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Full text of "Canadian Forces in Afghanistan : report of the Standing
Committee on National Defence
"
See other formats
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HOUSE OF COMMONS
CANADA
CANADIAN FORCES IN AFGHANISTAN
Report of the Standing Committee on
National Defence
Rick Casson, MP
Chair
JUNE 2007
39th PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION
TAN A
4,
toy s
MENT AY
The Speaker of the House hereby grants permission to reproduce this document, in whole or in part for use in
schools and for other purposes such as private study, research, criticism, review or newspaper summary. Any
commercial or other use or reproduction of this publication requires the express prior written authorization of the
Speaker of the House of Commons.
If this document contains excerpts or the full text of briefs presented to the Committee, permission to reproduce these
briefs, in whole or in part, must be obtained from their authors.
Also available on the Parliamentary Internet Parlementaire: http://www.parl.gc.ca
Available from Communication Canada — Publishing, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0S9
CANADIAN FORCES IN AFGHANISTAN
Report of the Standing Committee on
NATIONAL DEFENCE
Rick Casson, MP
Chair
JUNE 2007
39th PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2023 with funding from
University of Toronto
https://archive.org/details/31/761119708402
STANDING COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE
CHAIR
Rick Casson
VICE-CHAIRS
Claude Bachand
John Cannis
MEMBERS
Dawn Black, MP Steven Blaney, MP
Robert Bouchard, MP Hon. Denis Coderre, MP
Cheryl Gallant, MP Laurie Hawn, MP
Russ Hiebert, MP Hon. Keith Martin, MP
Hon. Joe Mcguire, MP
OTHER MEMBERS WHO PARTICIPATED
Harold Albrecht Omar Alghabra
Hon. Carolyn Bennett Diane Bourgeois
Blaine Calkins Serge Cardin
Robert Carrier | David Christopherson
Rodger Cuzner Paul Dewar
Sukh Dhaliwal Hon. Ujjal Dosanjh
Meili Faille Luc Harvey
Hon. Charles Hubbard Wajid Khan
Hon. Lawrence MacAulay Gurbax Malhi
Dean Del Mastro Hon. John McCallum
Hon. Dan McTeague Hon. Shawn Murphy
Richard Nadeau Rick Norlock
Christian Ouellet Marcel Proulx
OTHER MEMBERS WHO PARTICIPATED (cont’d)
Anthony Rota
Hon. Judy Sgro
Brian Storseth
Hon. Robert Thibault
Hon. Andy Scott
Paul Steckle
Lui Temelkovski
Alan Tonks
CLERK OF THE COMMITTEE
Andrew Bartholomew Chaplin
LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT
Parliamentary Information and Research Service
Jim Cox, Wolf Koerner
THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON
NATIONAL DEFENCE
has the honour to present its
FIRST REPORT
Pursuant to its mandate under Standing Order 108(2), the Committee has studied
Canadian Forces in Afghanistan.
nee Ky
noi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION ats. ee gcc en ciate eee re eee aie ET xi
CHAIRMAN'S: FOREWORD 2. sa: si.d¢cchetnectm antec ace nae NE tens ee a RO 1
Star.of. Military Valour 1.124 PARC tes RE re tT ee à 3
Medal. of, MilitaryiValour ER tes nee eine i RC eo cee 9
EXECUTIVE, SUMMARY puis, MR Re Pm Ee oa cee eee eae 5
INTRODUCTION. RU a eee I SME URN Rs oe BM inc UNI Pa te a
STUBY MANDATE soe. is... nn ener tate conic, DE ROI re mg ee 11
GENERAL: gas gere cc aa eee gener NE em ae Ree nee yea 11
FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS ARE AR een aoe cere ra eee her 14
GOVERNMENT POLICY BACKGRO UNI iar sa cen teat atten: cee ce eee its
THE REPORT sante ete NOR ON Sama CNE Sa ae Eee 16
CHAPTER 1:=— THE CONTEXT en Re nn PAP AR A RAT fea): 19
GENERAL cuisse le Bet Ghee AR (eer Ee ee Ergo eee ree: 19
CANADA. AND:AFGHANIS TAIN scorer nn caine pee toma arsed cers Uicaece et ee odetenwe’ 20
ONCE:A FAILING STATE . . ccapasstetertos nancies om pert oe. ane atk tlh Se co's 21
ss THEN A FAILED STATE: ice eee ete coh eet a 2 24
THE. CURRENT, SITUATHON iterente vic eee cre re ARE AR ARE a ok Pd RE A 25
THREATS 5 tisisdaheichcsnctecann ate SEE ae eee Pate: 28
The T ali aitsasaisgnd Re cac M it te 28
Corruption, Warlords:and)ODIUM yas stones ties, AT RAT des 33
Our.Own.IMmpatience est en RE nee 34
Vii
GENER Acta ray ei ec actor ete sn sud ges ea heat tante 37
THEMANDATE Rae eme M lire nee dteneue dhaancen te 38
TH ESMISS ION ER Re MDN on asmn ec sean eumrenttene 41
COMMEMENTS Re an emma msi nee aensngnpderss tuduc es 41
OO OO M Dee ne rene ne manye ne sanen rennes 42
OPÉRANT re sans eue Lancon na sien 43
QPSlavOnyn © Sl) Sra rem tee re eee ree ee rs nnnns nan eme nn 43
OPSTAUONIAT Gil eer ener nl aber assoc aspoee nano 43
ODEAIONMAR CUS as Lente se à à 44
ODÉAIIO ATEN ee en a ne ne ns navet «9 à 46
GavnaciarweNtr HORCO@ OMUnOUlOM ss creer: RP EE... 48
CANRATANNANM CONMIPOOQR crane cena mme cs td red 50
NATIONAL COMMAND VS OPERATIONAL COMMAND 50
Nationealt@onniiiainGee serrate et tats M dune rennes lacunes 50
Operationalle OMAN nina neerussemec ere avec ù 50
KINERIGANDINGIN-KI NEW Gir ERATIONS se een. 51
ARGHANIDEVELORMENTHZONES tart eer ernie bre etant ue 52
THE KANDAHAR PROVINCIAL RECONSTRUTION TEAM (KPRT) 09
RON OMEXPO SC RP nana ee 54
SEC Yr ra heey tenant nce een etme na tener eed rR ye st bande 99
EUR ROW ac dir mieu n min count ose 95
viii
Cae TER SE MANDATED STUDYASSUES ame. eee nee 97
MISSION'DURATION FL ER RER NN A SE ait Sr
STATE OF-PERSONNEL. 722448 RSC og
Healthy Services... Reese Re ne 60
Physical: injury Es NE ee 61
Esychological: injury... MER TR ER RER 62
Operational Stress Injury Social Support (OSISS)............................ 65
AMÉNIES.u un PT OR Oe NN res 67
The Flome Front... PR 68
SPATE OFIMATERIEL 4:25 0 CR eke oa, RR ee TA
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMBAT OPERATIONS, DEVELOPMENT AND
RECONSTRUCTION... nie nent 74
Humanitarian Aid, Development, Reconstruction and CIMIC 74
Military Involvement in the Delivery of Humanitarian Aid, Development or
FRECONSIUCHON «csr gies secs ocensemcannmede teem rete diet A ARR 76
BALANCE Li Rnb nr LR A tee ARS eee areas ee 78
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING MISSION EFFECTIVENESS 84
MISSION SUCCESS AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS ............. 86
CHAPTER 4 {OTHER IMPORTANT ISSUES* Aig et ee rien EE 89
INFORMING CANADIANS AND PARLIAMENT ss 89
Public Understanding of the Mission 2.40%... 90
Parliamentary Understanding of the Mission ….......................................… 91
DEPARTMENTAL SUPPORT OF COMMITTEE TRAVEL... 93
THE AFGHANISTAN-PAKISTAN BORDER... 94
THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN AFGHANISTAN .........0:::::ccetesseteeetetteeesetseeeeenees 98
POPPY CROP ERADICATION ss. 99
DETAINEE HANDLING AND TRANSFER ss 101
CONTRIBUTING TO THE TRAINING OF THE AFGHAN NATIONAL SECURITY
BAS) ES os se en aie Stan ee are a ein ares dre adei rai {ns 105
Training the Afghan National Army... 106
Training the Afghan National Police ….................................................. 109
SOEUR RING SNH ees OS IN reset ae ae neural n ce sem unns cv tan creesessotpere 111
CON GS OI re ee dennn di= cane Lee c mbre sen um ss sages one 119
VS TRO Ree Gite) END RO NE RE nn annee en ce wnnensevvsxeasee ve VA
APE NIX Gro amv NCE lene Me eae RM tee sémrsba pere reaucacuatuns PA
APPENDIN eo OR ee Re vn cidhe radio nen een eatet arr ss usant ve 127
REQUES Tit Om GOV Gre NV eNO ONS ER Re nl iceureau 129
SUPPLEMENTARY OPINION Oralte CIBERAL PARTY ....ceneecsccnc areas Toa
DISSENTING OPINION OF THE BLOC QUEBECOIS iesmnrsnennensnes 139
DISSENTING OPINION OF THE NEW DEMOCRATIC IAN RUIN Ay See, nae a ae 149
DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to the 58 Canadian men and women who, at the time of this report’s
adoption, have died in Afghanistan, serving our country.
Corporal Glen Arnold, CD
Master Corporal Raymond Arndt
Corporal Robbie Christopher Beerenfenger
Dr. Glyn Berry
Corporal Anthony Joseph Boneca
Corporal David Braun
Private David Byers
Trooper Darryl Caswell
Private Robert Costall
Private William Jonathan James Cushley
Private Kevin Dallaire
Corporal Paul Davis
Corporal Matthew David James Dinning
Corporal Ainsworth Dyer
Corporal Andrew James Eykelenboom
Chief Warrant Officer Robert Girouard, CD
Sergeant Craig Paul Gillam, CD
Captain Nichola Kathleen Sarah Goddard, MSM
Corporal Francisco Gomez, CD
Private Richard Green
Private David Robert Greenslade
Private Mark Anthony Graham
Sergeant Vaughan Ingram
Corporal Shane Keating
Corporal Bryce Jeffrey Keller
Private Kevin Vincent Kennedy
Private Josh Klukie
Master Corporal Anthony Klumpenhouwer
Sergeant Marc D. Léger
xi
Sergeant Donald Lucas
Bombardier Myles Stanley John Mansell
Corporal Matthew McCully
Corporal Kevin Megeney
Warrant Officer Frank Robert Mellish, CD
Corporal Robert Thomas James Mitchell
Corporal Keith Morley, CD
Corporal Jamie Brendan Murphy
Warrant Officer Richard Francis Nolan, CD
Corporal Randy Payne
Trooper Patrick James Pentland
Corporal Brent Poland
Master Corporal Darrell Jason Priede
Corporal Christopher Jonathan Reid, CD
Sergeant Robert Alan Short
Private Nathan Smith
Sergeant Shane Stachnik
Corporal Christopher Paul Stannix
Master Corporal Allan Stewart
Corporal Albert Storm, CD
Sergeant Darcy Scott Tedford, CD
Lieutenant William Turner
Master Corporal Jeffrey Scott Walsh
Corporal Jason Patrick Warren
Corporal Aaron E. Williams
Private Blake Neil Williamson
Trooper Mark Andrew Wilson
Master Corporal Timothy Wilson
Private Braun Scott Woodfield
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Trade on Thursday 1 Feb 07. The amended motion adopted reads, That this Committee hold hearings,
starting at the earliest, for the purpose of evaluating Canada’s mission in Afghanistan and reviewing the
present focus, and accordingly invite the appropriate Ministers, departmental officials, representatives of civil
society, the Diaspora and other relevant witnesses.
FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS
Throughout our study we were constantly reminded of three fundamental factors
that continue to shape Canada’s Afghanistan mission.
First, Canada is not acting unilaterally in Afghanistan. Canada is contributing to an
international effort in each of the diplomatic, development and defence (3D) environments.
Consequently well-intentioned calls for Canada to do ‘this’ or change ‘that’ tend to
oversimplify issues. Canada works through the United Nations (UN) and NATO,
cooperating in a variety of multilateral strategies, programmes and projects. The
international effort in Afghanistan is immense. Over 60 countries contribute to the overall
development and reconstruction effort. The United Nations Assistance Mission in
Afghanistan (UNAMA)° has over 1,000 staff (of which about 80% are Afghans) in 13
regional offices throughout the country. There are 15 UN agency offices in Afghanistan.
More are being established. ISAF® is made up of military contingents from 37 countries and
nearly 40,000 troops.
Second, perhaps the most misunderstood aspect of the mission is that it is one of
capacity building. From the beginning, the international effort has been offered in support of
Afghans. The 2001 Bonn Agreement and the 2006 Afghanistan Compact clearly explain
the lead role to be taken by Afghan authorities. When Canadian units initially served in
ISAF, in Kabul, in 2003, they openly advertised their role as “leading from behind” or
“second row” support. In Kandahar this support role continues. Canadian development and
reconstruction support is also delivered through International Organizations (IOs), Non-
Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and UN aid agencies to help Afghans, according to
Afghan priorities. Canadians do not do the work for Afghans, they help Afghans build the
capacity to do the work themselves, giving development and reconstruction an ‘Afghan
face.’ A corollary is that improvements come only as fast as the emerging capacity will
allow — an ‘Afghan pace,’ so there is no advantage in simplistically throwing Canadian
money, people or equipment at problems faster than they can be absorbed and used
effectively. There is also no advantage in Canada trying to arbitrarily take action on its own,
without international support.
Third, and perhaps most important, Canada has taken sides in this issue. Along with
its allies, Canada has decided to stand with the democratically elected government of
Afghanistan. Therefore, the mission is not, and never has been, anything akin to a
peacekeeping mission. Peace, stability and reconstruction are important aims, but so is the
effort to help Afghan security forces eliminate the Taliban insurgency, in order to establish
not just any security environment, but one in which democracy and human rights flourish. If
4 Mackay, The Honourable Peter. Evidence. Standing Committee on National Defence, June 6, 2006. p. 1.
5 See the UNAMA website at http://www.unama-afg.org.
6 See the ISAF website at http://www.nato.int/ISAF/index.htm.
14
generic security were the only aim, then it co
or a democratic Afghan government. The ji
a rise provides Afghans. with hope, dignity and prosperity in the future. The
mmi ee elieves any future under a feudal Taliban regime would simply bring a return
O repression, a largely medieval standard of living and an absence of human dignity.
Canada has chosen to join the international community in helping Afghanistan to build a
democratic and Prosperous future and the Canadian Forces will continue to support
Afghan security forces in their fight against Taliban insurgents.
uld be attained under either a Taliban regime
ssue is really which of those two forms of
GOVERNMENT POLICY BACKGROUND
Government international policy describes the Canadian ‘whole-of-government’
approach in Afghanistan as being an effort that integrates civilian, government and military
resources, to offer a broad-based contribution to the international effort to rebuild
Afghanistan. While the term might be novel, the idea is not. Nations have always applied all
elements of national power when engaged in any serious effort abroad, particularly one in
which important national interests are at stake.
Government policy also mentions 3 “Ds”, a term meant to describe the cooperative
application of defence, diplomatic and developmental efforts to complex conflict and
post-conflict situations. The overall Canadian mission in Afghanistan’ does indeed feature
all three ”Ds”, but, in order to understand the focus of this report, it is necessary to
understand how each “D” is applied.
The first “D” is diplomacy. Reporting to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Canadian
Ambassador to Afghanistan, Arif Lalani is located in the Canadian Embassy in Kabul. He is
the head of the Canadian mission in Afghanistan® and pursues Canadian diplomatic activity
with the government of Afghanistan and other countries in the region as required. Given
the military focus of this study, diplomatic elements are discussed in this report only in so
far as they directly impact the CF mission in Afghanistan.
Development — the second “D”—is largely actioned through the Canadian
International Development Agency (CIDA), which contributes to the international
development and reconstruction effort in Afghanistan. Along with other major international
donors, CIDA supports Afghan government approved national programs and projects
Affairs and International Trade website for the Afghanistan mission at
: i .dC. ip-pic/afghanistan/menu-en.asp. Also see the Department
of “National Defence Afghanistan website at hit ‘/www.forces.gc.ca/site/afghanistan/index_e.asp.
The Canadian International Development Agency Afghanistan website is at
http:/www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cidaweb/acdicida.nsf/En/JUD-1 29153625-S6T.
i ittee’s visi i -Afg) in January 2006, the Commander of
the Committee’s visit to Joint Task Force Afghanistan (JTF
: a ae Brigadier General Tim Grant was unequivocal in stating that Ambassador Sproule was the ‘head
Canadian in country.’
15
whose delivery is overseen by reputable multilateral institutions such as the World Bank
and the UN Development Programme (UNDP). The important point here is that CIDA
works through other international organizations, it does not directly undertake development
or reconstruction work itself. It supports international programmes and projects throughout
the country, as well as in Kandahar Province. In keeping with our study mandate, this
report deals only with development activity having direct relevance to the Canadian Forces
mission in Kandahar Province.
During its study, the Committee learned that there are subtle, but important
differences among the related terms “aid,” “development,” “reconstruction” and “civil-
military cooperation (CIMIC)”. These will be further explored in Chapter 4.
7 66
The third “D” — defence — is also not as straightforward as it appears. Canada’s
defence contribution is directed at security sector reform, one of the three main pillars of
the international effort in Afghanistan. While all Canadian Forces elements in Afghanistan
remain under national Canadian command, Joint Task Force Afghanistan (JTF-Afg) itself is
also assigned under operational command of NATO. NATO, not Canada, is responsible for
the overall conduct of military operations in Afghanistan. Canada does not act
independently in this regard. While Canada always has a ‘veto’ over how its military forces
are used, and Canada is responsible for the conduct of its soldiers in operations, Canadian
operational influence is applied, as it always has been, through the NATO chain of
command, where any such influence achieved is invariably in proportion to the practical
contribution being made.°
THE REPORT
Given the complexity of Canada’s mission in Afghanistan, the Committee felt that it
was important to explain general aspects of the mission as a whole and offer a description
of the Canadian Forces operations, to correct public misperceptions of what our soldiers
are doing. Canadian troops are doing much more than simply fighting the Taliban. In fact,
they are doing much more than either the government or the media have
9 In addition to formal national diplomatic representation at various levels in NATO, it is interesting to note that
Canadians have occupied a number of important positions within the NATO military hierarchy during our
presence in Afghanistan. General R.R. Henault, a former CDS, has been Chairman of the NATO Military
Committee, the alliance’s senior military advisory council, since 2004. Major General lvan Fenton served as
the Assistant Director of Operations on the Military Staff at NATO Headquarters from 2004-2007 as well.
During 2006, Major General Angus Watt was the Deputy Commander Air in ISAF Headquarters. Recently,
Brigadier General Jim Ferron was appointed Chief of the ISAF intelligence staff and Brigadier General
Marquis Hainse will soon take up duties as the Deputy Commander of ISAF Regional Command South.
Colonel Mike Kampman is the Chief of Staff in Regional Command South Headquarters. The government
has also announced that Canada will provide the Commander of Regional Command South again, later in
2007 (Major General Marc Lessard is currently in training for the role) and will seek to provide the
Commander of ISAF in 2008.
16
reported. The first chapter presents the context of the mission. The second chapter is
devoted to an examination of the C ( issi
: anadian Forces m
Issues specifically identified in our study mandate: ee el
a. The duration of the mission;
b. The state of personnel:
c. The state of equipment;
d. The relationship between combat operations, development and
reconstruction;
e. Military involvement in the delivery of humanitarian aid, development or
reconstruction;
f. Balance;
g. Criteria for assessing mission effectiveness; and
h. Mission success and other international obligations.
Not surprisingly, the Committee identified other important issues in the course of its
work and they are addressed in Chapter 4. They include:
a. Informing Canadians and Parliament;
b. The Afghanistan-Pakistan border;
c. The status of women in Afghanistan;
d. Poppy crop eradication;
e. Detainee handling and transfer;
f. Contributing to the training of the Afghan National Security Forces; and
g. Sharing the burden.
17
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| CHAPTER 1 — THE CONTEXT
GENERAL
Perhaps the most important lesson the Committee learned is that our Canadian
Forces mission in Afghanistan is a highly complex and noble operation. It is extremely
difficult and will not be ended by any quick fixes. It is also apparent that apart from those
with a direct interest, ordinary Canadians have not heard enough about this mission.
Consequently, we feel there is an incomplete understanding of what is really going on in
Afghanistan and therefore some misperception of what our Canadian Forces are doing.
) Along with this lack of information, the Committee has been surprised by the
pessimism of many commentators who tend to think the Afghanistan problem is perhaps
just too difficult. These adverse perceptions are, in part, aggravated by the absence of a
coherent government communication plan that provides Parliamentarians with up-to-date
information on the details of the many accomplishments of JTF-Afg. More transparency
and clarity would go a long way to helping Canadians gain a better and more complete
understanding of the Canadian military mission in Afghanistan.
Canadian troops fought alongside United States (US) forces and other coalition
forces in Afghanistan in early 2002, against the remnants of Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters,
as part of Canada’s contribution to the global war on terrorism. Four Canadian soldiers
died in that campaign. Canadian Forces units returned to Afghanistan as part of the NATO-
led ISAF in 2003, taking up security duties in Kabul and its surrounding area. Before they
left in 2005, three more soldiers had been killed in action. The Canadian Forces took over
leadership of a Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Kandahar in August 2005 and in
early 2006 provided the command element and an infantry battle group for the
Multinational Brigade in Regional Command South, as part of the US Operation Enduring
Freedom. Spring and summer fighting was intense and before Canadian troops reverted to
ISAF command at the end of July 2006, another 13 Canadian soldiers and one Canadian
diplomat had been killed. For the rest of 2006, ISAF operations offered no respite for our
troops. By the end of the year, a further 25 Canadian soldiers were killed in action, bringing
the overall total of Canadian dead in Afghanistan since 2002, to 45. Another 13 soldiers
have died in Afghanistan in 2007. Most Canadians know this much.
However, the Committee also heard that, since 2003: both the government and the
media have offered neither the breadth nor depth of information about the Canadian
Forces mission in Afghanistan, to the extent required by Canadians to fully understand
why our troops are there and what they are doing.’ In this regard, the Committee notes the
government's release of a report explaining the progress being made by the Canadian
mission in Afghanistan.
CANADA AND AFGHANISTAN
Officially known as the Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan
Pending the Re-Establishment of Permanent Government Institutions, the Bonn
Agreement was the initial series of agreements intended to re-create the State of
Afghanistan, after the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. There had been no popularly-
agreed government in Afghanistan since 1979, so it was felt necessary to have a transition
period before a permanent government was established. In December 2001, a number of
prominent Afghans® met under UN auspices in Bonn, Germany, to decide on a plan for
governing the country; as a result, the Afghan Interim Authority was inaugurated on
December 22, 2001 with a six-month mandate to be followed by a two-year Transitional
Authority, after which elections are to be held.
Bonn Agreement conditions were met with the conclusion of the Presidential
election in 2004 and national and parliamentary elections in 2005.
Following on from the Bonn Agreement, the Afghanistan Compact was developed
during a conference held in London from January 31 to February 1, 2006. It provides the
framework for international community engagement in Afghanistan for the period
2006-2011. Representatives from the international community, including Canada, attended
the conference, which was co-chaired by Afghanistan, the UN and the United Kingdom
(UK). Canada pledged its full support.
The Compact sets out detailed outcomes and benchmarks, with timelines for their
delivery. It also contains mutual obligations that aim to ensure greater coherence of efforts
between the Afghan government and the international community.
The Compact is not a simple aid package. It seeks to build lasting Afghan capacity
and effective state and civil society institutions, with particular emphasis on developing
human capital. It identifies three critical and interdependent areas of activity:
1 Among those who brought this point up was James Appathurai, the NATO Spokesman. He told the
Committee’ “[...] because the press corps certainly does not want to cover, will not cover, except in the most
extreme circumstances, the positive developments[...] | [...] ask them to cover the building of a school or a
road. They were very clear. They will not do it. They will do it if the school burns down.
2 Government of Canada. Canada’s Mission in Afghanistan.
3 Some influential Afghans chose not to attend. Among them was Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a former Afghan
Prime Minister, who objected to US influence and presence in Afghanistan. He remains ‘at large’ and an
important leader among insurgent groups.
20
a. Security;
b. Governance, the rule of law and human rights; and
c. Economic and social development.
Afghanistan and the international community have clear interests in seeing the
Afghanistan Compact succeed, but it will not be easy. We have come to the current
situation because Afghanistan was a failing and failed state for over 30 years. A review of
this tragic degeneration will help us understand the magnitude of the challenge that faces
Afghanistan, and Canada, now.
ONCE A FAILING STATE ...’
Afghanistan is a rugged, sparsely populated mountainous country of approximately
652,000 square kilometres (about the size of Manitoba). It shares borders with China, Iran,
Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and a sector of the disputed territory of
Jammu and Kashmir that is controlled by Pakistan. About half of the country is more than
2,000 meters above sea level. A 2006 estimate puts the population of Afghanistan at about
31.1 million people.° The major languages are Pashto and Dari/Farsi.
The southern province of Kandahar, in which the Canadian Forces mission is
based, is one of 34 provinces in Afghanistan. It has a population of about 1 million and an
area over 54,000 square kilometres (about the size of Nova Scotia). According to a 2006
estimate, over 450,000 people live in Kandahar City, the provincial capital.
Afghanistan joined the UN in 1946. The country has rarely been controlled by an
effective central government because the historical influence of tribal leaders and local
warlords has thwarted centralized rule from Kabul.
In 1973, King Zahir Shah was overthrown in a coup by his cousin and former Prime
Minister, Muhammad Daud. In April 1978, leftist military officers overthrew and killed Daud,
and Noor Muhammad Taraki became President. In September 1979 after a long and bitter
insurgency, Taraki was deposed and later killed. He was replaced by his deputy, Hafizullah
Amin, who also failed to suppress the rebellion. Faced with instability on its southern
border, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) sent military forces into Afghanistan
on December 25, 1979 and took control of Kabul. Babrak Karmal, leader of a less hard-line
faction, was installed as President, but the rebellion persisted. Insurgent mujahedeen
4 Based on United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan website at
http:/Awww.unama-afg.org/about/info.htm.
5 CountryReports.org at http:/Awww.countryreports.org/country.aspx?countryid=1
21
fighters who, given the Cold War context of the time, were covertly funded and equipped
by the US, battled Soviet troops throughout the country for the next decade.
In November 1987, Karmal was replaced by Mohammad Najibullah. Earlier that
year, under the auspices of the UN, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the USSR and the US signed
Agreements on the Settlement of the Situation Relating to Afghanistan. These agreements
provided for an end to foreign intervention in Afghanistan, and the USSR began
withdrawing its forces. The UN set up a mission to monitor the withdrawal of foreign
forces — the United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan
(UNGOMAP) — and made plans to support the anticipated repatriation of refugees. The
Soviet withdrawal was completed in February 1989. The rebels who had not signed the
agreements, however, continued fighting against Najibullah's government.
As civil war between various factions continued following the Soviet withdrawal, the
number of civilians fleeing the country increased steadily, and Afghanistan suffered the
world's leading refugee crisis. By 1990, there were 6.3 million civilians in exile — 3.3 million
in Pakistan and 3 million in Iran.
Fighting intensified in 1992. Rebel forces closed in on Kabul and the Najibullah
government collapsed. On April 24, 1992, the Peshawar Accord brought the agreement of
leaders of the mujahedeen (guerrilla) forces — except one, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar — to
form a government under Sigbatullah Mojaddedi. According to the agreement, Mojaddedi
would head a Transitional Council for two months. He would then be replaced by a
Leadership Council to last four months that would be headed by Burhannudin Rabbani.
Rabbani was declared President of the Islamic State in Afghanistan in July 1992.
Under the Accord, he was to have relinquished power in October, but he didn't. By that
time, Ahmad Shah Massoud, Rabbani’s Minister of Defense, was engaged in armed
confrontation with Hekmatyar in Kabul.
In 1993, two peace accords — in Islamabad on March 7 and Jalalabad on
18 May — were negotiated between President Rabbani and eight other Afghan leaders.
The parties agreed to form a government for 18 months, to set in motion an electoral
process. In December 1993, the UN established the United Nations Special Mission to
Afghanistan (UNSMA) to canvass a broad spectrum of Afghan leaders for their views on
how the UN could best help with national reconciliation and reconstruction.
Despite these positive developments, Kabul was soon besieged again, first by
various mujahedeen factions, and then by the Taliban, a movement with its foundations in
Kandahar. The movement initially gained momentum as an opposition to the mujahedeen,
whom the Taliban came to regard as having corrupted Afghan society.
In late 1994 and early 1995, the Taliban continued to grow in strength, and they
took control of much of southern and western Afghanistan, including Kandahar and Herat.
22
In September 1996, the Taliba
n took Kabul.
Mazar-i-Sharif and formed a ne ul. The government retreated to Talogan and
W Coalition called the Northern Alliance.
Gee ae between the Taliban and Northern Alliance groups continued between
ih with little change in military positions. In July and August 1998, the Taliban
overran many northern provinces, as well as the cities of Mazar-i-Sharif and Talogan,
where the government had relocated. A major massacre of thousands of civilians took
place in Mazar after the Taliban took the city.
Following the August 7, 1998 terrorist bomb attacks on US embassies in Nairobi,
Kenya, and Tanzania, the UN Security Council adopted a resolution, expressing concern at
the continuing presence of terrorists in the territory of Afghanistan. It condemned attacks
on UN personnel in Taliban-held areas, including the killing of two Afghan staff members of
the World Food Program (WFP) and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in
Jalalabad, and of the Military Adviser to UNSMA in Kabul. It also condemned the capture of
the Consulate-General of Iran in Mazar-i-Sharif.
On December 8, 1998, another UN Security Council resolution demanded that the
Taliban stop providing sanctuary and training for international terrorists and that all Afghan
factions cooperate in bringing indicted terrorists to justice. A week later, after the Taliban
failed to respond to this demand, the UN Security Council applied broad sanctions under
the UN Charter.
In early 1999, yet another UN Security Council resolution noted that Osama bin
Laden had been indicted by the US for the August 1998 embassy bombings and
demanded that the Taliban turn him over to the appropriate authorities to be brought to
justice. This too was ignored and further sanctions were applied.
There had been other issues. In a statement on October 22, 1999, the UN Security
Council also expressed profound distress over reports of involvement in the fighting, on the
Taliban side, of thousands of non-Afghan nationals, some of whom were below the age of
14. It noted the seriously deteriorating humanitarian situation and the worsening human
rights situation — including forced displacements of civilian populations, summary
executions, abuse and arbitrary detention of civilians, violence against women and girls,
and indiscriminate bombing. The capture of Iran's Consulate-General in Mazar-i-Sharif,
along with the murder of Iranian diplomats and a journalist, were described as flagrant
violations of international law. Deeply disturbed by a significant increase in the cultivation,
production and trafficking of drugs, especially in Taliban-controlled areas, the UN Security
Council demanded that such illegal activities be halted.
23
The conflict within Afghanistan continued through 2000 and 2001. Political and
security problems, in the absence of an effective government, caused frequent
interruptions in the flow of humanitarian assistance, and various crises required temporary
departures of UN and non-governmental aid workers.
Already suffering from the devastating effects of civil war, in the late 1990s the
people of Afghanistan also faced a series of natural disasters — starting with earthquakes
in February and May 1998 that killed more than 7,000 and affected the livelinoods and
shelter of a further 165,000. In June, some 6,000 people were killed in severe flooding.
Also at that time, a severe and protracted drought began.
In the face of such a daunting situation, the UN delivered more than 94,000 tons of
food aid to 1.13 million people in 2000 alone, while vaccinating some 5.3 million children
against polio and providing support for non-discriminatory education to more than 300,000
children — including home schooling projects for girls. Nevertheless, one quarter of all
children born in Afghanistan were dying of preventable diseases before the age of five.
Afghan women were nearly five times more likely to die in childbirth than in other
developing countries. Typhoid and cholera epidemics were rampant, and pneumonia and
malaria had re-emerged as public health threats. The condition of women had deteriorated
markedly, and only one in 20 girls received any kind of education.
To compound the problem, refugees were returning to what the UN Mine Clearance
Program has called the most heavily mined country in the world, with a staggering 9.7
million land mines. As part of its efforts, the program cleared some 68 square kilometres of
previously affected areas, but obviously much remained to be done.
On September 4, 2001, the UN issued a report entitled The Deepening Crisis, which
highlighted the desperate and worsening humanitarian situation faced by Afghans. The
crisis, however, would only get worse.
… THEN A FAILED STATE®
After the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US, the Taliban government of
Afghanistan refused US demands to hand over Osama bin Laden and therefore became a
target of US military might.
The US military response commenced on October 7, 2001. US objectives were to
make clear to Taliban leaders that the harbouring of terrorists is unacceptable, to acquire
intelligence on al Qaeda and Taliban resources, to develop relations with groups opposed
6 Some of this information is based on information taken from GlobalSecurity.org at
http://Awww.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/enduring-freedom.htm. Accessed November 2006.
24
to the Taliban, to prevent the us
destroy the Taliban military allowi
military force would help facilitat
people.
e of Afghanistan as a safe haven for terrorists, and to
ng opposition forces to succeed in their struggle.’ Finally,
e the delivering of humanitarian supplies to the Afghan
} In December 2001, major leaders from the Afghan opposition groups and diaspora
met in Bonn, Germany, and agreed on a plan (the Bonn Agreement) for the formulation of
a new democratic government. Hamid Karzai, a Pashtun from the southern city of
Kandahar, was appointed Chairman of the Afghan Interim Authority. In January 2002, the
first milestone of the Bonn Agreement was achieved with the announcement of the Special
Independent Commission for the Convening of the Emergency Loya Jirga (Pashtun for
grand council” — a traditional forum in which tribal elders come together and settle affairs).
An emergency Loya Jirga of some 1,500 delegates met in June 2002 to form the
Transitional Administration of Interim President Hamid Karzai.
i in 2004, the country convened a Constitutional Loya Jirga (Council of Elders) and
ratified a new constitution the following year. Hamid Karzai also became the President of
the islamic Republic of Afghanistan in 2004.
Legislative elections were held in September 2005. The National Assembly — the
first freely elected legislature in Afghanistan since 1973 — sat in December 2005.
However, Afghanistan’s tenuous security situation continued to threaten the gains of
the recent transition, with incidents caused by terrorist and criminal activities, as well as
factional clashes. The increase in poppy cultivation and narcotics trafficking continued to be
of particular concern, as they further eroded the security environment. Consequently,
assistance and development programmes suffered, as deployment of the UN personnel,
NGOs and other humanitarian agencies was restricted due to concerns for their safety.
THE CURRENT SITUATION
The government of Afghanistan is attempting to rebuild the country after over
30 years of conflict within its borders. It is also trying to establish a democratic government.
