
dans les prix des produits fabriqués au Canada et importés
accélérer la réduction prévue de l'impôt des sociétés
Syndicat des travailleurs et
travailleuses de l’automobile du
Canada, UNITE HERE; Métallurgistes
unis; Ville d'Oshawa
Platinum Tool Technologies
Global Insights Inc.; Association des
produits forestiers du Canada
Global Insights Inc.
Electro-Fédération Canada
Global Insights Inc.; Chambre de
commerce de Toronto
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Canada
Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador
Île-du-Prince-Édouard
Nouvelle-Écosse
Nouveau-Brunswick
Québec
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
Colombie-Britannique
Territoire du Yukon
Territoires du Nord-Ouest
Nunavut
Source Statistique Canada _ http://www40.statcan.ca/l02/cst01/manuf28_f.htm
2001
en millions de
$
543,272.00
2,467.80
1,222.00
8,228.10
11,829.50
131,945.50
285,013.50
11,343.80
7,379.50
45,479.60
38,302.60
16.6
39.2
4.3
%
2002
en millions de $
0.45
0.22
4:51
2:18
24.29
52.46
2.09
1.36
8.37
7.05
0.00
0.01
0.00
559,902.70
2,091.30
1,300.30
8,852.60
12,446.70
133,624.50
297,820.70
11,820.10
7,398.90
45,407.20
38,610.10
22.6
56.6
Dae
ANNEXE B:
TOTAL DES LIVRAISONS POUR LES INDUSTRIES MANUFACTURIERES,
PAR PROVINCE ET TERRITOIRE, 2001-2005
%
0.47
0.24
1.63
223
24.60
54.82
2.18
1.36
8.36
td
0.00
0.01
0.00
2003
en millions de $
%
2004
en millions de $
2005
en millions de $
562,551.70
2,583.80
1,287.40
9,138.00
12,401.50
133,832.10
294,889.10
12,695.80
7,853.10
48,076.00
39,691.00
20.6
78.3
5.1
0.48
0.24
1.68
2.28
24.63
54.28
2.34
1.45
8.85
7:31
0.00
0.01
0.00
586,105.80
2,544.50
1,299.40
9,751.30
13,636.20
135,517.00
304,430.20
13,517%:50
9,179.70
53,818.40
42,303.50
22.8
80.5
4.9
0.47
0.24
1.79
2.51
24.94
56.04
2.49
1.69
391
7.79
0.00
0.01
0.00
591,086.00
2,347.30
1,289.60
9,898.70
14,958.90
137,038.30
300,081.20
13,490.70
9,939.00
60,310.60
41,139.80
24.6
86.6
5.8
0.43
0.24
1.82
2:75
25:22
55.24
2.48
1.83
11.10
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