The current, democratically-elected Afghan government is weakened by endemic
corruption, undermined by independent tribal warlords and opposed by the Taliban who
are conducting an insurgency based in the southern and eastern provinces nearest the
border with Pakistan. The insurgency has created a degree of insecurity that impedes
reconstruction and development. While some successes have been enjoyed by
wot i UE el i —
7 US Department of Defence news briefing held at the Pentagon on October 7, 2001. At
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/libra /news/2001/10/mil-011007-usia04.htm. Accessed November
2006.
25
international development efforts in the west and north, more remains to be done in the
south and east.
The UN is coordinating humanitarian and development efforts within Afghanistan,
including substantial development assistance from Canada. As well, Canada, along with
other major NATO allies has contributed military forces to the UN-mandated, NATO-led
ISAF that conducts military operations to neutralize Taliban forces, support the projection
of Afghan government influence and protect development and reconstruction activity. While
much remains to be done, considerable progress has been made.
During the summer and autumn of 2006, there were calls for an increase in NATO
troop strength in the south. Canada, among others, expressed concern that not all NATO
allies were sharing the combat burden equally. On the other hand, there has been criticism
that what is needed is not more troops, but more development assistance. The way to ‘win
the hearts and minds’ of Afghans, many say, is not with bullets or bombs, but with food and
medicine. The Canadian mission is, in their view, unbalanced and needs more determined
and robust diplomacy and development components.
On this issue, the Committee was constantly reminded that, for now at least,
security trumps other concerns. In the end, among all the witnesses the Committee met, it
found near unanimous agreement that additional development cannot happen without a
commensurate increase in security and that security in the south was not yet adequate to
permit widespread development assistance. However, the outlook is not entirely bleak.
More Canadian reconstruction funds are now flowing into Kandahar.
Much like that which occurred in 2006, some sources expected another ‘spring
offensive’ by the Taliban insurgents this year, but ISAF forces, Canadian troops among
them, conducted pre-emptive operations to disrupt Taliban forces. In fact, in early 2007,
NATO significantly increased its forces in the southern region and launched Operation
Achilles against Taliban insurgents, mainly in neighbouring Helmand Province. James
Appathurai, the NATO Spokesman explained that “since the Riga Summit (November
2006) [...] [NATO] has added about 7,000 troops to its force levels.,“ In the south, the
number of troops has gone up during the past 18 months, from 1,000 to about 12,500, of
which 2500 are Canadian.®
Canadian troops have been clearing Taliban out of the Panjwayi and Zhari districts,
claiming success in finding and killing key Taliban leaders. Improved security has
encouraged civilians to start returning and this, coupled with the Canadian government's
8 Appathurai, James. Evidence. Standing Committee on National Defence, February 27, 2007. p. 16.
26
February 2007 announcement of the allocatio
reconstruction funds, over the next
Province.
n of an additional $200 million dollars? in
two years, makes for brighter days ahead in Kandahar
Allied efforts must be recognized as well. The US is deploying another brigade into
the eastern provinces of Afghanistan and has committed +4 AN $11.8 billion in
military and civilian aid over two years, mostly to pay for the expansion and training of the
Afghan army and police. Britain too has augmented its forces in the south by an additional
2,000 troops and additional special operating forces are being deployed. The additional
British forces have provided Regional Command South with a reserve battalion that can be
deployed to address emergencies anywhere in Afghanistan. 1°
The Australian Provincial Reconstruction Team in Uruzgan Province have been
working closely with Dutch forces. Despite the good reconstruction work being done, the
Australian Minister of Defence noted recently in an Australian Ministry of Defence
Newsletter that his Government is sending a 300-strong Special Operations Task Group,
to work within ISAF in the southern province of Uruzgan, to enhance provincial security,
disrupt Taliban extremists’ command and control and supply’ routes, support the
development of the Afghan national security forces and help reinforce the legitimacy of the
Afghan Government.
About 400 of a planned 1000 Polish troops have been operating in Afghanistan
since early 2007. Poland has placed no caveats on their forces.'* Germany is deploying an
additional six reconnaissance aircraft and the Italians are sending surveillance drones and
a transport plane.
“In the short term we will not remove the threat of the Taliban, but we will contain it,”
said British General David Richards, who completed his tour as ISAF's commander in
February 2007. The betting is that the Taliban will not attempt another conventional battle
but will intensify ambushes and suicide-bombings'’* and, in fact, no Taliban ‘spring
offensive’ has materialized this year.
9 The Prime Minister announced the funding on February 26, 2007. The Prime Minister s website says: “Prime
Minister Stephen Harper today announced up to $200 million in additional funding for reconstruction
and development activities in Afghanistan [...] The funding, to be disbursed this year and next on top
of Canada’s annual allocation of $100 million to development activities in Afghanistan, will flow to
five priority areas: governance and development ($120 million); counter-narcotics ($30 million);
policing ($20 million); de-mining ($20 million); and road construction ($10 million)” At
http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?category=1 &id=1552.
10 ISAF New Release. British troops ready to respond to immediate threats. May 17, 2007. At
http:/Awww.nato. int/isaf/Update/Press Releases/newsrelease/2007/pr070517-377.htm.
11 Defence Direct, April 2007. At http:/Awww.minister.defence.gov.au/defencedirect/apr2007/april. htm
12 Bogdan Zaryn. Polish Radio External Service. May 10, 2007. At
http://www. polskieradio.pl/zagranica/gb/dokument.aspx?iid=52208.
13 “A Double Spring Offensive.” The Economist. Print edition. February 22, 2007.
27
Beyond the military sphere, signs of progress are apparent in many parts of the
country, not the least of which is the growth in education and health care and the return of
more than four million refugees. According to Christopher Alexander, the UN Deputy
Special Representative of the Secretary General in Kabul, the health care system now
allows 85% of Afghans to have access to primary health care (from virtually 0% under the
previous Taliban regime); 7.3 million children have been vaccinated; 5.4 million children
(34% of them girls) area attending schools; the national GDP was $4 billion in 2002, but
has grew to $8.9 billion in 2006. Currency reform has taken hold and the national budget is
balanced. '“
So Canada and NATO entered the spring of 2007 with guarded optimism, better
prepared than last year, but still facing the same melange of threats.
THREATS
The Taliban
Taliban and al Qaeda insurgencies, fuelled by drug traffickers, corrupt officials and
common criminals, are equally active in Afghanistan and Pakistan.'° The Taliban, alon
with elements led by Afghan Islamist Gulbuddin Hekmatyar’s’® and foreign jihadi fighters’
are the primary, direct military threat to the security of Afghanistan and the authority of the
duly elected Afghan government in southern Afghanistan.'® They are also the main military
threat facing Canadian troops in Kandahar province.
Afghans are determined, brave fighters who have historically repelled invaders and
occupiers by asymmetric insurgency warfare. They are not known for fighting pitched
conventional battles in large numbers, but they will infest an area and wear down an
enemy with vicious hit and run attacks. The Committee often heard people wondering how
we could hope for any military success in Afghanistan, given Afghan success at defeating
occupying armies of Alexander the Great, the British and the Soviet Union. Such questions
greatly over-simplify the circumstances and are perhaps’ unrelated to
14 Alexander, Christopher. Evidence. Standing Committee of National Defence, February 27, 2007. p. 16.
15 Rubin, Barnett R. and Abubakar Siddique. “Resolving the Pakistan-Afghanistan Stalemate.” Special Report.
United States Intitute of Peace, October 2006.
16 Gulbuddin Hekmatyar served twice as Afghanistan’s Prime Minister in the 1990s, but was forced to flee to
Iran before the end of the decade. He opposed the US invasion of Afghanistan and ended up leading an
insurgency against the Afghan government. He was invited to participate in the Bonn Agreement in 2001, but
refused, complaining about American interference. He remains at large, still sponsoring insurgent attacks
against the Afghanistan government and foreign troops in the country.
We Ibid. p. 3.
18 Jones, Seth. “Pakistan’s Dangerous Game.” Survival Vol. 49, No. 1, Spring 2007. pp. 15-32.
28
current ISAF operations. Unlike its historical
occupation force. It is in Afghanistan at the req
and its mission is sanctioned by the UN.
predecessors, ISAF is not an invading or
uest of the duly elected Afghan government
The word Taliban is the Pashto plural form of the Arabic Lito Talib, "student". The
Taliban are a strict Sunni puritanical Islamist and Pashtun-nationalist movement that ruled
most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001. They emerged from the ethnically Pashtun
areas of Afghanistan. Many of the Taliban grew up in refugee camps in Pakistan and much
of the current membership is drawn from the students of religious seminaries, or
madrassas, in Pakistan.
The Taliban originated around 1993-1994. Pakistani military and intelligence
authorities based in the city of Quetta, located near the border with Afghanistan, formed a
militia movement consisting of religious students in Pakistani religious schools, to gain
control of the Afghan mujahedeen government. The leader of the movement was Mullah
Mohammed Omar. In early 1994, Omar gathered recruits from Islamic schools, and his
movement gained momentum. In October 1994, about 200 Taliban seized the Afghan
trading border town of Spin Boldak, thus opening a supply route for Pakistani aid to Afghan
Taliban sympathizers, who were based in Kandahar.
The Afghan government refused to accept the presence of Pakistan-sponsored
Taliban. Conflict escalated and a protracted battle ensued between Taliban and the
government south of Kabul, eventually spreading to northern cities such as Herat and
Kunduz. Pakistan began to aid, mobilize and expand the Taliban. A steady flow of
graduates from Pakistani madrassas, gave the Taliban a reliable supply of new recruits.
The Taliban captured the Afghan capital of Kabul in 1996 and, by 1998, controlled
over 90% of the country. Afghans then found themselves under the rule of an austere and
puritanical regime that banned television, most forms of recreation, non-religious music and
statues, such as the giant Buddhas in Bamiyan, which the Taliban destroyed in March
2001.
In 1996, Osama bin Laden moved to Afghanistan from Sudan. During Osama bin
Laden's stay in Afghanistan, he had helped finance the Taliban. After al-Qaeda attacked
US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, the US began actively supporting the
opposition Northern Alliance and demanding that the Taliban turn over Osama bin-Laden
to the US government."’ The Taliban protected bin Laden from extradition and continued to
harbour him after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US.
19 Ahmad Shah Massoud, the charismatic leader of the Northern Alliance was the target of a suicide attack on
September 9, 2001, two days before the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US, a timing considered
significant by some commentators who believe Osama bin Laden ordered the assassination to ensure he
would have the Taliban's protection and cooperation in Afghanistan.
29
On October 7, 2001, the US, aided by the UK, Canada, and a coalition of other
countries, initiated military actions in Afghanistan. The ground campaign was mainly fought
by the Northern Alfiance, the remaining elements of the anti-Taliban forces, which the
Taliban had never been able to destroy. In early December, the Taliban gave up their last
city stronghold of Kandahar and retired to the mountainous wilderness along the
Afghanistan-Pakistan border. They were not, however, idle.
The Taliban re-emerged to threaten the October 2004 presidential election, but
despite sporadic attacks in the weeks leading up to the vote, the election went off relatively
smoothly. In late 2005, the Taliban introduced new tactics against American, Canadian and
allied forces in southern Afghanistan, including the suicide bomb and other measures
adapted from the war in Iraq. Some intelligence sources indicated the presence of foreign
fighters too.
The insurgency continues. Less than 100 kilometres from Kandahar, just over the
Pakistan-Afghan border, are the tribal lands of Baluchistan Province. The major city in this
area is the Pakistani city of Quetta, the provincial capital of Baluchistan. Some say the
Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters can operate in this area with impunity.*° Others believe that
the presence of the Taliban is not only being tolerated by the Pakistani government, but
that it is being actively supported especially by the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
organization."
To make matters worse, some experts think Afghanistan is just one step away from
becoming a narco-state.** The mixture of corrupt warlords, illegal drug traders and a
massive poppy crop that provided most of the world’s opium supply in 2006, operating in
league with the Taliban, produces a formidable challenge.
The insurgency and the illicit drug trade cannot be controlled so long as the border
with Pakistan remains uncontrolled. The Taliban still enjoy sanctuary in Pakistan, whether
with the Pakistani government's approval (as President Karzai claims) or despite efforts to
stop them (as President Musharraf insists). In the south-east, the Americans have
reinforced their presence on the border with Pakistan. But in the Canadian and British
20 Jones, Seth. “Flagging Ally: Pakistan's Lapses Are Hurting the War on Terror.” San Diego Union-Tribune.
January 14, 2007. Seth Jones is a RAND Corporation expert in Terrorism and Nation-building.
21 Lamb, Christina. “Britain says Pakistan is hiding Taliban chief.” Times Online. October 8, 2006. At
http://www. timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article665054.ece. “Lieutenant-General David Richards will fly to
Islamabad tomorrow to try to persuade Pervez Musharraf to rein in his military intelligence service, which
Richards believes is training Taliban fighters to attack British troops.”
22 Dodd, Mark. “Afghanistan warns of narco-state danger.” The Australian. February 20, 2007. On February 19,
2007, Afghanistan’s Ambassador to Australia, Mohammed Anwar Anwarzai, said, "Unfortunately, we are
now on the verge of becoming a narco-state. | can confess to that.”
30
sectors, the frontier is virtually un
is unlikely to be more than a thin
part of the border.
guarded. Despite NATO's planned reinforcements, there
presence of special operations forces to watch over this
ISAF combat operations in southern Afghanistan during the past year highlighted
the apparent ability of Pakistani-based Taliban fighters “ se oer into
Afghanistan and attack Afghan and ISAF (including Canadian) military forces. Often, these
same Taliban forces, once defeated, were able to escape back across the border into
Pakistan where they seem to have enjoyed a degree of save haven. Afghan and NATO
political leaders have been diplomatically active in putting pressure on Pakistani President
Musharraf to rein in Taliban insurgents living in Pakistan. Musharraf, for his part, claims he
is doing what he can. Minister of Foreign Affairs The Honourable Peter Mackay told the
Committee:
While many efforts are being made, there is one reality that can't be denied, and that is
that 40 million Pashtuns are estimated to live along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. It is
from this tribal group that the Taliban insurgents who are attacking our troops derive most
of their support [...] Moreover, it is estimated that some 30,000 Pashtuns move,
effectively unhindered, back and forth across the Afghanistan border every day.”*
Afghanistan-Pakistan border issues are covered more fully in Chapter 4.
The Taliban are not just attacking the ISAF forces. They have attacked mosques
where moderate imams preach against them. They have attacked hospitals and other
social services funded by the international community. They have murdered teachers who
provide instruction to girls. One unidentified Taliban leader told al-Jazeera television, "By
the will of God, we expect to gain the confidence and support of the Afghan people,
especially their support for martyrdom operations, which will continue in the future. We
already have a large group of Afghan freedom fighters who are waiting to volunteer in
these martyrdom operations."°
On February 23, 2007, Radio Free Europe reported that groups of Taliban fighters
had launched a series of attacks across western, southern, and eastern Afghanistan,
beginning an expected spring offensive. NATO reported that Taliban forces were present in
at least five southern and western provinces of Afghanistan — Helmand, Kandahar, Farah,
Uruzgan, and Ghor. Earlier in the month, on February 2, 2007, Taliban elements seized the
town of Musa Qala in Helmand Province and controlled the town about 25 kilometres from
a key reconstruction project at the Kajaki hydroelectric dam. Meanwhile, correspondents at
23 The Afghan Border Police are stationed at established crossing points, but they are not capable of
conducting extensive border control operations.
24 Mackay, The Honourable Peter. Evidence. Standing Committee on National Defence, No. 24. November 22,
2006.
25 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. In Depth Afghanistan: The Taliban, Afghanistan's Fundamentalist
Leaders, updated March 21, 2006.
31
Kajaki reported that several hundred British Royal Marines had been fighting on a daily
basis to keep the Taliban far enough from the dam so that reconstruction work could
continue.
In the western Farah Province, several hundred Taliban fighters seized the remote
district of Bakwa on February 19. However, within 24 hours, the Taliban vacated Bakwa
and a day later 200 Afghan troops deployed to the town unopposed. Also on February 19,
in the eastern Kunar Province, US troops engaged Taliban fighters near the border with
Pakistan. That same day, militants in the southern part of Uruzgan Province ambushed
Afghan and NATO forces as they tried to dismantle a roadside bomb. Then, on February
20, a Taliban suicide bomber disguised as a doctor injured seven US soldiers when he
blew himself up at a hospital in southeastern Khost Province.
In 2007, as expected by ISAF, the Taliban has reverted to more ‘hit and run’ tactics
and suicide bombings directed at Afghan civilians, in an effort to turn them against ISAF
forces and foreigners generally. They have attacked and ‘retaken’ isolated towns, melting
away before having to face superior ISAF firepower. Previously, in 2006, whenever Taliban
forces massed to take on ISAF forces directly, they were decisively defeated, as they were
by Canadian troops in Op Mountain Thrust, Op Medusa and Op Falcon Summit. The
former Commander of ISAF, British General David Richards told the Committee during a
meeting in Afghanistan, in January 2007, that he felt the Taliban were over-rated as a
conventional fighting force, but that did not mean they were not dangerous. For its part,
ISAF has learned from its 2006 experiences and has been conducting its own aggressive
operations in southern Afghanistan, to disrupt anticipated Taliban operations.
Operation Achilles was NATO’s largest operation to date and it was launched in
Helmand Province in March 2007, to establish a wide area of security around the Kajaki
power dam, to enable needed repairs to take place and to ensure the dam would be able
to function into the future, providing electric power to the region. A Canadian combat team
under Major Alex Ruff was deployed to the Kandahar-Helmand provincial border area and
conducted operations to block insurgents trying to escape from other allied NATO forces.
Other NATO operations were conducted throughout southern Afghanistan during
the past three months and their collective effect has been to neutralize any significant
insurgent spring offensive. By mid-April, US General Dan McNeill, the Commander of
ISAF, said that an anticipated spring offensive by insurgents [...] [had] not materialized on
a large scale, although he warned that violence in the country could still reach last year’s
levels.
26 Chivers, C.J. “Major Taliban offensive hasn’t materialized, NATO General says.” /nternational Herald
Tribune, Wednesday, April 18, 2007.
32
Corruption, Warlords and Opium
Af et hl de Taliban may be the most direct military threat to the national security of
=e 1, Me poisonous mixture of widespread, ingrained corruption; independent
peerandra burgeoning illegal drug trade constitutes the most dangerous domestic
threat. Professor Janice Stein of the University of Toronto’s Munk Centre for International
Studies has said President Karzai’s government has an endemic problem of corruption and
that to eradicate it will be a long process, so we must be reasonable in our expectations
about how long it will take.2”
Another example of a challenge to political reform in Afghanistan has been the role
of warlords who have risen to power with both the Afghan government and the international
community's apparent blessings. While various allegations of their involvement in crimes
against humanity and war crimes persist, some remain notoriously corrupt. A great many
warlords simultaneously work for government and rule almost independently of national
strategies and priorities. This is one serious factor in the disillusionment of the population.??
The issue may linger a while. A revised version of a controversial bill granting
amnesty to groups that allegedly committed war crimes was signed into law on March 10,
2007, by Afghan President Hamid Karzai after being approved by the Afghan parliament,
which includes many former militia leaders. The resolution bars the state from
independently prosecuting individuals for war crimes absent accusation from an alleged
victim. It also extends immunity to all groups involved in pre-2002 conflicts, as opposed to
only leaders of various factions alleged to have committed war crimes during the 1980s
resistance against Soviet forces and war crimes committed during the country's civil war.
The Taliban and other human rights violators active before the establishment of the
December 2001 Interim Administration in Afghanistan are protected under the bill.2° Critics
say the law may violate Afghanistan's constitution as well as certain international human
rights treaties.
There is also a strong perception amongst Afghans that external forces are using
warlords, security force commanders and government officials for their own strategic
purposes. Such manipulation seriously undermines both the rights and livelihoods of
Afghans.°°
27 Stein, Professor Janice. Appearing on The Agenda. TV Ontario, February 20, 2007.
28 ACBAR. Brief to the United Nations Security Council on the Situation in Afghanistan.
29 Price, Caitlin. “Afghanistan president signs war crimes amnesty bill into law.” Jurist Legal
News and Research. University of Pittsburgh, Sunday, March ide 2007. At
http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pa erchase/2007/03/afghanistan-president-signs-war-crimes. hp.
30 ACBAR.
38
Last, but certainly not least, the drug economy is booming, despite extensive
attempts to wipe out opium production. International efforts to eradicate the poppy crop
failed so far. According to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC), opium poppy
production in the country reached a record 6,100 metric tons in 2006, beating the 2005
total by 49 percent. Poppy crop eradication programmes have tended to affect the poorest
farmers who, in the absence of a viable alternative crop, are left with essentially two
choices — continuing poverty or working for the Taliban.
Illicit drugs breed corruption. Counter-narcotics efforts provide leverage for corrupt
Officials to extract enormous bribes from traffickers. Such corruption has attracted former
militia commanders who joined the Ministry of the Interior after being demobilized. Police
chief posts in poppy-growing districts are reputedly sold to the highest bidder: as much as
$100,000 is paid for a six-month appointment to a position with a monthly salary of $60.
And while the Taliban have protected some small farmers against eradication efforts, not
single high-ranking government official has been prosecuted for drug-related corruption.*'
A detailed discussion of all these issues is beyond the mandate of our study and
Canadian military forces do not have a direct role in any of these areas. They do not
participate in poppy crop eradication, nor do they engage in any counter-narcotics
operations. They may however, have some positive influence on Afghans as they work
with and mentor them in various activities, from employing local Afghans to mentoring
Afghan National Army (ANA) leaders. Beyond that, a full investigation of these troubling
issues must be left to a future study.
Our Own Impatience
The Committee was not sure how to address this issue and it too may be outside
our mandate, but it did strike us that much of the debate of Canada’s overall Afghanistan
mission, and specifically of the military mission, seemed to be characterized by a certain
impatience to ‘get it over with.’ This may be a manifestation of our tendency to look at the
problem through Western eyes and, frankly, view it as somewhat of a distraction from what
we should be doing with our lives here in Canada. Afghans do not have the luxury of
looking at their predicament in such a detached way.
Viewed through a historian’s lens it might be noticed that since the Second World
War, Western tolerance for protracted conflict has become quite limited. Public opinion at
home, detached as it is from the reality of the battlefield, can turn on a dime and force
governments to bring the troops home, just because citizens feel they have had enough.°?
31 Rubin, Barnett. “Saving Afghanistan.” Foreign Affairs. January/February 2007. At
http://www. foreignaffairs .org/20070101faessay86105/barnett-r-rubin/saving-afghanistan.html.
32 US forces were consistently militarily successful throughout the Vietnam War, but that record was no match
for the anti-war movement. In the eyes of Americans, the war had simply gone on for too long, at too high a
price for little apparent gain.
34
In some ways, thi :
YS, this sounds a little Selfish, especially when such considerations do not
include any attempt to underst
pack up and go home. Stand what might happen to those we are trying to help if we
Virtu
eile pe) ce told the Committee that it will take decades to get Afghanistan
de ei riving member of the international community. “Balkan-like time”*° is
ador Christopher Alexander described the expected time-line.**
tins moe hs ea ea Ua came to think that uninformed impatience at home might
pee ee jin on our national will and therefore have a negative influence on
A neal OW at Is required to achieve strategic objectives set by Government.
not dwell on this point, but it did add to our consideration of the roles played by
government and the ia | isi ete
D INSERT media in exercising their responsibilities to keep Canadians informed
33 The United Nations Protection Force first entered Croatia in 1992. The NATO Implementation Force (IFOR)
entered Bosnia in 1995. It became the NATO Stabilization Force (SFOR) in 1996. Military forces, now under
European Union command, remain in the Bosnia-Herzegovina today.
34 Alexander, Christopher. UN Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary General (Political Affairs) in
Afghanistan, appearing before the Committee on February 27, 2007.
35
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CHAPTER 2 — THE MISSION
Question: What is the most im
Answer: We need security, el
portant thing Afghans need right now?
ectricity and clean water.
Ahmadsha, from Kandahar City
Provincial Reconstruction Team website at
http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/afghanistan/library/kprt-en.as May 2007.
GENERAL
| While much of this report tends to concentrate on the mission as we found it late
in 2006 and early 2007, the Committee wants to highlight the point that the Canadian
Forces returned to Kandahar in the summer of 2005, to take over the PRT. Then in early
2006, Brigadier-General David Fraser and the 1 PPCLI Battle Group deployed to lead ISAF
operations against the Taliban, who had been re-establishing their forces in Kandahar
Province ever since they were ejected by the US in 2001.
Upon his arrival in February 2006, Brigadier-General Fraser took command of
the Multinational Brigade in Regional Command South, including a complement of US
forces under command.’ During the height of summer fighting the Multinational Brigade
conducted a transition to ISAF command while simultaneously rotating fresh troops from
Canada. Canadian troops assisted UK forces getting into Helmand (Major Bill Fletcher
went to Sangin, originally for five days, but was finally brought out after five weeks), and
other Canadian elements assisted the Dutch deployment into Uruzugan Province, flying
about 1,000 Dutch soldiers in Canadian C130 Hercules aircraft. Canadian troops received
extensive accolades from the US, UK and the Netherlands. Not much of this was known at
home.
In September 2006, Op Medusa was ISAF’s first major military operation and its
aim was to clear Taliban insurgents from a fortified position in Pashmul, about 30 km west
of Kandahar City. It was a success, led by Canadians. Press reports indicated that, in the
first few days of fighting, more than 200 insurgents were killed and about 80 captured.
Another insurgent group of about 180 fled.? The Taliban had threatened to take Kandahar
tall eben ws ea eh Cee EE,
iti its mili irected by foreign commanders in operations. It
1 The US has traditionally not allowed its military forces to be direc yt
was an indication of the confidence they have in the quality of Canadian military leadership that US forces
were placed under Canadian operational command in Afghanistan.
2 McArthur, Donald. “Canadian troops press ahead in Op Medusa.” Canwest News Service, Windsor Star.
September 6, 2006. At http: /mww.canada.com/globaltv/national/story.htm|I?id=57f6ad09-1281-4cf9-b 1ca-
2c90d4ce8154.
32
and defeat NATO in the process, but it was the insurgents who were defeated. Canadian
troops beat them. This was the Taliban’s first defeat in this area since 2001, according to
the Afghanistan Ministry of Defence and the Chief of the Afghan armed forces.
Op Baaz Tsuka (Falcon Summit) followed, in December 2006. It built on the
success of Op Medusa and aimed to establish an enduring and stable environment for the
delivery of humanitarian assistance, reconstruction and development initiatives for the
people of the Zhari and Panjwayi districts. Operations were carried out in conjunction with
Afghan National Security forces. ISAF and Afghan military forces worked together with
tribal elders and district leaders in an effort to provide assistance and targeted development
directly to the people of Zhari and Panjwayi.° This operation too was successful in driving
insurgents away, so that development and reconstruction activity could begin.
The Taliban did not achieve any of their objectives in 2006.* By the end of the
year, General David Richards, the ISAF Commander, was able to note that in three of the
five ISAF Regions, there was more than a 40% reduction in attacks on ISAF troops in
December 2006, compared with December 2005. As well, the overall insurgent incident
total dropped from a peak of 913 in August to a low of 342 in December 2006.
All this is recent history, however. It will be helpful to go back a bit and review
how we got to where we are today.
THE MANDATE
The Bonn Agreement? called for an Interim Authority to be established in
Afghanistan on December 22, 2001. In addition to asking for the assistance of the
international community in the establishment and training of new Afghan security and
armed forces, and in the rehabilitation of Afghanistan's infrastructure, the Agreement
included an explicit invitation from the Interim Authority for the deployment of a
UN-mandated military force to assist in the maintenance of security in Kabul and its
surrounding areas.
3 NATO Press Release. “Operation Baaz Tsuka will send a strong message to Taliban from Afghan people.”
December 15, 2006.
4 General David Richards, Commander ISAF, in a briefing to the Standing Committee on National Defence, in
Kandahar, January 26, 2007. He listed the Taliban aims for 2006 as being (1) to take Kandahar; (2) to
remove the British troops from Helmund Province; and (3) to continue offensive operations throughout the
winter (2006-07). None of these aims were attained.
5 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. Agreement on Provisional Arrangements
in Afghanistan Pending the Re-establishment of Permanent Government Institutions.
At http://www.unama-afg.org/docs/_ nonUN%20Docs/_Internation-Conferences&Forums/Bonn-
Talks/bonn.htm.
38
On December 20, 2001
establishment of ISAF to help
aS appropriate, ex
the first of the ISA
, UN Security Council Resolution 1386 (2001) authorized the
the Interim Authority maintain security in Kabul. ISAF could,
pand to other urban centres and areas $ Then, on 22 December 2001,
F troops were deployed, under British control.
By early February 2003, Canada had been asked to participate in ISAF. Then
Minister of National Defence, The Honourable John McCallum, told the House of
Commons: :
[...] Canada has been approached by the international community for assistance in
maintaining peace and security in Afghanistan for the UN mandated mission in Kabul.
Canada is willing to serve with a battle group and a brigade headquarters for a period of
one year, starting late this summer. We are currently in discussion with a number of
potential partners.
In April 2003, Minister McCallum explained in the House of Commons, “ [...]we
are very proud that we will be sending 1,500 to 2,000 troops to Afghanistan for six months
and another 1,500 to 2,000 for the following six months.”® Canadian troops were on the
ground later that summer and the Canadian contingent provided the bulk of ISAF forces in
Kabul. About the same time, in August 2003, NATO took over command of ISAF and the
UN Security Council authorized ISAF to deploy its forces beyond Kabul, to help stabilize
the security situation and allow the extension of the government's authority throughout the
country.
In support of ISAF expansion, the Canadian government decided to re-deploy
the Canadian Forces personnel from Kabul to Kandahar, to take over a US Provincial
Reconstruction Team (PRT) in 2005. The Honourable Bill Graham, Minister of National
Defence at the time, explained to the House of Commons:
[... we have decided, with our NATO allies, to increase Canada's military commitment to
Afghanistan over the next several months. In fact, by early next year, our military
presence and role in Afghanistan will be greater and more varied than it has been to
date, notwithstanding significant contributions over the past three years[...]
Canada chose to deploy a provincial reconstruction team to Kandahar, because we have
been there before. We know the region well. It is also one of the provinces most in need
of security and rebuilding[. ..]
In February, the Canadian Forces will also be deploying into Kandahar a brigade
headquarters of about 350 persons that will command the multinational force there for
nine months. At the same time, we will be deploying a task force of about 1,000 troops
into Kandahar for one year{...]
6 Ibid., Annex I.
u McCallum, The Honourable John. Hansard. February 12, 2003.
8 Ibid., Hansard. April 28, 2003.
39
Earlier, when he visited Afghanistan on 12 October 2005, Minister Graham had
noted in a press conference:
| think there’s no question but that the mission in Kandahar is a much more dangerous
‘mission [...] We’ve always said that [...] we were under no allusions that this would be an
easy PRT[...] So our troops were ready and prepared to face the fact that they may have
to face attacks [...] it will be more in the nature of a combat mission where they will be
out looking for people who are doing exactly this type of thing to try and destabilize the
country and they’ll be on the lookout for them. That’s going to be their job is to go out and
meet them in the field and destroy them and destroy their capacity to attack our troops
and to attack innocent Afghan people.”
A change in the government brought no substantial change in the mission. In
summarizing his remarks to the House of Commons during a debate on the Afghanistan
deployment, The Honourable Gordon O’Connor, Minister of National Defence said, “Our
Canadian Forces are in Afghanistan because it is in our national interest, because we have
the responsibility to take a leadership role in world affairs and because Afghans need us
and want us to help them.” On May 30, 2006, appearing before the Committee, he was
more explicit:
...Canada is in Afghanistan to ensure the security of Canadians... .
[W]e need to address threats to our security before they reach our shores. Canada
therefore has a responsibility to ensure that the extremists who would harm us and our
allies can no longer find refuge in Afghanistan ....
We're also in Afghanistan in support of our friends and allies in the G-8, NATO, and the
United Nations, who all consider Afghanistan a priority. As a responsible member of the
international community....
And third, Canada is in Afghanistan for the sake of the Afghan people.
He also noted that the conditions outlined in the Afghanistan Compact’? would
provide the measures of success for the mission:
As part of our commitment to Afghanistan, Canada signed the Afghanistan Compact,
which clearly outlines how the Government of Afghanistan, the United Nations, and the
international community will work together over the next five years to ensure that the
multilateral efforts in Afghanistan are successful. The compact also clearly identifies
benchmarks against which to evaluate progress made in Afghanistan.
9 The Honourable Bill Graham. Teleconference Transcript. October 12, 2005. DND Website at
http://www.dnd.ca/site/newsroom/view_ news _e.asp?id=1778.
10 A copy of the Afghan Compact can be seen at
http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/20060130%20Afghanistan%20Compact%20Final%20Final,0.doc.
40
We should remember ho
National Defence, Forei
different — but hopefully
order to be effective.
wever, that within Canada’s overall mission in Afghanistan,
gn Affairs and International Development all have their own
complementary — priorities. Specific tasks must be coordinated in
In summary, Canada’s overall effort in Af i
con ghanistan has been endorsed by
successive UN Security Council Resolutions, for the past five years. The most recent
Security Council Resolution, 1746 of March 23, 2007, extended mandate of the United
Nations Mission in Afghanistan and ISAF until March 23, 2008.
THE MISSION
The Canadian Forces mission in Afghanistan has been somewhat misunderstood
by Canadians, subject to unbalanced reporting by the media and inadequately explained
by the government.
. The mission never has been and never will be a peacekeeping mission. This is not
a mission in which Canada is an impartial observer. We have chosen to stand with the
democratically elected Government of Afghanistan and against the insurgency that
opposes it.
It is also important to understand that Canada is not the ‘lead’ nation. The UN
coordinates activity of the international community in Afghanistan. The security agenda is
largely managed by ISAF. While Canada provides the leadership of the Kandahar PRT, the
PRT is not a “Canadian” entity per se. The Kandahar PRT is an ISAF element. The PRT
exists to facilitate the delivery of development and reconstruction from any international
donor, not just Canadian agencies. While Canada can certainly provide development and
reconstruction support through the PRT, it does not control all PRT reconstruction activity.
Canadian Brigadier-General Tim Grant exercises national command over the
Canadian Forces in theatre, on behalf of the Chief of the Defence Staff.
Brigadier-General Grant also exercises operational command over the Canadian
Forces elements in Afghanistan that have been assigned to NATO operational control,
which means that while Canada retains ultimate command over the Canadian Forces in
theatre, the operational plans and orders come through the NATO chain of command, all
the way from the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, to ISAF in Afghanistan. Brigadier-
General Grant therefore takes his operational orders from the Commander, Regional
Command South — currently a British Major-General.
COMMITMENTS
The total extent of the Canadian Forces commitments in support of Afghanistan
operations have never been fully appreciated by Canadians at large. The roster is
impressive in both substance and variety.
41
Operation! APOLLO
Op Apollo was Canada's original military contribution to the campaign against
terrorism.
On September 20, 2001, Minister of National Defence, The Honourable Art
Eggleton authorized more than 100 military members serving on military exchange
programs in the US and other allied nations to participate in operations conducted by their
host units in Afghanistan.
In early October, in response to the terrorist attacks in the US, the North Atlantic
Council (NATO's senior political advisory body) invoked Article 5 of the Treaty of
Washington, which states that any attack on a NATO nation launched from outside that
nation shall be interpreted as an attack on all the NATO nations. Days later, on October 7,
2001, Prime Minister, The Right Honourable Jean Chrétien announced that Canada would
contribute air, land and sea forces to the international force being formed to conduct a
campaign against terrorism.
General Ray Henault, the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) at the time, prepared
several military units for deployment. The next day, Minister Eggleton announced Canada’s
2000-person military commitment to Op Apollo, including an infantry battle group for
ground operations in Afghanistan and Navy warships that immediately began deploying to
the Arabian Sea.
Canada was the first coalition nation, after the US, to send warships into the
Southwest Asia operational theatre, where they engaged in force-protection operations,
fleet-support operations, al-Qaeda and Taliban leadership interdiction operations, and
maritime interdiction operations. At its peak in January 2002, the Canadian Naval Task
Group comprised six warships and about 1,500 Navy personnel. The Navy commitment to
Op Apollo ended in December 2003.
In January 2002, Canada deployed combat troops to Kandahar as part of a US
Army task force. The Canadian contribution was built on the 3 Battalion, Princess
Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (3 PPCLI) Battle Group, which included a
reconnaissance squadron from Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (LdSH(RC)),
and combat service support elements from 1 Service Battalion. This was a combat mission
that, in addition to providing security at Kandahar Airfield, saw Canadian troops engaged in
the capture and destruction of al-Qaeda and Taliban forces.
The 3 PPCLI Battle Group returned home in July 2002, but in March 2003 the
Canadian Forces ground commitment to Op Apollo continued with the provision of an
11 The operations described here are Canadian operations, each of which is a discreet activity focussed on a
specific mission. They should not be confused with NATO combat operations such as Op Medusa or the US
Op Enduring Freedom.
42
infantry platoon deployed elsewhe
re in the Arabi
deployed Canadian Forces units. lan Gulf region to provide local security to
. In November 2001 a Strategic Airlift Detachment deployed from 8 Wing Trenton
with one CC-150 Polaris (Airbus A310) long-range transport aircraft and about 40
Canadian Forces members, including three flight crews and one air-cargo handling team.
Its tasks included medical evacuation, sustainment and re-supply, rapid delivery of
operationally required items, and movement of personnel into the theatre of operations. In
May 2002, the detachment ceased operations and returned home, but the CC-150 Polaris
continues to provide support today by Carrying out regular sustainment flights from Canada
to the Arabian Gulf region.
In December 2001, a Long Range Patrol (LRP) detachment of two CP-140 Aurora
surveillance and maritime patrol aircraft, with about 200 Air Force personnel, including flight
crews and Support personnel, deployed to the Arabian Gulf region to provide
reconnaissance and surveillance support to the coalition maritime forces. The LRP
Detachment conducted its last mission in June 2003, having completed 500 missions and
logged more than 4,300 flying hours.
Operation ALTAIR
Op Altair, which began in October 2003, consists of single Canadian warships
deployed individually to operate with US carrier strike groups in the Arabian Gulf region, as
part of US Op Enduring Freedom. It continues today.
Operation ACCIUS
Few Canadians have ever heard of Op Accius, the one-man operation in which a
senior Canadian Forces officer was deployed to serve as a military advisor to the civilian-
led United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). Op Accius began in late
2002 and ended in June 2005. .
Operation ARCHER
The Canadian contribution to the US Op Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan is known
as Op Archer. It consists of about 30 Canadian Forces personnel who fill various roles
within the US-led Combined Security Transition Command — Afghanistan
43
(CSTC-A) that is working to reform and build both the Afghan National Army (ANA) and
Afghan National Police (ANP). The Canadian Forces provide a Brigadier-General as
Deputy Commander and about 12 other Canadian officers to CSTC-A in Kabul.
The Canadian Forces also contributes 15 personnel to act as instructors involved in
the training of the Afghan National Army at the Canadian Afghan National Training Centre
Detachment (C ANTC Det) in Kabul.
Operation ARGUS
During his tenure as Commander ISAF in 2004, General Hillier realized that the
emerging Government of Afghanistan required help and support to develop a capable and
effective bureaucracy. The Afghan Compact and the Afghan National Development
Strategy provided ‘what’ had to be done. Afghan bureaucrats required help with ‘how’ to
plan and implement the appropriate strategies. General Hillier offered Afghan President
Hamid Karzai a team of military officers to train and support Afghan government
bureaucrats. President Karzai gladly accepted the offer.
Since September 2005, the Canadian Forces has, on a bilateral basis, provided a
Strategic Advisory Team-Afghanistan (SAT-A). The SAT-A is a multi-disciplinary team of
experienced and seasoned military and civilian strategic planners working in close
cooperation with the senior ministerial leadership of the Government of Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan in accordance with Canada’s ‘3D’ approach. It operates under the following
guidance from the Chief of the Defence Staff:
“The SAT will work directly with the GOA [Government of Afghanistan] to identify the
critical paths required to established efficient and durable Afghan institutions. The SAT will
assist the GOA in the identification of the enabling capabilities, resource requirements,
critical activities/milestones and a performance measurement framework. The scope of the
team’s activities will be determined through consultation with the GOA and the Canadian
Ambassador to Afghanistan”?
The SAT-A mission statement is:
To conduct credible and accountable capacity building operations in direct support of the
senior leadership of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan that ensures
strategic coherence and results in good governance, peace and security in support of the
Afghan Compact."*
12 From a presentation by Lieutenant Colonel Fred Aubin to a Conference of Defence Associations Institute
roundtable on March 30, 2007. Lieutenant Colonel Aubin had just returned to Canada after serving nearly
one year as the Deputy Commander of the Strategic Advisory Team-Afghanistan.
13 Ibid.
da
The SAT-A consists of 14 Canadian Forces
to advise on devel
element, two tea
communications a
as necessary.
members, augmented by a CIDA officer
opment issues. The team includes a small command and support
ms of strategic planners, a defence analyst and a strategic
dvisor. The composition, size and Capabilities of the team are adjusted
Although the SAT-A it is a military unit on an independent operation and therefore is
legally directly responsible to the CDS, it works in consultation with the Canadian
Ambassador, his Head of Aid and with a senior representative of the Afghan government.
The SAT-A is not, in any way, an intelligence organization, nor does it have any covert
military role as some media have insinuated. The SAT-A is a non-parochial organization
that serves at the pleasure of the Afghan government. As with all other Canadian Forces
elements in Afghanistan, SAT-A aims to build Afghan capacity, providing direct planning
Support to government ministries and working groups in the development and governance
realms. It does not work on issues in relating to the ‘Security’ pillar of the Afghan Compact.
However, in addition to supporting Afghan government ministries,'* the team has worked
extensively with the Afghanistan's National Development Strategy Working Group, Public
Administration Reform, Civil Service Gender Equity Policy, and with the Ministry of Rural
Rehabilitation and Development.
Canadian Forces strategic planners are embedded in their partner Afghan
government ministries and agencies and work under Afghan leadership. The basic method
of operation is that the team assists working level officials integrate the substantive ideas of
the Afghan leadership and international experts into cohesive strategic frameworks. °
Examples of SAT-A work are their facilitation of government officials' movements to
visit flood-damaged areas for damage assessments; support provided to meetings that
were held with eight provincial councillors to discuss disparity and support with respect to
national, provincial, and local initiatives; and support to the Minister for Rural Rehabilitation
and Development, in preparing for a visit to Canada last fall. Finally, the SAT-A has also
been helping with the preparation of provincial development plans, to coordinate efforts
between provinces, ISAF, and the UN.
Some may question the use of military officers in this way. There are three reasons
why Canadian Forces officers form the SAT-A. First, senior Canadian Forces officers are
trained in strategic planning and programme organization. They are accustomed to
14 The SAT-A works with the following government ministries: The Chief of Staff of the Office of the President;
The Senior Economic Advisor to the President; The Executive Director of the Afghan National Development
Strategy; The Minister of Justice; The Minister of National Communications, The Minister of Rural
Rehabilitation and Development (National Solidarity Program), The Minister of Education; The Minister of
Transportation and Civil Aviation; The Minister of the Interior; The Minister of Finance; and The Chairman of
Independent Administrative Reform and Civil Service Commission. SAT-A does not work on issues relating
to the “security pillar’.
15 DND website. Op ARGUS. At http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/afghanistan/arqus e.asp.
45
setting up and running large, complex operations and this experience is valuable in helping
to build an equivalent Afghan bureaucratic capability. Second, members of the SAT-A
come from both the Regular and Reserve Force, and have a variety of specific
qualifications, knowledge and experience in fields such as communications, logistics, law,
medicine and engineering. Third, no one else seems to be stepping forward, from other
government departments, to volunteer to do the job. Military officers will readily agree that
the Canadian Forces should not expect to be doing the SAT-A job for a long time and that
other government departments have public servants who are much more qualified to
provide strategic bureaucratic advice and support. But the CDS recognized the
requirement and acted quickly to provide a remedy. Canadian Forces personnel gladly
reacted and continue to serve in the role. If any other government department displayed
equivalent initiative or desire to provide qualified personnel, the Canadian Forces would
welcome the effort. So far no one else seems to be interested.
Operation ATHENA
Op Athena is the current Canadian Forces contribution to ISAF. It includes about
2,500 personnel.
After leaving Afghanistan in July 2002, the Canadian Forces returned in August
2003 under Op Athena, with the deployment of a large contingent to Kabul, to serve with
ISAF. For nearly two years, Canada provided the command element of a Multinational
Brigade and an infantry battle group to help establish security in Kabul and the surrounding
region. In 2003, then Major-General Andrew Leslie served as the Deputy Commander of
ISAF and, from February to August 2004, then Lieutenant-General Rick Hillier commanded
ISAF, which at that point comprised some 6,500 troops from 35 countries.
Over five successive six-month rotations Canadian Forces troops conducted foot
patrols in the city and surveillance missions throughout the ISAF area of responsibility.
They conducted armed raids on illegal weapons caches and suffered injury and death as a
result of mines and suicide bombers. Throughout their tour of duty in Kabul, Canadian
Forces contingents facilitated the democratic process for the Afghan National Assembly,
Provincial Council elections and the Presidential election.
In late 2005, this phase of Op Athena ended with the redeployment of Canadian
Forces elements to Kandahar, to temporarily be part of the US Op Enduring Freedom and
prepare for a return to an expanding ISAF. Canadian Forces personnel took over the
leadership of a Provincial Reconstruction Team from US forces and Brigadier-General
David Fraser took command of the Multinational Brigade in Regional Command South in
February 2006. With him came the 1*' Battalion, Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry
(1 PPCLI) Battle Group to conduct operations against the Taliban in Kandahar Province, in
an effort to establish a secure environment in which reconstruction and development
activity could thrive. 1 PPCLI would spend most of their tour in combat against the Taliban,
suffering a number of dead and wounded. A Canadian diplomat was killed by a suicide
bomber in Kandahar City.
46
re ae us pies ISAF was expanding its area of responsibility and operations,
p g P Enduring Freedom forces as it went. On 31 July 2006, the Canadian
troops in Kandahar returned to under operati |
3 onal command of |
southern region of Afghanistan from Ue ore and of ISAF as it took over of the
ISAF authority is exercised through five subordinate Regional Commands (RCs):
a. Regional Command Capital in Kabul;
b. Regional Command North in Mazar-e Sharif;
c. Regional Command West in Herat:
d. Regional Command South in Kandahar; and
e. Regional Command East in Bagram.
Each of these Regional Commands, with the exception of Regional Command
Capital, have their own PRTs, the role of which is to assist local authorities in the
reconstruction and maintenance of security in the area.
a. Five PRTs in Regional Command North;
b. Four PRTs in Regional Command West;
c. Four PRTs in Regional Command South (of which one, in Kandahar, is led
by Canada); and
d. 12 PRTs in Regional Command East.
Today, the Canadian Forces contingent in Afghanistan is called Joint Task Force
Afghanistan (JTF-Afg) and is commanded by Brigadier-General Tim Grant. Soldier for
soldier, JTF-Afg provides more capability than any other national contingent in Afghanistan,
organized as shown below:
a. 1200 person infantry battle group; including —
1. À combat engineer squadron,
2. An artillery battery,
3. An armoured reconnaissance troop,
47
4. A Leopard tank squadron,
5. A Tactical Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (TUAV) Unit, and
6. Operational Mentor Liaison Teams (OMLTs) partnering with
Afghan National Army (ANA) Infantry kandak (battalion) and
ANA Corps HQ;
b. 70 Health Service Support (HSS) personnel at the Multinational Medical
Unit (MMU) at Kandahar Airfield;
c. 30 military members with the Multi-National Brigade (MNB) Headquarters;
d. 300 military members with the National Command Element (NCE) at
Kandahar Airfield;
e. 300 military members with the National Support Element (NSE) in
Kandahar;
f. In Kabul, about 50 military personnel at ISAF Headquarters, 15 personnel
with a smaller NSE Detachment and 11 at the Canadian Embassy;
g. 250 military members with the Theatre Support Element (TSE) in
Southwest Asia; and
h. The Kandahar Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT).
Canadian Air Force Contribution
The Canadian Air Force has been continuously supporting Canadian Forces
operations in Afghanistan and this region, since 2002. Together with tactical inter-theatre
airlift, between the staging area at Camp Mirage and Kandahar, the Air Force provides a
lifeline to JTF-Afg. This air bridge requires absolute dedication to ensure it operates
effectively, because the very success of the mission in Afghanistan depends on it.
In 2006, over 550 flights of strategic airlift, representing the movement of thousands
of people and tonnes of materiel, have supported Canadian troops. The fleet of five CC-
150 Polaris Airbus aircraft has been used largely for personnel transport and for smaller
pallet-sized cargo. The majority, almost 75% of the strategic airlift, however, has been
accomplished through contracted airlift, including C-17 chalks provided by the United
States Air Force.
48
res een and Peteonnel are first flown into Camp Mirage, the primary Canadian
Heo rineenatratir In ; e theatre. Camp Mirage is also used to administer personnel
ner ce Che rom Afghanistan during periods of home leave travel assistance or
Lae on. Camp Mirage Is commanded by a Canadian Air Force lieutenant-
olonel and Is operated almost exclusively by air force personnel. Thousands of air force
personnel have quietly served in Camp Mirage since it was first established in 2002.
Given the current air threat and risk assessments in theatre, the CC-130 Hercules
remains the sole Platform for moving personnel into Afghanistan from Camp Mirage. The
Hercules, about one-third to one-quarter the size of the strategic lift aircraft, is the
workhorse of our air mobility fleet. During 2006, they have made over 500 flights into
Afghanistan.
j The Air Force also operates within Afghanistan. Air and ground crew are conducting
flying operations with the CC-130 Hercules throughout Afghanistan in direct support of
Canadian Forces operations in that country. Whether transporting personnel from
Kandahar to Kabul or parachuting up to 14,500 kilos of supplies per flight to deployed
soldiers throughout the country, they make a tremendous difference. They have become a
key enabler to commanders by providing supplies to soldiers in remote areas of
Afghanistan that are not supported by a road network, or in areas in which the Taliban are
disrupting the road network.
In addition to supporting Canadian soldiers, the Canadian Air Force has been
instrumental in delivering personnel and supplies for other nations, including the
Netherlands, the US and UK. Canadian flight crews are acknowledged by other nations for
their accuracy and effectiveness, particularly when it comes to air-dropping supplies into
dangerous and hostile environments.
The Canadian Air Force also has responsibility for generation and provision of
uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV) capability for JTF-Afg. Air Force and Army personnel work
together in an integrated tactical UAV unit, providing intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance support to commanders in the field.
Men and women of the Air Force are also actively engaged in key positions within
ISAF headquarters in Kabul. Major General Angus Watt'® recently served as the ISAF
Deputy Commander (Air) and occasionally ran ISAF operations during the Commander's
absence from theatre. Other Canadian Air Force personnel serve in the SAT-A in Kabul. In
addition, airfield engineers and other skilled Air Force personnel are integrated into a
variety of units.
16 Soon to be Lieutenant General Angus Watt, assuming the position of Chief of the Air Staff (Commander of
the Air Force) in National Defence Headquarters, Ottawa.
49
Canadian Navy Contribution
The Canadian Navy has also provided officers, both Regulars and Reservists, to
work in the SAT-A. Naval personnel were seconded to the US-led Combined Forces
Command-Afghanistan to assist in the transition between American forces and NATO
forces that occurred in 2006. A variety of Naval personnel — military policemen, doctors,
cargo movement specialists, drivers, supply techs, etc. — serve with JTF-Afg. Specially
skilled naval clearance divers have been put ashore to contribute to the critical and highly
dangerous function of defeating improvised explosive devices in theatre.
Naval technical and operational experts have been assisting the Chief of the Land
Staff to determine the feasibility of deploying the Phalanx close-in weapons system, or
CIWS — a devastatingly accurate Gatling gun normally on Canadian destroyers and
frigates as an essential last defence against anti-ship missiles. The weapons could be of
use in defending selected installations from inbound mortar or rocket fire.
It should also be remembered that in October 2001, it was a Canadian naval task
group and maritime aircraft that defended the US Navy and US Marine Corps force that
seized Kandahar from the Taliban.
NATIONAL COMMAND VS OPERATIONAL COMMAND
National Command
At the present time, Brigadier-General Grant, as Commander JTF-Afg, exercises
national command over all Canadian Forces elements in Afghanistan. A national chain of
command is maintained to deal with matters of national policy, administration, and
discipline. The CDS always retains full command of any Canadian Joint Task Force (JTF)
deployed overseas through the Commander, Canadian Expeditionary Forces Command
(Comd CEFCOM), who in turn issues operational direction to the appointed Commander of
the JTF.
Operational Command
In the case of NATO operations in Afghanistan, Canada has agreed to provide
forces under Operational Command (OPCOM) of NATO commanders. JTF-Afg is
responsible for all military operations in Kandahar Province and Brigadier-General Grant
takes his operational orders from British Major General Jacko Page, the Commander of
Regional Command South. A graphical representation of national and operational chains of
command follows in Figure 1.
50
Canadian National Chain of
Command NATO Operational Chain of Command
Minister of National North Atlantic Council
Defence
Chief of the
Defence Staff
Supreme Commander Allied
Powers Europe (SACEUR)
Commander Joint Force
Command Brunssum
Commander International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)
Commander Canadian
Forces Expeditionary
Command
Commander Joint Task
Force Afghanistan
(JTF-Afg)
National
Command
Element
Battle Group
National Provincial
Support Reconstruction
Element Team
Theatre Support
Base
Figure 1 — National and Operational Chains of Command
KINETIC AND NON-KINETIC OPERATIONS
As can be seen from the array of elements within JTF-Afg, the Canadian Forces
mission in Afghanistan is much more balanced and versatile than is generally thought. One
aspect of this balance is its ability to conduct kinetic and non-kinetic operations. As the
term implies, kinetic operations feature the traditional use of military force to attack and
destroy an enemy. Non-kinetic operations involve non-combat military activity.
ile kineti ither i the enemy’s will to fight, non-
While kinetic operations may either impress or remove nen
kinetic operations are usually the ones that ‘win the hearts and minds’ of the people. JTF-
Afg is able to do both — well.
51
The 1200-person infantry battle group is a formidable unit capable of strong kinetic
operations. It has never been beaten. Its success in Op Medusa, alongside other NATO
troops and elements of the Afghan National Army in the fall of 2006, has been hailed as
perhaps the most significant NATO victory yet, in Afghanistan. The 1 RCR Battle Group,
working with allied ISAF forces, defeated a Taliban force trying to reach Kandahar city.
However, the battle group is also able to conduct effective non-kinetic operations,
sometimes at considerable cost to the soldiers. Battle group elements provided security
posts to protect the construction of a new road — Route Summit — in the Panjwayi district,
last winter. With Canadian, German and US funding, a Japanese construction company
was contracted to build the road with Afghan labour. Canadian military engineers provided
some advice for part of the work. Canadian soldiers have been killed and others injured in
Taliban attacks on the road, but construction continued until completion.
Another example was Op Falcon Summit (Baaz Tzuka). Days prior to the operation,
Canadian soldiers held several meetings with tribal elders to discuss reconstruction efforts
that would begin, and to persuade locals to help support ISAF and to help ISAF keep the
Taliban out of the area after the Taliban have been removed. Then, on December 15,
2006, NATO aircraft attacked a Taliban command post in the area. Later that same day,
other NATO aircraft began dropping three sets of leaflets over the region. The first set
warned the population of the impending conflict. The second drop included a plea for locals
to turn their backs on the Taliban and support NATO. The final set of leaflets had an image
of a Taliban fighter with a large X superimposed on it, to warn Taliban fighters to leave the
area or suffer the consequences. By the time the operation ended in January 2007, very
little military force had been used and Taliban, who were not killed or captured, had left the
area.
The Kandahar Provincial Reconstruction Team (KPRT) is JTF-Afg’s principal non-
kinetic operational unit, comprised of military and civilian personnel with a variety of skills,
all designed to support local reconstruction and Afghan capacity building in Kandahar
province. To balance its non-kinetic capability, the PRT can conduct low-level kinetic
operations if required, usually to protect other elements of the PRT.
Also as noted above, JTF-Afg has an ensemble of other non-kinetic elements that
keep busy. Medical personnel conduct outreach clinics in rural villages, Canadian Forces
personnel mentor Afghan National Army personnel in Kandahar and at the Kabul Military
Training Centre. The SAT-A supports government planners in Kabul too.
AFGHAN DEVELOPMENT ZONES
In the southern provinces of Afghanistan ISAF is pursuing what has been called the
“Ink Spot” strategy. Officially it is referred to as the Afghan Development Zone (ADZ)
concept, to establish regions that are sufficiently safe to allow a focus on reconstruction.
The intent is to have these ADZs grow and spread like flowing ink, until Afghan government
influence and authority covers the country.
52
‘sc oka anna ADZ is created this way. Security forces first clear an area of
CUGHERINGHORAI A maintain a Presence to ensure security of development projects by the
AE oe "my, Afghan National Auxiliary Police and ISAF, augmented by support
“nine PRT and other development agencies then roll out a concentrated
programme of spending on projects that have a key economic and social multiplier value,
such as bridges, roads, wells, or clinics. ISAF offers a quick reaction capability to protect
these ADZs against renewed insurgent activity.
JTF-Afg is tasked to make Kandahar City into an ADZ. Canadian tactics in this
regard have seen the deployment of robust elements of infantry and tanks into forward
operating bases beyond Kandahar City, astride likely approaches that might be used by
Taliban forces. Security within the city is the responsibility of the Afghan National Police,
supported by the Afghan National Army. The KPRT is active within Kandahar City too. The
approach is working.
THE KANDAHAR PROVINCIAL RECONSTRUTION TEAM (KPRT)
Canada assumed responsibility for the KPRT in August 2005. It is one of 25 PRTs
throughout Afghanistan that help to:
a. Extend the Afghan government's authority and ability to govern;
b. To facilitate the rebuilding of local infrastructure; and
c. To provide services to its citizens.
The KPRT aims to facilitate an interdepartmental approach that enables Afghans to
help Afghans. It cooperates with non-governmental organizations, international
organizations and identifies reconstruction needs where the international community may
be unable to operate.
The KPRT includes about 350 personnel, mainly Canadian Forces members, but it
also has diplomatic advisors from DFAIT, development officers from CIDA, civilian police
led by the RCMP, and officers from Corrections Services Canada. About 145 of the total
strength are deployable on operations. The remainder are responsible for planning and
administering KPRT work from Camp Nathan Smith in Kandahar City. It is organized as
follows:
a. The PRT Commander's Tactical Headquarters Group, to provide
protection and mobility to the PRT Commander and his staff;
b. An infantry rifle company to protect and escort PRT personnel, provide a
quick reaction force for Kandahar City, and conduct defence and security
tasks;
53
c. Military project managers (military engineers) that enhance the PRT’s
ability to manage quick impact reconstruction and development projects;
d. A Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) Platoon;
e. A Military Police Platoon;
f. Health and medical support;
g. À service and support element; and
h. Other specialized elements, including personnel from the US Department
of State and the US Agency for International Development (USAID).
Range of Expertise
It is important to know that the KPRT works to build Afghan capacity rather than do
the work themselves. Lieutenant-Colonel Simon Hetherington told the Committee during its
visit to Kandahar in January 2007, that they aim to put an “Afghan face” on everything they
do. At the local level, PRT experts meet with village ‘Shuras’ — a gathering of village
elders — to determine what Afghans want and need. The PRT then facilitates the work to
be done by Afghans.
The KPRT is led by Canadian military personnel, but it is not only an entirely
Canadian organization. The US Department of State has deployed personnel of the US
Agency for International Development (USAID) to be part of the Kandahar PRT and there
is also representation from the Afghan Ministry of the Interior.
One example of the work done by those serving in the KPRT is found in the case of
Warrant Officer Dean Henley, nicknamed by locals as the ‘Prince of Panjwayi.’ He could be
the most popular man in southern Afghanistan because of a silver suitcase he carries. The
suitcase is packed with money for locals, who are paid $5 a day to clean schoolyards, or
dig out ditches and canals. When the Committee met Warrant Officer Henley in
Afghanistan in January 2007, he had employed over 500 by then. He told us that the idea
was to give Afghans just enough money that they won't become dependant on the
Canadians for work.
Warrant Officer Henley is a Canadian Army reservist, who normally works as a
school teacher in Canada. The KPRT is full of Henleys.
54
Security
KPRT work requires a secure environment. The Taliban oppose reconstruction work
at the local level and have threatened a i i
Rat nd murdered Afghans collaborating with
EL and ISAF initiatives, notably Safia Ama Jan, the head of a provincial women's
affairs department, who was gunned down near her home in Kandahar in September 2006.
The KPRT also includes an infantry rifle company that provides local security for
KPRT personnel as they go about their reconstruction business. The Canadian Brigade
Group conducts higher level operations to eliminate and neutralize Taliban forces in the
area.
Funding Flow
During its visit to Kandahar, the Committee heard that one of the problems facing
the PRT was that, reconstruction money was not coming through fast enough from CIDA.
Informal information told us that CIDA funding in Afghanistan was subject to the same
contracting and accounting regime imposed in Canada and that such red tape succeeded
only in delaying the flow of necessary funding through the PRT, for projects waiting to be
done.
We recall that a senior CF officer made this same point to another Parliamentary
committee earlier in 2006. In October 2006, the Commander JTF-Afg had a reconstruction
fund of $1.9 million dollars, provided by DND, to be spent on local reconstruction projects.
It has since been increased to nearly $4 million. There was also another ‘pot’ of money to
be provided by CIDA for other, longer-term projects and it was this second source of
money that was slow in coming. The public record shows the following exchange:
BGen. Howard: Minister Josée Verner has been here. She spoke about the $100 million
a year that goes into Afghanistan and 10 per cent of it is aimed at the Kandahar province.
That is as per her transcripts when she was here last time. Based on that 10 per cent
then, a number of projects are ready to go created by the PRT with the three
development officers. They are simply waiting for this funding to arrive. Once they have
the funding they can prosecute these projects.
The Chairman: The troops have been there for how long, and we are waiting for funding
from CIDA still?
BGen. Howard: Yes, sir. ?
Howard, Brigadier-General A.J. Evidence. Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence,
October 16, 2006.
i
55
The difficulty in moving money through the government bureaucracy is another
element that contributes to perceptions of imbalance. If the 3D strategy is to be effective, all
three Ds must be able to apply their individual expertise in a complementary and
aggressive way to address the mission at hand. It seems though, that CIDA may have
been a drag on diplomacy and defence in late 2006. The Committee hopes that lessons
have been learned and that with the new reconstruction and development money
announced in February 2007, by Prime Minister Harper, CIDA has changed its funding
process to allow project money to flow at the speed needed to meet the operational
requirements of the mission.
A number of related recommendations flow from this issue.
RECOMMENDATION 1
The government should review regulations governing the
disbursement of reconstruction and development funding through the
Kandahar Provincial Reconstruction Team, to ensure project funding
can flow at the rate necessary to meet the requirements of the mission
and establish a process of financial and project accountability.
RECOMMENDATION 2
The timely disbursement of reconstruction and development funding to
the field is not only important in Afghanistan, but in all of Canada’s
international operations. Therefore, the government should review
regulations governing the dispersal of reconstruction and development
funding in all international operations, to ensure project funding can
flow at the rate necessary to meet mission requirements and establish
a process of financial and project accountability.
RECOMMENDATION 3
While the disbursement of reconstruction and development funds are
routinely accounted for in Departmental Performance Reports and
responsible Ministers may be requested to appear before
Parliamentary committees to report on such expenditures, the
Committee feels that audits of international development funds should
ensure that project funding is transparent, effective and efficient and
establish a process of financial and project accountability.
56
CHAPTER 3 — MANDATED STUDY ISSUES
MISSION DURATION
This is like playoff hocke
y Sir. Lose and you're out. Y i
ee M ou don't want to leave the game feeling you
À young Canadian Army officer in Kandahar, over coffee
January 2007
Government has committed the Canadian Forces to operations in Afghanistan until
February 2009. Minister O'Connor made that clear when he appeared before the
Committee on May 30, 2006, saying, “People are speculating about 10, 15, or 20 years.
That's just speculation. Right now, our military commitment — | can't speak for diplomacy
or aid — is to February 2009.”
From all that has gone before it is apparent that the rebuilding of Afghanistan and
the establishment of democratic institutions will not be complete by then. Many speak of
taking decades or generations to finish the job. In the immediate future however, the
International Community, agreed, in the Afghan Compact, to assist the Afghan government
in a number of specific ways until at least 2011. Canada is a signatory to the Afghan
Compact and has committed $1 billion in official development assistance to Afghanistan
until 2011.
Apart from those wider concerns, the Committee sees two specific issues of prime
importance to the Canadian military mission in Afghanistan. First is the hope that a
sufficiently secure environment will exist in February 2009, in which reconstruction and
development proceeds unhindered by the Taliban. Second is the desire to see adequately
trained Afghan security forces able to protect their country on their own, by February 2009.
If both those conditions exist at that time, Canada can happily declare an important part of
the job done and bring its military forces home, leaving a robust contribution of professional
development personnel in place. However, if either of those conditions is not present, and
we insist on bringing the troops home, Canada’s current military responsibilities will have to
be handed off to someone else. We will have left the job undone.
There are compromises available, but even they will require another country to
deploy combat troops to Kandahar Province, in placed of Canadian troops. Canada may
decide to keep its leadership of the PRT and simply bring home the battle group.
Government may also consider moving the military reconstruction elements to another
location in Afghanistan. Both of these options require additional combat troops from
another country.
57
The Committee thinks however, that the central issue in any call to end the mission
2009 or earlier, is the fact that some simply do not like to see the Canadian Forces fighting.
As we alluded to earlier, such a view is at odds with our national history, is not in keeping
with our demonstrated strength of national character and it certainly is not in keeping with
the current reality in Afghanistan.
Much in this conversation troubles us. It all sounds too much like packing our bags
and getting out of town because the task is too hard. Is it really in our nature to plan to not
complete our work simply because we don’t want to?
While visiting Kabul in May 2007, on behalf of CARE Canada, which has worked in
the country for decades, former Deputy Prime Minister John Manley said, in a telephone
interview, he felt it is too soon to conclude that Canada should withdraw its troops when its
commitment expires in two years. "| don't think we should leap to conclusions," he said,
and added that the debate about keeping troops in Afghanistan has to look at what
progress has been made in establishing a civil society and what Canada Ss allies plan to do.
"It's far too simplistic to say we've done our part and we should go," Mr. Manley said.’
The Committee strongly feels that any decision to end the military mission, at any
time, should be based entirely on whether or not the strategic objectives assigned by
Government have been achieved, or can be achieved. An important consideration in
reaching that decision will include whether Canada wants to, or is able to, continue to pay
the cost in terms of national blood and treasure. Simply put, in February 2009, is it still
worth it?
In addressing the Committee on February 27, 2007, James Appathurai, the NATO
Spokesman and Ambassador Christopher Alexander made it clear — talk of withdrawing
from Afghanistan provides solace to our enemies, causes our allies to lose confidence in
us and reduces Afghan hopes for continued help. Almost everyone we heard from agrees
that Afghanistan is a long-term project and that Canada should be “in for the long haul.”
The Committee believes there is still time to give the military mission a chance to do
its work. In acknowledging that government has a mission deadline in place, the first topic
of discussion ought to be an examination of what we need to do to succeed in that
timeframe — not why and how we should get out before the job is done. Having given
ourselves a deadline, it is a moral and professional responsibility to develop and execute a
plan that meets the goals we have set for ourselves. Given our military experiences during
the past year, what is it we can now do to ensure we meet our objectives by February
2009?
1 Campbell, Murray. “Ten Killed in Kandahar Bombings.” The Globe and Mail (Print Edition). May 18, 2007. At
http://www.rbcinvest.theglobeandmail. com/serviet/ArticleNews/PEstory/LAC/20070518/AF GHAN18/Internati
onal/international/international/3/3/24/.
58
Frankly, the Committee b
elieves Parliament and
the country in this position in the nd government should not have put
Mey or first place. Approving an operation for a specified period of
time is a Saying we will come home after only one period of hockey, no matter what the
are eciding a timeline and then deciding what to do is the reverse of what should
appen. Proper strategic planning would start with a thought-out definition of the aim,
followed by the development OT a st ate
f I gy al 1d Campaign plan to act eve it. Parliamer it
should debate tl 1e sti ategy, not tl ic timelir 1e.
The Committee believes that the first Step to set things right must be a renewed
effort to help Canadians understand the military mission in Afghanistan. We also believe
that government has an opportunity to regain constructive, non-partisan support for the
mission by ensuring that a fully informed Parliamentary debate on mission objectives and
Strategy is conducted in 2008. The debate should be preceded by a concerted government
effort to inform the public of the mission status and present a realistic measure of the
mission’s success and the outlook for the future. Such information should also include a
clear explanation of the benefits to Canada, to be gained from the effort.
RECOMMENDATION 4
The government should hold a debate on the Canadian mission in
Afghanistan without delay, to provide Canadians with an accurate and
up-to-date understanding of the aim and status of the mission,
Canada’s role in it and to inform government decision-making relating
to the mission deadline in February 2009.
STATE OF PERSONNEL
Given the pressure of combat, the Committee was impressed by the aggressive
professionalism of the Canadian Forces men and women in Afghanistan and by how well
they all seemed to be holding up.
The Army bears the brunt of the manpower load for the Canadian Forces mission in
Afghanistan. Lieutenant-General Andrew Leslie, the Commander of Canada’s Army
appeared before the Committee on November 20, 2006 and outlined the personnel
challenges he faces, the more important of which are covered in following paragraphs.
The Army has sufficient personne! to fulfill the requirements of the mission until
2009, but it will not be easy. One of the areas of considerable pressure is that facing senior
non-commissioned officers (Senior NCOs — personnel in the rank of Sergeant). These
men and women are the backbone of the Army. They lead soldiers in operations, train
them in combat schools, and carry out other important duties, but there are simply not
enough of them.
59
Apart from needing more people, the Army must also deal with the fact that its unit
establishments do not match the structures that are being deployed to Afghanistan. For
example, an infantry company in Canada is usually composed of 100 to 110 soldiers. The
operational companies in Afghanistan are about 145 to 150 strong. That means when an
infantry company is assembled for deployment, the Army has to draw on at least two other
companies in the same battalion.
Lieutenant-General Leslie has directed that Army establishments here in Canada be
restructured to mirror those in operations. The regular field force structure is migrating
towards one that is based on three brigades and 9, perhaps 10, infantry-based battle
groups. These brigades and battle groups are then to be organized, trained, and equipped
just as they will deploy in operations. After its current tour of duty in Afghanistan ends, the
2™ Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment (2 RCR) will be designated a standing battle
group for a five-year trial.
Apart from these general concerns, another personnel issue that gets attention from
everybody is the care and handling of casualties.
Health Services
The Canadian Forces has established a separate Health Services command. A
separate military health care system exists because The Constitution Act of 1867 assigned
sole responsibility for all military matters, including military health care, to the federal
authority. The National Defence Act gives the Minister of National Defence the
management and direction of the Canadian Forces. He, in turn, gives management and
direction of the medical and dental services to the Canadian Forces.
In addition, the 1984 Canada Health Act specifically excludes Canadian Forces
members from the definition of “insured persons”. They are also excluded from insurance
coverage under the public service medical and dental care plans. Accordingly, the
Canadian Forces leadership has a strong legal and moral obligation to provide
comprehensive health care to Canadian Forces members, whether in Canada or abroad.
In return for the commitment and unlimited liability to serve their country, Canadian Forces
members must be provided with health care comparable to that which is provided to all
Canadians, yet tailored to meet their unique needs.
Despite what many people assume, the Canadian Forces Health Services does not
provide regular health care to military families. The provision of health care to military
families, like the provision of health care to all citizens, is a responsibility of the Provincial
governments. Many military families, such as those in CFB Petawawa for example, being
somewhat more remote from a big city than some other bases, have a difficult time finding
a family physician. In such cases, the Military Family Resource Centres on Base
60
offer counselling and referral he!
when a spouse is deployed awa
information about Military Family
p for military families who need such support, particularly
y On an operational mission like that in Afghanistan (more
Resource Centres is found below).
In operations, health care takes on
a whole new meaning and importance. There
are generally two types of casualties in theatre — physical and psychological.
Physical Injury
_ The physical casualties, particularly battlefield casualties are dealt with quite
effectively by the tactical level medical elements that extend from immediate first aid in
combat, back through the unit medical station, to the Role 3? Multinational Hospital at
Kandahar Airfield. During its visit to the Role 3 facility, the Committee was greatly
impressed by the multinational team who treated everyone — allied soldiers, Afghans and
yes, even Taliban casualties — with the same professional urgency and care.
Casualties stabilized in the Role 3 facility, but who require further treatment beyond
what is locally available, are usually evacuated to the US regional medical facility in
Landstuhl,? Germany, a world-class hospital that provides the finest care available to our
wounded service men and women. If a Canadian casualty is required to spend any amount
of time in Landstuhl, the Canadian Forces makes arrangements for their next-of-kin to fly
over and be with them.* General Hillier, the CDS, has presented the hospital with an official
award of thanks, on behalf of Canada, for all they have done for Canadian troops. .
Depending on the nature of their injuries, casualties may be flown directly home to
Canada from either the Multinational Hospital in Kandahar, or from Landstuhi. Upon return,
they are put in the hands of the Canadian Forces Health Services for further care.
2 In military terminology and organization, a Role 1 medical capability is that low-level battlefield first aid
provided by medical personnel in the field. Role 2 is usually a more established, but still austere facility that
can provide basic surgery. A Role 3 medical facility provides triage, more advanced surgery and other
medical support.
3 The Landstuhl Regional Medical Center is a 143-bed medical facility locate near Ramstein Air Force Base,
Germany. It operates under the Commander of the US Army in Europe and the European Regional Medical
Command. More than 100 soldiers have been treated there since the fall of 2005. It is supported by Fisher
House, which resembles a North American Ronald McDonald House where families stay and receive
support while their loved one is in hospital. The Maple Leaf, April 25, 2007, Vol. 10, No.11. p. 15
e. On 21 March 2007, Brigadier-General Grant, the Commander of
Fisher Hous
4 They are accommodated at F1 CR Battle Group and a$20,000 donation from all
i se Wi the 1R
JTF-Afg presented Fisher House with a plaque from
of JTF-Afg. The Maple Leaf, April 25, 2007, Vol. 10, No.11. p.15.
61
During our visits to CFBs Edmonton and Petawawa, Committee members spent
considerable time talking with wounded soldiers who had come home and who were under
continuing care. Every one of them — every one of them — had nothing but praise for the
care and attention they had received from the time of their injury, no matter what route they
followed in coming home.
When we met with more seriously injured soldiers in CFB Edmonton and CFB
Petawawa, they clearly told us that their primarily concern was being able to remain in
uniform. They knew that the extent of their injuries might not allow them to continue the
kind of soldiering they had been doing, but each of them was determined to stay in the
Canadian Forces and do something of value.
After a period of treatment, a medical judgement is made whether an injured soldier
can continue to serve in the Canadian Forces. This judgement is based on the Canadian
Forces policy of ‘universality of service’ which means, essentially, that everyone in the
Canadian Forces is liable to be deployed into an operational theatre and they must
therefore be able to meet the physical requirements demanded by such a posting.
Regrettably, some wounds or disabilities are so serious they will never heal or be mitigated
to the point of allowing the serviceman or woman to have any hope of regaining such a
high standard of fitness.
Personnel who are medically released from the Canadian Forces are subject to the
close scrutiny and administration of an integrated transition process that is cooperatively
managed by DND and Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC). These young Veterans and their
‘dependent families are eligible for all the compensation and benefits provided by the New
Veterans Charter.°
Psychological Injury
Psychological injuries are more difficult to diagnose, treat and follow-up. Officially
categorized as Operational Stress Injuries (OSI), these injuries can occur as a result of a
myriad of incidents of stress and manifest themselves in a variety of ways. Here again,
DND and VAC have developed an effective, cooperative programme for service personnel
with OSI — both serving and retired.
It comes as no surprise that the stress of continued combat is one cause of OSI, but
there are others. Those who live in anticipation, or dread of bad news, like families at home
in Canada, might be affected by OSI too.
5 See the Veterans Affairs Canada, New Veterans Charter website at
http://www. vac-acc.gc.ca/clients/sub.cfm?source=F orces/nvc&CFID=6926210&CFTOKEN=95200984.
62
aaa ere lh the battlefield, Canadian Forces leaders at all levels are now
boot es Signs of OSI and they keep close eye on their subordinates for any
Se ehaviour. There IS a traditional machismo in military ranks that, in past,
as ten eC to mask, Ignore and denigrate the apparent ‘weakness’ of ‘shell-shock’ or other
signs of cowardice.’ Although such extreme attitudes are no longer the case, the
Committee did hear that the inclination to hide signs of OSI was still prevalent, particularly
in the more combat-oriented units. As troubling as that may sound, it should also be noted
that it is in those units that the low-level leadership is most attuned and able to detect signs
of trouble, because the consequences of letting OSI fester on the battlefield are so dire.
Brigadier-General Hilary Jaeger, the Canadian Forces Surgeon General at the time,®
believes that the current generation of combat arms leaders is very aware of the crucial
role they play in looking out for the mental health of their personnel, and they do consider
the possible emotional reactions to each incident, encourage peer support, and they do not
hesitate to ask for advice.’
Of primary importance is the pre-deployment training that the troops receive, for at
least two reasons: one, the more confident a member is of his or her skills, the better they
will be able to react when challenged; and two, the more a member feels part of a cohesive
group, the better it is for their mental health. Challenging collective training is also
extremely important in building a cohesive team.
Some of Brigadier-General Jaeger’s additional thoughts on the Canadian Forces
mental health regime, which she outlined for the Committee on 27 November 2006, are
outlined in the following paragraphs.
All soldiers are given a thorough but general psycho-social screening before
deploying. Spouses are normally invited and encouraged to attend with the member.
Regrettably, some spouses are not able to attend for a variety of reasons — some simply
do not wish to attend, others may live out of town and still others may have other
obligations at the time. The intent is to discuss any personal concerns or complicating
circumstances the soldier may have (i.e. their own health status, an ailing parent, pending
legal action etc.) to assess the impact that the deployment would have on these kinds of
stressors. All Canadian Forces personnel also undergo a general medical screening done
prior to being cleared for the mission.
While in theatre, all troops can access the mental health team, which currently
includes a psychiatrist, mental health nurse and a social worker, or, they can discuss
concerns with a Chaplain or general duty medical officer.
6 Brigadier-General Jaeger has since been appointed Commander, Canadian Forces Health Services.
Jaeger, Brigadier-General Hilary. Evidence, Standing Committee on National Defence, November 27, 2006.
63
Concurrently, the Canadian Forces Health Services continue to work at educating
all personnel on mental health issues. There are three important lessons. First, Acute
Stress Reaction (sometimes known as Combat Stress Reaction, once known as ‘shell
shock’) is the classic case of the good soldier who just can't go on any more, develops
tremors, tearfulness, etc., or perhaps even runs away. This is an acute, usually short-term
condition best treated close to the soldiers unit through simple measures such as
adequate rest and food, coupled with the clear expectation that the member is normal
and will return to duty. Most doreturn to duty if managed correctly. Second, Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a very different thing. As an anxiety disorder, it can
arise on the basis of a single severe stressor and produce a variety of symptoms that can
be lumped under three general headings — avoidant, re-experiencing, and hyper-vigilance.
In the Canadian Forces, it seems to come to light in a delayed manner and therefore most
of the military’s focussed mental health tools address this condition in the enhanced post-
deployment screening process that takes place four to six months after military personnel
return home. Third, the stresses of deployment can certainly make almost any mental
health condition worse, from depression to simple phobias to personality disorders.
At the end of an operational tour of duty in Afghanistan, all personnel spend some
“decompression time” in Cyprus, four days to relax and reduce the stress associated with
coming back home. While much of the value of this activity is in the rest and recreation it
affords the soldiers, there is an educational component that allows members to recognize,
understand, and in some cases control their emotional reactions to certain situations.
Some personnel, who have gone through the decompression process told Committee
members that, before they left Afghanistan, some of them viewed the stop-over in Cyprus
as being a "four-day obstacle between me and my wife and kids.” However, upon having
completed the decompression programme, they all agreed the break was beneficial and
needed, particularly for those who had been involved in prolonged bouts of combat.
Given the proven popularity and perceived value of the decompression period and
its positive impact on managing the mental health of returning soldiers, the Committee
wonders why such a decompression is not provided to those who are coming home for
their mid-tour leave period. Is this just a simple oversight?
Consider the 1RCR Battle Group in ROTO 2, over the autumn and winter of
2006-07. Almost from the days of arrival in August, the battle group remained in intense
combat for at least three months and then saw sporadic fighting for the rest of the tour.
Surely soldiers who were slated for their leave in, say, November, would have been subject
to a significant degree of combat stress. Surprisingly, there seems to be no attention paid
to the requirement for any decompression in such a case. So, given all the good work that
has been done in recent years by the Canadian Forces in the field of OSI prevention,
diagnosis, treatment and care, here we have an instance where it seems to have been
ignored. A soldier who has experienced severe combat stress early in his tour
64
and is scheduled to take his leave back
young wife and children. Why is he an
going home at the end of the tour?
home is simply put on a plane and sent back to his
y less likely to be a victim of OSI than the soldier
RECOMMENDATION 5
DND should review the need for some sort of flexible decompression
programme for soldiers going home on mid-tour leave.
Four to six months after returning home, the troops undergo an enhanced
post-deployment screening, which consists of a standardized, fairly extensive
questionnaire followed by a semi-structured, one-on-one interview with a mental health
professional. This is thought to be an effective tool for early detection of mental health and
coping concerns. Brigadier-General Jaeger thinks four to six months is about the right point
at which to do this testing because, at this point, many people who may have had
symptoms upon their return home will have had them resolved spontaneously, while others
may have either had delayed onset of symptoms or may be more willing to admit to
symptoms that have been there all along. Moreover, a member who has any concerns
about their mental health at any time can seek help from a variety of sources without
waiting for this particular screening to be scheduled.
Not all major Army bases have equal access to mental and other health support.
When we visited CFB Petawawa, we learned that among the three major Army bases that
support Afghanistan deployments, CFB Petawawa was served by only nine mental health
professionals, as compared with 27 at CFB Edmonton and 35 at CFB Valcartier. However,
Brigadier-General Jaeger explained that about 30 health care professionals are available in
Ottawa to support the nine in Petawawa whenever needed.
There are other mental health team members. In addition to military mental health
support, there is an independent, but complementary network that is doing great work.
Operational Stress Injury Social Support (OSISS)
The Operational Stress Injury Social Support (OSISS)® network came into being in
the spring of 2001, in response to a combination of recommendations made by the
Standing Committee on National Defence and Veterans Affairs, the Department of National
Defence Croatia Board of Inquiry and the Department of National Defence Ombudsman.
The objectives of OSISS are:
8 The DND OSISS website is found at http://www.osiss.ca/.
65
a. To develop social support programs for the members, veterans and
their families who have been affected by operational stress; and
b. To provide education and training that will eventually change the
culture within the Department of National Defence and Canadian
Forces particularly — but also within Veterans Affairs Canada —
toward psychological injuries.
The OSISS program provides confidential peer support and social support to CF
personnel, Veterans, and their families, affected by an operational stress injury like anxiety,
depression, or PTSD resulting from military service. Social support is offered by individuals
who have themselves experienced an operational stress injury, and by family members
who fully understand, through their own experiences, operational stress injury issues.
The OSISS peer support program is available throughout Canada to serving
Canadian Forces personnel, Veterans and their families. Peer Support Coordinators are
located in most major cities. Trained Peer Support Coordinators, who themselves have
been injured by operational stress, offer support by listening to those who are suffering,
drawing on similar experiences, and providing guidance on resources available in DND,
VAC and their own community. Privacy is respected and conversations are kept
confidential.
Family Support Coordinators offer support to families affected by an operational
stress injury by listening, providing information, engaging in discussion groups, and making
connections to community resources.
One of the advantages of the OSISS network is the fact that it is entirely
independent of the military chain of command and so many serving personnel and their
families feel more comfortable seeking OSISS assistance. Despite encouragement to the
contrary, many believe that their military career will be adversely and irreparably affected if
operational stress injuries are pursued through normal military channels.
To support the OSISS network, Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC) has established
OSI Clinics to help Veterans, Canadian Forces members, and eligible RCMP recovering
from an OSI. Support is also available for their families. The OSI clinics have teams of
mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses and clinical
social workers, who provide high quality standardized assessment, treatment, prevention
and support services.”
9 More information on the VAC OSI Clinics can be found at
http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/clients/sub.cfm?source=mhealth/osic.
66
RECOMMENDATION 6
pace se Amen should recognize the critical and growing work done
y the Operational Stress Injury Social Support Network and support it
with appropriate funding and other resources, so that it can keep up
with the growing need of caring for returning Afghanistan Veterans and
their families.
Amenities
JTF-Afg is perhaps the best supported force Canada has ever sent abroad. The
degree of support provided by Canadians across the country is simply phenomenal. It
rivals, and sometimes surpasses that of the Second World War. Certainly nothing since
then compares with what we see now.
This support has been manifest in the amount of material Canadians have sent
overseas to the troops. Everything from Christmas cards from school children, to toques, to
cakes has made its way to Kandahar. In fact, Committee members heard from several
soldiers who sheepishly said that there was simply too much coming their way. However,
they quickly pointed out that nothing was wasted and what did not end up with in military
hands went to worthwhile charities in Afghanistan.
The Canadian Forces Personnel Support Agency (CFPSA) provides morale and
welfare programs, services, and activities to JTF-Afg. They have over 60 civilian volunteer
employees (75% of whom are women) who organize sports, holiday flights and internet
cafés for the troops, among other things. The Agency manages the amenities that support
the decompression period in Cyprus too.
CFPSA also manages the Tim Hortons outlet at the Kandahar airfield, located right
beside “Maple Leaf Gardens” a full-scale ball-hockey rink, complete with overhead
floodlights. Situated along the “boardwalk”, a raised walkway around the main sports field,
where other nations’ commercial outlets are beginning to appear, the Tim Hortons trailer
has become a symbol of Canada and a popular stop for troops of all nationalities living on
the base. The outlet is not a traditional Tim Hortons franchise operation. It is owned by the
Canadian government and cost $1.2 million to put in place, but profits have been coming in
at a rate much higher than expected.
10 In addition to local merchants, there is a Burger King, a Pizza Pizza and a bank with an ATM.
here in Canada — except that they are in US currency.
ted out that the best gift to give a soldier deploying to
bought in Canada, in Canadian dollars, for use in
11 Tim Hortons prices in Kandahar are the same a$
‘Inside information’ provided to the Committee poin
Afghanistan is a Tim Hortons coupon (or many of them)
Kandahar.
67
CFPSA contracts live radio and television programmes to be transmitted to troops
deployed overseas. Deployed troops can also make regular contact with family at home via
e-mail. They can also book time at a video centre, to connect with their families in the
supporting base video centre.
Books, videos, nightly movies and the popular Christmas show tour featuring
well-known Canadian celebrities — Rick Mercer for example — are all provided through
CFPSA.
As might be expected though, most of this terrific support is found at Kandahar
airfield, but some of it also makes its way out to military personnel serving at isolated
forward operating bases and exposed strong-points. Exercise and we Oued equipment
is a common feature at these isolated locations.
The entire morale and welfare support programme for the Canadian Forces in
Afghanistan is better than it has ever been. There is however, room for more. A double-
double is good with a Beavertail.
RECOMMENDATION 7
The government should actively encourage other appropriate Canadian
entrepreneurs to increasingly participate in support of Canada’s
overseas missions.
The Home Front
When Canadian Forces personnel deploy to Afghanistan, there are a number of
organizations activated at home, to support the families left behind. They are:
a. The Deployment Support Centre
b. Unit rear parties
c. Military Family Resource Centre; and
d. Local civic groups and officials.
Deployments are built around a major unit such as an infantry battalion, but many
troops from other units on a base, or within a brigade, are taken up in the mission. When
such a large group deploys, the parent Canadian Forces Base establishes a Deployment
Support Centre to act as a ‘one stop’ point of contact for all deployment support matters
going to the troops overseas, or coming back to the families from the mission area. Each
unit that has provided a significant number of troops for the mission has a representative
68
located in the Deployment Support Centre to
practice, everyone in the De
helps all equally.
take care of unit personnel interests. In
ployment Support Centre cooperates with everyone else and
| Complementing the Deployment Support Centre are the Unit Rear Parties, an
element of a deployed unit that remains behind to take care of unit business, while the
Major ity of the unit are away on operations. Rear Parties act as the contact point for
families and play a part in keeping the families informed of the mission circumstances.
They also provide support and advice to families left behind.
____ Perhaps the most formidable of support establishments available to families is the
Military Family Resource Centre (MFRC), one of which is found on each major military
base. They are part of a network of centres sponsored and managed by the Canadian
Forces Personnel Support Agency and each one is independent of, but enjoys the support
of, the military chain of command. The MFRC provides a range of programmes and
support for families from arranging for babysitters, to daycare, to counselling sessions. The
MFRC acts as a drop-in centre or it can be a refuge in times of stress. They run
Reunification Workshops to help families adjust to the return of parent from overseas.
Deployment workshops are conducted for the children of service personnel, to help them
understand and cope with the departure, or return of a parent. The average MFRC agenda
is a model of service.
MFRCs are guided by a Board of Directors, usually composed of wives or husbands
of military members and representatives of the military chain of command. The MFRC
functions under the day-to-day management of an Executive Director and a small staff.
The majority of the work is done by a corps of volunteers from the military community —
mainly from those same stalwart military families of whom we are so proud.
Finally, but certainly not least, is the considerable support provided by local
municipal organizations and officials how have helped to take care of military families at
home.
Recently though, a troublesome issue has come up. As noted above, stress can
affect military families at home, just as much as it might impact on soldiers serving
overseas. As troops from CFB Petawawa returned home after six months of virtually
constant combat in Afghanistan, there has been a noticeable increase in stress related
cases among Petawawa military families, but wait times at a local clinic in Pembroke deny
treatment for months. The clinic’s budget allowed it to handle about 10 referrals a month
from the military base at Petawawa. However, over January and February 2007, the centre
has become inundated with up to 90 referrals in one month. It needs more resources to
handle the load.
69
While Canadian Forces personnel are exempt from the Canada Health Act and are
therefore provided with health care by the Canadian Forces and federal funds, military
families are not. Their health care, like all other civilians, is the responsibility of provincial
governments. While they wait for help, some military families, who already bear a
considerable burden, struggle even more.
Provincial authorities hesitated to take responsibility, so much so that the Ontario
Ombudsman investigated the matter.’ On April 13, 2007, in a news release, ° the
Ombudsman made it clear that something had to be done and that same day the Ontario
government announced a $2 million emergency fund to provide children’s’ mental health
support in communities facing crises, such as Petawawa, and committed to provide the
Phoenix Clinic in Pembroke with the budget it requires to meet military families’ counselling
needs.
According to the press release, the Ombudsman’s investigation confirmed that while
health services for military members are a federal responsibility — and while the federal
government has a moral obligation to support its troops — the province is solely responsible
for mental health services for Ontario children, regardless of their parents’ occupation.
There was no provision for dealing with a crisis situation like that in Petawawa.
The Provincial Ombudsman made three recommendations:
a. That it immediately fund children’s mental health services through
the Phoenix Centre;
b. That it ensure long-term support for the children of military
personnel in consultation with the federal government; and
c. That it provide the Ombudsman with monthly progress reports.
The Ontario Government has accepted the Ombudsman’s recommendations.
12 Picard, André. “Mental-health services shortchanging children of our soldiers.” Globe and Mail, March 8,
2007.
15 Ontario Ombudsman news release. Ombudsman’s Intervention Resolves Mental Health Services Crisis for
Children of Ontario Soldiers Serving in Afghanistan. April 13, 2007. At
http://www.ombudsman.on.ca/UploadFiles/File/PDF/Press%20release%20Eng(1).pdf.
70
RECOMMENDATION 8
D Its its moral responsibility, the federal government should
strongly encourage the provincial and territorial governments to
provide the resources needed to address the mental health support
required by military families.
STATE OF MATERIEL
For perhaps the first time in Canadian military history, since the magnificent
Canadian Corps in the First World War, we can say that Canada’s military contingent in
Afghanistan is the best equipped and most capable unit of its size in ISAF. A notable
achievement has been the speed with which some equipment has been procured. Many
will have heard of the notoriously slow government procurement process, in which it has
routinely taken up to 15 years to acquire an important piece of major equipment, but the
process has been trimmed considerably for the Afghanistan mission. Since the Canadian
Forces first joined ISAF in 2003, government, military and public service leadership has
joined in a cooperative effort to get Canadian troops the clothing, weapons and equipment
to do the job we have sent them to do.
The individual clothing and equipment worn by our men and women in Kandahar is
simply the best the Canadian Forces has ever had. From the combat vests to helmets, the
gear is first class. Of particular note are the ballistic glasses everyone is obligated to wear
on operations. The committee saw pictures of Canadian soldiers with minor shrapnel
wounds to their face and noted the fact that the area around the eyes was clear of wounds,
due to the ballistic glasses. Another picture showed the lens of a set of ballistic glasses, in
which a piece of shrapnel about the size of a small peanut was lodged, having been
stopped before it reached the eye of a soldier.
Perhaps the most effective vehicle has been the LAV Ill armoured personnel carrier.
It enjoys the confidence of the troops and many of them told us that the LAV II! had saved
their lives, both in ambushes by Taliban armed with machine guns and RPG rocket
launchers, and in IED explosions.
To meet a growing improvised explosive device (IED) threat, the Canadian Forces
acquired the South-African made RG-31 Nyala wheeled vehicle, which has a specially
designed hull built to withstand the shock of a mine explosion underneath. The Nyala took
a little over one year from first request until it was patrolling in Kandahar.
In November 2005, the M777 lightweight howitzer was an urgent operational
urchase. It was deployed in February 2006 — a mere four months later. DND
777s, with options on 15 more. Precision munitions
“to steer precisely to the target” are being
requirement p
is now negotiating for six additional M
that use a Global Positioning System (GPS)
bought for the new howitzers.
71
In 2006, the Canadian Forces deployed a squadron of Leopard tanks. Many people
thought the days of the tank were numbered after the Cold War and that, particularly in
Canada, there was simply no need for them. Indeed military plans had them being phased
out in favour of lighter, more agile vehicles. However, continuing DND strategic analysis
and operational lessons learned began to prove that a contemporary role did exist for
tanks. Practical experience in Afghanistan also generated a requirement for their firepower
and protection.
The Army quickly refurbished 17 tanks and deployed them to Kandahar. Canada is
the only ISAF contingent to have tanks in Afghanistan and Canada has never before
deployed a tank force that far away. Canadian tank and maintenance crews have done
wonders in making the tanks operational in such an uninviting environment.
The Committee thinks some points should be made clear. First, the tank is an
offensive weapon and its accurate direct fire capability provides a significant amount of
combat power to the Canadian battle group, allowing them to fight more effectively.
Second, the tank provides a hefty degree of protection for our soldiers. It can withstand
rocket propelled grenade attacks and most improvised explosive devices seen so far.
For all the advantages of using a tank in these circumstances, concern developed
about the effects of heat on the tank crews during the blistering hot summer months. With
the ambient heat generated within a tank, temperatures on the inside might climb to over
50° C. The Army examined possible solutions, from water-cooled vests for crew members
to an interior air conditioning system similar to that built into the LAV III. Regrettably none
proved to be workable so the decision was made to acquire new tanks.
It has been announced that the Government will purchase up to 100 Leopard 2
tanks, as well as securing the loan of 20 Leopard 2A6 tanks for use in Afghanistan this
summer. The Leopard 2 tanks are newer, more heavily armoured and more technologically
advanced than the Leopard 1 that is currently used by the Army. Leopard 2 tanks have
significantly increased personnel protection against explosive devices and landmines, an
ability to travel considerably faster in difficult terrain, more powerful engines, and stronger
firing capabilities.
The 20 combat-ready Leopard 2A6 main battle tanks will be loaned by Germany for
short-term requirements and will be deployed to Afghanistan this summer with the next
rotation of Canadian troops. The 100 Leopard 2 tanks will be purchased from the
Netherlands for the long-term requirements of the Canadian Forces. They are expected to
be delivered by the end of summer 2007, after which they will be upgraded to Canadian
Forces standards.
But General Leslie and Lieutenant-General Mike Gauthier, the Commander of
Canadian Expeditionary Forces Command, still have one further requirement they hope
can be granted as quickly as others have been. They need medium-heavy lift helicopters.
72
Canadian Forces elements in Afg
to transport troops into action
administrative
hanistan depend, in large part, on vehicle convoys
eee , fe-supply forward operating bases and conduct routine
VAR ent in the Kandahar city area. Any road movement is liable to attack
y an Improvised explosive device, a suicide bomber or ambush by insurgents. Having a
ene lift helicopter to move troops around the operational area will mitigate the risk of
road movement and increase the speed of tactical deployments.
Lieutenant-General Leslie also pointed out that those same helicopters are
operationally required here in Canada, for a variety of domestic operations. They are
particularly valuable in moving people and supplies in the area of floods, fires and
ice-storms.
DND is currently pursuing a project worth a total of $4.7 billion to acquire a fleet of
16 medium-heavy lift helicopters for the Canadian Forces. However, the project schedule
does not provide helicopters to the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan before February 2009.
The Committee therefore feels that the project should be accelerated to the degree
required to give our deployed troops the necessary helicopters as soon as practicable.
RECOMMENDATION 9
The government should accelerate its effort to expedite the delivery
medium-heavy lift helicopters to support combat operations of the
Canadian Forces in Afghanistan and ensure that the helicopters
acquired are effective in both domestic and international operations."
14 The contractor selected for the medium-to heavy-lift helicopter project will be awarded a contract to deliver
16 medium-to heavy-lift helicopters that meet all the minimum mandatory capabilities, including cabin space
to accommodate an infantry platoon (30 soldiers) with full combat equipment, able to lift multiple loads,
including a lightweight field howitzer and associated equipment (a minimum of 5,443 kilograms). a minimum
flight range of operation of 100 kilometres: and a delivery date of first aircraft must be no later than 36
months after contract award and final aircraft delivery no later than 60 months after contract award.
Canadian Forces helicopters also assist civil authorities in responding to emergencies such as floods, forest
fires and earthquakes.
acquisition phase is $2 billion, including the cost to purchase the
estimated for 20 years of in-service support, for which a separate
helicopter manufacturer through a request for proposals. The
The estimated total project cost for the
aircraft. An additional $2.7 billion has been
contract will be competed by the prime
requirement for this equipment is urgent.
73
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMBAT OPERATIONS, DEVELOPMENT AND
RECONSTRUCTION
Humanitarian Aid, Development, Reconstruction and CIMIC
Before discussing issues of mission balance, it will be helpful to clarify a number of
relevant terms. There are undoubtedly better technical explanations of the terminology
discussed below, but the versions offered here were helpful in helping the Committee
understand the concepts involved.
During our visit to the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan, the Committee came to
learn that there are subtle differences between humanitarian assistance, development
programmes and projects, reconstruction projects and Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC).
Humanitarian aid is the provision of emergency assistance and resources to help
those in desperate, life-threatening circumstances. It alleviates human suffering and seeks
to maintain human dignity. An example is the widespread relief effort deployed to
help millions of people after the December 2005 tsunami disaster in the Indian Ocean.
Another would be the humanitarian assistance sent to counter extensive human suffering
and starvation in Somalia in 1992. Humanitarian aid is invariably delivered by nations and
organizations other than those at risk. It is often provided by UN relief agencies or other
international humanitarian organizations such as CARE and the International Committee of
the Red Cross (ICRC).
Development assistance seeks to address the underlying socio-economic
conditions that may have led to a humanitarian crisis. It is distinguished from humanitarian
aid as being aimed at alleviating poverty in the long term, rather than suffering in the short
term. It may come from developed or developing country governments as well as from
international organizations such as the World Bank.
Reconstruction is the repair or rebuilding of infrastructure that has been destroyed
or damaged as a result of conflict, a natural disaster or long-term wear and tear. It may
also involve the construction of a new facility. An example of traditional reconstruction
activity by the Canadian-led PRT would be the rebuilding and opening of a local school.
The provision of support and security to the construction of a new road — Route SUMMIT
in the Panjwayi district — is another example of reconstruction activity.
Related to the provision of aid, development or reconstruction is the military
Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) function, but where humanitarian aid, development and
reconstruction are primarily focussed on the population, CIMIC is very much a military
‘force multiplier,’ exercised to assist military commanders in achieving their mission.
74
His = a CIMIC element in the Kandahar PRT. The main objective of CIMIC is to achieve
essary cooperation between civil authorities and the Canadian Forces with a view
fo improving the probability of success of military operations. ‘©
In Canadian Forces operational doctrine, the main CIMIC objectives are to:
a. Fulfill obligations imposed by Canadian law (e.g. NDA and Criminal
Code) and international law (e.g. Law of Armed Conflict,
International Human Rights Law), the four Geneva Conventions of
1949 and the two Additional Protocols of 1977, Treaties and such
memoranda of understanding (MOU) and agreements, or technical
arrangements reached between national authorities or parties;
b. Support the Task Force mission by providing support to civil
administration, assisting or reinforcing the judicial, executive and
legislative branches of government, as well as political and socio-
economic infrastructure to increase the effectiveness and efficiency
of public institutions and civil services:
c. Facilitate the Task Force mission by minimizing interference by the
local population in the military phase of an operation while obtaining
civil support for the civil phase and associated tasks;
d. Assist all military commanders by providing those resources
necessary to meet essential civil requirements, avoiding damage to
civil property and usable resources, and minimizing loss of life and
human suffering;
e. Identify and coordinate the use of local resources, facilities and
support such as civilian labour, transportation, communications,
maintenance, medical facilities and supplies to restore local
government; and
f. Support, as required, |Os, NGOs, the UN and national civilian
agencies.
In practical terms, military commanders deploy CIMIC teams at the tactical level to
‘win the hearts and minds’ of the local people. If done well, it represents a classic win-win
situation. The population receives help and the military is able to concentrate on operations
against the enemy.
15 Canadian Forces. Civil Military Cooperation in Peace, Emergencies, Crises and War. B-GG-005-004/AF-
023. 1999-01-15. p. 1-4.
75
Military Involvement in the Delivery of Humanitarian Aid, Development or
Reconstruction
There is a fundamental, conceptual difference of opinion relating to the role of
military forces in the delivery of humanitarian aid, development or reconstruction.
Professional international aid agencies believe that military forces should, in no way, be
involved in the physical delivery of any form of aid.
When he appeared before the Committee on June 8, 2006, Mr. Kevin McCort, the
Senior Vice-President of Operations for CARE Canada told us,
... that we must not confuse the mandates of entities primarily responsible for combat
operations with those of organizations dedicated to reconstruction. | know security is
needed for development, just as | know development can reduce insecurity. But | am
convinced organizations specialized in one should not assume they can take on the roles
and responsibilities of the other.
Mr. Gerry Barr, the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Council
for International Cooperation offered further detail:
The issue that's front and centre for many NGOs active in Afghanistan is the blurring of
lines between aid strategies and military strategies. You've heard a little bit about that
here from my colleague Mr. McCort. This blurring arises when the military delivers aid,
and when aid delivery by NGOs or the government is tied, implicitly or explicitly, to a
military strategy...
Canada's official position is that there is no confusion of roles in the Canadian strategy in
Afghanistan because humanitarian assistance — that is, specific life-saving
assistance — is not being provided through the provincial reconstruction team in
Kandahar. In fact, that is simply a budget-line distinction, not a distinction of roles. The
military is carrying out community development-type activities, such as repairs to local
schools. There is a civil-military cooperation fund managed by the military for these types
of activities ...
We need clarification of the military's position with respect to the use of development
assistance in their campaign, and | would respectfully say, Canada needs to make this
right[...] The delivery of aid should be focused on the needs and rights of Afghans and
not tied to any military or political strategy, and in all but exceptional circumstances,
military forces should avoid engaging in reconstruction or relief activities in Afghanistan.
Aid workers are the right people for that job...
. the military should stick to security and protection of civilians, not to delivering
assistance.
76
Rd Le these concerns before but believes there is some
A eee de i € military is actually doing in the way of helping Afghans.
naar ea e different conceptual roles of humanitarian assistance agencies
cs al ry es, we do not think such definitive distinctions can be applied in
ghanistan because they simply do not reflect the reality on the ground.
. We discuss the militarization of development assistance in Chapter 4. Here, we
simply make the point that, we agree that where professional aid agencies are able to do
So, they, not military forces, should deliver such assistance. Military commanders also
agree. The problem arises when professional agencies cannot, or will not, engage a
suffering population. This is the problem in Kandahar province. Not many NGOs or other
aid agencies, beyond the World Food Programme (WFP) are present to help Afghans.
Mr. Philip Baker, the Director General of CIDA's Afghanistan Branch, in response to a
question about the number of NGOs on the ground in Kandahar Province, told the
Committee on 12 December 2006:.
... the number of NGOs active in the province is somewhat limited, compared to other
provinces, due to security reasons. For example, there were NGOs that were beginning
to implement the MISFA [Microfinance Investment Support Facility for Afghanistan] ...
They attempted that during one year but then brought those to a halt due to security
reasons. There are other small NGOs across the province that are starting to gear up,
but for large food distribution, it's the World Food Programme that is manning and
leading the show.
As has been shown elsewhere in this report, the Canadian Forces is not directly
delivering aid or development to Afghans. Canadian military forces are facilitating the
delivery of aid and development through CIDA and USAID representatives, who work with
NGOs and |Os present in Kandahar province. They in turn, consult local Afghan leadership
about what needs to be done.
The Committee also understands that the military CIMIC function is much more of a
pointed concern for professional aid agencies. CIMIC does purposely engage in helpful
acts with a local population, particularly immediately after a battle or period of combat.
Understandably, given their ethics, Canadian military commanders want to help
non-combatants as best and as quickly as they can. It is also understandable that there is
tactical advantage to helping local civilians and their leaders, to ‘win their hearts and
minds.’ CIMIC has always been a legitimate function of military forces and is not intended
to be a ‘neutral’ activity. That said, military commanders in Kandahar all agree that while
CIMIC consultation with local civilian authorities should continue as long as needed, the
provision of military assistance, such as digging wells and rebuilding village compound
walls, will cease as quickly as professional development agencies can take over the job.
From what the Committee saw in Afghanistan, both military and professional
development personnel on the ground understand what each other is doing and what each
other is capable of doing. There seems to be no conceptual dispute among those who
must simply get on with helping Afghans. Within the Canadian mission, it is the role
77
of the PRT to work with professional development agencies to address concerns and
misunderstanding. When difficulties arise at a higher level, ISAF and UNAMA are the
appropriate authorities to resolve them.
BALANCE
The Committee has examined the issue of ‘balance’ in the Canadian mission in
Afghanistan. The central concern was that too much time and effort was being spent on
engaging the Taliban in combat, rather than getting on with widespread development
efforts that are so obviously needed.
Of all the issues associated with the Afghanistan mission, this is one of the most
oversimplified and therefore misunderstood. Many argued that the sheer numbers devoted
to combat (a battle group of about 1200 personnel) compared to the total strength of the
Kandahar PRT (about 350) indicated an undesirable emphasis on combat and not enough
on development. It looked even worse when considering the common perception that there
were only one or two DFAIT diplomats and only one or two CIDA development officers in
the PRT.
Those who thought the mission lacked balance usually based their criticism on two
criteria — money and numbers. Both criteria miss the point.
On 6 June 2006, Minister Mackay told the Committee that the incremental cost of
the military portion of the Afghanistan mission, between 2001 and 2006 had been
$1.8 billion. This is the cost generated by having the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan. It
does not include normal pay and equipment maintenance costs that would have been
incurred during normal duty at home. Minister Mackay also told us that $466 million had
also been committed to development activity during that same time frame. Some then
compared the military cost to development commitments and complained that military
expenditures outpaced development money by a ratio of more than 4:1 and that this
somehow proved the mission was unbalanced.
This is a specious argument for three reasons. First, there is no accepted definition
of what military/development cost ratio would be considered “balanced” and second, the
two activities are so inherently different that any comparison is largely irrelevant. Third, in
all the Committee heard, no one really seriously thought that the time was right to withdraw
the Canadian Forces from Afghanistan. So even when Canada’s military forces are not
conducting operations (hypothetical at this point, because they are conducting operations
every day), they would still “cost” Canada something even when staying in garrison.
What surely must be important criteria in each case is the effect of military or
development activity, and the Committee heard quite clearly from a number of people that
the general state of insecurity was inhibiting development. It then stands to reason that
more military effect was needed during the period in question, in the hope that more
78
developmental effect could follo
w. As we are seeing now, perhaps improv i i
allow and call for more develop RL pele seer ei)
mental effect — a welcome possibility.
The other common criticism of balance tended to focus on the numbers of
personnel fulfilling the various roles. The overall Canadian Forces mission strength is about
2500, of which about 1200 are found in the combat-oriented battle group, the unit that does
the fighting. The National Command Element, National Support Element and the Theatre
Support Element, who control and administer JTF-Afg, account for a little more than 950
personnel, which leaves about 330 personnel in the PRT. However, critics argue that more
than 100 of the PRT are combat troops required for local security. In addition the PRT
headquarters and administrative support element take up more personnel so that in the
end, only about 180 personnel are available to engage in reconstruction work. This is
hardly enough they say.
Such criticism is based on a misperception of just what exactly the PRT does. As
mentioned, the PRT does not actually go out and repair or build things for Afghans. The
PRT works with Afghans to enable them to decide on the work to be done and then to do
the work themselves. The PRT works to build Afghan capacity, using Afghans — putting an
‘Afghan face’ on the projects. In this way, the PRT personnel are facilitators, not labourers.
As facilitators, they can generate and oversee much more work than their numbers might
indicate. Within the PRT, CIDA administers the provision of money to projects and
programmes being carried out by Afghans, military engineers supervise Afghans digging
wells, RCMP help to train Afghan policemen, financed by money provided through CIDA. In
this way it can be seen that balance is not solely an issue of numbers. A more credible and
accurate assessment of mission balance is to measure the pace and effect of
reconstruction activity being facilitated by the PRT. Although slow to get started, both the
pace and effect of PRT work has picked up over the winter and so the 180 facilitators are
having much more impact than one would expect if they counted numbers alone.
During the Committee’s visit to Afghanistan the Commanding Officer of the PRT,
Lieutenant Colonel Simon Hetherington, clarified the numbers. While it was true that there
was only one CIDA development officer in the PRT, she was not alone. There was one
other development officer in the higher headquarters of Regional Command South, three
further development officers working in Kandahar City and another three in the Canadian
Embassy in Kabul. As well, the one diplomatic officer in the PRT and the one diplomatic
officer acting as the Political Advisor to the Commander JTF-Afg were not isolated either.
They were in regular contact with Canadian diplomatic and development personnel in the
Canadian Embassy, under the direction of Ambassador Arif Lalani.
The PRT also includes five Canadian civilian policemen, led by RCMP Chief
Superintendent David Fudge. This contingent, working with other allied police, helps to
train the local Afghan National Police (ANP) and will grow to 10 policemen by March
79
2007. There is also a 25-person Military Police Platoon that supports the training of the
ANP. Two officers from Corrections Services Canada have also been deployed to
Kandahar, to work with allies in establishing a proper Afghan detention system.
The PRT reconstruction programme is pursued in a manner that engages Afghans
themselves. It asks local village Shuras to decide on what reconstruction projects are
needed and the priority in which they should be tackled. In this way, not only are Afghans
helping themselves, they are being encouraged to take ownership of local projects and
develop their own capacity for further work. The PRT facilitates reconstruction work by
Afghans, it doesn’t do it for them.
The Honourable Joseé Verner, Minister for International Development explained
why such local ownership is important, when she appeared before the Committee on 12
December 2006:
Throughout Afghanistan, these projects — some 8,100 to date — are being done by
community councils and less than 1% have been subject to rebel attacks. It is for just this
reason that we are working with local partners, with elected councils, with
representatives of the population. We are assured that they are in full possession of the
projects because these people enjoy considerable support.
It is important to remember that the Kandahar PRT is not a Canadian PRT, but a
Canadian-led PRT. In addition to the Canadian elements mentioned there are
representatives of the USAID, the WFP and the United National International Children’s
Emergency Fund (UNICEF). The PRT is more of a ‘cooperative’ than a ‘unit,’ in which
various teams with a variety of talent contribute their services and management skills to a
growing menu of development activities.
In the end, when the PRT administrative elements are put aside, the Committee
learned that there are about 180 PRT personnel who deploy into the field to facilitate
development and reconstruction work.
Still, to many, 180 reconstruction personnel does not seem balance the 1200
combat personnel, but closer examination reveals no great cause for worry. Where the
1200 combat personnel have defeated hundreds of Taliban, the 180 reconstruction
personnel, because they facilitate the work of Afghans, have had positive influence on
thousands of Afghans, an effect out of all proportion to their number. This extended impact
is explained by the fact that PRT personnel act as ‘enablers’ not ‘doers.’ The Committee
was impressed by this short list of PRT general accomplishments during the period of their
rotation from August 2006 to January 2007:
a. Medical — village medical outreach teams that helped repair local
clinics, administered first aid and health care to rural Afghans and
provided professional support to Afghan hospitals;
80
b. ee of equipment to Afghan security forces, assistance in
ul ing infrastructure such as police stations and extensive
mentoring of Afghan soldiers and policemen;
Cc. 16 schools were repaired: two new schools were opened, hundreds
of tents were provided to act as ‘portable’ classrooms to
accommodate all students; and
d. The PRT has paid students and teachers to begin an immense
cleanup of the debris-strewn Kandahar Technical College, the first
of small-scale projects that could become amillion-dollar
Investment. In February 2007, the university, after months of delays
due to earlier contractor woes, will fire up a new $17,000 Canadian-
supplied generator, and plumbers will put the finishing touches on
new water and plumbing systems. ©
The Committee was also reminded by Minister Verner that:
In Kandahar, such programs have achieved good results in close to 400 villages so far,
with more to come. In Kandahar, Provincial Reconstruction Team projects are being
completed at a rate of roughly 10 to 20 new projects per month, touching 7 Kandahar
districts so far. We are funding the roll out of these projects to 2 more of the 17 Kandahar
districts, and more will follow.
In the province of Kandahar alone, Provincial Reconstruction Team projects with CIDA
and other donor assistance have resulted in tangible improvement in the life of villagers
and the rural population. For example, more than 1,000 wells have been dug and
800 manual pumps have been distributed; 4 large water reservoirs are now in service;
100 km of irrigation canals have been rehabilitated; the provincial transportation and
electricity networks have been improved. This means 150 km of new roads, 4 bridges,
50 km of power lines, 10 transformers, and 42 power generators.
So it becomes apparent that this “balance” issue is not as simple as was originally
thought. There is more.
When Professor Douglas Bland, the Chair of Defence Management Studies at
Queen’s University, appeared before the Committee on 9 May 2006, he addressed the
question of mission balance and said that criticisms often rest on an error in reasoning, in
which people see balance and equal as synonyms. “True balance,” he said, “is achieved
midt, CanWest News Service. Higher Learning in Disarray in Kandahar.
i : " said Lt Alfred Lai, a Civil-Military Cooperation
day, January 31, 2007. "There's need everywhere,” said t
Been he Rs dhar PRT. "We still have to fix the fabric of the college and the university. By the time
we're finished, maybe they'll have the salaries for the teachers ...."
16 From an article by Doug Sch
81
one ‘D’ at a time, when just the right number of resources are provided to meet the
particular demands of each of the three Ds.” He went on:
Balance is sustained when we adjust resources as the needs and circumstances change.
There is no logical or appropriate way to balance the Ds without measuring particular
needs independent of each other. In other words, there is no logic or requirement to
make all three Ds equal in every respect.
With regard to the first D — diplomacy, for example, some 25 or 30 Canadian
diplomats are stationed in Kabul today, where there were none in 2001. Scores of
Canadian officials, on the other hand, in Ottawa, at the UN, at NATO, in Washington, in
European capitals, and elsewhere, are coordinating Canada's diplomatic efforts and
policies for humanitarian and security missions in Afghanistan. Then consider the second
D — development. Afghanistan is Canada’s largest recipient of official development
assistance and is one of the leading developmental donors in Afghanistan. The total
allocation of development assistance to Afghanistan, over the period 2001 to 2011, is
about one billion dollars. The third D — defence — is seldom reported as fully as it could
be. Canada's military operations get a great deal of attention in the media, and although it
has improved lately, the previous emphasis on combat and flag-draped coffins left many
Canadians with the impression that combat is Canada's only mission and that members of
the Canadian Forces spend all of their time fighting. Not enough Canadians know that the
Canadian Forces support valuable and extensive reconstruction work too.
During the early stages of study, the Committee heard from many witnesses who
complained that Canadian media at large and those embedded with Canadian troops in
particular were being unbalanced in their reporting, concentrating almost entirely on
exciting combat stories and tragic deaths of Canadian soldiers in action. Solemn ‘ramp
ceremonies’ made frequent appearances on television screens and front pages.
Seemingly forgotten in all this battle coverage was the fact that other Canadians
were advising the Afghan government, training Afghan National Police, mentoring Afghan
National Army units, building roads and canals and sending medical outreach teams to visit
mothers and babies in rural villages. Many thought the only ‘imbalance’ to be found was in
media reporting.
The Committee found no disagreement from anyone that more development was
needed. The argument was not whether development assistance should be increased, but
rather when, how and by who. The international strategy, wholeheartedly supported by
Canada, is based on building the capacity of Afghans to help themselves. In Kandahar
Province, Afghans decide, design and implement their own development plans with
Canadian help. This means that things happen at a pace acceptable to Afghans.
In the Committee’s view, the ideal circumstance would be to have a clear
‘imbalance’ in the favour of reconstruction and development work. It is universally accepted
that the preferred circumstance is less combat and more development and reconstruction.
82
Minister O'Connor told the Committee that “ old
When Brigadier-General
Committee during their vis
“work itself out of a job.” Li
there is no military solution to Afghanistan.
Tim Grant, the Commander of JTF-Afg was briefing the
à s ee 2007, he made it clear that the military aim is to
-lEUténant-Colonel Simon Hetherington, the Commanding Officer
of the Kandahar PRT reinforced these views by explaining that as quickly as the security
environment improves and the Taliban threat recedes, military combat forces will be
replaced by more reconstruction and development activity.
The current reality is that much of the fighting has been initiated by offensive action
of the Taliban. Those who call for more ‘balance’ (less fighting) tend to ignore the fact that
the Taliban have a ‘vote’ in whether fighting occurs or not. Where Canadian combat
initiative occurred it was in reaction to an impending Taliban threat, usually the occupation
of local villages by insurgent forces. In this way, the degree of combat is entirely dependent
on the presence of Taliban forces and activity. No Taliban; no fighting. Discussions of
balance have never considered the possibility of even greater combat effort in the short
term, to generate a major effort to eliminate the long-term Taliban threat.
So it is clear to the Committee that the only impediment to more Canadian
reconstruction and development work is the continuing existence of an insecure
environment in Kandahar Province. The Committee heard from a range of witnesses who
told us that military forces should not be reduced at this time, while the threat remained.
Military briefings, not surprisingly, also made this point clearly.
In Afghanistan, Sara Chayes'®, a prominent American author and Kandahar
entrepreneur was quite clear in how she felt about the issue of ‘balance.’ When asked
about her views of the so-called Canadian ‘debate’ over whether to keep military forces in
Afghanistan or bring them home, she said that, framed that way, the question is much too
simplistic. “Kinetic operations are essential,” she said. Ms. Chayes also explained that the
Afghan insurgency is not home-grown. In her view it is an ‘invasion’ from Pakistan, using
Taliban foot-soldiers. More aid is definitely needed, but it cannot be just given to Afghans
without effective oversight to ensure it is not lost to endemic corruption. In the meantime,
the lack of security demands that substantial military force remain in place.
1 O'Connor, The Honourable Gordon. Minister of National Defence. Appearing before the Committee on
May 30, 2006.
18 Sarah Chayes is a former National Public Radio (NPR) war correspondent who left her job in 2002 to help
rebuild Kandahar. Chayes’ selfless efforts, the subject of countless news stories, put her in a position to
provide the world with a first-hand account of the harsh realities of life in post-war Afghanistan in her book
The Punishment of Virtue: Inside Afghanistan After the Taliban. Today, she runs a small agri-business called
Arghand, which uses traditional Kandahar fruit crops to produce high-end skin-care products, such as soap
and bath oil, as well as jams for the local market. Chayes earned a B.A. in history from Harvard University,
receiving the Radcliffe College History Prize for best senior thesis written bya woman. She served in the
Peace Corps in Morocco, then returned to Harvard to earn an M.A. in history and Middle Eastern studies.
Chayes began her radio career in 1991 at Monitor Radios in Boston, then joined NPR in 1996 as a Paris
reporter. During her time with NPR, she reported from Algeria, Lebanon, Israel/Palestine, Serbia, and
Bosnia. Her work during the Kosovo crisis earned her the 1999 Foreign Press Club and Sigma Delta Chi
awards.
83
Another clear message came from the Afghan Women's Counselling and
Integration Community Support Organization, in a letter’? to the Committee in January
2007. The organization expressed concern that the current debate about Canada's mission
in Afghanistan oversimplifies and politicizes the very complex conflict and humanitarian
crisis in Afghanistan. They thought that the choices for Canadian policy should not be
limited to either maintaining the current military mission or withdrawing altogether. In their
view, they strongly felt that Canada's military presence is essential.
In late May 2007, there were growing indications that the security situation in
Kandahar Province was improving. There is considerably more reconstruction and
development activity than at this time last year. The soldiers are seeing significant
improvement on the streets and in the markets. A number of NGOs are now doing good
work in the area.
In light of overwhelming evidence, the Committee is satisfied that the Canadian
mission in Afghanistan is adequately balanced for the circumstances. In fact, the mission is
showing impressive flexibility in adjusting the balance as circumstances change.
Nonetheless, we must not lose sight of the fact that more development and reconstruction
aid must begin to flow as the security situation improves.
RECOMMENDATION 10
The government should rebalance the diplomatic, development and
defence components of the Canadian mission in Afghanistan, to
increase the focus on diplomacy and development.
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING MISSION EFFECTIVENESS
The Committee has maintained a consistent interest in the government's
mechanism for measuring the effectiveness and success of the Canadian Forces mission
in Afghanistan, but was, for some time, disappointed in the lack of a clear explanation. How
do we know if we are doing any good?
Interestingly, the 2005 Defence Policy Statement presents eight factors to be
considered by Government before reaching a decision to deploy a military mission
overseas. A clear exit-strategy or desired endstate is one of them, but the list does not
include clear metrics against which the effectiveness or success of the mission can be
measured. Without such measures of mission success, how can we be sure we are closing
on the desired endstate?
19 From Adeena Niazi, Executive Director, Afghan Women's Counselling and Integration Community Support
Organization. January 4, 2007.
84
We understand that certain
security reasons, but, in our view, it
We also understand that the natur
that their attainment may ebb a
mission parameters may be classified for operational
cannot be that no mission parameters are made public.
tf 2 mission parameters will vary at different levels and
‘ na flow depending on the situation, particularly at the
tactical level. However at some higher level, Government must be able to explain to
Parliament, how it goes about judging whether the Canadian Forces mission in
Afghanistan is meeting it assigned objectives.
The Committee was therefore happy to see measurable criteria, in the form of clear
questions, presented in the government's recent report on the progress being made in
Afghanistan.” The questions are:
a. Is there a democratically-elected government of Afghanistan that
represents the will of the Afghan people, and does it want the
support of the international community in establishing security and
providing development assistance?
b. Do the United Nations, NATO and the Government of Afghanistan
welcome Canada’s participation in the mission and are our allies
willing to share the burden in our sector of Afghanistan?
c. As progress is made in building the Afghan National Army (ANA)
and Afghan National Police (ANP), is the Government of
Afghanistan prepared to commit more ANA and ANP units to
Canada’s sector of Afghanistan? Are Canadian and allied forces
making progress training the ANA and the ANP?
d. Is progress being made in combatting corruption in Afghanistan?
e. Is our assistance making a difference? Further, would leaving
Afghanistan jeopardize the progress being made in education, the
construction of basic infrastructure and the advancement of the
rights of women in our sector?
f. Is the Afghan government committed to respecting human rights,
including the rights of women?
Two other considerations include the level of international community
burden-sharing across the three pillars of the Afghanistan Compact and how Canada's
contribution stands in relation to that of other nations that have also pledged to assist in
Afghanistan.
20 Government of Canada. Canada's Mission in Afghanistan, February 2007.
85
MISSION SUCCESS AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS
The Committee expressed an interest in knowing whether the current mission in
Afghanistan could be accomplished, while still meeting Canada’s other international
obligations. There are many facets to this issue, but generally, we think it is fair to report
that throughout the duration of the mission, Canada has indeed succeeded in meeting its
other existing international obligations.
The Canadian Forces mission in Afghanistan does not impede the conduct of any
other existing Canadian international military obligation. A list of current operations being
conducted by the Canadian Forces, concurrent with Afghanistan operations, is found on
the DND website at: http://www.forces.qc.ca/site/operations/current_ops_e.asp.
Although all current military commitments are being met, the Committee heard from
a number of military witnesses who made the point that the Canadian Forces could not,
while it is conducting the current mission in Afghanistan, deploy an equivalent force to
some other overseas mission. We recall Lieutenant General Leslie’s remarks earlier in this
Chapter, describing the personnel strains that challenge him. Commodore Margaret
Kavanagh, the Commander of the Canadian Forces Health Services told the Committee,
on 27 November 2006, that there are difficulties in her area too. When asked if the Health
Services could support another mission, she replied, “Could we do another
Afghanistan-type mission with the same capability? No. Could we do something else? Yes.
It just depends on where it is, what we're being asked to do, and who else is coming to the
party with us.”
The process of taking on an international military obligation is not ad hoc, despite
the occasional event where it might seem so. Theoretically, government can deploy every
soldier, ship and airplane it owns, so, equally theoretically, government can take on as
many commitments as it has resources for. In reality, the Canadian Forces is not able to
deploy ‘everything’ all at once, because a good proportion of their kit and capability must
remain in place to serve the institution — training schools, recruiting offices, staff colleges,
maintenance workshops, supply depots. Once this ‘corporate’ requirement is set aside,
there is a certain amount of deployable capabilities available to go where the government
sends them.
However, these deployable capabilities are not all ready to go all the time. The
Navy, Army and Air Force each have their own unique ‘managed readiness system’ that
ensures the availability of certain capabilities. In the case of the Army’s managed readiness
system, Major-General Stuart Beare, the Commander of the Land Force Doctrine and
Training System, told the Committee that the Army is required to maintain, “... the
capability to provide, one high-readiness brigade headquarters, and, two land task forces
for expeditionary operations on an enduring basis.”
86
Government decides when and where to deploy the Canadian Forces. In arriving at
such a decision, they will have to consider a variety of factors, an important one of which is
the priority of the mission compared to other obligations being undertaken at the time.
Military advice from the Chief of Defence Staff will offer views on the risks involved and the
menu of capabilities needed to achieve assigned objectives. In the end, government can
send its military assets anywhere it wants to, but any decision will invariably involve
important trade-offs, which is why prioritization is so important.
87
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CHAPTER 4 — OTHER IMPORTANT ISSUES
INFORMING CANADIANS AND PARLIAMENT
The Committee’s interest in this topic came about as a result of collective, general
rustration over the lack of official information being made available to Parliament about
Canada’s mission in Afghanistan. As one Committee member put it:
... We do not have a great deal of information to go on. Before sending men and women
off to war, the government has a duty to first inform parliamentarians of the specifics of
their mission. It is unacceptable to us that as parliamentarians, we have been kept in the
dark and that many of our questions have gone unanswered...’
This opinion came into sharp focus because some Members of Parliament felt that
the time available before the debate dealing with the extension of the Afghanistan mission
until February 2009, held in the House of Commons on Wednesday, 17 May 2006, did not
provide sufficient opportunity for members to become acquainted with details of the
mission.
In initiating the debate, Prime Minister Harper was clear in laying out the elements of
the military mission for which his government was seeking Parliamentary approval:
... we are seeking to extend the mission of both the Canadian Forces in Kandahar as
well as the efforts of Canadian military diplomats, development workers and police in the
PRT, the provincial reconstruction team, for 24 more months. This mission extension
...will cover the period from February 2007 to 2009 ...
Extending the mission of the Canadian Forces has operational consequences. We will
take on once again a second leadership rotation from November 2007 to May 2008, and
this is new. As | said earlier today, we will be prepared to assume overall leadership of
the ISAF for one year starting February 2008.
With such a weighty issue on the table, the Committee regrets that some Members
rising in reply chose to go a different route. The first responder declared, “My question has
to do with process.” A subsequent speaker offered, “... so suddenly has this debate been
brought on, so little information has been provided in advance on such an important issue
and so much time is remaining until decisions really have to be made, | find this
DEN oe) PRS Etes 2 Fe US
1 Bouchard, Robert. Evidence. St
onourable Stephen. Hansard. Wednesday, May 17, 2006. p. 1503
anding Committee on National Defence. Tuesday, May 16, 2006. p.1.
2 Harper, The Right H
3 Szabo, Paul. Hansard. Wednesday, May 17, 2006. p. 1504.
89
who process insulting ... The Leader of the Official Opposition eloquently captured the
general mood of members, who genuinely wanted to understand the mission and give it
informed support, when he opined:
We firmly believe in the current mission and the global goals. We also firmly believe that
the government’s process will not allow many parliamentarians to make an informed
decision about this critical issue. It is unfair to place parliamentarians in this position.”
And so the tone was set for the rest of the evening and throughout the conduct of
this study. Despite having a consistently good story to tell Parliament and the Canadian
people, it has seemed to the Committee that the Government has not been forthcoming
with regular, informative accounts of the Afghanistan mission. Diminished information can
lead to misunderstanding and make it hard to generate the support due such a noble
endeavour.
Professor Roland Paris, while appearing on TV Ontario's The Agenda, on
20 February 2007, lamented the fact that much of the Parliamentary discussion of the
Afghanistan mission seemed stuck on who could be seen to support the troops the most,
rather than dwelling on important matters of substance, such as what are we trying to do
and how are we trying to do it. We agree with Professor Paris and hope our
recommendations below help to address this concern.
Public Understanding of the Mission
Throughout its study, but particularly after its visit to Afghanistan, the Committee
was struck by the widespread lack of understanding of Canada’s mission. Despite the
considerable amount of information found on government websites and speeches by
involved Ministers, ordinary Canadians and many Parliamentarians still have only a cursory
idea of the mission’s details and its effect. Media reporting has been unbalanced, focussing
mainly on combat operations and the repatriation of soldiers killed. The efforts of Canadian
Forces personnel with strategic planning skills, who support Afghan government
bureaucrats in Kabul, are unknown to Canadians. The RCMP officers who form part of the
Canadian-led PRT and who help to train the Afghan National Police have received little
coverage. The Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) role that forms a fundamental component
of the reconstruction effort has never been fully explained to Canadians.
Kandahar is the home of the Taliban movement and continuing access to safe
haven in Pakistan gives the Taliban an ability to avoid decisive engagements with
Canadian troops. However, there was one time the Taliban did choose to stand and fight.
They were decisively defeated by Canadian troops during Op Medusa, a battle that
occurred in September 2006. General Sir David Richards, the Commander of ISAF has
repeatedly praised the martial accomplishment of Canadian troops in this battle, noting that
4 McCallum, The Honourable John. Hansard. Wednesday, May 17, 2006. p. 1504.
5 Graham, The Honourable Bill. Hansard. Wednesday, May 17, 2006. p. 1505.
90
this victory was perhaps the most si
nificant to date. ivity i
the area and allowed rejuvenated re g ate. It thwarted further Taliban activity in
construction work in the Panjwayi district.
He Bi Op Medusa exemplified many of the difficulties apparent in providing Canadians
With a equate information about the mission as a whole. At the time of the battle and even
today, there is no information about Op Medusa to be found on any government internet
website. The only mention of it on the DND website can be found in media releases
announcing the unfortunate death of soldiers engaged in the fight. The media also covered
Op Medusa, but not nearly in the depth it deserved. They too concentrated on military
deaths and injury.
Media reports also spoke of widespread civilian casualties and the Committee heard
some witnesses who shared the concern that an apparent over-reliance on air support and
artillery gun fire caused unnecessary civilian casualties during Op Medusa. During its visit
to JTF-Afg in Kandahar, the Committee heard from Lieutenant Colonel Omer Lavoie, the
Commanding Officer of the 1 RCR Battle Group, who led the brunt of the fighting. Colonel
Lavoie was clear in stating that there were no non-combatants in the 1 RCR Battle Group
area and that he saw no ‘widespread civilian casualties’ as a result of the fighting. “I was
the man on the ground and there were none,” he said. ° This clarity was never transmitted
to Canadians at the time.
Government needs to do more to help Canadians understand the nature,
importance and effect of the mission in Afghanistan. Granted, the Prime Minister, on a
number of occasions, has been clear in explaining why we are in Afghanistan, as have
Ministers Mackay, O’Connor and Verner, but perhaps something more than their
explanations are required.
RECOMMENDATION 11
The government should conduct regular, televised, public briefings, at
meaningful intervals, to accurately inform Canadians about the status,
activity and effect of the mission in Afghanistan.
In the absence of such briefings, the Committee sought to receive information direct
from DND.
Parliamentary Understanding of the Mission
In appearing before the Committee on May 30, 2006, the Honourable Gordon
O'Connor, Minister of National Defence responded to a question about the possibility of
him coming to brief about the Afghanistan mission at least four times a year. He replied:
I'll take this as something to deal with. | don't know if three months is the appropriate time
or not. | don't know whether in three months progress or the lack of progress can be
6 In a briefing to the Committee, January 25, 2007, during its visit to JTF-Afg.
91
registered. | certainly expect ip be back 50 fs commis on 2 reguier Dess_ but today |
couldn't commit to giving you an update every wee months uni | imd out £ makes any
preacacal Sense.
The Committee eventually succeeded in having 2 senior Canadian Forces officer
present Diweekiy reports on the Afghanistan mission. However. these ceased over the late
December 2006-January 2007 penod when Parliament wes not sääng In February. the
Committee passed 2 motion to have the bnefings resume on 2 monthly bess.
The Commies feels thei & should teke 2 more acdve and aggressive role in
Afghanistan. To thei end. & will seek a more sTuctured approach i briefings and visits. In
fact the Committee believes & should recewe reguier briefings on all Canadian Forces
operations.
RECOMMENDATION 12
The Minister of National Defence should appear at least four times a
year before the Standing Committee on Defence to provide a televised
situation report. outlining the status. activity and effect of all Canadian
Forces operational missions being conducted at the time.
The Commitee also found & could have done à better job of gaming an early
understanding of the imemafional command and control stuciure goveming the
Intemational and Canadian missions in Afghanistan. parficullarly in the defence reaim.
RECOMMENDATION 13
In months during which the Committee is not travelling and in which
the Minister does not appear. a Canadian Forces senior officer should
continue to appear before the Committee to present a briefing on the
mission status, activity and effect of all ongoing Canadian Forces
operational missions since the last report and provide a view of what
can be expected in the next month.
RECOMMENDATION 14
For the life of the current Canadian Forces mission in Afghanistan. or
in the future case of a similar mission. the Standing Committee on
National Defence should make an annual visit to NATO Headquarters in
Brussels. to receive detailed briefings on the NATO mission in
Afghanistan and meet with the North Atlantic Council to discuss
multilateral strategic coordination and other issues of mutual interest
RECOMMENDATION 15
In addition to the visit to NATO Headquarters, the Committee should
attempt to annually visit Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers
Europe (SHAPE), which oversees all NATO operations, and/or Joint
Force Command (JFC) Brunssum, which oversees ISAF operations,
to receive detailed strategic and operational level briefings of the
NATO operation in Afghanistan. If a visit is not possible, alternate
means of communication such as video-conferencing or invitations
to SHAPE/JFC Brunssum officials should be considered.
RECOMMENDATION 16
The Standing Committee on National Defence should visit the
Canadian Forces in Afghanistan at least once annually, at an
appropriate time, in order to review the status of the mission at that
time and any progress being made.
DEPARTMENTAL SUPPORT OF COMMITTEE TRAVEL
When the Committee travelled to Afghanistan in January 2007, DND provided
helpful advance briefings on various issues including mission status, travel plans and
operational security. The visit to JTF-Afg was entirely worthwhile and we are grateful to
DND for the support they provided throughout the trip. There were however, two important
issues that should be highlighted.
First, although the Committee did eventually get to travel “outside the wire” to visit
an ANA camp and an ANP training centre (and would have visited a Canadian Forward
Operating Base had bad weather not stopped helicopters from landing), there were other
important mission elements we did not see. The PRT is a major component of Canada’s
military mission and it was unfortunate we did not get to see Camp Nathan Smith and PRT
work in Kandahar City while we were there. In fairness, it should be noted that all senior
PRT personnel did come to Kandahar Airfield to meet with the Committee, but as helpful
as such briefings were, they are less effective than actually seeing operational locations in
person.
While the Committee understands the significant responsibility borne by the MND,
CDS and Commander JTF-Afg for the safety of visiting VIPs, we enthusiastically urge them
to consider the necessity of getting visiting Parliamentarians around to see all mission
elements and arrange opportunities to meet with military personnel in situ.
The second issue is more irksome. DND restricted the number of Committee
personnel who could visit Kandahar Airfield to 10. The rationale for this number, given in
the advance briefings, was that there was simply no room to take any more on the military
aircraft flying from the Theatre Support Base into Kandahar Airfield. The effect of this
restriction was to prohibit attendance by other Committee members who may have wanted
93
to visit JTF-Afg and to require the Committee Clerk to remain in Camp Mirage. So, only
eight Committee members, accompanied by one interpreter and one analyst spent time
with JTF-Afg.
It is highly irregular and unsatisfactory to travel without the Committee Clerk and the
Committee is still at somewhat of a loss as to why DND could not accommodate just one
more person on the trip, particularly since no less than five DND representatives (one
Colonel from the Canadian Forces; one policy officer from the DND Parliamentary Affairs
staff; and two members of the office of the MND) met the Committee upon arrival at the
Theatre Support Base. One of them had been in Kandahar days earlier and had come out
to meet the Committee at Camp Mirage. All five officials then returned to Kandahar Airfield
with the Committee — taking up five seats on a crowded military aircraft. This left the
Committee with the distinct impression that the restriction of 10 personnel that was placed
on the Committee was, at best, an artificial imposition that need not have been applied at
all. We think the one DND official could have remained in Kandahar Airfield to meet us on
arrival and thereby allow the Committee Clerk to make the trip as he should have.
However, there is a broader issue here and it is one of ensuring Parliamentary
Committees are supported to the extent required to allow travel by the full Committee (if
they so desire) and the necessary staff required to support Committee work.
RECOMMENDATION 17
When visiting Canadian Forces international operations, the House of
Commons Standing Committee on Defence should be accorded early
and full support by DND, to ensure that the full Committee and
necessary staff are able to complete the trip and their work.
THE AFGHANISTAN-PAKISTAN BORDER
The Afghanistan-Pakistan border has long been a source of dispute. Afghanistan
and Pakistan relations have been problematic ever since Pakistan was created as part of
the partition of India in 1947. Some elements of friction were apparent even before then,
between Afghanistan and India under British Imperial rule. All governments of Afghanistan
have never recognized the Durand Line, delineating the border between Afghanistan and
Pakistan. Afghan Pashtuns have historically made claims on the Pashtun and Baluch
regions of Pakistan.’ In remote regions, the border has been more of a notion than a fact.
Central governments in both Afghanistan and Pakistan have never succeeded in
establishing firm control over their mutual border region.
TA Rubin. “Resolving the Afghanistan-Pakistan Stalemate.” p. 2.
94
Mir PH ae forces invaded Afghanistan in 2001, to assist the Afghan Northern
expel the Taliban leadership and eliminate al-Qaeda terrorists, the US was
concerned that Taliban and al-Qaeda i | istan’
personnel would disappear into Pakista t
regions and never be brought to justice. a NAG TES
When ISAF forces expanded into southern and eastern Afghanistan, the Taliban
heartland, in 2006, Taliban insurgent forces were reinforced from western Pakistan and
challenged the ISAF presence. Taliban forces gathering in Afghanistan were defeated in
Operation Medusa, during the fall of 2006. As has been historically the case, the Taliban
insurgency ebbed during the winter months, as travel through the mountainous border
regions becomes difficult, but a renewed Taliban surge is expected in spring 2007 and
once again, the issue of Taliban support from, and access to, Pakistan may be an
operational concern to ISAF. Nonetheless, ISAF initiated pre-emptive operations. Some
Taliban forces in Kandahar Province were dispersed by ISAF troops in Op Falcon Summit
in January 2007 and in March 2007, another ISAF military operation, Op Achilles, cleared
Taliban insurgents from the area of the Kajaki dam in Helmund Province.
There are broader, historical questions regarding the stability of the tribal areas
along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, Pakistan's policies toward these areas and the
effects of tribal militancy upon international efforts to stabilize Afghanistan. It is a
complicated issue and there is sometimes a tendency to oversimplify the issue.
It is useful to begin with a review of the situation in western Pakistan, were a system
of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) attempts to govern the people. The FATA
are bordered by: Afghanistan to the west with the border marked by the Durand Line (a
boundary never formally accepted by Afghanistan), the North-West Frontier Province and
the Punjab to the east, and Baluchistan to the south. °
The total population of the FATA was estimated in 2000 to be about 3,341,070
people, or roughly 2% of Pakistan's population. Only 3.1% of the population resides in
established townships. It is thus the most rural administrative unit in Pakistan.
The Tribal Areas comprise seven Agencies — Khyber, Kurram, Bajaur, Mohmand,
Orakzai, and North and South Waziristan and five Frontier Regions (FR) namely FR
Peshawar, FR Kohat, FR Tank, FR Banuu, and FR D.I. Khan.
About 30% of the FATA is inaccessible both politically and administratively. The
region is only nominally controlled by the central government of Pakistan. The mainly
Pashtun tribes that inhabit the areas are fiercely independent, but until friction ensued
following the fall of the Taliban in neighbouring Afghanistan, the tribes had mostly had
friendly relations with Pakistan's central government.
—_—_— © .
8 This section is generally taken from an article by Fair, C. Christine, Nicholas Howenstein and J. Alexander
Their. Troubles on the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border. United States Institute of Peace, December 2006. At
http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefin 5/2006/1207_pakistan_afghanistan_border.html.
95
Despite more than fifty years of independence, human development and physical
infrastructure of this area, sufficient to connect FATA to the rest of Pakistan remains weak.
A colonial-era legal system that is inconstant with Pakistan's own constitution remains in
place. Rights are inconsistently applied and arguably, as a result, many FATA residents
could have a negligible sense of responsibility and allegiance to the Pakistani state.
The tribal areas along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border present a number of
challenges for both Afghanistan and Pakistan, and for the international community. Taliban
and al Qaeda militants have taken refuge in the remote villages of these areas, from which
they launch attacks against Afghan and ISAF forces in Afghanistan. These Taliban fighters
have also allied with local insurgents based in Waziristan and Baluchistan, raising several
disquieting questions about Pakistan's own internal security and ability to exert control over
this area.
As a result of some international pressure, regular Pakistani army troops entered
the tribal areas for the first time in Pakistani history and in 2004. Pakistan Army attacks on
local militant groups resulted in civilian casualties, fuelling an insurgency by some Waziri
tribal groups. Pakistani troops and US forces have carried out "coordinated operations" in
the border region that has further antagonized some local tribes. The Pakistani Army has
about 80,000 troops in the region now.
The Pakistan military's lack of success in South and North Waziristan — and
concomitant peace deals — have empowered and legitimized the socio-political role of the
mullahs, the militants, and their Taliban allies. International forces now confront a
fundamentally different Taliban than they did in October 2001. The Taliban has replenished
its revenues, recruited new cadres, and adopted Iraq-like tactics, such as improvised
explosive devices and suicide bombers.
Pakistan has tried in recent years to mitigate cross-border infiltration into
Afghanistan. They have talked about fences; they have talked about mines (which Canada
opposes) and aerial surveillance. Pakistan has deployed more than 80,000 troops into the
border regions and have suffered over 800 casualties fighting insurgents since 2002.
Canada has not been blind to this overall situation and positive steps are being
taken. In October 2006, the Minister of National Defence, The Honourable Gordon
O’Connor outlined the issue for the Committee. According to Minister O’Connor, there are
about 12.5 million Pashtun people on the Afghan side of the border. There are also about
22 million in Pakistan. Together they equal the population of Canada.
The border is porous. Anyone moving across the border—two or three
men — may not necessarily be Taliban. There is no paperwork needed for the Pashtun to
move back and forth across the border, because they have a right to cross freely, much as
native Canadians have to move back and forth into the US.
96
ae Buen AE Aen) met with the president of the Pakistani senate and Minister
BORE hai we + 6, , he told both of them that Canada appreciates what they're
‘a e un erstand they also have other insurgencies in their country with which
ey must deal. But Pakistan was asked to do more, because in Canada's view, a porous
border is like an open door allowing movement into our area of operations.
One of the modest Steps of confidence suggested by Minister O'Connor was the
possible deployment of a liaison officer, with the 12th Army Corps of the Pakistan Army, in
southern border region and the positioning of a Pakistan liaison officer in the Canadian
military headquarters in Kandahar.
When he appeared before the Committee on 22 November 2006, Minister of
Foreign Affairs the Honourable Peter Mackay outlined some of the Canadian measures to
address this complicated situation.®
The level of Canadian political and military engagement in Pakistan is arguably
greater now than at any point in the past. In March 2006 Prime Minister Harper and
Defence Minister O'Connor visited Pakistan and Minister O'Connor returned in September
2006. On both occasions they raised the importance of security and development missions
in Afghanistan with the Government of Pakistan and the premium Canada placed on
Pakistan's cooperation. They specifically raised Canadian concerns regarding the activities
of insurgents within the Pakistani territory. Minister Mackay subsequently discussed these
same issues with Pakistani Prime Minister Aziz in October 2006, in Halifax and then with
President Musharraf himself, at the United Nations General Assembly in New York that
same month.
Canada, in concert with allies, continues to push Pakistan to step up its efforts to
prevent the cross-border movement of insurgents. Specifically, Canada encouraged
Pakistan to seek out and arrest senior Taliban figures inside their country; improve border
security; sign, ratify, and implement key United Nations conventions and resolutions
against terrorism; legislate and enforce more robust anti-money laundering laws and
counter-narcotics training; and work to prevent the exploitation by insurgents of refugee
camps inside Pakistan.
On another front, Canada is working with Pakistan's security and law enforcement
personnel to increase their capacity to deal with border management and related issues.
Liaison arrangements between Canadian Forces personnel stationed in Pakistan and
Pakistan's armed forces are being enhanced.
The capacity of Pakistan's security forces in the border regions is limited, particularly
given the enormous security challenges they face in the rugged terrain. Pakistan military
personnel are spread thin and often lack the proper equipment, particularly
communications technology. This lack of capacity contributes to the degree of lawlessness
9 Mackay, The Honourable Peter, Evidence. Standing Committee on National Defence, No. 24.
November 22, 2006.
97
throughout the border regions and undermines government efforts to address the cross-
border movement of insurgents. Through the Foreign Affairs global peace and security
fund and counterterrorism capacity-building fund, Canada is working to king to increase the
capacity of Pakistani security forces. Projects currently being developed include a Pakistani
police capacity-building course that aims to have RCMP trainers work with Pakistan to
enhance the professional development of their security and law enforcement personnel
along the border and elsewhere, and the provision of appropriate communications
equipment, including satellite phone technical assistance, to the relevant Pakistani
authorities to help secure the Pakistan-Afghan border and respond to the presence of
security threats — that is, to detect and interdict smugglers and cross-border movement of
insurgents.
THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN AFGHANISTAN
The Canadian Forces has no direct role in this issue. It is much more central to the
work of CIDA. Our interest was piqued, however, because throughout the conduct of our
study, the Committee heard, time and time again, witnesses explain that among the
objectives of Canada’s overall mission in Afghanistan is the enhancement of the lives of
women and girls, to release them from the oppression of Taliban influence and the grinding
poverty in which they have had to exist for the past generation. So we asked specifically to
hear from some academic and advocacy experts on the subject.
Not all agreed that the situation everywhere had improved for Afghan women since
2001, but not all said it had deteriorated either. Ms. Rina Amiri, the Lead Consultant for
Afghanistan and Regional Matters with the Open Society Institute said her views fell
somewhere in the middle."° She thought that Afghan civil society had improved and that
over 200 women’s organizations had started to gain a voice. On the other hand, Ms. Amiri
pointed out that much of the progress had been made in bigger urban centres like Kabul
and that women living in rural villages still suffer from domestic violence, rape, forced
marriages and a matemal mortality rate of over 40%.'' For women, increased security is
much more than simply defeating the Taliban. The rule of law is not yet effectively
established in Afghanistan and this relates to our earlier concern about the endemic
corruption found among government officials and the ANP. Nonetheless, Ms. Amiri sees
significant value in the military campaign:
| find it ironic that on the one hand people speak of the situation of women and the need
to address this, but at the same time they say, no, we shouldn't engage militarily in the
country; we should not send soldiers.... You cannot isolate the situation of women.
They're not an island; they are part of Afghan society. As in every conflict situation in the
world, those who bear the brunt of conflict, those who bear the brunt of instability are
10 Amiri, Rina. Evidence. Standing Committee on National Defence, January 30, 2007. p. 5.
11 Ibid. p. 6.
98
children and women. We have seen wh
past. Unless there is a resolute commi
the security situation in Afghanistan, th
at the women of Afghanistan have endured in the
tment to put soldiers on the ground and address
e situation of Afghan women will not improve.’
POPPY CROP ERADICATION
. Although the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan do not participate in poppy crop
eradication, they are nonetheless affected by it. Poppy eradication is financed to a large
degree by the US and UK. The actual crop destruction is carried out by the Afghan
National Police.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), noted in its Report
Afghanistan Opium Survey 2006,” that opium poppy acreage increased by 59% from 2005
to 2006. Afghanistan opium production, of which 6,100 tonnes are produced annually, now
accounts for 92% of the world’s opium supply. The increase in the southern provinces was
even more spectacular, with production up by 121% overall, and by 162% in Helmand
province, where the British military contingent is based. In Kandahar Province, where the
Canadians are located, production decreased by 3%.
Huge amounts of money are involved. UNODC has estimated that the global retail
value of Afghanistan based opium, and its heroin derivative, amounted to over
$(US) 50 billion dollars. In early 2006, UNODC Executive Director Antonio Maria Costa
said “Revenue from the harvest will be over three billion dollars this year ....” According to
Costa, the opium farmers get about 25% of the take, with the druglords keeping the
remaining 75% — or about $2.3 billion dollars.
Afghan President Hamid Karzai spoke of the drug problem when he visited Ottawa
on 22 February 2005. In an address to a joint sitting of the House of Commons and the
Senate, he said it would take five to 10 years to resolve and that, “if we do not destroy
poppies in Afghanistan, then poppies will destroy us. | hope you have the patience to
succeed."
Many international reports describe the Afghan government’ s campaign to eliminate
opium as failing. The British lead the international counter-narcotic effort and, among other
things, are helping to train ANP counter-narcotics officers. In a complementary programme,
Germany leads the training of the overall ANP, which includes border police who also play
a role in stopping the drug trade. However, not everyone thinks poppy eradication is the
way to go.
EE ER a
12 Ibid., p. 6. |
13 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime at http://www.unodc.org/unodc/index. html.
99
The Senlis Council’ is an international policy think tank whose work encompasses
foreign policy, security, development and counter-narcotics policies. Their extensive
programme currently underway in Afghanistan focuses on global policy development in
conjunction with field research to investigate. the relationships between counter-narcotics,
military, and development policies and their consequences on Afghanistan’s reconstruction
efforts.
Based on research carried out in the provinces of Nangarhar, Kandahar and
Helmand, Senlis council reports have been highly critical of the overall military strategy in
Afghanistan. ‘* Senlis reports claim that counter-narcotics policies pursued in Afghanistan
by the international community have been largely ineffective and contribute to a worsening
of relations with local communities. As the eradication of poppy crops continues, it has led
to support for the Taliban and al-Qaeda insurgents among dissatisfied farmers instead of
helping to "win their hearts and minds."
Even though Canadian troops do not conduct poppy eradication operations, there is
some concern that local Afghan discontent will fall on Canadians, even if our troops are not
directly involved in eradication. As well, some officials worry that antagonising farmers with
forced eradication will only strengthen the insurgency. The Afghan government has so far
resisted American pressure for aerial spraying, preferring to rely on tractors. It claims to be
targeting “the greedy rather than the needy” (for instance destroying poppy fields allegedly
owned by a former police chief). No compensation will be offered. But uprooting is often a
haphazard affair, usually affecting those who cannot bribe the eradication teams to pass
over their plots. Given that there can be little or no eradication in Taliban areas, those who
live under government control feel unfairly penalised."
The proposed Senlis Council solution to the opium crisis is a novel one — buy the
total opium crop from the farmers directly, and process it into medical opiates, especially
for distribution to developing countries. A full discussion of this and other proposals to bring
the drug trade under control in Afghanistan is beyond the bounds of this study, but it may
be informative to learn how Canadian field troops have been handling the situation. The
following vignette comes from a 2006 article by Murray Brewster of the Canadian Press.’
When the commander of Canadian troops in southern Afghanistan's poppy-rich Helmand
province gives his word to village elders that his soldiers are not there to rip up their
fields, he means it.
14 The Senlis Council at http://www.senliscouncil.net/.
15 See the reports on the Senlis Council website.
16 “Double Spring Offensive.” The Economist, Print edition. February 22, 2007.
17 Brewster, Murray. “Canada treads dangerous line over poppy eradication in southern Afghanistan.”
Canada.com at http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=9311e6b5-f974-4e2f-ae54-
dd2084e67021&k=4588.
100
In fact, Major Bill Fletcher takes great care to ensure his armoured vehicles don't wreck
a basically my word as a commander to them," he said in a recent interview at Forward
perating Base Robinson, in the heart of Helmand River valley.
"There's a code of ethics and honour around here. My word as a commander, and my
platoon commanders give their word that Canadians will not be involved in these things,
seems to be taken at face value..."
Besieged on three sides by poppy fields and in an outpost that was the target of a mass
Taliban attack last month, Fletcher is practising what a senior British officer irreverently
described as "realpolitik."
As commander of C Company, ‘st Battalion, of the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light
Infantry, Fletcher is faced with this potentially volatile conundrum every time he looks
over the grey prefab walls of his remote outpost, where the poppies are so close they
often kiss the edge of his razor-wire defences. Last week, in full of view of heavily armed
Canadian troops, local villagers and temporary workers went about the business of
harvesting this year's crop. All of it will be processed in drug labs sprinkled throughout
the Afghan-Pakistan border area, with some of the refined heroin eventually finding its
way to the streets of major Canadian cities.
The program to rip up and burn poppies is organized and led by the Afghan National
Police and army, a point coalition commanders hammer home at every opportunity. Much
of the super-secret anti-narcotics operation is focused on destroying the processing labs.
Given the grinding systemic poverty of this region, where the average civil service wage
is equivalent to about $60 Cdn a month, the troops find it hard not to feel some sympathy
for the farmers.
"The reality for these guys is, they grow poppies because they get enough money to
live," said Fletcher. "They're not drug barons, you know. They're not huge traffickers or
anything else. They're just farmers trying to make a go in what is a pretty tough
landscape." The complaints of villagers around here aren’t much different than farmers
on the Prairies back home, except this crop becomes an illegal narcotic.
DETAINEE HANDLING AND TRANSFER
Since 2001, the Canadian Forces have captured and subsequently transferred
numerous individuals suspected of committing crimes or planning to commit terrorist acts
against international forces or Afghans them
Maior Bill Fletcher was recently awarded the Star
ce by Governor General Michaëlle Jean, for acts of courage un
Afghanistan.
101
selves. These apprehended individuals are
of Military Valour, second only to the Canadian Victoria
der fire in the face of the enemy in
referred to as ‘detainees’ and they are routinely handed over to Afghan national security
forces by Canadian troops. The Committee heard early testimony that highlighted
significant concern over the practice of transferring detainees to Afghan authorities
because it was thought that they will be mistreated or tortured by ill-trained Afghan police.
Public allegations subsequently surfaced that claimed three detained Afghans may
have even been mistreated while in Canadian custody. The allegations came from
University of Ottawa law professor Amir Attaran,'? based on government documents he
obtained under the Access to Information Act. The Canadian Forces launched a Board of
Inquiry° to investigate the treatment and processing of detainees by the Canadian Forces
in Afghanistan, and the circumstances regarding the transfer of the three detainees from a
Canadian field unit to Military Police at Kandahar Airfield in the period 6-8 April 2006.
The Board of Inquiry is distinctly different from a separate ongoing Canadian Forces
National Investigation Service (CFNIS) investigation, in which trained investigators
determine whether or not a criminal offence has occurred, and whether or not there is
sufficient evidence to lay charges.
In addition to these proceedings, the Military Police Complaints Commission
announced”' it was launching a second public interest investigation into a complaint
regarding the transfer of detainees by Military Police in Afghanistan. This decision relates
to a joint, Amnesty International Canada and British Columbia Civil Liberties Association,
complaint letter received on 21 February 2007. In the complaint, it is alleged that the
Canadian Forces Provost Marshal and unidentified members of the CF Military Police, on
at least 18 occasions transferred detainees to Afghan authorities notwithstanding alleged
evidence that there was a likelihood they would be tortured.
Detainee handling and transfer involves certain diplomatic issues too. Afghanistan is
a sovereign country and is responsible for the handling of all detainees captured on its own
territory. Canada, and other nations, are in Afghanistan at the invitation of the Afghan
government and so, detainees captured by the Canadian Forces were originally turned
over to Afghan authorities, subject to conditions found in an arrangement between the
Canadian Forces and the Afghan ministry of defence, signed on 18 December 2005.
The document in question is entitled, “Arrangement for the Transfer of Detainees
between the Canadian Forces and the Ministry of Defence of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan. The first section of the arrangement establishes the technical nature of the
document when it says, “This arrangement establishes procedures in the event of a
transfer ....” It is an agreement between two government agencies, not an agreement
between two countries per se.
19 See the transcript of an interview with Dr. Attaran at http://www.wsws.org/articles/2007/feb2007/inte-
f16.shtml.
20 DND new release at http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/newsroom/view_ news _e.asp?id=2199.
21 Military Police Complaints Commission website at http://www.mpcc-
cppm.gc.ca/300/Afghanistan/index_e.aspx.
102
According to Ms. C
International Security Branch
and is not legally binding.
particular those in the Third
olleen Swords,** the DFAIT Assistant Deputy Minister
and Policy Director, the arrangement is not a formal treaty
dar it reaffirms existing legally binding commitments, in
neva Convention, as well as obligations undertaken by both
Es and Afghanistan under international law with respect to detainees. In ‘eee
ircumstances, it was felt, there was no need to enter into a separate legally binding
agreement with the Government of Afghanistan. Ms. Swords also pointed out that the
mechanisms for the transfer of detainees concluded between Afghan authorities and other
NATO allies such as Denmark, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are also not
legally binding.
The transfer arrangement establishes the procedures to be followed in the event of
a detainee transfer. It IS Intended primarily to provide commanders on the ground with
clarity on what to do in the event of a transfer, the arrangement lays out two key principles:
a. Recognition of the need for detainees to be treated humanely under any
cireumstance and in accordance with the standards set out for prisoners of
war in the Third Geneva Convention;
b. Afghan authorities, in exercising sovereignty over their own territory,
should have the ultimate responsibility for detainees transferred and held
within Afghanistan?
The agreement acknowledges the right of the International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC) to visit detainees at any time during their custody and an obligation for both
parties to notify the ICRC upon transferring a detainee, in accordance with their obligations
pursuant to international law. It also establishes a commitment that persons transferred
from the Canadian Forces to Afghan authorities will not be subject to the application of the
death penalty. Finally, it features recognition, by both parties, of the legitimate role of the
Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) with regard to the treatment of
detainees. Canada notifies the ICRC in a timely manner each time a detainee transfer
occurs and Canada also notifies ISAF of any detainees transferred. The information shared
with NATO is similar to that provided to the ICRC.
Based on the premise that Afghan authorities should have the ultimate responsibility
for detainees transferred and held within Afghanistan, Canada has been actively
contributing to efforts to assist and strengthen Afghan capabilities in this field. Consistent
with its leadership role in security system reform in southern Afghanistan, Canada has
deployed a corrections expert to the UNAMA for the past three years and has recently
22 Testimony before the Committee on Monday, December 11, 2006.
23 Note that detainees are not considered to be “prisoners of war” and that the term is used only to describe the
level and nature of treatment detainees will be afforded.
ada, is a sovereign country and a member of the United Nations. The Canadian Forces
i like Can ee
24 ae sshd QU litary forces are there at the invitation of the Afghan government.
and other international mi
103
deployed more Corrections Services Canada officers to the Kandahar PRT, to help with
capacity building in the Afghan corrections and detention centre in Kandahar province.
Professor Michael Byers, Professor and Canada Research Chair in Global Politics
and International Law, also appeared before us on 11 December 2006, and expressed
strong concern that the transfer agreement was not as robust as it could be. He, like Mr.
Alex Neve of Amnesty International Canada was deeply concerned that when the
Canadian Forces transfer a prisoner into Afghan custody, torture or ill treatment by Afghan
police will occur. They felt that the transfer agreement was not sufficient to prohibit such
abuse and that it therefore left Canada and Canadian Forces personnel liable to be in
violation of their international human rights obligations.
Professor Byers, cited the detainee transfer agreement between the Netherlands
and Afghanistan as a good model, suggested a number of amendments be made to
strengthen the transfer agreement. First, he wants Canada to insist on a right to conduct
follow-up checks on detainees transferred to Afghan authorities. Second, in addition to
ensuring that the death penalty is not applied to any transferred detainees, Canada should
also insist that no transferred detainees are sent to any third country. Finally, Professor
Byers thinks the agreement ought to be elevated to the status of a legally binding
undertaking, so that Afghanistan can be held to account if they violate any aspect of
international law.
Being sensitive to the debate surrounding the handling of detainees, Canadian
military leaders in Afghanistan worked to ensure this issue was being handled
appropriately. A Canadian Press article*? described how Brigadier-General Tim Grant, the
Commander of JTF-Afg, reached an agreement with the Kandahar office of the AIHRC, to
have the AIHRC act as watchdog for detainees captured by Canadians to ensure that valid .
complaints of abuse are investigated.
Abdul Quadar Noorzai, the Kandahar manager of the AHIRC said, "Canadians
respect human rights very well.... It is one of the greatest acts taken by them and | really
appreciate it from the core of my heart." Noorzai said he was now free to investigate and
document cases of suspected abuse, whether the allegations involve Canadian troops or
Afghan authorities. The agreement gives victims a way to have their complaints
investigated by either Canadian authorities or the local judiciary for prosecution.”°
Nonetheless, there was continuing concern over the transfer of detainees to Afghan
security authorities. The Minister of National Defence subsequently visited Kandahar to
discuss the details of detainee transfer and the role of AIHRC in monitoring
25 Brewster, Murray. “Afghan group to monitor detainee care. Canada first NATO country to reach deal on
probing inmate complaints”. Canadian Press, March 1, 2007.
26 Ibid.
104
the subsequent treatment of detainees held in Afghan prisons. Minister O’Connor returned
to Canada and confirmed that the AIH :
RC will monit
transferred by Canada to Afghan authorities onitor the treatment of detainees
i On ner 3, 2007, the government went one step further and signed a supplemental
angement between the government of Canada and the Afghan Ministry of Defence, in
which both parties agreed to additional and more stringent criteria for the treatment,
supervision and access to detainees in Afghan prisons. This supplemental arrangement
addresses the major concerns voiced in previous testimony and, in fact, is now being held
up as the best arrangement of its kind in Afghanistan. In combination, the two Canadian-
Afghan arrangements on detainee transfer are being touted as an example for all other
national contingents.
However, one preferred step remains and that would be to have NATO ISAF
develop a common detainee transfer arrangement between ISAF and the Government of
Afghanistan, so that all detainees are handled and transferred in a consistent manner and
common expectations of follow-up are known and understood by all parties.
RECOMMENDATION 18
The government should attempt to convince NATO to establish a
general arrangement with the Government of Afghanistan to ensure the
consistent treatment of detainees, but in the meantime, the
Government of Canada should ensure that, in all combined operations
conducted by Canadian and Afghan military and/or police forces, all
detainees captured by Canadian Forces are treated in accordance with
the December 18, 2005 and May 3, 2007 arrangements between the
Government of Canada and the Government of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan in the spirit of the Geneva Conventions and the
Convention against Torture.
CONTRIBUTING TO THE TRAINING OF THE AFGHAN NATIONAL SECURITY
FORCES
An important aspect of the international effort to assist in the reconstruction and
development of Afghanistan, are the programmes to establish and build the Afghan
National Army (ANA) and the Afghan National Police (ANP). The aim is to make each
capable of playing its full role in the maintenance of peace and security in Afghanistan.
When they are able to do this, international military forces can leave.
The US is the lead nation for the development of the Afghan National Army (ANA).
Once elements of the ANA complete their training programme, ISAF'S involvement
with the ANA is focused on its operational employment rather than its manning, initial
training and sustainment. ISAF helps to bring the ANA up to operating capability through
the provision of Operational Mentoring and Liaison Teams (OMLT). These teams support
training and deploy on operations in an advisory role.
105
At a Geneva conference on Afghanistan security in April 2002, donor countries
agreed to support the rebuilding of the security forces in Afghanistan. They established a
‘five pillars’ approach, each to be led by a different nation. The US took the lead to build the
ANA and Germany took the lead for the ANP.*’ The Afghanistan government and the
international community agreed to set up the ANP with 62,000 personnel, a number
thought to be the minimum that could function effectively and be sustained by the
government of Afghanistan over the long term. That number was to include 44,300
uniformed police, 12,000 border police, 3,400 highway police and 2,300 counternarcotics
police. In January 2006, a standby reaction police force was added.
Together, the Afghan National Army (ANA) and the Afghan National Police (ANP)
comprise the major elements of the Afghan national security forces The ANA is overseen
by the Afghan Ministry of Defence and the ANP are overseen by the Ministry of the Interior.
The US-led Combined Security Transition Command - Afghanistan (CSTC-A). is
responsible for training the Afghan National Army and also interacts with the German-led
project to train the Afghan National Police. In partnership with the Government of
Afghanistan and the International Community, CSTC-C plans, programs and implements
reform of the Afghan Police and defense sectors in order to develop a stable Afghanistan,
strengthen the rule of law, and deter and defeat terrorism within its borders.® It is
commanded by a US Major-General with a Canadian Brigadier-General as Deputy
Commander.
Training the Afghan National Army
Upon becoming president of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai set a goal of an army of
70,000 by 2010. Three years ago, there was virtually no ANA to speak of, but today, the
ANA has nearly 37,000 soldiers*? and ANA units now regularly take part in or lead
combined ANA-ISAF combat operations.
Initial recruiting problems lay in the lack of cooperation from regional warlords and
inconsistent international support. The problem of desertion dogged the force in its early
days. In mid-March, 2004 estimates suggested that 3,000 soldiers had deserted.
27 Inspectors General, US Department of State and US Department of Defense. Interagency Assessment of
Afghanistan Police Training and Readiness. November 2006. The other pillars are Justice (Italy);
Counternarcotics (UK) and demobilization, disarmament and reintegration (DDR — Japan).
28 CSTC-A website at http://oneteam.centcom.mil/default.aspx.
29 United Nations Human Rights Council, Fourth Session. Report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan and on the achievements of technical assistance in the field
of human rights. March 5, 2007.
106
res FR of Op Enduring Freedom different nations have undertaken various
Conia Ve 4 training the ANA, managed by Combined Security Transition
ghanistan (CSTC-A), a US-led two-star level multi-national command
headquartered in downtown Kabul Canadi igadi À
an B -G
as the Deputy Commander. rigadier-General Denis Tabbernor serves
From July 2006, ANA training and education has been managed and implemented
by the newly-formed Afghan National Army Training Command (ANATC), which reports
directly to the Afghan Chief of the General Staff. All training centers and military schools
are under ANATC HQ, to preserve the approach that ISAF forces are mentoring Afghan
military appointments, who remain responsible for the training of their own soldiers.
Individual basic training is conducted primarily by ANA instructors and staff at
ANATC's Kabul Military Training Center. Foreign mentors at the Kabul Military Training
Centre (KMTC) work under a US Army General Officer and in addition to the majority
American contingent, there are 60 British troops, along with small detachments of French,
Romanian and even Mongolian soldiers. Fifteen Canadian Forces personnel serve at the
KMTC, acting as mentors to the Afghan instructors who teach Afghan soldiers. Note that
the Canadians are ‘mentors,’ not instructors per se. This is consistent with the overall
approach of building Afghan capacity, not doing the work for them.
KMTC has about 2,500 Afghan soldiers under training at any one time and it
graduates a 615-man kandak (battalion) every month. It takes 16 weeks to turn an Afghan
recruit into a trained soldier (as compared with 13 weeks in Canada).
CSTC-A provides the ANA with other various degrees of oversight, mentorship, and
assistance. The US assists in the basic and advanced training of enlisted recruits and
trains non-commissioned officers (NCO) for the basic training courses. A French Army
advisory team oversees the training of officers for staff and low level field command in the
Officer Training Brigade. The UK also conducts initial infantry officer training and
commissioning at the Officer Candidate School. The British Army also conducts initial and
advanced NCO training in a separate training brigade.
The Canadian Forces supervises the Combined Training Exercise portion of initial
military training, where trainee soldiers, NCOs, and officers are brought together in field
training exercises to certify them ready for field operations. Ideally, these exercises would
be held at the kandak level, but the ANA is simply not able to perform at that level yet.
However, as the ANA grows and matures they will reach that level and in order for such
training to be effective, more training staff will be needed. This is one area where Canada
and the Canadian Forces can reinforce success.
RECOMMENDATION 19
The government should increase the Canadian Forces contributions
to Afghan National Army training so that, as the Afghan National
Army grows and matures, higher level collective training of new
kandaks can be conducted prior to real operations.
107
Once trained ANA forces leave the KMTC in Kabul and join the Regional Corps
deployed around the country, ANA kandaks are supported by attached ISAF military
personnel called Operational Mentor Liaison Teams (OMLT — affectionately known as
‘omelettes’) that mentor the kandak leadership and advise commanders in the areas of
intelligence, communications, fire support, logistics and infantry tactics. OMLTs also play a
particularly important coordinating and de-conflicting role between ANA and ISAF
operations. There are at least 20 OMLTs currently deployed, and the Alliance is working to
increase this number significantly.
Canada provides a 64-man OMLT in Kandahar Province, which recently took over
responsibility for supporting an entire ANA Brigade. Here too, as the ANA grows and more
kandaks are deployed in the Kandahar area, Canada could provide valuable help by
increasing the size of the Canadian OMLT as the number of kandaks grows.
During its visit to Kandahar, the Committee heard a variety of comments about the
Afghan army covering the gamut from recklessness to courage. Most experienced views
agreed that Afghan soldiers fought well in combat, even if they tended to lack a bit of battle
discipline. There are difficulties however. Apart from the ever present concern that a
trained soldier might run off to join the Taliban, desertion and difficult recruitment are
reoccurring problems. Soldiers are recruited from all nine ethnic groups across the country
and, once enlisted, will spend their three year tour of duty on operational deployment.
Some simply grow tired of being away from home for perhaps the first time in their lives.
Once paid, some just take their money back to their family, with no thought to their
‘professional’ military responsibilities. None of this information was supported by empirical
facts. It was all anecdotal, but it did provide the Committee with a better feel for the
circumstances.
In the end, the Committee came away with a realistic understanding of the
difficulties prevalent in growing and developing an effective ANA. Good, moral armies are
not built overnight and the ANA faces many years of hard work before it is able to stand by
itself, in its own land. It is not yet ready to operate on its own.
The Committee feels this is one area where Canada could do more. A fully trained
ANA that can protect its own country is essentially our ‘exit strategy’ for this mission. When
the ANA can stand on its own, foreign military forces can go home. In light of this
perspective, providing additional training support to the ANA should be the Canadian
Forces’ number two priority after security operations, because the entire Afghanistan
Compact security sector reform is based on the development of the ANA, to the point that
they can effectively establish and sustain a secure environment throughout the country.
Right now, the US, British and French are carrying the majority of the load. We could do
more.
Not only are Canadian soldiers world-class trainers in military operations, the
profession of arms in Canada is built on solid moral and physical criteria, guided by ethical
leadership, all of which could usefully be applied to the development of the ANA.
108
Training the Afghan National Police
The development of the ANP has lagged behind that of the ANA and only in the
past two years has the international community come to realize the importance of a
stronger domestic police force, capable of contributing effectively to the establishment of
peace and security and of law and order. The Afghan Compact authorized an ANP
strength of 62,000 personnel and the international community, under US and German
leadership have been offering effective help to reach this goal.
| The ANP is part of the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and is organized by regions, then
provinces and then districts, each led by a Chief of Police.°°
The basic training of a new ANP recruit is 8 weeks long, after which he/she is
assigned to a duty station typically close to home. Many of the new ANP members lack
formal education and are illiterate. Most of the new ANP officer-level personnel are trained
at the Kabul Police Academy, where they receive a three-year university level professional
education, after which they can expect duty assignments throughout the country.
The prevailing public perception is that the ANP is corrupt and ineffective due to the
lack of mentoring and development, and also because of low pay (approximately US$ 70
per month), as well as inadequate supervision. Some of those issues will be addressed by
on-going rank and pay reform, a programme to professionalize the force by retaining only
trained officers and ensuring that all can receive their pay as earned. Despite the
international community’s focus on ANP development, it is generally accepted that the
ANP is about three years behind the level currently enjoyed by the ANA. The current goal
is to reach a strength of 60,000 by 2011.
However, even now, the government of Afghanistan cannot afford to pay its police,
so the international community has established a mechanism to pay ANP salaries through
the Law and Order Trust Fund, administered by the UN Development Program (UNDP).”'
Costs are considerable. For example, the US contributed $20 million in 2004, $40 million in
2005 and $9.5 million in 2006. As of May 2006, the US Bureau of Narcotics and Law
Enforcement Affairs funding for the ANP program totaled nearly $1.1 billion for the period
2004-2007. In addition there was a transfer of $200 million from the ANA program to
procure weapons and equipment for the ANP in 2005.
ee a
30 This and following information comes from a briefing received by Canadian Forces officers during the
Committees trip to Afghanistan in January 2007.
31 Inspectors General, US Department of State and US Department of Defense. Interagency Assessment of
Afghanistan Police Training and Readiness. November 2006. p. 5.
109
The government of Afghanistan is projected to maintain an ANP funding level
through 2012 and beyond at about $170 million, but forecasted sustainment costs for the
ANP (training, infrastructure and equipment) show it will be closer to $600 million. The gap
will presumably have to be filled by the international community.°?
But deterioration in the security situation in 2006, forced the MOI to act to rebalance
the ANP and to establish the Afghan National Auxiliary Police (ANAP). The MOI also
considered increasing the ANP to 82,000. To study the issue, a working group was
constituted in February 2007, consisting of representatives of Germany, the US, Norway,
the Special Representative of the European Union (EUSR), UNAMA, and the Aer
Government (MOI, MOF). It met four times, chaired by the German Embassy.
The proposal to increase the size of the ANP was based on an analysis that due to
the security situation, which began to worsen in early 2006, more Afghan security forces
were required in order to guarantee stability in the country. A series of steps were taken in
to rebalance the ANP and establishment the Afghan National Auxiliary Police (ANAP),
which was essentially a local self-defence force, in the face of growing insurgent infiltration
in the south.
The primary mitigating factor on the proposal to increase the size of the ANP is the
effect of this increase on the financial situation of both the Government of Afghanistan and
the Law and Order Trust Fund Afghanistan. The Afghanistan government does not have
sufficient funds to pay the salaries of even a 62,000 police force and the Law and Order
Trust Fund also constantly struggles to find enough funds.
The Task Force agreed that whatever decision is made the ultimate solution to
increasing the effectiveness of the police lies not only in numbers, but in improving the
quality of the police force, The MOI has reiterated the urgent and continuous need for an
improvement of the quality of the police force, but professionalization of the police also
depends on thorough reform of the Ministry of Interior itself.
The Afghan National Auxiliary Police (ANAP) is intended to be a community-based
auxiliary police force to promote security at the district and village level, working under the
local Chief of Police. In the Kandahar area, candidates for the ANAP are recommended
and selected jointly by the village elders and mullahs, and are sent back to their
communities upon completion of training. Monthly pay is equivalent to that of regular ANP
personnel and they are provided with uniforms and weapons when they complete the
CSTC-A sponsored and a Canadian Forces delivered two-week basic training programme
in Kandahar. Their initial contract is for one year, after which they have an option to renew
it, or join the regular ANP. The current plan is to train and deploy 2,000 ANAP policemen in
Kandahar Province, with an increase to 2,080 if funding permits.
In comparison to some, Canada’s contribution to training the ANP is small, but it
does have some influence. Canadian civilian police and Canadian Forces Military Police
32 Ibid., p. 6.
110
LTS adda i: the ANP on a variety of subjects including responding to an attack by
ne : are osive device (IED), first responder training, patrol training, weapons
g, Searching of suspects and vehicle checkpoint procedures. Some training support
. tae ve L to Afghan National Auxiliary Police recruits at the US-run Regional Training
0 The Canadian Military Police Platoon is part of the KPRT. One detachment (2
military policeman) are tasked to support ANP training in the Kandahar area.
The RCMP work with international partners to assist with the mentoring and training
of the ANP. One RCMP officer is deployed to the Police Reform Unit of the
US-led Combined Security Transition Command - Afghanistan (CSTC-A) in Kabul and one
is placed in the Afghan Ministry of the Interior.
Within the KPRT, 10 Canadian civilian police, under the leadership of RCMP
officers, assist in building the capacity of the ANP by mentoring the local police force.
Canadian police are responsible for establishing relationships with law-enforcement
partners and serving as the point of contact between the KPRT and local police. They work
in close cooperation with other international policing partners. Canadian police officers
conduct regular joint patrols with KPRT military officers to liaise directly with the ANP at
numerous police stations and checkpoints both within Kandahar City and in some of the
rural districts.
Since 2005, Canadian police officers have distributed more than 2,500 working
uniforms that were locally procured and distributed to the ANP. Other essential policing
equipment, including boots, flashlights, belts, traffic cones, spike belts and portable speed
bumps have also been provided to the ANP.
Canadian development funds were obtained to improve the living/working conditions
of six local ANP stations. Four were renovated. Three new police stations, located in key
areas of the city, are being constructed with two more planned.
In Kandahar, the fire department is part of the ANP. It lacked basic fire-fighting gear
and so the KPRT Civilian Military Cooperation (CIMIC) team received equipment from the
Langford, B.C. Volunteer Fire Department for the Kandahar Fire Department. The Langford
Fire Department also donated approximately $400,000 of equipment to be divided between
Kandahar and Kabul.
SHARING THE BURDEN
Throughout 2006, Canadians came to think that we were carrying too great a share
of the fighting in southern Afghanistan. This perception was abetted by the concern of ISAF
leaders that many of the participating nations had imposed caveats on the
111
employment of their troops that denied ISAF commanders any flexibility in deploying ISAF
troops to the areas of greatest threat. The caveat issue became a hot discussion within
NATO circles over the summer and fall.
National troop contingents assigned to NATO have always come with caveats
attached — some explicit, but many implicit. Most are reasonable in the circumstances. A
common complaint was that some forces focused on reconstruction and development work
in the north, were considered to be not pulling their weight because they were not allowed
to deploy into the southern provinces and fight alongside the British, Canadians, Dutch and
Americans. Ignored in the argument were two important facts. First, national parliaments
and governments had agreed to deploy their troops to do a specific job and were fortunate
enough to find themselves in an area where fighting was minimal. Such contingents were
organized and trained to do the job they were sent to do — mainly run a PRT operation,
which leads to the second point.
Most of the PRT oriented elements are not easily turned into a combat unit in a
short time. They are neither trained nor equipped to fight serious battles. If they came
south, they may have turned out to be more of a burden than a help.
The Canadian government has caveats on the Canadian Forces contingent in
Afghanistan now. For example, the Canadian-led PRT cannot be packed up and deployed
elsewhere without approval of our national chain of command.
While Canadian troops certainly suffered terrible injury and death, we must not allow
ourselves to be disheartened by the loss. There have been over 10,000 Canadian Forces
personnel deployed to Afghanistan since 2001. Counting our 46 tragic deaths and over 180
injuries, our troops have suffered about a 2% casualty rate. The Committee knows such
calculations can seem cold-hearted, but it is important to keep an objective perception of
the price being paid.
Canadians are not the only ones paying a price. Some have paid more. While
others may not have paid the same steep price as that paid by our troops, many of our
allies have been involved in the fighting. The following chart shows the number of ISAF
military deaths so far, in Afghanistan.
112
NATO fatalities in Afghanistan by Country (as of adoption)
Australia 1
Canada 57
Czech Republic 1
Denmark 4
Finland 1
France 9
Germany 21
Italy 9
NATO 1
Netherlands 6
Norway 1
Portugal 1
Romania 4
South Korea 1
Spain ZA
Sweden 2
United Kingdom 60
United States 399
Total 599
Source: icasualties.org
113
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CONCLUSION
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This report focused on Canada’s military mission in Afghanistan. It shows that while
the Canadian Forces are providing operational leadership for the military campaign in the
south of Afghanistan and that Canadian troops are performing exceptionally well, the
overall mission still faces enormous challenges. Although noble, the mission is decidedly
complex. There are no short term fixes or simple remedies. Evidence presented to the
Committee is unanimous in calling for a long-term commitment from the international
community for perhaps a decade — or a generation.
It is clear to many that the military mission alone will not solve the Afghanistan
problem. So, while it is acknowledged that the Canadian Forces are in Afghanistan to
protect our national interests, they are contributing to the broader international effort to help
Afghans rebuild their country, so that it never again becomes a haven for terrorists. Our
military mission also supports our close allies and other international friends in the UN,
NATO and the G-8.
The Committee found that JTF-Afg is the most combat effective, best trained, best
led, best equipped and best supported mission of its kind that Canada has ever deployed.
It is among the best national contingents in ISAF, but it cannot do the job alone. JTF-
Afg represents the defence ‘D’ of the government's ‘3D’ approach to complex conflict and
post-conflict situations. The other two ‘Ds’ are diplomacy and development. The 3D
approach is, in turn, part of the government’s overall ‘whole of government’ approach to
modern crises.
We found three factors to be important when considering the mission. First, Canada
is not acting unilaterally in Afghanistan and cannot simply ‘do this’ or change that’ on its
own. Second, the mission is one of capacity building, helping Afghans build the capacity to
do the work themselves. We also noted therefore, that there is no advantage in
simplistically throwing Canadian money, people or equipment at problems faster than they
can be absorbed and used effectively. Third, and perhaps most important, Canada has
taken sides in this issue. The mission is not, and never has been, anything akin to a
peacekeeping mission.
The mission is also characterized by three general threats. First, the main direct
threat to the national security of Afghanistan, and to Canadian troops, is the Taliban who
have continued to mount an insurgency against the Afghanistan government and use
guerrilla warfare tactics against JTF-Afg, including suicide bombers, improvised explosive
devices and ambushes with machine guns and rocket propelled grenade launchers. The
second threat is a corrosive mixture of corruption, the illegal drug trade and continuing
tribal warlord influence. A third threat was identified closer to home — our own national
impatience with the pace of progress in Afghanistan.
115
The report identified a number of difficult challenges that remain to be overcome.
Government and media have been less than wholly effective in providing ordinary
Canadians and Parliamentarians with adequate information about Canada’s military
mission in Afghanistan. Government could have done more and the media could have
been much more balanced in its approach.
The military mission was found to be not as unbalanced as some have claimed.
Balance is more accurately measured on the basis of effect. The military mission has
always had a degree of balance unknown to most Canadians, based on the work of the
Canadian-led Provincial Reconstruction Team in Kandahar and of the Strategic Advisory
Team-Afghanistan, deployed within Afghan government ministries in Kabul.
Canada could do more in training the Afghan National Army because a competent
and effective Afghan National Army that is capable of protecting its own country is, in a
way, an ‘exit strategy’ or a prerequisite for foreign troops to leave Afghanistan.
Canadian troops with battlefield injuries are cared for by a world-class medical
system based on multinational and allied support from the battlefield to Canada. The
Canadian Forces ability to diagnose and treat psychological injuries has matured over the
past decade and considerable attention is devoted to the care of those who have suffered
operational stress injuries. However, more needs to be done to address the psychological
impact on military families.
Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan have been provided with some of the best
equipment in the world and, perhaps of more importance, the national defence
procurement process has been dramatically successful in delivering new, important
operational equipment quickly. One of the remaining requirements is for a medium-heavy
lift helicopter, needed to increase the flexibility and speed of tactical deployment of combat
troops and to reduce the need for road convoys that are liable to ambush and attack by
improvised explosive devices. We encourage the government to expedite the delivery of
these helicopters.
The Committee identified the need for more timely flow of development and
reconstruction resources from CIDA, in the aftermath of combat operations that have
displaced innocent civilians. We also highlighted the need for more attention to be paid to
the handling and transfer of Afghan detainees. Finally, we remain concerned about the
impact of accidental deaths of innocent Afghans in the course of ISAF military operations.
In the end, having heard so many things from so many people, we are left with the
fact that Canada’s complex and noble military mission in Afghanistan is far from over. We
know too that the rebuilding of Afghanistan will not be complete by the end of our military
mandate in February 2009. The question is, therefore, when that deadline arrives, do we
stay and finish the job or come home?
116
LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATION 1
The government should review regulations governing the
disbursement of reconstruction and development funding
through the Kandahar Provincial Reconstruction Team, to
ensure project funding can flow at the rate necessary to meet
the requirements of the mission and establish a process of
financial and project accountability.
RECOMMENDATION 2
The timely disbursement of reconstruction and development
funding to the field is not only important in Afghanistan, but in
all of Canada’s international operations. Therefore, the
government should review regulations governing the dispersal
of reconstruction and development funding in all international
operations, to ensure project funding can flow at the rate
necessary to meet mission requirements and establish a
process of financial and project accountability.
RECOMMENDATION 3
While the disbursement of reconstruction and development
funds are routinely accounted for in Departmental
Performance Reports and responsible Ministers may be
requested to appear before Parliamentary committees to
report on such expenditures, the Committee feels that audits
of international development funds should ensure that project
funding is transparent, effective and efficient and establish a
process of financial and project accountability.
RECOMMENDATION 4
The government should hold a debate on the Canadian
mission in Afghanistan without delay, to provide Canadians
with an accurate and up-to-date understanding of the aim and
status of the mission, Canada’s role in it and to inform
government decision-making relating to the mission deadline
in February 2009.
117
RECOMMENDATION 5
DND should review the need for some sort of flexible
decompression programme for soldiers going home on mid-
tour leave.
RECOMMENDATION 6
The government should recognize the critical and growing
work done by the Operational Stress Injury Social Support
Network and support it with appropriate funding and other
resources, so that it can keep up with the growing need of
caring for returning Afghanistan Veterans and their families.
RECOMMENDATION 7
The government should actively encourage other appropriate
Canadian entrepreneurs to increasingly participate in support
of Canada’s overseas missions.
RECOMMENDATION 8
Recognizing its moral responsibility, the federal government
should strongly encourage the provincial and territorial
governments to provide the resources needed to address the
mental health support required by military families.
RECOMMENDATION 9
The government should accelerate its effort to expedite the
delivery medium-heavy lift helicopters to support combat
operations of the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan and ensure
that the helicopters acquired are effective in both domestic
and international operations.
RECOMMENDATION 10
The government should rebalance’ the _ diplomatic,
development and defence components of the Canadian
mission in Afghanistan, to increase the focus on diplomacy
and development.
118
RECOMMENDATION 11
The government should conduct regular televised, public
briefings, at meaningful intervals, to accurately inform
Canadians about the status, activity and effect of the mission
in Afghanistan.
RECOMMENDATION 12
The Minister of National Defence should appear at least four
times a year before the Standing Committee on Defence, to
provide a televised situation report, outlining the status,
activity and effect of all Canadian Forces operational missions
being conducted at the time.
RECOMMENDATION 13
In months during which the Committee is not travelling and in
which the Minister does not appear, a Canadian Forces senior
officer should continue to appear before the Committee to
present a briefing on the mission status, activity and effect of
all ongoing Canadian Forces operational missions since the
last report and provide a view of what can be expected in the
next month.
RECOMMENDATION 14
For the life of the current Canadian Forces mission in
Afghanistan, or in the future case of a similar mission, the
Standing Committee on National Defence should make an
annual visit to NATO Headquarters in Brussels, to receive
detailed briefings on the NATO mission in Afghanistan and
meet with the North Atlantic Council to discuss multilateral
strategic coordination issues and other items of mutual
interest.
RECOMMENDATION 15
In addition to the visit to NATO Headquarters, the Committee
should attempt to annually visit Supreme Headquarters Allied
Powers Europe (SHAPE), which oversees all NATO operations,
and/or Joint Force Command (JFC) Brunssum, which oversees
ISAF operations, to receive detailed strategic and operational
179
level briefings of the NATO operation in Afghanistan. If a visit
is not possible, alternate means of communication such as
video-conferencing or invitations to SHAPE/JFC Brunssum
officials should be considered.
RECOMMENDATION 16
The Standing Committee on National Defence should visit the
Canadian Forces in Afghanistan at least once annually, at an
appropriate time, in order to review the status of the mission at
that time and any progress being made.
RECOMMENDATION 17
When visiting Canadian Forces international operations, the
House of Commons Standing Committee on Defence should
be accorded early and full support by DND, to ensure that the
full Committee and necessary staff are able to complete the
trip and their work.
RECOMMENDATION 18
The government should attempt to convince NATO to
establish a general arrangement with the Government of
Afghanistan to ensure the consistent treatment of detainees,
but in the meantime, the Government of Canada should ensure
that, in all combined operations conducted by Canadian and
Afghan military and/or police forces, all detainees captured
by Canadian Forces are treated in accordance with the
December 18, 2005 and May 3, 2007 arrangements between the
Government of Canada and the Government of the Islamic
Republic of Afghanistan in the spirit of the Geneva
Conventions and the Convention against Torture.
RECOMMENDATION 19
The government should increase the Canadian Forces
contributions to Afghan National Army training so that, as the
Afghan National Army grows and matures, higher level
collective training of new kandaks can be conducted prior to
real operations.
120
Organizations and Individuals
Department of National Defence
Hon. Gordon O'Connor, Minister of National Defence
RAdm Dan Murphy, Director of Staff - Strategic Joint Staff
Vincent Rigby, Acting Assistant Deputy Minister (Policy)
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
Hon. Peter MacKay, Minister of Foreign Affairs
James Fox, Director General,
South and South East Asia Bureau
Wendy Gilmour, Deputy Director,
Belarus, Caucasus, Central Asia, Moldova, Ukraine (REE)
Canadian Council for International Co operation
Gerry Barr, President and Chief Executive Officer
Erin Simpson, Policy Officer (peace and conflict),
Peace, Security and Development
CARE Canada
Kevin McCort, Senior Vice-President,
Operations
Polaris Institute
Steven Staples, Director,
Security Programs
Réseau francophone de recherche sur les opérations
de paix
Marc André Boivin, Coordinator
Université du Québec a Montréal
Dr. Justin Massie, Research Associate ,
Chaire de recherche du Canada en politiques étrangere et de
défense canadiennes
Department of National Defence
MGen Stuart Beare, Commander,
Land Force Doctrine and Training System
Conference of Defence Associations
LGen (Retd) Richard Evraire, Chairman
Col (Retd) Brian MacDonald, Senior Defence Analyst
Royal Military College of Canada
Dr. Sean Maloney, Associate Professor of History
121
APPENDIX A
LIST OF WITNESSES
Date
2006/05/30
2006/06/06
2006/06/08
2006/06/08
2006/06/08
2006/06/13
2006/06/13
2006/06/20
2006/09/20
2006/09/20
Meeting
=
10
10
Organizations and Individuals
University of Calgary
Dr. David Bercuson, Director,
Centre for Military and Strategic Studies
Queen's University
Dr. Douglas Bland, Chair,
Defence Management Studies Program, School of Policy
Studies
As an Individual
LGen (Retd) Michael Jeffery, former Chief of the Land Staff
(2000-2003)
Department of National Defence
MGen Daniel Benjamin, Commander,
Canadian Operational Support Command
Col Jocelyn Cousineau,
Operational Support J5
Department of National Defence
Hon. Gordon O'Connor, Minister of National Defence
Gen R.J. Hillier, Chief of the Defence Staff
Ward Elcock, Deputy Minister
Department of National Defence
Col M.D. Capstick, former Commander,
Strategic Advisory Team - Afghanistan
The Senlis Council
Norine MacDonald, President and Founder
Emmanuel Reinert, Executive Director
Department of National Defence
BGen A.J. Howard, Director General Operations, Strategic Joint
Staff
Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
His Excellency Karel P. M. de Beer, Ambassador
Embassy of the Republic of Romania
Her Excellency Elena Sava Stefoi, Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary
Department of National Defence
LGen J.C.M. Gauthier, Commander,
Canadian Expeditionary Force Command
122
Date
2006/09/25
2006/09/25
2006/09/27
2006/10/04
2006/10/18
2006/10/23
2006/10/25
2006/10/30
2006/11/06
2006/11/06
2006/11/08
Meeting
12
12
13
14
16
A
18
19
21
21
22
Organizations and Individuals
Department of National Defence
LGen A.B. Leslie, Chief of the Land Staff
ee A.J. Howard, Director General Operations, Strategic Joint
ta
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
Hon. Peter MacKay, Minister of Foreign Affairs
Randolph Mank, Director General,
Asia South and Pacific Bureau
Department of National Defence
VAdm D. Robertson, Chief of the Maritime Staff
LGen J. S. Lucas, Chief of the Air Staff
Australian High Commission
His Excellency William Fisher, High Commissioner
Lieutenant-Colonel Lyndon Anderson, Military Attaché
Department of National Defence
Cmdre M. F. Kavanagh, Commander of Canadian Forces
Health Services Group and Director General of Health Services
BGen Hilary Jaeger, Canadian Forces Surgeon General
Department of National Defence
BGen A.J. Howard, Director General Operations, Strategic Joint
Staff
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
Colleen Swords, Assistant Deputy Minister,
International Security Branch and Political Director
Sabine Nôlke, Deputy Director,
United Nations, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Section,
Bureau of Legal Affairs
Department of National Defence
Vincent Rigby, Acting Assistant Deputy Minister (Policy)
Col G. Herfst, Deputy Judge Advocate General Operations
Amnesty International Canada
Alex Neve, Secretary General,
English Speaking Section
University of British Columbia
Dr. Michael Byers, Professor and Canada Research Chair
(Tier One) in Global Politics and International Law
Department of International Cooperation
Hon. Josée Verner, Minister of International Cooperation
123
Date
2006/11/20
2006/11/22
2006/11/22
2006/11/27
2006/11/27
2006/12/04
2006/12/11
2006/12/11
2006/12/11
2006/12/11
2006/12/12
Meeting
23
24
24
29
25
26
28
28
28
28
29
Organizations and Individuals
Canadian International Development Agency
Robert Greenhill, President
Philip Baker, Director General,
Afghanistan Division
Afghan Women's Organization
Adeena Niazi, Director
Rights and Democracy
Ariane Brunet, Coordinator,
Women's Rights
Open Society Institute
Rina Amiri, Lead Consultant for Afghanistan and Regional
Matters
United Nations
Christopher Alexander, Deputy Special Representative of the
Secretary General for Afghanistan
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
James Appathurai, Spokesman NATO International Staff
Department of National Defence
BGen A.J. Howard, Director General Operations, Strategic Joint
Staff
Department of National Defence
BGen A.J. Howard, Director General Operations, Strategic Joint
Staff
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Gen Raymond R. Henault, Chairman,
Military Committee
LCol Anthony White, Public Information Officer to the Chairman,
Military committee
Department of National Defence
BGen A.J. Howard, Director General Operations, Strategic Joint
Staff
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
Hon. Peter MacKay, Minister of Foreign Affairs
Department of Public Safety
Hon. Stockwell Day, Minister of Public Safety
124
Date
2006/12/12
2007/01/30
2007/01/30
2007/01/30
2007/02/27
2007/02/27
2007/03/22
2007/04/24
2007/05/31
2007/05/31
2007/06/06
2007/06/06
Meeting
29
31
31
31
39
39
42
47
56
56
58
58
Organizations and Individuals
Department of National Defence
Hon. Gordon O'Connor, Minister of National Defence
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
Hon. Helena Guergis, Secretary of State (Foreign Affairs and
International Trade)
125
Date
2007/06/06
2007/06/06
Meeting
58
58
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LIST OF BRIEFS
Organisations and individuals
Afghan Women’s Organization
Ministry of Interior (Afghanistan)
The Senlis Council
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REQUEST FOR GOVERNMENT RESPONSE
‘Pursuant to Standing Order 109, the Committee requests that the government table a
comprehensive response to this Report.
A copy of the relevant Minutes of Proceedings (Meetings Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13,
44510, 107 10, 19, 21, 22, 20, 24, 20, 26, 27) 26, 29°31, 69; 41, 42 43) 46,47 ope,
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 and 59) is tabled.
Respectfully submitted,
Rick Casson, MP
Chair
129
Supplementary Report (Addendum)
Pursuant to Standing Order 108(1)a), we include this brief complementary
statement.
The members of the Liberal Party of Canada on the Standing Committee
approve all of the recommendations in the report produced by the Standing
Committee on National Defence. We believe, however, that it is important to
clarify certain points and reiterate some of our positions in an addendum to the
report on the assessment of our Canadian troops in Afghanistan and other issues
relating to the international mission in Afghanistan.
We therefore present this supplementary report.
You will note that there are some discrepancies, even contradictions, between
the text of the report and its recommendations. We believe that the report
references should not come solely from the evidence. The recommendations
could also reflect the conclusions of the intense discussions, reflections and
expert opinions obtained from additional consultations. We have some difficulty
with some of the statements in the text of the report. Some of the unconditional
assertions and the superlatives used to define a situation (or give it a certain
slant) may lead to confusion and imbue the report with a perspective that is too
partisan or too “governmental”. We prefer to throw light on certain points,
considering that the recommendations helped to get the issues back on track.
However, we reserve the right to have our say and express our own views.
It is also important to mention that there is no “all or nothing” approach to
assessing the mission. We contest the simplistic interpretation sound throughout
the report. Despite the mission's complexity, there may be good reason to agree
or disagree with it. There is not just one single path to the truth. We understand
that we can support the mission and our troops while at the same time being
critical of the government’s management of the situation. We also believe it is not
enough to give the impression that Canadians want an immediate withdrawal or
a specific date (February 2009) for it just because we do not want to assume our
responsibilities. Some reservations are necessary, in our view.
As for the rest of the text, we support the spirit of the report, its orientations and
its recommendations.
131
The Liberal Party of Canada supplementary report has five parts:
1) Compliance with the commitments for the combat mission in
southern Afghanistan until February 2009: Interpretation, rotation
strategy and the role of parliamentarians in the decision-making process.
2) The importance of a balanced 3-D policy (Defence, Development and
Diplomacy): Imbalance and the “a la carte menu” syndrome, poppy crop
eradication (opium), assessment of the decision-making process used by
the Strategic Advisory Team - Afghanistan, or SAT-A.
3) The military equipment procurement policy: Interpretation, the matter
of tanks.
4) The issue of Afghan detainees and compliance with the Geneva
Convention
5) The role of the media in the international mission in Afghanistan
1) Compliance with the commitments for the combat mission in southern
Afghanistan until February 2009
It is always a good idea to remember that the current Afghan mission was the
outcome of the intervention by the international community. As a NATO ally,
Canada plays a leadership role. We have been in Afghanistan since the
beginning. We should be proud of what we have accomplished to date. We
believe Canada has reason to be a full participant in this mission. It is normal that
there should be some rotation because this is a NATO mission. We must respect
our international commitments but we should be able to expect, without shame,
that we would be replaced by another NATO member. And necessarily so. The
Liberal Party of Canada believes that Canada must end its combat mission in
southern Afghanistan by February 2009. We can always play a role in the
Provincial Reconstruction Teams and in monitoring, but we believe that another
NATO country must take over our current role. In any case, Canada will still be
active in development programs and at the diplomatic level.
On April 17, 2007, an official opposition day, we tabled a motion that clearly
reflects our viewpoint on the possible extension of the combat mission for
Canadian troops in Afghanistan:
132
(1) whereas all Members of this
House, whatever their disagreements
may be about the mission in
Afghanistan, support the courageous
men and women of the Canadian
Forces;
(2) whereas in May 2006, the
government extended Canada's
military commitment in Southern
Afghanistan to February 2009;
(3) whereas it is incumbent upon
Canada to provide adequate notice to
the other members of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
of our intentions beyond that date;
(4) whereas by February 2009,
Canada's military mission in Southern
Afghanistan will represent one of the
largest and longest military
commitments in Canadian history;
and
(5) whereas Canada's commitment to
the reconstruction and security of
Afghanistan is not limited to our
combat operations in Southern
Afghanistan;
this House call upon the government
to confirm that Canada’s existing
military deployment in Afghanistan
will continue until February 2009, at
which time Canadian combat
operations in Southern Afghanistan
will conclude; and call upon the
government to notify NATO of this
decision immediately.
133
(1) attendu que tous les députés de la
Chambre, peu importe les
désaccords qu'ils peuvent avoir au
sujet de la mission en Afghanistan,
appuient les hommes et femmes qui
servent avec courage dans les
Forces canadiennes;
(2) attendu qu'en mai 2006 le
gouvernement a prolongé
l'engagement militaire du Canada
dans le Sud de l'Afghanistan jusqu’en
février 2009;
(3) attendu qu'il incombe au Canada
d’aviser de façon adéquate les autres
membres de l'Organisation du Traité
de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN) de nos
intentions au-delà de cette date;
(4) attendu que, d'ici février 2009, la
mission militaire canadienne dans le
Sud de l'Afghanistan représentera un
des engagements militaires les plus
importants et les plus longs de
l’histoire du Canada;
(5) attendu que l’engagement du
Canada à l'égard de la reconstruction
et de la sécurité de l'Afghanistan ne
se limite pas à nos opérations de
combat dans le Sud de l'Afghanistan;
la Chambre demande au
gouvernement de confirmer que le
déploiement militaire actuel du
Canada en Afghanistan se poursuivra
jusqu’en février 2009, date a laquelle
les opérations canadiennes de
combat dans le Sud de l'Afghanistan
prendront fin, et demande au
gouvernement d’aviser
immédiatement l'OTAN de cette
décision.
The motion emphasizes the importance of immediately informing NATO of our
intentions and preparing ourselves accordingly. General Raymond Henault,
Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, pointed out that this is normally how
things are done and that countries often work in rotation in this type of mission
(comments made during a scrum after giving his evidence to the Standing
Committee on National Defence on May 31, 2007). |
It is wrong to claim that, in rotating out of Afghanistan in February 2009, we are in
some way abandoning the country. We will be making other kinds of
contributions. It is important to have an open and democratic debate on the
issues and the consequences without laying blaming. It is also essential to inform
the authorities as soon as possible to ensure that there are no last-minute
transition problems. There must be clarity and transparency throughout the entire
process. Like the Dutch, we believe it is necessary to hold a debate in Parliament
now to make a final decision about extending our combat operations. Finally, we
believe, like many others, that the lack of cohesion between the NATO countries
(primarily with regard to the various roles played in the field) and the inequitable
contributions made by the various allies are a source of concern. We must bring
further pressure to bear on NATO in this regard.
2) The importance of a balanced 3-D policy (Defence, Development and
Diplomacy)
Canada's primary goal in Kandahar is to win over the hearts and minds of
Afghans. We must remember this when preparing our mission for the next two
years.
It is not absolutely necessary for a military intervention aimed at re-establishing
security to come before reconstruction and economic development in Kandahar
province. Nor do we have to wait until the region is completely safe and peaceful
before we take steps to promote development. It is true that reconstruction work
cannot take place without the protection of the troops, but reconstruction will be
impossible if we wait until the situation is totally under control before we begin. In
fact, reconstruction is a step toward security: the inhabitants of this unstable
region will be more likely to stop supporting the insurgents if they see a
substantial improvement in their living conditions.
Our troops have reason to believe that, if the Afghan people are to feel secure,
they must develop a trusting relationship with them. Therefore, more than ever
before, there is a need to balance the economic, diplomatic and military aspects
of our mission in Kandahar. At present, the Coalition's total expenditures on
military operations in Afghanistan are 900% higher than the amount they are
spending on development and reconstruction, and only 20% of the development
134
aid sent by Canada to Afghanistan is destined
imbalance must be corrected. ined for Kandahar province. This
The local population must be able to associate our troops and our country with
the reconstruction efforts. Afghans must be able to see new schools, new
hospitals and new government buildings, not military tanks.
However, as we attempt to reconcile military assistance, humanitarian aid and
diplomatic efforts in Kandahar, there is one error we should avoid: we must not
encourage the local people to believe that the fight against the Taliban, the
protection of villages, the construction of schools and road repairs are solely the
responsibility of foreigners. As much responsibility as possible must be conferred
on the police and elected Afghan officials. Canada should provide much more
training and support to the members of the Afghan National Army (ANA) and the
Afghan police. We must never forget that the main way of measuring whether
international operations in Afghanistan are successful is to find out whether or
not they are contributing to the establishment of a stable and operational
government.
Our objective must be to improve security, quality of life and autonomy for the
Afghan people. We disagree with a statement in the report which says that the
current 3-D approach followed by the Canadian government is not exceptionally
unbalanced: recommendation 10 provides a correction.
Poppy crops
Afghanistan will not be a stable, functional state as long as over half of its
economy is dependent on the illegal drug trade. Canada should take the next two
years of its mission to make significant progress on this front. The illegal revenue
generated by the growing of poppies partly finances the Taliban, but also
common criminals. To improve security for Afghans, an effective strategy needs
to be found to combat this plague. The current policy by some of our allies of
attempting to destroy the crops is ineffective. It raises opium prices and creates
further incentives for growing poppies in other regions. Its main impact on
security is negative, by generating hostility among the farmers against the
Afghan authorities and against foreigners who are destroying their main source
of income, which consequently forces them to go back and support the Taliban.
We need to find better solutions.
We propose two strategies that NATO and the international community should
seriously consider. First, a form of poppy control that would avoid harming the
local farmers and destroying their crops, but would target only the processing
laboratories and transportation networks, perhaps purchasing the product in
some regions, and certainly encouraging different crops, through loans to
135
farmers, or creating a marketing infrastructure for their products at prices
guaranteed by a public agency.
Second, over the long term, we propose that Canada helps fund the latest pilot
project from the Senlis Council to use the poppy crop for medicinal
purposes. This new proposal calls for the transformation of the poppy into
morphine or codeine in the villages where the crops are grown to then be sold
legally in the international market. Such a licensed cultivation would ensure that
profits from medicine sales remain in the village and offer farmers a real and
profitable alternative to the heroin trade.
Although we are aware that this matter is outside the scope of this report, we
note that it is inescapable and intrinsic to the very success of the Afghan mission.
The assessment of the decision-making process used by the Strategic
Advisory Team - Afghanistan, or SAT-A
We believe that the Department of Foreign Affairs should further examine the
issue of governance. More study is needed on the role of the SAT-A, which
reports directly to military command, to determine whether this team could work
under Foreign Affairs. We applaud the team’s initiative, but in order to have a
balanced 3-D policy, governance and staff structure should not be under military
command. However, the military could help out in certain sectors by partnering
with CIDA and Foreign Affairs.
We need to reassess the team’s decision-making process from a comprehensive
Canadian perspective.
3) The military equipment procurement policy
The Standing Committee on National Defence is set to release a report on the
military equipment procurement policy. We will make concrete
recommendations to Canadians. We believe that the Canadian Forces must
have the equipment needed to carry out their missions, as is currently the case
in Afghanistan. However, we need to ensure that taxpayers get value for their
dollar. It is imperative to strike a balance between the needs of the Forces,
financial ability and economic benefits for Canada. |
We must guarantee that a truly open, effective and competitive process based
on verified and verifiable criteria is put in place to meet these needs. We do not
share the reports more optimistic outlook on the current process or on certain
purchases. It is worth noting that most purchases were made on the back of the
Afghan mission. We now realize that they cannot be used fo this purpose. We
will have the opportunity to make our recommendations in the upcoming report
on military procurement.
136
We agree with the emergency concept in procurement. However, it must be
viewed as an exceptional measure and used as a last resort. We are keeping a |
close eye on this issue. In the meantime, we urge the government to cover the
immediate needs of troops and the Canadian mission in general.
Nonetheless, we fully oppose the needless purchase of tanks as an offensive
weapon. Many civil and military experts disagree about the practicality of the
purchase, including our own Chief of Staff, and the tank’s use. Furthermore, we
need to question the soundness of our approach: since we are perceived as
hat when we send in tanks (the Soviet occupation is still fresh in Afghans’
minds).
4) The issue of Afghan detainees and compliance with the Geneva
Convention
The events of the past few months have shown us the extent to which
compliance with international conventions, specifically the Geneva Convention, is
just as important as the Afghan mission itself. It is clear that, were it not for the
watchful eyes of various organizations, academics and journalists and the
constant pressure of the opposition parties, Canadians would never have found
out about this unacceptable situation. The never-ending duck-and-dodge tactics
of the current government and the Minister of Defence have led only to trouble
and confusion.
It is important to clarify and explain the nature of the second agreement on
transferring detainees to Afghan authorities. It is especially appropriate to point
out the facts surrounding the origin of this agreement. We support a framework
agreement between NATO and the Afghan government. Failing such an
agreement, we must ensure that a rigorous follow-up by Canadian authorities is
also done after detainees are transferred by Canadian Forces so as to comply
with the Geneva Convention to the letter. We also want to find out the truth about
the allegations of torture in Afghan prisons. We cannot be satisfied with the
promise of an inquiry and increased vigilance.
It is also important to ensure that the current agreements cover all operations in
which our troops are involved, at every level. We are concerned about a legal
void regarding the application of agreements in combined operations. We believe
there are two types of processes that could override the application of Canada-
Afghan agreements on the transfer of detainees. For example, in an operation
conducted by the national Afghan army, Canadian troops could immediately—on
the field—return detainees. This is a hand over, not a transfer.
We are concerned about the interpretation of the report’s text on this matter.
However, we are Satisfied with Recommendation 18 on Afghan detainees,
compliance with international agreements and the desire for a comprehensive
agreement between NATO and the Afghan government.
137
5) The role of the media in the international mission in Afghanistan
We believe it is critical to have an open and transparent communication strategy
to help Canadians better follow and understand developments in the Afghan
mission. This strategy must be inclusive, systematic and above all factual so that
it does not border on propaganda.
We do not believe it necessary to point the finger at the media for its reporting on
the Afghan mission. The media reflects the environment it works in. We cannot
dictate our message to the media. It is up to Canadian authorities, among others,
to give them the tools they need to do the job. Let’s not forget that these are
professionals. The ball is in the government’s court; everyone must assume their
rightful responsibilities.
138
Dissenting Report from the
Bloc Québécois on the Canadian
Mission in Afghanistan
Report authors
Robert Bouchard
and
Claude Bachand
June 13, 2007
Table of contents
Page
Preamble 2
The two recommendations from which the Bloc Québécois wishes to distance
itself 3
First dissenting recommendation 3
Second dissenting recommendation 4
The three supplementary recommendations that should be in this report 5
First supplementary recommendation 5
Second supplementary recommendation 6
Third supplementary recommendation if
Other comments on the text of the report 8-9
140
Dissenting Report
Preamble
After hearing many witnesses, the members of the Standing Committee on
Defence worked for several months to present an impressive report on the
Canadian mission in Afghanistan. While a real and laudable effort was made to
produce a unanimous report, the Bloc Québécois cannot endorse two of the
report's recommendations. We also believe three other recommendations should
have been in the report, and we will present them briefly. Finally, we will take the
opportunity to point out some inconsistencies in the report.
141
The two recommendations from which the Bloc
Québécois wishes to distance itself
First dissenting recommendation:
The first recommendation we cannot support is the 8" recommendation in the
report, which reads:
Recommendation 8
Recognizing its moral responsibility, the Federal Government should
strongly encourage the Provincial and Territorial Governments to provide
the resources needed to address the mental health support required by
military families. (Page 128 of the report)
At present, the federal government is responsible for the mental health of
Canadian Forces members, but the same is not true of the health of their
families, for which Quebec and the provinces are responsible. Since combat
operations in Afghanistan create psychological stress for the families of Forces
members, the number of mental health problems is increasing in provincial
hospitals located near military bases, greatly increasing the wait times for military
families and others.
Since these new mental health cases are negative externalities created by the
military activities of the federal government, it seems natural to us that the federal
government would assume the costs of legitimate requests for mental health care
from military families. A direct effect of this would be to make it possible to offer
adequate services to military families and other families.
Dissenting recommendation proposed by the BQ
That the federal government fund, in whole, the care provided by
Quebec and the provinces to members of military families suffering from
mental health problems related to military operations.
142
Second dissenting recommendation:
The second recommendation we cannot support is the reports 9"
recommendation, which reads:
Recommendation 9
The Government should accelerate its effort to procure medium-heavy lift
helicopters to support combat operations of the Canadian Forces in
Afghanistan and ensure that the helicopters acquired are effective in
both domestic and international operations.
(Page 133 of the report)
We feel that parliamentarians need the overview of the government’s broad
intentions with respect to defence and the procurement of military equipment that
a comprehensive plan provides. We do not feel that piecemeal purchases are
very wise when we are talking about sums as great as those involved in this
purchase.
As well, the question of the military equipment procurement policy should be
dealt with in an upcoming study from the Standing Committee on Defence, for
which a specific report should be tabled in the House next session.
Finally, the Canadian mission in Afghanistan would be over before Canada took
possession of the lift helicopters; so, it is not possible to invoke the urgency of
the situation, since these aircraft will not serve in that mission.
Dissenting recommendations proposed by the BQ
That the government modernize its defence policy and that it
submit a defence capability plan that will define the major
orientations with respect to the procurement of military
equipment so that parliamentarians can assess military
procurements in the context of a plan, not piecemeal
announcements.
That all purchases of military equipment over $100M be
submitted for review to the Defence Committee.
143
The three supplementary recommendations that
should be in this report
First supplementary recommendation
The Bloc Québécois notes a delay in the establishment of a competent and
honest Afghan national police force. For the Bloc Québécois, the creation of an
effective professional police force is an absolute necessity. The police must take
the lead in combating insecurity in Afghanistan, with NATO providing support.
That is the opposite of what is currently happening.
We are thus pleased that the government recently announced assistance for the
creation of the Afghan Police Force.
Supplementary recommendation
Creation of the Afghan Police Force
Canada’s current contribution to the creation of the Afghan National
Police Force must be increased so that that force is able to carry out its
role.
144
Second supplementary recommendation
We think that Canada should convene an_ international conference on
Afghanistan. While it is true that an international conference was held in London
little more than a year ago, the context is changing quickly and we feel that
another conference would be appropriate.
The issue of the poppy crop should be discussed as a priority, since it is now
clear that trying to systematically eradicate the poppy crop is not the solution. It is
also clear that the drug trade is closely linked to the insurgency.
Canada could also take this opportunity to propose the creation of a UN High
Representative in Afghanistan, as was done in Kosovo.
Supplementary recommendation
International conference:
Canada should convene an international conference on Afghanistan
specifically on the urgency of rebalancing the mission. At that time,
Canada would propose creating a UN High Representative in
Afghanistan. This person would be responsible for coordinating the
diplomatic, military and reconstruction efforts. He or she would work to
facilitate relations among the foreign powers involved in Afghanistan, the
neighbouring countries and all levels of Afghan government. The
problem of the systematic eradication of the poppy crop, as currently
administered, would also be raised in order to debate conceivable
alternatives to this policy, which has already demonstrated its limitations.
145
Third supplementary recommendation
The fate reserved for prisoners is an issue of capital importance to the Bloc
Québécois. That is why the Bloc Québécois likes the idea of prisons co-
managed by NATO and the Afghan authorities. This solution would allow Canada
to respect the major international conventions of which it is a signatory without
infringing the sovereignty of the Afghan state, which would remain responsible for
these centres.
Supplementary recommendation
Co-managed prisons
The Government of Canada should undertake discussions with NATO to
assess the possibility of establishing co-managed prisons to meet the
needs of all the prisoners, in accordance with the United Nations
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Third Geneva Convention
and other relevant instruments of international law.
146
Other comments on the text of the report
Virtually no changes were made to the main text on which the Committee worked
for several months, and the urgency with which we adopted it before the summer
requires us to note some passages with which we disagree.
A) since Canada supports the Afghan government and that government’s
pace” is rather slow, it is natural that reconstruction is not going faster.
Canadians do not do the work for Afghans, they help Afghans build the
Capacity to do the work themselves, giving development and
reconstruction an ‘Afghan face.’ A corollary is that improvements come
only as fast as the emerging capacity will allow — an ‘Afghan pace,’ so
there is no advantage in simplistically throwing Canadian money, people
or equipment at problems faster than they can be absorbed and used
effectively.
Pages 10-11
Political position
Recommendation 10 underlines the importance of rebalancing the reconstruction
and diplomacy aspects of the mission in Afghanistan. It is thus inconsistent for
this report not to stress the evidence that talked about doing so.
B) Opposition to this war is attributable to poor communication efforts by
the government and media.
[T]he Canadian government and media have been less than whoily
effective in providing ordinary Canadians and Parliamentarians with
adequate information. Page 12
Political position
While it is fair to say that the government has not done an adequate job of
communicating with Canadians and Quebecers, it is unfair to accuse the media
of not doing their job. On the contrary, we should be praising the work of
reporters without whom we would have been kept in total ignorance by the
Conservative government.
C) The mission should not be rebalanced at the expense of security.
Nearly everyone we met (...) agreed that more development was
needed, but they pointed out that security trumps development and until
an adequate degree of security existed, development aid could not flow
to the degree desired. Page 12
Political position :
It is true that the mission must not be rebalanced at the expense of security, but
the only way to vanquish insecurity is to convince the Afghans that peace is the
best solution, and only reconstruction will allow us to demonstrate that.
147
D) Opponents of the mission have simplistic arguments.
[Critiques of imbalance have usually been based on simplistic
assumptions (...) Page 12
Political position
This counter-attack often used by the Conservatives shows they are afraid of
being criticized by their opponents for their poorly planned decisions in
Afghanistan. They should instead use this report to thank everyone who has
taken an interest in this conflict, because the time they take to learn about the in
and outs shows that they sincerely want the mission in Afghanistan to end well.
E) The Committee hails the improvement in the military equipment
procurement process.
[T]he national defence procurement process has been dramatically
successful in delivering new, important operational equipment quickly.
Page 14
Political position
The acceleration of the military equipment procurement process is based on the
government’s improvisation and its disdain for elementary rules of commerce.
Not only is there no military equipment procurement plan, but the Conservatives
are crowing about buying military equipment worth billions of dollars without a
competitive process. The government is paying a premium to thank its friends
with taxpayers’ money, but when the time comes to tell the industry that it must
respect our industrial base in aeronautics, the Conservatives rediscover the
market laws they are constantly breaking.
148
Dissenting opinion of the New Democratic Party
To the Standing Committee on National Defence
Respectfully submitted by:
Dawn Black, MP
INTRODUCTION
Given the complexity, the severity and the stakes of the armed conflict in
Afghanistan, the New Democratic Party does not see counter-insurgency warfare
as the solution to Afghanistan’s problems. We believe that the strategy being
pursued by NATO and allied forces in Southern Afghanistan is endangering our
forces, endangering the Afghan people, and damaging Canada’s credibility.
The New Democratic Party asks for a withdrawal of Canadian Forces from the
counter-insurgency mission in Afghanistan.
Consistent with the mandate of the Committee’s Study the following points are
addressed below:
BACKGROUND
In the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States, the US and
allies under Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) supported an anti-Taliban
coalition of armed groups (the Northern Alliance) to overthrow the Taliban. The
legal justification for the invasion was a series of UN Security Council
Resolutions in the days and weeks following the 9/11 attacks. The resolutions
refer to sections of the UN Charter pertaining to self-defence and the
preservation of international peace and security.
Following the collapse of the Taliban Government, the United Nations oversaw
the political transition and the establishment of an interim government in
Afghanistan, and facilitated talks between key Afghan actors and key donor
states in Bonn, Germany. The resulting Bonn Agreement established an
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to help the new government
provide security, and to train police and the Afghan National Army.
From 2001-2003, ISAF was concentrated in Kabul, the capital, and managed by
lead nations. In 2003, the management of ISAF was taken over by NATO, but
countries outside the Alliance continue to play roles in the NATO mission. The
mission is authorized by the United Nations annually (through a Security Council
Resolution passed every fall). When Prime Minister Stephen Harper presented a
motion before the house to extend the mission to 2009, he was asking
149
Parliament to extend the mission regardless of who authorized it, regardless of
the partners.
In spite of the establishment of ISAF under UN mandate, the US has maintained
its anti-terrorism coalition forces of approximately 8000 soldiers, which have no
official UN mandate, nor any public agreement with the Afghan government, to
this day. The Americans have focused on the ongoing search for al-Qaeda and
fighting Taliban in the East and South of the country. Recently, reconstruction
activities have also been part of US military strategy.
CANADA’S ROLE
Canada’s involvement in the mission dates back to 2001, when the Liberal
Government joined Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) to remove the Taliban.
Canada continued to fight in OEF, particularly with the rotation of the PPCLI into
Kandahar in 2002, during which four Canadians were killed in a “friendly fire”
incident involving a US warplane, and by providing air transport and navy
support.
In August 2003, Canada became heavily involved in the UN-mandated
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Kabul. Six thousand soldiers in
total served over a five rotation period, and they handed over their camp to
Afghan forces in November 2005.
Shortly before this hand-off, in August 2005, the Liberal government took on a
role in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism in the South of Afghanistan with
OEF. The mission in the South has now been transferred to NATO control, but
approximately 8,000 US troops remain active in counter-terrorism and US
Special Forces are still conducting operations in Afghanistan outside of NATO or
ISAF'. Throughout the mission, Canada has consistently been in the top 10 of
troop contributing countries, and often in the top five.
CIDA’s current development strategy in Afghanistan is targeted at supporting the
Karzai government. The major programs include security sector reform,
governance training, and counter-narcotics operations. Building on earlier
allocations of $100 million per year, a 2006 decision extended that allocation for
ten years to total $1 billion in aid to Afghanistan. This makes Afghanistan by far
Canada’s largest aid recipient in history.
1 The number of US troops outside ISAF, and the name of the US mission, change very
often. 8000 troops is the estimate as of February 27, 2007. These figures were given to
us by US Central Command
150
THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
Canadian Forces are currently deployed in a complex and increasingly unstable
security environment. The year 2006 was characterized by increased violence, a
growing Insurgency, and a correspondingly dire humanitarian and human rights
situation. Afghanistan is more violent now than it was in the post-invasion period.
AS we heard from Norine McDonald from the Senlis Council in her testimony,
Kandahar is now a complete war zone. The Taliban are not only winning
militarily but, more importantly, they have begun to win the battle for the hearts
and minds of the local Afghan people.” 2
The United Nations reports that in 2006, there has been a “marked increase in
insurgent forces”, with more than twice as many violent incidents in January 2007
than in January 2006. According to US military estimates, there were 139
suicide attacks in 2006, up from 27 in 2005. The International Crisis Group
reports that 3700 people were killed in the conflict in the first nine months of 2006
— already a four-fold increase over the year before. Human Rights Watch
estimates that more than 1,000 of those killed in 2006 were civilians. Attacks on
Afghan teachers and schools, especially girls’ schools, doubled from their
already high levels in 2005°. High profile assassinations are on the rise, making
it hard for the Government to do its job and recruit people, particularly women.
Much of this rise in violence can be attributed to the two “tap-roots” of the
growing insurgency: 1. the growing number of Afghans who are joining or
otherwise supporting the forces of the Taliban, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and other
armed groups, and 2. the safe haven for these groups in neighbouring Pakistan.
1. Afghans joining insurgency
Civilian deaths — from insurgent, US and NATO attacks alike — are fuelling
discontent among Afghans and increasing support for insurgents. US aircraft
dropped more bombs in the first six months of 2006 than in the first three years
of its campaign against the Taliban, according to figures released by the
Pentagon‘. Coalition air strikes have continued despite the high civilian death toll
and the clear strategic disadvantage that they represent. According to the
Christian Science Monitor, “the devastating air offences are undermining support
NDDN Evidence 2006-10-25 |
Human Rights Watch “The Human Cost: The Consequences of Insurgent Attacks in
Afghanistan” April 2007 Volume 19, No. 6(C) E
4 nes Science Monitor, December 18, 2006 “Air War costs NATO Afghan supporters
WN
151
for the Afghan government...and are turning public opinion in the four southern
provinces of Afghanistan against NATO forces...” President Karzai has called
repeatedly on NATO, US and Taliban forces to stop killing Afghan civilians.°
As General Andrew Leslie, now Chief of the Land Staff, said in the summer of
2005 "Every time you kill an angry young man overseas, you're creating 15 more
who will come after you."”
The benefits of reconstruction and development have not reached large portions
of the Afghan population. Six years into a major international engagement in
Afghanistan — in which $12 billion has been spent on aid — Afghanistan
remains one of the world’s poorest countries. Under these circumstances, the
salaries offered by Taliban forces are drawing many young Afghan males into the
insurgency.
Monopolization of power in the new Afghan government, and marginalization of
those outside the dominant social and -political groups, has further intensified
popular alienation and support for the insurgency. Ernie Regehr, one of
Canada’s leading experts on armed conflict, suggests that the growing strength
of the insurgency is partly explained by the “broad Pashtun community that is
sufficiently disaffected with Kabul to be susceptible to the Taliban’s offers of
attractive pay envelopes”. ®
The aggressive poppy eradication strategies of the American and the British
soldiers are further fuelling the alienation felt by Afghans. As Norine McDonald
from the Senlis Council reported to the Committee, the people of Kandahar are
almost entirely dependent on poppy crops for their livelihoods. Yet the US
continues to push crop eradication, without adequate or appropriate alternative
livelihood programs. The impoverished farmers left behind are ripe for
recruitment by insurgents. | Ms. McDonald was unequivocal in front of the
Committee: “Eradication is generating support for the Taliban. The U.S.-led
forced eradication of poppy fields that took place in Kandahar meant that many
farmers lost their livelihood and they are now struggling to feed their families.” °
2. Safe Haven in Pakistan
The safe haven in Pakistan has further emboldened Taliban and other armed
leaders. Pakistan views the Karzai government as pro-India and therefore a
threat to their security. They have been supporting and/or tolerating the
regrouping of Taliban in Northern Pakistan. While there is some difference of
5 Ibid.
6 “Bombings in Afghanistan are no solution to the Taliban. You do not destroy terrorism by
bombing villages. You do not destroy terrorism by launching military operations in areas
where only the symptoms have emerged." — Afghan President Hamid Karzai, speaking
at the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations, CBC Newsworld, 21 September 2006
Patrick Evans The Toronto Star, August 8, 2005
Disarming Conflict, |GLOO expert Blog, January 14, 2007
Evidence NDDN 2006-10-25
© ON
152
opinion over the extent to which Pakistan's aid to the Taliban is ordered by the
highest levels of Musharafs government, there is consensus among senior
Western military and intelligence that the leadership in Pakistan could “disrupt
the senior levels of Taliban command and control” but have chosen not to”.
According to Barnett Rubin, “failing to address Pakistan’s support of the Taliban
amounts to an acceptance of NATO’s failure’.
Combined, these forces have heightened the conflict in Southern Afghanistan
over the past year, diminishing the prospects of peace and stability in
Afghanistan, and making the situation more dangerous for Canadian soldiers.
DURATION
Despite the absence of government sponsored parliamentary debate on the
duration of the mission past 2009, the Conservatives have alluded to a longer-
term commitment past February 2009. Access to Information documents show
that the Department of National Defence has plans for rotations of soldiers until
at least 2011.
As outlined above, the key issues fuelling the insurgency are linked to the safe
haven in Pakistan and the growing number of Afghans joining the insurgency.
None of these issues — from the civilian deaths, to popular alienation, to poverty,
poppy eradication and Pakistan’s safe haven - will be resolved militarily.
While the primary victims of insecurity in Afghanistan are Afghans themselves,
and this insecurity is undermining the rebuilding of Afghan society, it is our
conviction that the current military-focused counter-insurgency strategy will not
solve Afghanistan’s security problems.
Afghans need a resolution to the war and sustained support to peacefully rebuild
their society, not more warriors. Rather than fighting the growing insurgency with
weapons, Canada should work for practical solutions to end the violence.
THE STATE OF PERSONNEL AND MATERIEL
The current mission is taking a tremendous toll on the men and women of the
Canadian Forces. The Kandahar mission has been difficult for members of the
Forces and their families.
The high tempo of foreign operations during the 1990s along with stagnating pay
levels had a deleterious effect on the quality of life of members of the Forces and
their families. The Kandahar mission and its extension have increased demands
on the CF. The Committee has noted the problems members of the Forces and
their families have had in seeking counselling and Post Traumatic Stress related
treatment.
10 Barnett Rubin, Foreign Affairs, January 2007
153
Forces’ members must now serve up to nine month rotations, and multiple tours
in Afghanistan. The Government has also discussed “re-rolling” members of the
Air Force and Navy to meet the needs of the mission.
On the ground in Afghanistan, members of the Forces have had to deal with two
problems: 1) Old equipment such as utility trucks that are proving difficult to
maintain in the harsh conditions and 2) An escalation of fighting, which has had a
negative impact on the psychological health of the Forces.
On February 22, 2007 Lieutenant Gen Andrew Leslie, Chief of the Land Staff
testified before the Standing Committee on National Defence that “it is projected
that by the middle of the summer, the inside temperature for tank crews could be
in excess of 60 degrees Celsius.”
Because of this the Government has started down a path of “mission creep” with
respect to acquisition and our role in Afghanistan. This creep threatens to change
the doctrine and disposition of the Canadian Forces quickly and irrevocably.
In March 2007 the Government announced it would lease 10 Leopard 2 A6 tanks
from Germany for use in Afghanistan as well as purchase 100 Leopard 2 tanks
from the Netherlands at a cost of $1.3 Billion'’. This was a significant purchase
by the Government, and was accompanied by a signal from the Minister of
National Defence that Canada would be involved in heavy combat operations for
the next ten to fifteen years.
This was an enormous announcement, with a huge effect on the future of the
Canadian Forces. It prompted me to request an emergency debate with the
Speaker of the House on April 16, 2007. As was said in the House:
| believe that the announcement made by the Minister of National
Defence that Canada should expect to be involved in heavy combat
with armour for the next 10 to 15 years in different parts of the
world is actually momentous, historically significant and without
precedent. The Minister was talking about an undertaking three
times longer than the great war or than World War Il.
The Afghan mission has launched Canada into a massive change in the role of
our military without a White Paper, a policy review or even a publicly available
capabilities plan. In the past, when great changes were made to defence policy,
such as the build-up in World War Il, the peace dividends of the post war period,
the re-arming for Korea and the end of the Cold War, the government directed
11 The initial announcement was of a purchase price of $650 Million, but during Estimates of
the Committee of the Whole, the Minister acknowledged the total costs including service
support was twice that. Hansard Debates Thursday, May 17, 2007 p. 9701
154
policy and doctrine changes within the Forces. This Government has not
undertaken a major policy review of defence. What changes are being
contemplated seem to be under the Rumsfeld-like language of “transformation”
and have been confined to the military, and not the civilian side.
The lessons learned by the United States in lraq have not been heeded in
Canada. A continuous push for more armour and more firepower as part of a
counter-insurgency campaign will inevitably lead to more sophisticated weapons
such as Improvised Explosive Devices by insurgent forces. We are already
seeing evidence of this Afghanistan. 2
sd a review and plan, it will be members of the Forces who bear the brunt of
change.
RECONSTRUCTION EFFORTS
After 5 years of a major international engagement, Afghanistan is still one of the
world’s poorest countries.
¢ It ranks 173" out of 178 countries on the UN Human Development Index;
* One in four Afghan children do not live to the age of five:
+ 70% of the Afghan population is malnourished;
¢ Maternal mortality of 1900 per 100,000 births. '?
In the January edition of the journal Foreign Affairs Afghan expert Dr. Barnett
Rubin catalogued the failures of Western countries in Afghanistan. There is less
electricity in Kabul now than there was five years ago, the need for such basics
as clean water, health centres and sanitation remains acute, crime and
corruption is rampant, and the local economy (despite the infusion of billions of
dollars in Western military and aid money) has flatlined.
Despite the dire situation of most Afghans, there have been development
successes, some of which have been supported by Canadian aid. The National
Solidarity Program, in particular, has brought much-needed assistance to many
Afghan communities. Other projects focused on women’s rights, livelihoods and
governance have also yielded results.
Generally, the reconstruction and development efforts that are led by Afghans
and clearly separated from the counter-insurgency have been the most
successful. The projects that have been overtaken by military strategy, or
instrumentalized by NATO forces, have failed and/or put Afghan civilians and
Canadian troops at risk.
12 New York Times 2007-06-12, Page 8 “Afghan Forces Found Bomb Like Type Used in
lraq” Abdul Waheed Wafa .
13 “The world health report 2005 - make every mother and child count” World Health
Organization
155
Throughout this war, development advocates have argued that reconstruction by,
or in close co-ordination with, coalition forces will put the beneficiaries and the
deliverers of aid at risk. When assistance strengthens the military objectives of
one side in the war, it becomes a weapon, and those who use it become targets.
Marc Andre Boivin of the Montreal research group, Réseau francophone de
recherche sur les opérations de paix, made this point in his testimony before the
Committee.
NGOs were present in Afghanistan long before any foreign military
personnel were there, and the NGOs' concern at seeing their efforts
so politicized is a serious one, because if they're seen as biased to
one party or to the other, the Taliban or whichever insurgent will
say, well, the grain you're providing is for the international effort, so
we'll shoot you up. And that's it. You will not be able to provide any
aid at all.'*
In his comments before the Committee, Gerry Barr of the Canadian Council for
International Co-operation re-enforced this message. He drew the Committee’s
attention to a statement, signed by 34 non-governmental organizations in
Afghanistan. “Their message was unambiguous” he said, “The deliberate
confusion of military and humanitarian actors in Afghanistan is seriously
hampering the ability of NGOs to deliver aid to all communities in need”.
One cannot expect to systematically link the reconstruction of the country to the
military offensive against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban without making targets of
those who benefit from and deliver the assistance.
Development must be a priority, not a tool to soften the counter-insurgency blow.
Genuine development programming is essential to the future security of
Afghanistan. The effectiveness of development programming will be
compromised if it is perceived as a public relations exercise to win the support of
Afghans.
MEASURING EFFECTIVENESS
The criteria for assessing effectiveness of the mission have not been spelled out
by Liberal or Conservative governments. Clearly the number of insurgents killed
or the number of foreign soldiers deployed are not indicators of success.
In the view of the New Democratic Party, the military mission should be judged
by its capacity to protect Afghans and decrease violence against them. Support
for the establishment of a viable, law-abiding and civilian-controlled Afghan
National Army should also be a central component of the mission’s effectiveness.
14 NDDN Evidence 2006-06-13
15 NDDN Evidence 2006-06-08
156
The diplomatic mission should be judged by its capacity to support, facilitate and
catalyze efforts towards the peaceful resolution of the conflict in Afghanistan.
Specifically, the diplomatic mission should be measured by progress in building
international momentum for comprehensive peace negotiations at three levels:
within Afghanistan, with international players, and in the regional context. Such
international momentum might take the form of a UN Security Council resolution,
the appointment of a UN special envoy, and/or the establishment of a safe space
for negotiations to occur.
The development mission should be judged by its capacity to support the
development of a vibrant Afghan civil society and deliver meaningful results to
Afghans. The Afghan Compact has many good benchmarks in this regard,
addressing governance, social, economic and security goals.
While these three missions are clearly related, the NDP acknowledges their
distinct roles in Afghanistan, and sees the effectiveness of each mission as
distinct but related.
CANADA’S INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS
The enormous burden of operations in Afghanistan has limited the Canadian
Forces ability to act both at home and abroad.
When the Minister of National Defence assumed his responsibilities in February
2006, he was told, in writing, that the Canadian Forces had the capacity to
deploy a second land task force of 1,200 personnel. Since that time the Minister
has denied being told this, and has claimed no such capacity for a second task
force exists. Irrespective of the Minister's comments, it seems plausible that the
capacity of the CF to deploy another large contingent has been reduced by the
extension of the mission in Afghanistan.
The Minister was also briefed on the obligations the 2010 Vancouver Olympics
would place on the CF. He was told that the requirements would be large and
that it would place significant obstacles in the way of any foreign deployment at
that time. The Government needs to explain to Parliament and to the people of
British Columbia how it would maintain a battle group in Kandahar beyond
February 2009, while simultaneously providing security for the Olympics.
DETAINEES
Time and again, it has become clear that the Government of Canada simply
doesn’t get it when it comes to handling detainees: Canada must not turn
detainees over to authorities who have a self-admitted record of torture. DND
and Foreign Affairs officials refused to believe that Canada has a responsibility to
ensure the fair and proper treatment of detainees once they leave our custody.
This is an appalling failure on the part of the Government.
157
When the first agreement signed by the Liberal government with respect to
detainees was finally revealed it was clear that it was a flawed document. The
original arrangement had no right of access for Canadian or UN officials to
Afghan prisons and no veto over the onward transfer of detainees to third
countries. The Minister of National Defence was asked for over a year to amend
and strengthen this agreement, but he steadfastly refused.
The Minister insisted that the agreement was adequate, since International
Committee of the Red Cross workers were monitoring the detainees and would
report violations to the Canadian Government.
Subsequently the Minister of National Defence had to admit that he had mislead
the House of Commons regarding the role of the Red Cross in monitoring
detainees. He confirmed that the ICRC does not inform Canada of mistreatment
at the hands of the Afghans.
Canada has a legal and moral obligation to ensure that our actions do not lead to
abuse or torture. It is a mark on our country that we did not learn this lesson
after the public inquiry into Maher Arar's deportation and torture.
Following the detainee abuse scandal of late April, precipitated by reporting in
the Globe and Mail by Graeme Smith and Paul Koring, the front benches of the
government were paralyzed: inconsistent stories, contradiction and cover-up
become the order of the day. The Minister of National Defence quickly lost the
support of the House and the support of the Canadian people.
Other NATO countries had sought assurances from the Government of
Afghanistan, and ensured a right of access to individuals transferred. Since the
detainee transfer arrangement was signed by General Hillier under the Liberal
watch on December 18, 2005, the government had steadfastly refused to revisit
the issue. Faced with the largest scandal the minority Government had ever dealt
with, and a lawsuit from Amnesty International and the BC Civil Liberties
Association, the Government was shamed into action just hours before
appearing in Federal Court.
While the new agreement gives us hope, we have not received strong
assurances from the Government on how it is actually being implemented on the
ground. Until those assurances are enshrined, no more transfers must occur.
The Government has weakened Canada’s long-standing position against the use
of torture with a “no questions asked” policy of handing detainees over to the
Afghan security forces. It is known that NATO is looking to create an Alliance-
wide policy on the handling of detainees, and the Government should examine
the possibility of jointly building a detention facility with NATO and the Afghan
government.
158
Canada has been at the forefront on human rights. Now the world asks: “what
happened to Canada on human rights?”.
AFGHAN WOMEN’S RIGHTS
Aighan women are not being adequately protected or supported by the
international military presence in their country. Women’s rights have not been
made a central priority by either the new Afghan government, or the broader
international community in Afghanistan.
There is little evidence of sustained progress in critical areas over the past five
years in the situation of Afghan women. In spite of changes to the laws
regarding women’s rights, women remain subject to arbitrary imprisonment, rape,
torture, forced marriages and honour killings.
In spite of frequent references to the severe oppression of women’s rights as
justification for the ISAF strategies in the South, Afghan women are not being
protected by the international military presence. In the effort to fight the Taliban,
ISAF and American forces have made alliances with local police and warlords,
who have been implicated in human rights abuses against women. These figures
are part of the machinery that continues to persecute women in their every day
lives, arresting and imprisoning them for what are now, under new Afghan laws,
legal actions.
The lack of real commitment to Afghan women’s rights by this Government was
made clear on the Prime Minister's May 2007 visit to Afghanistan. During his
visit, one of the most outspoken promoters of human rights in Afghanistan and
one of the youngest female Parliamentarians, Malalai Joya, was expelled from
the Afghan Parliament for denouncing corruption. The Government of Canada
has lodged no protest with the Afghan government, and our Prime Minister made
no statement on the issue.
As Ariane Brunet, of the human rights organization, Rights and Democracy,
commented before the Committee, “We are talking about women's rights and it is
not by concentrating on terrorism that the security problems of women can be
solved in the towns, villages and schools.”'°
CONCLUSION
In this context, the New Democratic Party believes that the safe and determined
withdrawal of our troops from the counter-insurgency mission, In consultation
with our allies, is now required.
16 NDDN Evidence 2007-01-30
159
The Conservative position is clear: they have an open ended commitment to
whatever is requested by NATO or the United States regardless of the cost to
members of the Forces and their families. The Liberals and Bloc have publicly
stated that they are open to continued Canadian deployments after 2009. While
they criticize the way the mission is being administered, that criticism is
undermined by the fact that they too would commit the Canadian Forces to this
counter-insurgency mission regardless of the financial and human costs.
Many other NATO countries, mostly notably most of the European partners, have
taken exception to the counter-insurgency mission and have shown no intention
of participating.
Canada has wandered into an international conflict in the middle of Central Asia,
with little control over the direction of the mission, or with much influence on its
strategy. The outcome of this conflict will almost certainly be determined in
Washington, Kabul, Islamabad, Tehran and points in between.
In the meantime we should not ask the Canadian Forces to be sacrificed for a
mission with no clear opportunities for success or completion.
160
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US BUUBIPEUED UOISSIW E| BP JOY Ep aj} Y ‘|NOGey e epeueD Np spesseque| E o9e]d
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